Thomas Green - 12151184X Oz-Au Yeung – 12151131x Cheung

Thomas Green - 12151184X
Oz-Au Yeung – 12151131x
Cheung Wing Sze – 11522919D
Jasmine Lockwood – 12151101X
 Permanent
 Internal
 Dermal
 Superficial
 External (Head)
 External (Body)
Compare & Contrast
 Internal
 Past
 Present
 Dermal
 Past
 Present
 External (Head)
 Past
 Present
 External (Body)
 Past
 Present
Past
Present
 Ear Disk
 Ear Expanders
 Lip Plate
 Split Tongue
Past
Present
 Ear Disk
 Ear Expanders
 Historical Tribal Affiliation
 Ear Disks
 Mayan Civilization
 Spiritual significance
 Boy to man
 Social pressure
 Aesthetic Adornment and Enhancement
 Ear Disks
 Self-expression
 Normalisation
 Reversal
 From Tribe Affiliation to Aesthetic Adornment and
Enhancement
Past
Present
 Lip Plate
 Split Tongue
 Historical Tribal Affiliation
 Lip Plate
 Mursi Tribe Africa
 Girl to woman
 Fertility
 Removal on husband’s death
 Slow rebellion
 Aesthetic Adornment and Enhancement
 Split Tongue
 Considered hardcore
 Offered by ‘cutters’
 Motivation to push boundary of social acceptance as
other modifications enter the mainstream
 From Tribe Affiliation to Aesthetic Adornment and
Enhancement
Past
Present
 Scarification
 Tattoos
 Scarification was a popular form of body modification in the 19th




century
It originated from African Tribes, like the Yoruba, as a means of
identifying members of the same ethnic tribe, and social class.
Scars also indicated wealth
 E.g. “alailowo ko’la”
Each design was similar enough to others’ scars to show their affiliation
with each other, but different from person to person.
Scar pattern designs evolved with time as people from different regions
adopted each others’ marks, as did their meanings.
 E.g. The pélé
Scars on women symbolized
fertility. If a woman was strong
enough to endure the pain of the
scarification procedure, it showed
that they were also capable of
enduring child birth
 The modern equivalency of
scarification
 Modern day tattoos are tools of self
expression, indication of social,
religious, and political groups, and
even fashion statements.
 Tattoos as a means
of rebellion.
Tattoos can be used
to take control of
their own bodies
instead of letting
society dictate how
one should look,
turning the body
into a battleground
of ownership.
Tattoos as a means of incorporating traits
represented by the chosen imagery
e.g. Wings symbolize freedom. When
tattooed onto a body, it is an expression of
a person’s desire to have a carefree life.
 Both tattoos and scarification are done as a means of expressing one’s
identity but in different ways:
 Scarification was created as a means of indicating one’s social status
within a collective, and differentiate different tribes. Tattoos can
similarly achieve this, however, many peoples’ reasons for getting
tattoos are personal.
 E.g. rebellious teenagers getting tattoos as a way of initiating a
battle over ownership of their own bodies and defining their
personal spaces to indicate “a separation from the family matrix.”
 Tattoos depict various symbols and motifs that are carefully chosen by
the receiver all in the hopes of incorporating attributes represented by
the imagery into themselves. Scars, on the other hand, only used
patterns symbolizing their place in society, rather than personally
significant symbols.
Past
Present
 Face
 Face
 Black Teeth
 Hair
 Shaved Head &
Eyebrows
 Gold Teeth
 Hair
 Cut & Color
Past
Present
 Face
 Face
 Black Teeth
 Gold Teeth



Ohaguro
Most popular in Japan
In particular , the imperial family and other highranking aristocrats who had finished their Hakamaza



Blackened their teeth and painted their eyebrows
Was done only by married women and unmarried
women who were older than 18
Consider black teeth to be a sign of beauty




Certain regions of the world, especially in
Eastern Europe
Worn as a status symbol, a symbol of
wealth
Most expensive historical dental prosthetic
Installed in place of healthy teeth or as
crowns over filed-down healthy teeth

e.g. Nelly, Rihhana

Teeth
• Black
• Consider to be a sign of beauty
• Gold
 Worn as a status symbol, a symbol of wealth
Past
Present
 Hair
 Hair
 Shaved Head &
Eyebrows
 Cut & Color
• Earliest historical records describe head shaving
originated in ancient Mediterranean cultures
• E.g. Egypt, Greece, Rome
• Egyptian priest class ritualistically removed all
body hair by plucking
• Include hair on the head, eyebrows, beard
• Reason : Hygiene, the image of strict,
• Disciplined conformity
• Involves treatment of the hair with various
chemicals
• Immensely popular nowadays
• Main reasons : cosmetic
• To change to a color, to cover gray hair
• More fashionable
• Desirable
Hair

•
Shaved Head & Eyebrows
•
Hygiene, the image of strict, disciplined
conformity
•
Cut & Color

More fashionable or desirable
Past
Present
 Brass Coils
 Coil Necklaces
 Extreme Corsetry
 Girdles
 Bound Feet
 High Heels
Past
Present
 Brass coils
 Coil necklaces
 Kayan People
 Minority in Thailand northern province
 Originated from Burma
 Fled early 20th century
 Civil War
 Shan (women who used them)
 5 years old
 Not all are entitled
 Born
 Auspicious days of week
 Moon is waxing
 Why
 Distinguish from other tribes
 Ransomed back from captivity
 Times of intertribal warfare
 Protect women from tigers
 Seize prey by neck
 Descended from the dragon mother
 Rings emulate
 Magical power to cure illness
 Bestow blessings
 Rings around neck, knees, arms
 Immobilization
 Women - static pursuits
 Music
 Animal training
 Men
 Childcare
 Domestic duties
 Coils
 Don’t lengthen
 Pushes collar bone down
 Compresses rib cage
 Illusion created by reformation of clavicle
 Seldom removed
 Takes long time to put on/remove
 When removed
 Only to replace and add length
 Not pretty
 Weakened
 Bruised
 Distorted
 Liked to wear throughout life
 Feels like a part of them
 Neck muscles weakened
 Does not collapse
 Early 20th century
 English circus promoter (Bertram Mills)
 Toured Europe with Kayan women
 Exhibited freaks
 Taken captive and loaned to Thai officials
 Took them across the border to be displayed
 Carnivals
 County fairs
 Beauty contests
 1990
 Attracted 10,000 tourists/year
 Camps along the Thai-Burmese border
 2006
 Removal of rings by choice
 Health concerns
 Today
 Thai government
 Can only reside in certain areas
 Promise of money
 Guarantantee against deportation
 Forced many young Kayan women to revive coils
 Despite physical risks and restrictions
 Loss of original culture
 Loose fitting
 Still flattering
 Healthy
 Brass coils
 Fitting in with societal norms
 Tribal affiliation
 Religious beliefs
 Coil necklaces
 Body adornment
 Personal health
 Loose fit
Past
Present
 Extreme Corsetry
 Girdles
Extreme Corsetry
 2000 BC
 Earliest
 Cretan woman
 16th & 17th
 Most popular
 Push breasts up
 Farthingale
 18th
 Raise up and shape breasts
 Pannier
 Symbol of wealth
 Forced bones & organs
 15 inches
 Fainting
Extreme Corsetry
 19th
 Doctors
 Health
 Indigestion / constipation
 Plethora of ailments
 Interest in outdoor activities
 Corsets made of
 Wool
 Leather
 Jumps
 Partially boned
 Empire
 Loose
 Romantic
 Inflate shoulders & skirt
 Imitation (no real corset)
 New textiles
 New technology
 Body slimming
 Free movement
 Healthy
 Extreme corsetry
 Fitting in with societal norms
 Sick obsession with competing for the tiniest waist
 Girdles
 Personal health
 Body slimming
 Not restrictive
Past
Present
 Bound Feet
 High Heels






Tang dynasty
 975 AD
Young girls
 2-5 years old
 Prevent further foot growth
Bind feet of eldest daughter poor family
 Intended to be brought up as lady
 Never need to work
 Other sisters grow up as servants/slaves
 Marry laboring man and work in fields
Prerequisite
 Small feet
 Avenue to marry rich
Took great pride
 2.75 in
Meant
 Being beautiful
 Worthy of a husband
 Procedure
 Soak feet in warm water/animal blood & herbs
 Toe nails clipped short
 Foot messages
 Every toe is broken except for big toe
 Wrapped in binding cloth
 Winter months
 Numb

Washing
 Wealthy
 Every day
 Poor
 Twice weekly
 Soak in solution
 Caused flesh to fall off
 Infections
 Rotting flesh/nails
 Toe nails were peeled back
 Removed all together
 If got to bones
 Toes would fall off
 (benefit—even tighter!)
 Fleshier toes
 Would add glass to cause injury
 Infection
 Disease
 Fall off
 Death often occurred due to infections
 Wrapping
 Elder female
 Professional foot binder
 Preferred mom
 Put into smaller shoes until
 4 inches long
 Soon after bones broken
 Remained fragile for several years
 Would heal
 Break repeatedly
 Very painful
 Especially in
 Teens
 Soft bones
 Elderly
 Not as stable
 Fall and break hip
 Lifelong disabilities
 Intensely erotic for men
 Qinq dynasty
 Sex manuals
 48 different ways
 Playing with women’s bound feet
 Husbands could afford wives that didn’t have to work
 Could pay a maid
 Existed only to serve their man
 Limit mobility
 Dependant on family
 Particularly men
 Male ownership
 Restricted to home
 Couldn’t go far without escort
 19th-early 20th Century
 Binding forbidden
 Violating creation of god
 Made shoes
 Imitation of walk
 20th century
 Changing social conditions
 Aesthetically pleasing
 New technology
 Achieve comfortably
 Healthy
 Bound feet
 Fitting into societal norms
 Avenue to marry rich
 High heels
 Personal health
 Still “cute”
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