International Student Migration Fact Sheet

Transcription

International Student Migration Fact Sheet
World Education Services, Symposium on International Students: The New Skilled Migrants, Nov 2010
Foreign Student (OECD definition): Non‐citizens of the country in which they study.i
International Student (OECD definition): Those who are not permanent residents of their country of
study, or those who received their prior education in another country (regardless of citizenship).ii
Foreign Student (CIC definition): Temporary residents who are in Canada principally to study in the
observed calendar year and have been issued a study permit (with or without other types of permits).
Under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, a study permit is not needed for any program of
study that is six months or less. Foreign students exclude temporary residents who have been issued a
study permit but who entered Canada principally for reasons other than study.iii
International Student (MCI definition) –a foreign national who is authorized to study in Canada.iv
Different definitions of foreign and international students can be confusing; for example, the CIC
definition of foreign student corresponds to the OECD definition of international student.
Differences in national definitions have made accurate international statistics challenging to
calculate. For clarity, OECD definitions are used in this fact sheet; thus “international student”
will be used in place of the CIC “foreign student” term in Canadian statistics.
International Student Migration Trends

World‐wide, from 2000 to 2008, the number of foreign students has doubled from 1.8 million to
3.3 million.v
It is expected that between 4.1 million and 6.7 million students will be studying abroad by
2020.vi
The number of international students from the top source countries of Hong Kong, Japan, Korea,
Malaysia and Singapore are expected to remain stable or decline in the next 5 to 10 years.vii
Indian and China will continue to be major source countries, with medium growth in the next 5
to 10 years.viii
Pakistan, Brazil, Vietnam, Russia, Georgia, Romania, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Saudi Arabia are identified as emerging source markets for international
students.ix
Table 1: Top countries of origin for foreign students in tertiary education, 2008
550,000
500,000
Number of Students
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2010
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The United States, Japan, Australia, Germany, France and the UK are the destinations for
approximately 75% of all international students to OECD countriesx .

OECD countries receive about 2 to 2.5 million international students of approximately 3 million
international students, corresponding to approximately 84% of all students studying abroad.xi
Table 2: Top destination countries for international students in tertiary education, 2008/09
1,000,000
671,616
415,585
500,000
266,488
233,606
France
Germany Australia
223,508
195,503
132,720
123,901
China
Japan
Canada
0
US
UK
Number of Post‐Secondary International Students
Source: Atlas of Student Mobility, Institute of International Education, www.atlas.iienetwork.org
Table 3: International Students as Percentage of Total Enrolment, Top OECD Countries, 2007
20%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
15%
14%
14%
12%
9%
8%
8%
International Students as % Total of Enrolment
Source: International Migration Outlook, SOPEMI 2010, OECD.
Table 4: Trends in market share: Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination
Market share (%)
30
25
20
15
10
Other OECD…
Sweden
Korea
Netherlands
Belgium
Switzerland
China
Austria
New Zealand
2008
Other partner…
2000
South Africa
Spain
Italy
Japan
Russian…
Canada ²
Australia ¹
France
Germany
United States ¹
0
United…
5
1. Data relate to international students defined on the basis of their country of residence. 2. Year of reference
2007. Countries are ranked in descending order of 2008 market shares.
Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2010.
¾ The Canadian market share in tertiary international education has grown from 4.8% in 2000 to
5.5% in 2008.xii
Canadian
n Internation
nal Student Migration
M
Trrends & Reteention Ratess

Th
he number off internationaal students (aall educationaal levels) present in the cou
untry on
st
December 1 has
h increased
d from 97,336
6 in 1999 to 196,227
1
in 200
09.
Th
he number off post‐second
dary international students present on December 1st has grown from
72
2,711 in 1999
9 to 154,204 in
i 2009. A con
nsistent increease in the lasst 4 years at the
t “Other po
ost‐
seecondary” levvel has increaased overall in
nternational student
s
enrollment numbeers despite so
ome
fluctuation at the
t “Trade” and
a “University” levels in the
t last few years.
# of International Students
Table 5: Nu
umber of Interrnational Stud
dents in Canada by Level of Study,
S
1999‐20
009
250,,000
200,,000
150,,000
100,,000
50,,000
0
1999
2000
2001
1
2002
200
03
2004
20
005
2006
2
2007
2008
2009
Seccondary or lesss
24,538 28,020 31,706
6 32,597 31,625 30,762 30,518 32,544 34
4,544 34,401 34,460
3
Trade
12,757 16,499 20,114
4 22,831 24,960 25,157 24,167 22,942 22
2,572 18,954 19,640
1
Uniiversity
45,697 53,157 63,595
5 72,947 81,104 88,743 92,010 93,507 96
6,060 95,414 107,44
1
Oth
her post‐secondary* 7,396 9,091 12,798
8 14,515 15,814 13,819 14,110 14,782 16
6,894 22,738 27,120
2
Oth
her
6,861 7,218 8,449
9 7,589 6,43
35 6,325 6,3
324 6,332 5,981
5
6,688 7,451
* Post–seccondary level of
o study, not att the universityy or trade level, including langguage institutions, private
institutions and universitty qualifying prrograms.
C, Facts & Figures, 2009.
Source: CIC
op 10 source countries, by to
otal entries, off internationall students at all educational levels in Canada
Table 6: To
2006
2007
1. Korea
(15,597)
1. Korea
(15,16
69)
2. China
(8,988)
2. China
(10,032)
3. US
(5,300)
3. US
(5,18
85)
4. France
(5,125)
4. France
(4,816
6)
5. Japan
(4,814)
5. Japan
(4,308)
6. Mexico
(2,715)
6. India
(2.69
94)
7. India
(2,747)
7. Mexico
(2,643)
8. Germany
(2,096)
8. Germany
(2,34
43)
9. Brazil
(1,203)
9. Brazil
(1,42
28)
10. Saudi Arab
bia
(822)
10. Saudi Arabia
A
(1,42
27)
So
ource: CIC, Faccts & Figures 20
008
2008
1. Koreea
2. Chin
na
3. Fran
nce
4. US
5. Japaan
6. Saud
di Arabia
7. Indiaa
8. Mexxico
9. Germ
many
10. Braazil
(13,9
941)
(13,6
668)
(4,6
675)
(4,5
553)
(3,6
630)
(3.5
521)
(3,2
244)
(2,5
585)
(2,5
511)
(1,7
746)
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C
Street Ea
ast | Suite 700 | Toronto,
T
ON | M4
4Y 1S2 | (t) 416.972.0070 | wes.o
org/ca |
Table 7: Distribution, by Province, of International Students at All Educational Levels, 2008
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
NL
PEI
NS
NB
1999 0.7%
0.2%
2.8%
1.4%
2008 0.9%
0.3%
3.3%
1.8%
PQ
ON
MB
SK
AL
BC
20.1% 33.9%
2.4%
2.6%
8.5%
27.3%
15.7% 36.9%
2.7%
2.1%
8.1%
28.2%
Source: CIC, Facts & Figures, 2008.

Ontario plans to increase the number of post‐secondary international students by 50% over the
next 5 years, from 57,535 in 2009 to approximately 86,000. This includes university, trade and
other post‐secondary sectors.
For the years 2008‐2011, Quebec set a goal of increasing the number of international students
in universities and colleges by 10%, and doubling the number in apprenticeships and trades.
Alberta has taken a qualitative approach by focusing its efforts, through scholarships and
specific initiatives, on recruiting international students in graduate studies and the discovery
sciences rather than students enrolling in the English as a second language and career college
sectors. Alberta has set a goal of 2% growth, but the province has achieved an increase of 15%
since 2008.
The number of former international students transitioning to permanent residency, through all
immigration channels, has doubled in the last 5 years, from 5,486 in 2003 to 10,357 in 2008.xiii
Over half of all international student doctoral candidates who graduated in 2005/2006 became
landed immigrantsxiv, while stay rates for international student doctoral candidates in the US is
over 60%.xv
Intention to stay is generally much higher than actual stay rates: For example a 2007 survey of
Chinese international students at the University of Saskatchewan found 35% had a strong
intention and 53% with a moderate intention to stayxvi, while a 2009 survey of international
students in Atlantic Canada found that 40% of all respondents intended to apply for permanent
residency.xvii
Table 8: Retention Rates for International Students, Selected OECD Countries, 2007
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
30%
27%
23%
20%
19%
18%
15%
15%
Source: International Migration Outlook, SOPEMI 2010, OECD.
Canadian Experience Class

Starting in 2009, the CEC international student stream allows for expedited permanent
residency after completing one year of Canadian work experience in an occupation classified at
the 0 (managerial), A (professional) or B (technical and skilled trade) Skill Levels according to the
National Occupational Classification Matrix.

CEC applicants must have completed a minimum two years of full‐time study at a provincially
recognized public or private post‐secondary institution.
The federal government projects granting permanent residency to up to 25,000 principal
applicants, spouses and dependents a year (for both international students and temporary
foreign workers) by 2014 and beyond.
Preliminary CEC data available for 2009 (January to September 2009) shows that 869 of 1,176
individuals admitted were international students.
Provincial Nominee Programs

The Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPS) are individual agreements negotiated between the
federal government and the provinces, designed differently according to provincial priorities.
Manitoba was the first to implement its PNP in 1999, followed by Saskatchewan, New
Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
Table 9: International students nominated as Provincial Nominees, 2005‐2009
Province
Newfoundland and Labrador
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
Yukon Territory
North West Territories
TOTAL
2005
‐‐
33
26
62
‐‐
39
149
26
66
115
0
‐‐
540
2006
‐‐
46
67
137
‐‐
56
232
73
84
243
0
‐‐
953
2007
5
57
42
72
0
45
150
90
118
243
0
‐‐
827
2008
‐‐
100
42
136
‐‐
57
222
104
244
304
5
‐‐
1,232
Note: Due to privacy considerations, some cells in this table have been suppressed and replaced
with the notation "‐‐". As a result, components may not sum to the total indicated.
Source: Data request through Citizenship & Immigration Canada, RDM, Facts and Figures 2008

Between 2005 and 2008, the number of international students, spouses and dependents
admitted through the PNPs grew by 128% nationally.

All provinces except New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, and the territories, have streams
that explicitly target international students.

Almost all PNPs explicitly require demonstrated language skills and attachment to the province,
full‐time study, application within two years of graduating, legal status (study or work permit),
and demonstration of the ability to support oneself financially . Some provinces allow
applications to be submitted while still completing the academic program.

Manitoba PNP: Starting in 2011, international graduates from a minimum 2‐year Manitoba post‐
secondary program will be able to apply without a job offer.

Quebec PNP: A second PNP student stream allows for out‐of‐province international students
apply, as well as vocational secondary school graduates.
Table 9: Comparison of PNP International Student Stream Requirements
Province,
Program
Min.
Academic
Program
Length
Ontario:
International
Student with
Job Offer
Stream
Ontario:
International
Masters
Graduate
Stream (Pilot)
Ontario: PhD
Graduate
Stream
BC:
International
Graduate
Program
Alberta*
Provincially
Recognized
Institution
Min.
Post‐Grad
Work
Period
Job Offer
Work
Related
to Field
of Study
Fees
2 years
N/A
Required
N/A
Required,
Skill Level
0, A or B,
permanent
& full‐time
1 year
Required
Required
N/A
N/A
N/A
$1500
2 years
Required
Required
N/A
N/A
N/A
$1500
N/A
Required,
Skill Level
0, A or B,
permanent
& full‐time
Required
$550
N/A
Helpful
Helpful
$550
Required,
permanent
& full‐time
Required
No fee
1 year
BC:
International
Post‐Graduate
Pilot Project
Studies
Completed
in Province
Graduate
degree in
natural,
applied or
health
sciences.
2 years
undergrad
or 1 year
graduate
N/A
N/A
Required
No
reference to
completing
studies in
Canada
N/A
Required
6 months
N/A
$1500
Manitoba*
1 year
Required
Required
6 months
Required,
permanent
& full‐time
Required
No fee
Québec*
1 year
Required
Required
N/A
N/A
N/A
$390
Nova Scotia*
1 year
Required
Required
3 months
Required
No fee
Required
if not
working
already
No fee
Newfoundland
2 years
N/A
Required
N/A
Required,
permanent
& full‐time
Required,
or prove
labour
market
attachment
* Alberta accepts graduates from recognized private institutions, though only from its province. Manitoba accepts
graduates from all recognized Canadian private post‐secondary institutions. Quebec and Nova Scotia do not
explicitly address private or public funding. All other provinces require degrees or diplomas from publicly‐funded
institutions.
i
OECD, Education at a Glance 2010
iii
CIC Facts & Figures, 2008.
iv
www.ontarioimmigration.ca/en/glossary/index.htm#F
v
vi
Calderon, Angel. (2010). Emerging Countries for Student Recruitment in Tertiary Education. Presented to the
OECD, September 2010.
vii
Ibid.
viii
Ibid.
ix
Ibid.
x
International Migration Outlook, SOPEMI 2010, OECD.
xi
Ibid.
xii
OECD Education at a Glance 2010.
xiii
CIC Facts & Figures, 2008.
xiv
King, Darren. (2008) “Doctoral Graduates in Canada: Findings from the Survey of Earned Doctorates,
2004/2005.” Statistics Canada.
xv
Finn, Michael. (2007) “Stay Rates of Foreign Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities, 2005.” Oak Ridge
Institute for Science and Education.
xvi
Lu,Yizi, Li Zong, & Bernard Schissel. (2009) “To Stay or Return: Migration Intentions of Students from People’s
Republic of China in Saskatchewan, Toronto” International Migration and Integration, vol. 10.
xvii
Siddiq, Fazley, Judy Baroni, Jeannette Lye & Warren Nethercote. (2010) The Economic Impact of Post‐Secondary
International Students in Atlantic Canada: An Expenditure Analysis.
ii