Recruitment of Dutch Nationals in the United States for the

Recruitment of Dutch Nationals
in the United States for the
Netherlands Armed Forces in
the Second World War
by
Gerlof Homan
Sununary
A study of Dutch recruitment of Netherlands citizens during the Second
World War and the response of Dutch immigrants residing in the United
States. An attempt to "xplain the limited response.
,
Outline
1. Dutch recruitment policies 1940-1945.
2-. U.S. Cooperation with Dutch authorities 1940.
3. U.S. Cooperation with Dutch authorities 1941-1945.
4. Response of Dutch immigrants to the call.
5-. Assessment
Bibliography
Th. paper is based on unpublished archival materials. I can only
•
recommend my forthcoming article in Hededelingen van de Secti. Militaire
Geschiedenis Landmachtstaf.
Gerlof Homan
HECIW I 'I'r1EN'1' OF DUTCIl tJlI'J'JUN/,LS IN TIlE UNl'l'IW S'l'II'l'ES
FOR 'l'IIE NE'l'HEHLANDS AHMED FUHCES IN 'l'HE SECUIJD I'/URLD WAH
Unlike the French yuverIlillellL vlhictl"cuncluded an armistice
with the victorious Nazi rEo'\jime on June 2:<,
lY4U, IVithclrawing
from further lJarticil!ation in the war, tll'e N'~therland,; deClded to
continue the struggle after the surrellder of its armed forces on
May IS:'
However
I
the Nether lallds government in ex ile in London
had very limited military ['esources to fight the A'ds powers.
veiy few men escaped to England in May 194U ~Ie[e they and others
formed a small fighting ullit lat',er called the Princess Irene
Br ig ade.
Furthermore, va[' lOUS naval vessel s '-'nel shi.ps ot 'the
Dutch merchant marine contributed to
th,~
war ettot"f:.
In order to incLease the size of its fightin,:) unit in
England, to arouse interest in the war e[fort i",mong Netherlanders
abroad, and to impress the IIllies of its determination to combat
the AX:1S powers, the Netherlands government decided to recruit
nationals residing in various nutiolls uc to petGuClde them to
enlist in its armed forces.
Speciul efforts were to be made to
recruit men in South !lmel-ica,-South Atrica, Canada, alld the
United States.
Dutch nationals ill the United States the
Netherlands ':lQvernrnent could uraw ulJoli were
d
sUlall number, of
employees with various shipping and ot:her firms, a few refugees
from the occupied homeland, and illuni<]t".ants.
It wus particularly
from this latter group Dutch of [iciillf; llOP"O to I){:' able to
recrui t many youny men.
Thi s
paper
1
discusses
es~ecially
2
the recruitment of such permanent Dutch residents in the United
States and is based on unpublished Dutch and Aillerican archival
sources.
I
also tried to communicate with Dutch nationals who in
1939 were immigrants in the United States and who served in the
Princess Irene Brigade by placing announcements in the D.1.S.
Magazine and The Windmill Herald.
Although more than 400 Dutch-
Americans served in the Netherlands armed forces during World War
1
II I did not have much of a response.
It is difficult to believe
that all or most of them are no longer living .today.
I
hope this
article might stimulate them to conta(;t me.
Already ill May 1940, shortly after the defeat of Dutch armed
forces at the hand of the Nazi juggernaut, some efforts were made
;,!
to recruit Netherlanders in the United States.
As \, ill be seen
below, these efforts did not produce the expected results.
August 8,
On
1940, by royal decree, all Netherlanders in the United
Kingdom, United States, and Canada who were born between January
1,1904 and January 1,
1921, were ordered to register tor
military duty with Dutch officials in those countries.
Later in
the war, the decree was modified to include Netherlanders in
other parts of the world and those born between January 1,
and December 31,
1924.
born between January 1;
1900
During the latter part ot the war thqse
1904 and January 1,.
eligible for military conscription.
1927 were declared
Furthermore, the decree ot
August 1940 made it possible for men between the ages of
3
55 to enilst in the Netherlands Armed ~orces.
18 and
'the task of registering Netherlanders in the United States
was initially undertaken by the Netherlands Consulate General in
J
New York.
In December
1~40
a special Registration Bureau was
established in New York wh ich ",as headed by a Consul General in
Special Service, M.J. van Schreven who was later succeeded by
4
S.J. van den Bergh and A. Kerkhoven.
Later, in March and May 1941, registration bureaus were
established in Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, close to
the major centers of Dutch settlements in the United States,
which were supervised by the' New York attice.
The entire
recruitment system in the United States as well as in Canada was
under the supervision and direction of Lieutenant Colonel G.J.
Sas the head of the Netherlands military mission in Canada.
Sas
seems to have spent much of ilis time and energy on recruitment
efforts and work in the United States.
Much to his chagrin he
One of the major problems Dutch officials faced from the
very beginning was how to obtain names and addresses of
Netherlanders residing in the United States and how to inform
them of their military duty "Iithout violating American laws.
According to American officials neutrality legislation forbade
6
recruitment of foreign nation"ls residing in the United States •
•
This was incorrect, however.
Criminal Code ot
But recruitment did violate the
1909 as amenU!!d in 1917.
Section lOot that
Code stipulated that it was illegal to enlist or to hire or
retain
another person to enlist ()r enter himself, or to
go beyond the llmits ot tiIe juru:aJiction of the
United States with intent to be enlisted or enter-ed
in the service of any [orelgll prince, State, colony,
district, or people as u sol<iier or as a mari~e or
I,
seaman on board ot any
v\':-;~.~el
ot h'ur.·
••••
However, the art iole al so prov lded tha t the law would rot appl y
to "any citizens or subjects "I.
~ny
counery engaged in war with E
7
• country with which the Unlted ~laces is at war
Un t iJ
"
December 1941 the United Stal",; was a neutral power and not a
cobelligerent or ally ot lhe ,·Jethel-l'lI1ds.
Thus during much of
this period American officiale; insisted thilt the law be
respected.
~tates
Officially, the Uniled
did not approve of
conscription of Dutch nati')tlais residing as permanent residents
in the United Stiltes and even '-larned Netherlands otficials not
to make any recrui tment . propacp'ncia.
Yet, at the same time the
American government aoKnowl",u<il'ci that tlle "liability ot any such
. persons for service in the LJul:ch i1l:lIled torces was a matter for
8
the decision ot the Dutch government."
This kind of ambiguity
made it difficult for Netherlands authorities to determine how
much freedom they would hil\le ill l-ecruiting niltionills ot the
Netherlands.
l'hey simply wouJd have to test the wate-rs.
In the summer ot 1940 tlwy placed an announcement in the
Knickerbocker, posted a call
Lor
In
i t i cilry serv ice in Ne ther lands
consulates, and informed varIOUS Dutch organizations.
In July
1940, A. Hartog, the Netherlands consul general in Los Angeles,.
placed an announcement in local papers and in store windows, and
9
Apparently, American officials
informed local ministers.
considered all of this a violation of the law, and in August of
that year Hartog was instruct,'d by A.
minister to Washington,
Loudon, the Netherlands
to try to persuade local editors to refe!
10
to the royal decree in their editorial pages.
Dutcn officials
also contacted various Americnn bUSinesses sl1ch as Shell Oil
Corporation of Texas anu tile [<"li()n.!l BLass Company of Grand
11
Rapids, Michigan, to prOVl(Je l!"-'1Il wittl naliles of Dutch employees.
However, not all of these finn,; were, 'l!'ry cooper.ative including
branches of Dutch businesses i" the United States who were often
anxious to keep their employees.
O,nce names and addressee; Wfne obtained, circulars were sent
to the men in whIch they were requested to register tor military
service.
'American official s otJ4ected to this type of
1~41,
communication, however, and ill January
iniormed Dutch
authorities to cease all reCt"lHtment propilganda.
Loudon promised
to discontinue the use ot tlie circular, but apparently, the
1 :L
practice was resumed shortJy ,.J teL
However, obtaining the nc,mes of el 19 ible men continued to
remain a difficult task.
'l'hus,
December 1941 Dutch officials
in the summer and again in
ROI~ht
to
~esolve
their problem by
requesting American authoriti(':; to allow them to insr,.>ect all,
alien registration cords of Dutch citizens born between 1904 and
13
1924.
Until very recently, ,ltl alienn residing in the United
~eport
States were required by law tu
anflually their status and
lniti~lly,
presence in the United Stnl.<.'".
the Stilte Department
seemed sympathetic to that r'Jq'lwst whiCh carne at a time when the
United States was no longer "",1 ietly "l)s(ot:ving its nelltrality in
the war as it had been in
I~I\().
Naturalization Service too!,
rejected it with the
,1
[Jowever, tlle .lmmiCjr:ation and
"im vic\', of the ,-",quest and
observ~tl0n
tllat a study ut millions of
registration cards would simp! \' involve too nlur,h work while
making them available to a 1"0"'191\ l!0Vier "lould create "all
14
embarrassing pu,cedellt."
In the early summer of
1~J<!
1 r.he UnIted 31>11·.es made some
minor concessions.
posters in the Netherlands Coltul.lates and wade it {Jossible for
Dutch officials to draw upun l.il'e t>onl u1 "u-cal] cd declarant
aliens.
Declarant aliens were immigrants who h2d
indicated their
wish to become citizens ot ttl'" Un ited !States }JY a],!],!lying for socalled first papers.
8}:' the to'elective Tcaining and Service Act
of 1940, declarant aliens had
I:egistf'r ror ndJitar:y service
:.0
and were subject to conscriptlutl.
Dutch officii,Is mistakenly
believed this number of decLn ,lilt Dutcil llation,ols to be larger
than that of the
them.
However,
non-declar~llt
~hey
nnd were very
were ull . . d)l(~
l:o
du
~nxious
lH-=c':Juse
SU
tIl conscript
declarant
aliens were to register for Ampcican military service.
Furthermore, American officl';J.'; a'lt:eed in January 1941
that:
declarant aliens were not perm i tted to "eturn their first papers
and would be punished if they ['eLused to re'Jiste!:" under the
15
Selective Service Act.
Th" concf,ssion of June 1941 made it
possible, however,
ror: declal'dllL <Iliens, who hE,Ci iJeen classiLied
I-A by their local draft boards, that is those to be called
first, to be reclassified 11-11 ()l defelTed status.
Once they had
been reclassified as such, til','Y could be dr.:tfted by the Dutch
16
government.
After the United States '''ntry into the we,r the Netherlands
expected to secure much mot'e C()()lJet'ut ion trom Allier: lcan off icials.
It would take some
tillle,~
howcov ',c I:
,
before
npw agreement was
,1
negotiated, and even then Dutcll ufticials were not entirely
satisfied.
In January 19 112 tllPY obt«il1"d
i1
mG:inr concession when
C(~ h:::.r
the United States agceed to
all
lluliH~::..i
alJ{J
uddcesses of
Netherlanders registered un,i"" the Ame!:ic,J" Sel"ctive Training
17
and Service Act.
l'his CCIlCt.:;GIOIl re!;olved one ot the major
problems Dutch officials had ('ftcountered in the) preceding months.
However, in late
~larch
the Unll"d States informed Dutch officials
that only Dutch subjects who \,f)re non-ueclarant aliens could be
accepted for military service in the Netherlancs Armed Forces;
.thus henceforth so-called declurant aliens could no longer be
drafted.
Dutch officials
we~~
qUIck tu point O(!t that this new
regulation reduced the pool ul
in their opinion, the
numbl~l·
uVililable [Jotential dt-aftees since
()!'
dec13Lz~nl
alietl~,
\'IOS
larger than
III
that of the non-declarants.
mistaken in their estimate;
fIe;
the:.
".i II
nUlflbe~
be, shown beclow, they were
ut non-(Ieclm:ants was
larger than those of the dec_luctlnts.
In spite ot Netherlands 1.'luLest- th,; Unitecl States refused to
alter its policy.
On May 0,
l'H;l.,
U!(, IJ(, 1-'cI I:" Lrnelil, of State
informed Loudon that the olel 1"1.1 wy hilt! b:'en instItuted before
the Un i ted St a te G en te tOed tlJ('
'di.! J: •
"the most llberal regime
_,
can be placed in etfect
hU1l1
rOt"
flt.~\·.'
Ttlr'
po.1 ley constituted
[.>racticuule ·point ot VieW which
ill. 1 til<'
V ill.
i"uG b<,'.J.i iqC.'J:ent
19
countr ies."
Most Itl<ely,
::il'..' fHl"l lIme[·i":1Il p-,.l icy was motivated
its own armed forces.
aliens in the Unlted Stal'.'"" \-,,,:; COllIlJUt-"LIV·.,ly ",Il,.,.ll it those of
other nationalities were adeled til'.' toted
ti'}ure rniqht have been
considerable.
Further protests J.)y !JuLcll ofticial,; bcollqhl no changes and
finally, on July 8,
1942, tit" I",the! jam]:; ,mci tlte United States
reached an agreement that coltl trmed prey ious understandings.
Furthermore,
it stipulated thilL the NeLi!",,:lanus' v,ould not use
"any threats or compulSion of: nltY n,lture to irtlluCe any person in
the United States to enlist in its ar'meo forces"
accept enlistments of aliens
becoming American citizens
WIIO
and not to
had declared their intent of
I<'ho were :oubject to registration
20
under the Selective Service Act.
,lilO
Apparently, there were no further major prol-,lems between
Dutch and American officials.
Especially state Selective Service
Boards were very cooperatlve ill providinq names and addresses.
After the names had beell secuted circulars were sent to the men
requesting them to register.
Jl no reply had been obtained
within eight days a new letter l'lould be sent.
it again no reply
was received a staff member would visit the young man trying to
persuade him to comply.
Subseyuentiy,
the local draft board was
notified of the agreement or Li,e decision.
Finally,
in spite of
the restriction to draw upon declarant aliens, Dutch officials
were still able to enlist them if the local drait board was
will ing to gr an t
a release.
21
were seldom granted.
However, apparently such releases
The only major problem alter July 1,),12 between American and
Dutch officials concerrling recLuitment was the de Voyel affair.
22
While American officialS hac! n,"dered their "Ilalued assistance"
in returning a few deserters to Netherlanlls authorities they
stubbornly retused to comply IYith Dutch requests to hand over de
Vogel to them.
Even Ministet: Loudon Ivas unable to secure
American compliance and cooper:"tion.
I
'I
Char l'~s
t;In
i1 Ue \logel was
born in the Nethet:lands ca.
l~lIU.
In
I~L)
ne selved tor a shot:t
time in a Dutch officers traillinq school and later went to the
Netherlands
army.
Ind~es
where he lH'c:ame a cot'poral in the colonial
From 1938 to 1940 he visited California where he married
an American citizen.
In 1940 he ['eturned to the indies and early
1941 was admitted as an immigrilnt to the United States.
of that yeat: he
reg~stered
In July
for ilmet:ican military sel'vice and was
given a 4-C or alien status hy the Selective Service Board of
Glendale, California.
In Octouor 1941 he applied tor his first
papers declaring his intentioll of becoming an American citizen.
However, Get:ard J. Drosto, head or the Netllet:lands
Reg istration Bureau and Cotl,'ui l;"tlerol
in Los An'Je1'eS infor'med de
Vogel of his military duty UlIcH,r' the t:0ial decree ut August 1940.
De Vogel complied and aftet: til:; medical '·'xaminatlon was ordered
to proceed to Stratford, OntaL'lU tor' militat:y traininq.
In
February 1942, his local drait bpat:"d released Ilim [t:"om any
military obligation ulldet: tile c;'clectlve; Service
same month de Vogel proceeded
'.0
Canaela.
rank of corporal, de Vogel was sent to
until April 1943.
ACL
and in the
!lfter he obtained the
Cura~ao
whet:"e he remained
Subsequently, lie was ot:"dered to return to
Canada via Los Angeles where '''2 W,IS petmitted to settle some
personal affairs.
However, upon bis arcivill in Los Angeles he
informed officials of the He"lutration Bureau that he was
unwilling to proceed to Canada.
Instead, he recegistered with
his local dratt board in Gletldale which Classified him I-A and
~3
ordered his induction.
Dutch authorities inform"d !lmericzm officiz:ds of de Vogel's
,n
, .!
desertion and requested his
~I ~est.
The
lJ(~jJilrtlllent
()I war
complied, and on June 21 de Vogel was arrested in Los Angeles.
Subsequently, the inspector G'''IH"rai ot ttl., Ninth Service Conunand
of the u.S. Army investigated the matt"r and recommended, on July
27 to the Inspector General
uc
\,ashington,
D.C., to determine if
'de Vogel's enlistment had not lwen in v iolation of Section 10 of
the U.S. Criminal Code or "oehet'WIse u'lJlcllvtul."
'l'lle
investigating officer ofttle Ninth Service Commz'nd also
questioned Droste whodefenJed his decision to inJuct de Vogel by
correctly pointing out that at the time of the lotter's induction
"no agreement had been reached between tne
Unit~d
States
Government and the Ne ther lanrL; Gover'nmen t [or enI i st ing of
24
Netherlands nationals in the UrllteJ States."
October 5,
However, on
1943, the American Judge Advocate General agreed with
the Ninth Service Conunand's conclusions that de Vogel h.ad been
inducted in violation of the U.S. Criminal Code.
Furthermore,
25
he even recommended possible criminal actIon against Droste.
Subsequestly, in October, Secretary of War Henry Stimson ordered
26
However,
de Vogel's release dnd induction Into the U.S. AUIIY.
Stimson decided not to instigate legal proceedings against Droste
by exercising his prerogatives under a I?rovisiolJ,ot the same
Article 10 of the Criminal
violated.
CoJ~
that supposedly had been
The provision on which StimsolJ Dassd his decision not
to prosecute stipulated that the law would not apply to citizens
of nations who were engaged in a wiJr <''Jaillst a country with which
27
the United States was also ilt viar.
In April ancl Nay 1944, i'1illtster: Loudon til",d his protests
with American authorities by U'Jlt'~lIcllr;9 that at the time 01' de
Vogel's ~egistration with the ;;elective ;;ervice he was an
"enrolled member of the Anneci Fo['ces oj: the NptherlaJlds."
Therefore, the Netherlands miniL;ter: contended, dt~ Vogel's
:<8
registration could not have be2n accf'pted.
The ;;tate
Department replied that on the basis of all thE' available
evidence, de Vogel had been inducted
a result ot "threats and
:<9
other improper representations by DutCh officials."
Dutch
officials denied such allegations and contended tildt de Vogel's
induction had occurred at a time when there .ias no agreement
between the Netherlands and th"
June 24, and October 13,
Cordell Hull tha t
United StilL,:,;.
Fut-thermore, on
LouJon inLocmed secretary of State
1"44,
the prov is iUIl', a l the Cr im ini.1 Code were not
applicable because de Vogel
\vClS
not an Amet ican citizen at the
time of his induction into lli., N.?therlan<ls Arltled Forces.
Finally, the Netherlands mirlister cO[lcludecl that "no matter
whatever the merits of the C21'''' may be
ttH~,
UlJilateraJ induction
of a soldier into the army of Ule Uniti,(1 States who is in the
active service of the Armed
~)LC8S
of a country which is allied
with the United States in the present war,
~rl
is
Dctiorl which is
not furthering the close cooperiltioll Glnd har.mony which should
exist, between the at'med torc""s at countries fightillg the same
30
enemy. It
However", Hull and Stlln!iOn reCused to budge, and de
Vogel r-ernained in the U.S. Army.
Ivhat were the merits of the case?
know if Droste used" improper
Unfortullately, we do n.ot
l:eln.~selltotions"
Vogel to join the Netherlands ilrmecl ForctC,".
to [.ler-suade de
Perhaps he told him
and other Netherlands nationals tit pOSSible "dire consequences"
if he would not comply.
Ho"L ILJ.'.dy,
Llli,; '''IlPLy threat had been
used by other Dutch officials ever since 1940 but had never led
to any kind of confrontation wlth Alllerican authorities.
the agreement ot July 8,
1911~,
been v
iolat,~d
Nor had
since de Vogel had
been inducted into the NetherJ.illlds Armed Forces in February 1942.
One could argue, although Amet"lCan officials did not press this
point, that de Vugel should not have been drafted because he was
a so-called declarant alien.
As will be ("ecalled ,American
authorities stipulated in March
19.2 that such inaividuals were
not to be inducted into the Netilerlands Armed Forces.
However,
de Vogel's Selective Servic,,· ll().:Jld hOld released hlill trom any
American military obligation.
Thus de VOSlel' s illduction seems to
have been proper and not in v i.olat ion ot any a.greements or
understandings.
case.
American officials oVArreacted and misj udged the
Perhaps even Stimson [inally realizeu t1wt the American
case was not too persuasive Wh'!ll in November 1944 he declared the
case clf)"ed not because de Vuyel had
b~en
improperly inducted but
because he had become an Amer lcan c·i t i zen and was now serv ing in
31
the American Armed Forces.
ilpparently, de Vogel had quickly
completed his naturalization pt"ocess \vhile seLving in the U.S.
Army.
He was· now. completely SCire from allY !dnd at prosecution by
Dutch authorities.
How did Dutch nationals I.iving in the United Stutes respond
to the call for military serVlce in the armed lorces of the land
of their birth?
Recipients al the Dutch circulut: ot: notitication
requesting them to register "ilUI a Netl,prlancb Hegistration
Bureau often had a great varlet".y ot concerns 311d questions.
They
wanted to lenovi if Dutch authU'"llies had tile P"vl('t to conscript
them and what the penalty LOl" [""tused v,ould b",.
They also wanted
to know if declarant aliens cOllld be conscripted.
Some were
concerned that a person who hi"'l taken out t irst I!"I!ers might no
longer qualify for American clLizenshiI! it he would serve with
the Netherlands Armed Forces.
uthers wondered it they could
serve while .they were registen:d Undel" the SeJpctive Service Act.
A few individuals were concerned about the problem ot reentry
into the United States atter tilcey had completed their military
service with the Netherlands l,cmed Forces.
One person even
wanted to know what would 'haf'IX!n to him it he rc·[used to serve
but would might some day retlJClI to tlle Neth,,"l'J',cis tor a visit!
Finally, there were question,; .,ilOUt Ulllli.ly "ll()vl'lIlCCs and
32
maintenance.
Perhaps one ot the most typical illljul.t
Broersma, Bellflower, Calitol:1l1il.
[0S
cmne from Roy
I·limy lfldivlduals of Dutch
extraction who had first lived in 10\'''' settled in the Los Angeles
area where they lived i,n suell cOllllnunities as BelltloVier and
33
Hynes.
'l'he latter even beci.HIII? Known as Little Nethcl:lands.
Roy Broersma arrived in the United Sti.ltes in 1926 "nd settled in
Bellflower where he became u (iillry tunnel:.
in /IUljust 1941 he
received a summons to join thf' Nether.lands Armed Forces in
Canada.
This call prompteu his illyuil:Y with the State Department
which had received similar inqult" ies in prev ious months from
anxious Dutch nationals.
BrOE;t:sma wrote Oil August 20,
1941
I have been informed by an dljent of the HOlland
Government that 1 have teo ljo to C<:tlluua to Join the
Dutch Forces there and h~ve to leave tl:(~ Los Angeles
Wednesday August 27, 1~41.
1 "have been a resident
alien of this country for 15 years and I am married
and have dairy business ul my own.
/\tld 1 also have
JI
filed fot" my fit"st citi"'.:11 put)"t":>.
1I,1S ttl" ilullund
Government authority to ,nuke me joi~ the Dutch Military
Forces in Canada.
Ot" will the [\lnerican Government
force me to leave this cOllntr-y.
I I,ave never- been
in [the] Dutch Army belu,·!.
J wOllJd 'jr-',atly il[Jpreciate
[an) answer betore Wedne>;day Aug. 27, 1941.
I am
enclosing a [sic) enveloppe lsic] with stamp. 34
To these and other inquir ips the State Department tried to
reply as well as it could.
Thus it r-eilssur-ed the inqUIrers that
Du teh author i ties had no powe r to force th'~m to compl y wi th Du tch
35
draft laws.
The problem of reentr-y permits was not fully
resolved until after Pearl Har-bot".
Until that tIme recruits were
able to obtain reentry permits as long as they would not divulge
36
the reasons for their depar-ture iro", the United States.
Bany
inquiries of Dutch nationals were probably attempts to find
legitimate excuses to ev·ade induction in the Nether-lands Armed
Forces.
Netherlands officials soon complained and during the
ent"lre war continued to feel u sense oL Lr-ustr-ation over the lack
of response by Dutch nationals to t"ally to the suppot"t of their
fatherland in time ot need.
ll.!.ready in
th'.~
summer- at
1940,
shortly after the Nazi assaul t on the Nether-lands when one would
have expected a considerabl'" CHllUunt oL enU,usiilsm and patriotism,
Dutch officials voiced their- uisapPolfltment.
Thus they
37
complained that while a few llulldr-,"ci vol unteereu in [-lay 1940,
few did in the months follOl"iflq.
that he was "at a loss to know
In late
~hat
1940 Bar-tog lamented
38
to do abuut it
In
"
October 1942 Loudon expressed his d ismay that some 90"1
39
Netherlandet"s had not respond(-:d to the call to ("'listerAugust 1943 Dijxhoot"n charged there wee", at least 703
40
"deserters."
In December- 1Y~1 Sas complained about the
"indolence and unwillingness tu ",,,ke SdCr-lfice"s" illld even
and in
1
. ,'
41
"obstruction" on the part ot
countrYIll<en.
hiS
W.f. Kroon, head
of the Registration Bureau in Chicago, voiced his anger and
frustration at W.J. vun Wagt""<loIlK
draft call.
Van Wagtendonk
WLlS
WilD
t'eLused to respond to the
born in .Java, graduated at the
University of Utrecht and Colile to the United States in 1939 where
he studied at Stanford
Univpr~;i
ty and later tauqht chemistry at
4L
Oregon State College.
h(~
Sinc'l
l'eiusecl to r"9 ister with the
Chicago bureau, Kroon accus"d him ot beln'J a clri'ltt evader and
expressed his anger by sayillg
it was "beyond his imagination" to
understand why a "learned mall" \vould [',.,fuse to do his (Juty to the
43
Netherlands without "sound n,il>;on."
Apparently, One of the lLq.i.tiul<ite means ot r,scaping
conscription was to change one' s stat.us trom llon-declurant to
declarant alien.
Thus Pastor J<.!cob Van Dyke of the f'irst
Christian Reformed Church at Ireton,
young men in his congregation
44
On tile
their first papers.
I
lO\,/i;l,
(1oti<.:eu thilt many
iltlH,r suclrJenly df-,cidcd to take out
o~ller
hand there were also some
who, in order to escape American military servic", changed their
status from declarant to non-de.clarant alien!
Furthermore, 53
45
men obtained a legitimate escape by receivinJ a deferment.
Some Dutch shipping firms in New York were able to persuade
Netherlands authol'ities to <Jt"'II\:
special status which
requi~ed
,·;Qllie
50 of theIL' employees
tllem to perform Weekly military
exercises while they were petloitted to keep their regular
employment.
This was the so cdlled "fOUl1tilinpel! brigade" whose
members would now also be pcotC!cted ",gainst a f,'ossible American
46
draft call.
J/
D. Hudig, President of th,> Netherlands Shi.,ping and Trade
Commission in New York, even chaL'"ed that young !lien who wanted to
serve were dissuaded not to enlist because thE'y were told their
office work was more important than
milita~y
service.
contended that Loudon had at'Pl'oved of this policy.
Hudig even
l'his
accusation brought a quick reSponse frum the Netheclands minister
who informed his fore'ign minister in London that they were doing
47
"everything possible" to
Yet, a special Advisory
per311ud'~
Conllnis~-ion
NetherliHldet's to register.
established in 1941 to hear
and decide requests of defermellt resigned
in 1"42 because
4B
Dijxhoorn granted exem[Jtions
t()
one or two iqdividuals.
The lack of response about' Vlhich Dutch officials complained
can be explained in part by the ",ttituue ot mallY Dutch immigrants
in the United States.
[.lost of tilem he,d left their nutive land
because of frustration and tailuce ove,' their station in life ill
the Netherlands.
~Iany
had
(1(>1'1'"
much better in their adopted land
while the country of their bicLtl o[tell reminded them of less
pleasant experiences.
Furthenllor:e, they had emotiollully and
mentally identified themselves I-lith the United Slates ilnd
gradually loosened theh' ties Vii til the 01 d \'/or: lei.
There might
also have been materialistic l'eclL>OllS since many illunigrants
expected to receive more pOly ane1 benefIts in the American Forces.
However, the pay ot a soldieL
ill the iJuLch and tllllerican Forces
49
was about the same,
$21 per lIIunth,
'vll U e the l amo us Serv icemen
Readjustment Act which granted cOllsiderutJle benetiLs tu American
veterans was not passed until June 1944 a
yea~
in which
recruitment of Netherlanders til the United Stal:e's had virtually
come to a halt.
Some 200 Nettl"t'landet'!5 did seLve in the American
Armed forces.
Perhaps mosL ul
Lllese were declCllilnt aliens.
All
Netherlanders serving in the IIi[ler iCClll Forc",s were given the
option to enlist in Dutch milltilry service.
Apl.~rentlY, few of
50
them did.
Finally, there were undoubtedly many so-called
"tepid" Netherlanders,
~s
Luudun
c~lled
them, "'he simply were not
eager or anxious to serve eitl1"t' in the Npther.lands or the
American Armed Forces and wllo could trunK ot Hiany excuses tor
51
their failure to respond.
What could Dutch officiuls do to persuade Ulese tepid
countrymen who refused to
set·v(-~?
The y lwei litlIe if any power of
American authoriti(',·; would most certainly not
coercion.
52
in I:D und ing up
cooperate, as happened in Sou til Atr ica,
recalcitrant Netherlanders.
Nur could they as Belgian officials
did, threaten to confiscate [".-uperties
0'.
Cutch nationals in
:'3
their native land if they hLld any.
At best they could refuse
to renew their passports or nul. to rene/pI: thpm consular
54
services.
Of course they could always threat",n their
countrymen with "dire conseyu"'llc'=s" it they n,fused to comply.
'l'hus N. van Leeuwen was told by a Dutch ottici"l in New York if
he refused to go to Canada he would encourlter great difficulty in
becoming an American citizen.
Furthermot'e, they wat'ned .him that
"there were other means" by which they could pul pressure on him.
Van Leeuwen did not seem to be impressed and considet'ed the
55
threats very vague and an attempt to SCil['(' him.
Similarly,
B.C.G. Buss of New York, who dc'nied ever having been a Dutch
national and retused to t'e<Jist(c"-,
wClS
lnlonncu in september 1941
by Van Schreven to appear at his bureilll betw,-~eL 3 ano 5 p.m. or
SG
be faced with "dire
COnse4UCIlL'I:;j."
Yet, the response of Neth('t:landers in the United States to
iOl~C'=S
the call for military duty in the anned
ut the land of
their origin, was not as negative as we have been led to believe.
Dutch officials estimated that in 1940 thet:e were some 32,000
Netherlanders in the United States of which sorne ten percent or
57
3200 were eligible for rnilitat:y service.
Other so urces
58
estimated the number of elig ib.le rnen to be S,OOO or 10,000.
Neither one of these estimates lS correct.
The census of 1940
shows that the tota'l number vf Netherlanders in the United States
at that time was 108,640.
Of tllese 7ll,00U were naturalized,
8,560 had obtained their firsL l'apers,
13, UOO wene non-declarant
ille(~al
aliens, and 8200, many of whorn lIliyht have be"n
had not provided any information on their- citizenship.
residents,
-rhe
figures for the Dutch male population in tile United States were
47,360 naturalized,
6,00U decldr-ant and h,140 nOll-declarant
:.,S;
aliens, and 4,440 having
repot~t<"U
no inioLlllatlon.
Thus
~the
principal pool upon which th-,' Netherlands r.OUld dr'aw was that of
the 'non-declarant aliens to WhlCh one could ddd, but Ivith a high
degree of uncertainty, the 4,440 who had not reported their
citizenship status.
Of the posslble tutal at
only one-tourth or some
2,64~
1U,5BO men perhaps
wns of rnillLur-y ade but in reality
this figure is muc!. lower.
It is not easy to
determill(~
how many
m~n
Wf.".:e notttied by
Dutch Registration bureaus ot tllelr milltary ducy.
,figures might not be completeJ\' ["cliable bc>caus
men were not 1 tied fIIore thall on<:'c.
is incomplete.
l:'Ul the.tHlOt'2,
We do know that: at least
1~"3
p
The available
in various cases
SUllie=-
01
tne
data
wecc notified by
1 ""'
.'- ~
mid-January 1941 and that by ttl '-~ e !J{j oL 1"41 L, () 0 U had been
60
notified.
Let us assume thLl t 2645 men w~re SE:' II t a cit-cular
requesting them to register.
respond to this notificati.on
examined; furthet-more,
<"l
1"'Je
do .Know that
[u..l
thu l some 12UO "'Ie re medically
1 '>~tJ mell did
640 ill<.ilc:o.ted ",itilel- b'-"tote or after the
medical examination they did nut I-Junt to serve.
Of the remainder
53 were granted a deferment Ol '""eltlptloll o.lld 47~ ;,ere- rejected
for medical reasons.
'I'he peLcnntage at Lejectees WuS so high
because Dutch military duthotilles expected all the men to do
combat duty.
Thus it happerwd
thut indlvi.duals who were rejected
for Dutch military service wer,' ,hutted by the Uni-ted States.
Finally, 420 men were accepted lOl' SelCV icl' anei spnt to Canada and
61
England.
_Thus or a possible total of 2645 men 420 or 16%
served.
ConsideLing the varioLls CilculI!Stunces discussed above
and the mentality of many immiglCants tllis response to the call to
arms to help their tatherluno in tillle ot yreat need was not as
negative as was often alleged.
This f 19ure also compares well
with percentages given for SOllth Atrico., At'gentina, and Canada
6<'
which were 33%,
17%,
and 13%, t'espectively.
Perhaps it could be al'gued that more men would have been
drafted if Amerlcan authorities had been more ccoperative and
63
helpful in 1940 and 1941.
Th is ish ig hl Y un] iKely.
Al though
recruitment became much easiet
In 1<)4;1 because nameS and
addresses were now more readily availaule, it seems that Dutch
authorities had notified mose loen by the end at
Furthermore, relatively few
In',!}
w~re
lY41.
draLtr,d trom 19'1:< to 1945
when recruitment was supposedly much easier.
By late 1943 Dutch recr'ultmenL ulficlills cuncluded that they
had more Or" less exhausted the l!ool at available manpower in the
64
United States.
'rhus in August
1942 Dijxlloorn ordered the
closing of all the bureaus and transferred their activities to
65
T. Elink Schuurman, the Consul
the consulates and the embassy.
General in New York, would
no\~
have to assume tile task of
supervising recruitment in the United States a duty he did not
accept with great alacrity since> he considered it more important
to cultivate beeter relationships with the NetilPrlands
66
community.
Yet, he continued to be assisted by A. Kerkhoven
and others who shouldered mOSL ot the ildlOinistrative
responsibil i ty.
Very few men were calh,d lip in the ",er iod 19'13-1945 and
Kerkhoven and his staff wet"e llIilinly preoccu[Jied with handling
administrative matters concerning "men already ser-ving.
period November 1943 to
~lay
1 ~4:'.
For the
b5 men ('e':lister-ed ot which 49
were called up for a medicill examination ilno 2" inducted.
Most
tikely most of these men were i!~ivlduals who ,night be called up
by the American Selective Ser-Vice System but who ",reter-red to
67
serve in the Netherlands ar-med tot"ces.
Because of the limited recruitment possibilities and the
approaching and expected libe>rution of the Neth;"Llands in the
fall of 1944 the Netherlands minister at ..ar, O.C.A. van Lidth de
Jeude, decided in August 19'1'1
overseas.
Lu
discontinue recruitment
'I'here were to be no more dt"att cal.is p.xcept in certain
categories, he instructed.
But Ile also warnEd that tile Allies
not be informed of this decision tormi s in terpre ted.
f~ar
that it might be
It was agreed only to reyistec ar,cl not to
21
68
conscript the men but to accept them as t'lllistees.
Thus only a
few men left for England in 1945 and by the tall of that year all
recruitment activities ceased ill the United States.
The war in
Europe and the Far East had now come to an end, and the men who
survived came home.
Did any at them ever regret the decision to
serve their native land?
It is difficult to 3nswer that question
until I hear from many Dutch-Amecicans who served in the Princess
Irene Brigade.
Since I like t" make
i)
similac study of Dutch-
Canadians who served I like to hear from them as well.
69
address is listed below.
My
·r
1.
I would llKe to express my sincere ap[.>reciation to Mr. and
Mrs. Cnossen, Escondido, California, Mr. Jan Peyrot,
Glastonbury, Connecticut, and Nr. John Pais, Carmel.,
California, for furnishing me with valuable information.
!'iessrs. Cnossen, Peyrot, dnLl Pais are veterans of the
Princess Irene Brigade.
1 also wrote to many members of the
Vereniging van Oudstr iju(=(s van de !\OnlIlJdiJke Brigade
"Prinses Irene" residing in the United States.
However, all
of those who responded to my inquI~y came to the United
States after World War 11.
2.
See A. Loudon to Netherl~nds Govenllnenc, Nay 15, 1940 and
other documents in Gezantschap WashIngton, P-1.8.
Recrutering van Netherlanders in de Verenigcle Staten.
Londons Archiet Ministerle van BuitenlanJse Zaken, 'rhe
Hague.
Hereafter, Buitenlandse :Oaf,en cited as BZ.
3.
'rhere is some confUSIon about those '~li'.llb.le tor milltary
conscr ipt ion.
Londons I\rch ie t, AZ/,) Z REg. Alg. AI, doos
396.
Archiet BZ; A. Ker,;l\uven to Louuon, t'ebLuacy 11, 1944
and Reccuitinq Rules Eor lise in the United States of
Arner ica, Febr uary .3, l;l <i.j •
Ge Zdll t sch at-' Was h 1 ng ton, P8.1./41.1.
Reccutering In de Verenigcie St"ten.
Archief BZ.
See also copy of a reglsLccltlon torm 1i1 Gezantschap
Washington, P-8.1/41.2. RegistrHtie Bureau N~w York.
Acchief BZ.
4.
Kingdom of the NetheclancL;.
Stat,?n Generai'll, Tweede Kamer.
Enquete Commissie l<eyer im;sbeieici jCJ40- 1'J<lS.
Vecslag
houdende de uItkomsten van h=t oncler«oeJ-: (The Haque, 1946),
8 A and B:66-70 and bi:i la'je1, p. 13; biJ'lage 5, p. 22.
5.
Enquete Commissie, Versluq, 8 A and D: 55.; G.J. Sas to
Minister of War, January'!, 1!:>42.
Gezantsct1a[.> Washington,
P-8.1/41.1. l<ecrutering 111 ue Vel'enigd(= St"ten. "rchief BZ.
6.
Memo Ray Atherton, January :U, 1941.
Records of the
Department of State, HSb.2L2L/2~.
l<~cord GCoup 59.
National Acchives, Washlt.gton, D.C,; Sas tc ~1inister of Wac,
December 1, 1941.
GezanLschap Washlligton, l'-tJ.l/41.1
Recruter ing in -de Veren ique Sta ten.
l\rch ip l BZ.
Bereaftec
Recocds of the Departmene of State, Record Gcoup 59 cited as
RG 59 with appropriate decimal file number.
7.
'rhe Statutes at Lacge u[ the Uniu,d St:,t"s or Alnecica • • •
(Washington, D.C., 191(3), 4U:39-<\O.
8.
Green H. Hackworth to Renee Lord, i'lal'ch 15,
856.2222/;04. RG 59.
19·41.
9.
.,
Consul General J.A. SetJUllrman to Loudon, June 21, 1940.
Gezantsehap Washington, 1'-1.t!.
Recruterillg van Nederlanders
in de Verenigde Staten.
InsU"ucties New YorK.
Archief BZ, A.
Hartog to Loudon, July ("
I ':i 4 O.
Ge zan t seh"IJ wash ington, P-1. 8.
Recrutering van Nederlancl<ec3 in de Verenigoe Staten.
Instructies Los Angeles. Arehief BZ.
10.
Loudon to Hartog, June 28, 1940.
Gezantschap Washington, p1.8.
Recrutering van Neclerl-anders in de Verenigde Staten.
Instructies Los Angeles. Archiet BZ.
11.
E.A. Bunge, Netherlands Consul ill Port Ai:: th ur, to Texas
Shell Oil Corporation, Apt"il 7, 1941.
Ge zan tschap
Washington, P-l.8./41.1.
Recruterlng in de Veren igde
Staten.
Archief BZ, State Departmellt to F.B.I., August 6,
1943.
8~6.2222/5t!. RG 59,
12.
Atherton Memo January 22,
13.
Memo Hugh S. Cumming ,Au'just 4, 1 ':I<±1.
856.2222/33.
RG 59,
Memo Netherlands Legatiull, December 12, 1941 ana Cordell
Hull to Hen'ry Stimsoll, January 21, I'Hl.
fJS6.2222/37 and
856.2222/38. RG 59.
14.
Department of State to Netherlands Legation. August 7, 1941
and Department of Justice to Secretary ot State, January 14,
1942.
856/2222/33 and 856.2222/42. Ibid.
Dijxhoorn even
tried to obtain the census clata but was told that such
information was secret. Enquete Commissie, Verslag, 8 A and
B: 70.
15.
Van Schreven to ?, March 26, 1941.
Gezantschap Washington,
P-8.1/41.1. Hecrutering ill de Verenigde Stilten.
Archief
BZ; F.C.L. Weijerman, Mili~ary Attach~, Netherlands
Legation, washington, D.C. t.o Van Sctlreven, January 14,
1941. Gezantschap Washington, P-8.1/41.1. Reerutering in
de Verenigde Staten. Archlei BZ.
1 6.
Loudon to Hull, April 17,
17.
Ib id •
18.
Ib id •
19.
Hull to Loudon, Hay 6,
20.
Charles 1. Bevans, ed., 'l'Leaties Clnd Other lnternational
Agreements of the United ~;tates ot America, 11"16 1949
(Washington-,-D.C., 19n), 10,149=153. Apparently, the
stipulation that Netherl,lfluers who were declarant aliens
could not enlist in the l'.etherlancis "Armed f'or'ces was not
rigidly adhered to. See K"rkiloven to Loudun, February 11,
1944.
Gezantschap Washington, P-U. 1/41. 1.
Recrutering in de
Ve~enigde Staten. Archief B~ •
19 .. 1.856.2222/25. RG 59.
1942.
1942.
81 1 • 2222/7 1 2.
RG 59.
Ibid.
.,
21.
Report on recruitment by Consul Geller-al '1'. EllrlK Schuurman
to BZ, March 8, 1944.
Lolldons Archie!', AZ/JZ. Reg. 7A.
Reorganisatie en ophetfillg van het Nederlandse Detachment in
Canada en van de recruter-lngsbureaux •.•. Ar-chief BZ.,
Recruitment Rules for Use in the united States of North
America • • • , Febr.uary 3, 1944. Gezantschap I"/ashington, p8.1/41.1. Recrutering in de Verenigtle Staten. Archief BZ.
22.
Loudon to Department of State, April 25, 1944.251.2
Netherlands. Records of the Ar-my Start. Record Group 319.
National Archives, Washington, U.C.
23.
Most of the information on the de Vogel caEe was obtained
from a report by Najor William J. Ivynn to the commanding
gener al We s te rn De ten se Command and Fo ur th Army, June 21,
1943 and Report to the Inspector General, September 1, 1943.
Records of the Office of the Nljutant General, AG 091.713.
Record Group 407. National Archives, \'iashington, D.C.;
Charles de Vogel to Sta te Uepar tmen t, Hay 18, ·1943.
856.2222/51. RG 59.
24.
Report to Inspector Genet·al, September 1, 1943. Records of
the Oftice of the Atlj utant: hecords of the vttice of the
Adjutant General, AG 091.11 J. RG 407.
25.
Major General Myron C. Cr:alller, Judge Advocate General, to
Adjutant General, October 5, 1943. Ibid.
26.
War Department to Adjutant General, October 11,
27.
War Department to Inspector- General, November 30,
28.
Memo Netherlands Legation April 25,
Netherlands. RG 319.
29.
Memo Raymond T.
30.
Loudon to Hull, June 24, 1<)44; and October 13,
856.2226/G-2444, 856.2226/1 U-1344. Ibid.
31.
Stimson to Hull, November 16, 1944. 856.2226/11-1644.
Ibid.
Droste could be rather persistent.
See the case of
Olof T.C.C. Janssen. 356.117/43. Ibid.
32.
See 856.2221-2222 and 356.117. RG 59.
33.
On Dutch settlement in the Los Angeles area see Jacob van
Hinte, Netherlanders iIl America, transl. Adriaan de Wit
(Grand Rapids, 1985},pp. 808-809 ana Gerald F. DeJong, The
Dutch in America, 1609-19}4 (Boston, 1975), kJ. 165.
34.
856.2222/31. RG 59.
35.
8~6.2222.
Ibid •
Yingling, Nay 22,
1943. Ibid.
1943.
Ibid.
1944. 251.2
1944. 856.22:<6/4. RG 59.
1944.
36.
Enquete Commissie, Versli19, 8 A i1nu B: 69.
37.
Loudon to Government in London, Hay 15, 1940. Gezantschap
Wash'ington, P-l.8. Recrutecing in de Verenigde Staten.
London. Archief BZ.
38.
Hartog to Loudon, July 6, 1940.
Gezantschap Washington, P1.8. Recrutering van Netherlanders in de Verenigde Staten.
Instructies Los Angeles. Archief BZ.
39.
Loudon to Buitenlandse Zaken, October 12, 1942. Gezantschap
P-8/41.1. Recrutering in de Vel:enigde Staten.
Archief BZ.
\~ashington,
40.
Dijxhoorn to Buitenlandse Zaken, August 27, 1943. Londons
Archief. AZ/JZ Reg. 7A. Heorganisatie en opheffing
van het Nederlandse Detachement in Canada en de
recruter ingsbureaux .... il.t"chief BZ.
41.
Sas to Min ister of War, December 1, 1941. Ge zantschap
Washington, P-8/41.1. Recnltet-ing in de Verenigde Staten.
Archief BZ.
42.
P.A. Gilfillan, Acting President Oregon State College to
State Department, Januat-y 1:<, 1942. 356.117/46. RG 59.
43.
Kroon to Van Wagtendonk, December 31,
1941.
Ibid.
44.
Dr. Louis Y. Van Dyke' to author October 27,
1987.
45.
Enquete Commissie, Verslag, 8 A and B:72.
46.
Ibid., pp.
47.
Hudig to Minister M.P.L. Steenberghe, May 29, 1941.
Gezantschap Washington, [>-1.3. Rappnt:"ten <'an BZ van Hare
Majesteits Gezant te Washington. Archief BZ; Loudon to BZ,
July 16, 1941. Ar,chief BZ.
48.
Enquete Commissie, Verslu<j, 8 A andB:7:Z and bijlage 1, pp.
13-14.
49.
Ibid., bijlage 1, p. 6; Statutes Jt Large of the United
States of America
. (Washington, D.C., 1941),54:895; On
benefitS-see also KerJdjo'llen to H. N. Boon June 6, 1944 and
extract at Handbao), tot: Secv icemen and Sel.v icewomen • • • of
World War 11 and 'l'heTCOel,ienuents. GezantschclLJ Washington.P-8.1/4~2-.-Registratle Bureau New YorJe An.:hief BZ.
50.
Kart OVerzicht betretfeillie de t:ecrutering in Canada, U.S.A.
en Argen tin i.:!. London, ['Ii'! loch '2 'I , 1 'J 44. Londans I\rch ief ,
AZ/JZ Reg. 1\1g. E. Vel'sl.:,,) van rect:uter ing i.ll Canada,
U.S.A., en Argerltini~. Ac~hiet BZ.
71 and 83 and biJlage
1, p.
10.
51.
Loudon to BZ May 29, 19,11.
Gezantschap Washington, P-1-3.
Rapporten aan BZ van Hare Majesteits GezallL te Washington.
Archief BZ.
52.
On this see Enquete Commissie, Verslag, 8 A and B: 73-80.
53.
Ibid., p. 69.
54.
Loudon to Buitenlandse Zaken, October- 12, 1;14<:, Kerkhoven to
Loudon, February 11, 1944.
Gezantschap Wastlington, P.,.
8.141.1. Recruter ing in (1e Verenigde Staten. ilrchief BZ.
55.
N. van Leeuwen to State DeiJaLtment:.
856.2222/22. RG 59.
56.
B. C. G. Buss to Department of State, September 27,
856.2222/35. Ibid.
57.
Enquete Commissie, Verslaq, U II and B: 7<:.
58.
Uecemuet- ;<9,
1940.
1;141.
Kort overzicht betrett'onci,' de recLutering in Canada, U.S.A.
London, Haren L1, 1~'i4. Ll:;t\c!ons L\rchief,
AZ/JZ Reg. Alg. E. VeLslaq van recruterHlg in Canada,
U.S.A., en Argentinie. l\ccilier llZ; "Iemo Cununinq, August 4,
1941.
856.2222/33. RG 5,).
en Argentini~.
59.
United States Department ( ) t Commerce. BULeau of the Census.
Sixteentil Census of -the United States: 19Lu. Population
(Washington, D.C.-,-1~4J), iJ. 81.
60.
Kort overzicht betrettende de recr-utering in Canada, U.S.A.,
en ArgentinilL
London, ['[Llcch 27, 1"44. Londons Archief
AZ/JZ Reg. Alg. E. Vecslag- van LecLutering in Canada,
U.S.A., en ArgentlniA. IIcciliet BZ.
61.
EnquEhe Commissie, VerslihJ. 8A and B, bijlage 1, pp.
62.
Kort overzicht betrertende de recrutering in Canada, U.S.A.,
en Argentinie. London, March 2'l, 1944. Lonclons Archief
AZ/JZ Reg. Alg. E. Veralag van recrutering in Canada,
U.S.A., en Argentinie. llrchiel HZ.
63.
Enqu~te Commissie,
64.
Already in July 1942 Van SchLeven concluded that after the
U.N. Declaration Netherlands recrUItment oL<janization had
lost all "viability" anti considered curtailing its task after
August 1 of that year. Vall Schreven to Loudon, July 27,
1942. Gezantschap Washingtul1, P-8. 1/41.2. Recruteringsbureau New York. Archiet BZ.
65.
Dijxhoorn to Buitenlandse ZaKen, August 2"1, 1943. Londons
Archief, AZ/JZ Reg. Aig. 1::.- Verslag van recLutering in
Canada, U.S.A., en Argentinie. ArchieL BZ.
Vers12Y,
8 A anu B, bijlage 1, p.
15-16.
15.
Oc lob", r <: 'oJ,
66.
El ink Sch uurman to /3u i te Ill" IlU se Z<.!j,en,
Ibid.
1943.
67.
Elink Schuurman to Buitenlanus Zaken, June 5,
68.
O.C.A. Lidth de Jeude to lluitenlandse Zal<.en, August 28,
1944, to Minister of Colonies, Se",tember 13, 1944, to Van
Kleffens, September 13 alld :i'oJ, l'oJ44, Van Kleftens to Van
Lidth, September 25, 1~44, and t ( l Loudon, October 2, 1944.
Londons Archie!:, AZ/JZ A Ill. Hey. illyelfieen, doos 396.
Archie!: BZ.
69.
Department of History,
Illinois
b 1761
1945. Ibid.
illinOiS State University, Normal,