Allison Wack, DVM Associate Veterinarian The Maryland Zoo in

Allison Wack, DVM
Associate Veterinarian
The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore
March 6, 2014
Ongoing
 Protozoan
 Genus
parasite
Plasmodium
• Almost 200 species
• ≥5 affect humans
• Remainder affect
 Birds
 Reptiles
 Other mammals
 Name: Italian
origins
• Mal’aria (bad air)
www.cdc.gov
 Human
vector
• Anopheles spp.
 Avian
vector
• ~40 species known
 ~430 species
• Primarily Culex spp.
 Only 30-40 transmit
malaria
• Also
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http://entnemdept.ufl.edu
Aedes
Culiseta
Anopheles
Mansonia
Aedeomya
Coquillettidia
www.cdc.gov
 Malaria
brought to Americas by
European settlers and West African
slaves in 16th century
 Current
human malaria status in US
• Eliminated by 1951
• Risk for disease re-emergence is present
• ~1500 cases in US annually
 Majority brought in by returning travelers
 40 year high in cases in 2011
 <1%
of cases in the US are domestically
acquired
 Extended
transmission has been
documented in several cases
• Likely spreads from initial international traveler
 Worldwide
except
Antarctica
 Culex
vector
primarily
• Also Aedes, Culiseta,
Anopheles, Mansonia,
Aedeomya and
Coquillettidia
 ~40
species known
 Issue
for naïve species
• Birds taken out of normal environment
 Penguins
 Snowy owls
• Introduction of parasite to new environment
 Hawaii
 Clinical
signs in birds
• Lethargy
• Anorexia
• Anemia
• Acute death
 Gross
necropsy
• Splenomegaly
• Hepatomegaly
• Pulmonary edema
www.etsy.com
 Management
in zoo penguins
• Prophylaxis during mosquito season
 Variety of effective drugs
• Exclusion of mosquitoes
 Indoor exhibit
• Promotion of natural immunity
• Vaccination?
 Potential
for eventual natural immunity
• Amakihi in Hawaii
www.stanford.edu
www.usgs.gov

Penguin Jimmy (2 yr male)
 Acutely ill, severe anemia
 Blood transfusion, treatment for malaria
 Supportive care for other
parasites/bacteria/asper
 Research study
ongoing to classify
this parasite
1.0
1.0
0.37
1.0
0.28
Plasmodium sp. (Peng 14-1210Br2)
Plasmodium sp. (Snowy Owl))
P. gallinaceum
0.87
0.45
Plasmodium sp.(AY733090)
1.0
P. relictum (AY733089)
1.0
1.0
P. lutzi (UN117B)
1.0
1.0
Plasmodium sp.(AY733088)
Plasmodium sp. (Peng-6022))
Plasmodium sp. (Peng 9-947Brs)
P. juxtanucleare (NC 008279)
Plasmodium sp. (Hoatzin)
P. floridense (NC 009961)
1.0
P. mexicanum (NC 009960)
P. chiricahua (S. jarrovii)
Haemoproteus sp. (Z. auriculata)
1.0
0.01
Haemoproteus sp. (HAY733086)
Haemoproteus sp. (HAY733087)
Brief History at the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore
 Most
morbidity and
mortality in 2001-03
• All in avian species
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Penguins
Ducks
Raptors
Cranes
Psittacines
 2011
epornitic in
crows and Cooper’s
hawks?
 No
history of cases at
the MZiB
 Birds
usually
asymptomatic
• Deaths in
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Partridges
Whooping cranes
African penguins
Emus and Ostriches
www.cdc.gov
 Disease
more
common in mammals
• Equids, especially
 Donkeys, zebra
• Llamas and alpacas
• Pigs
• White-tailed deer
• Rodents
• Harbor seal
 Vaccination
• West Nile Virus
 All new birds to collection
 Born or imported, 1st 2 years
 Raptors, Corvids, Embassy birds
annually
• Certain mammals (EEE/WEE/WNV/Tet combo)
 Zebra
 Donkeys
Chimpanzee
June 2010
 18
year old female
chimpanzee
 20
day history of
lethargy, anorexia,
and shifting leg
lameness
 Anesthetized
for PE,
fluids, CBC/Chem
Age (y)
Sex
Date
IFA titer
13
F
12/8/2005
1:1280
16
F
1/24/2008
1:1280
18
F
6/15/2010
1:10240
18
F
8/12/2010
1:81920
8-fold
increase
8-fold
increase
 Doxycycline
• 100 mg BID x 28 days
• Based on IDSA
guidelines
 Started
prior to
diagnosis
 Clinical
response
noted within 1 week
 No
previous cases reported in great apes
 Grooming
short duration of
ectoparasite attachment?
 Chimp
in question
infrequently groomed
by conspecifics due
to social hierarchy
www.newscientist.com
4
of 9 chimps positive
• 1 titer of 1:640
 10 year old male
• 2 titers of 1:1280
 15 year old male
 new from CA
 14 year old female
• 1 titer of 1:5120
 alpha female