Tech Tips2014

Transcription

Tech Tips2014

TechTips
CONCEPT
THROUGH
COMPLETION
5981 East Cork Street
P.O. Box 2107
Kalamazoo, MI 49003
Phone (269) 349-1521
Fax (269) 349-6530
February 1, 2010
Congratulations, you are about to specify the best, strongest, and most well engineered
telescopic seating product in the world.
The bleachers you are specifying today are the culmination of more than 50 years of continual
structural and design engineering refinements. Our bleachers have been manufactured in
Kalamazoo, Michigan since the early 1960’s and elsewhere in the country prior to that. This
product has evolved into a safe, durable, strong, and low maintenance spectator-seating
product.
Interkal has at its disposal the most up to date and current Auto CAD drawing, processing, and
communication capabilities. We are fully able to correspond with you on an electronic as well
as telephonic basis. We offer a variety of seating surfaces, including wood and plastic modules
in both SculptureSeat Modules and Contour Seat Modules. Our engineering and customer service is second to none. Our highly trained sales force consists of dealers and agents, many of
whom have 25 years or more experience in this sales area.
When we are favored with an order you will find that our delivery is on time, complete, easy
to install and operates flawlessly. Recent changes include flexible recoverable handicap
options, and our patented Self Storing Aisle Rail (SSAR). This innovative SSAR eliminates the
costly set-up labor typically associated with code-required aisle rails. Interkal’s engineering staff
stands ready to assist you with any special applications you may have and we look forward to
the opportunity to assist with your seating requirements.
Please do not hesitate to contact your Sales Representative or the Interkal Sales Department if
you have any questions.
Harold A. Thomas
President
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ITT.HT.02.10
TechTips
Interkal Telescopic Seating Systems
Technical Information Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Telescopic Seating System Types
Wall Attached Seating .............................................. Page
Floor Attached Seating ............................................. Page
Reverse Fold Seating ............................................... Page
Recessed Seating ................................................... Page
Mobile Units ............................................................ Page
Section Size Parameters .......................................... Page
SECTION 2 Seating Options / Typical Details
Notchouts/Truncations/Vari Row ............................... Page
General Information / Typical Details ......................... Page
Seating Options ....................................................... Page
Operation ................................................................ Page
Rail Details .............................................................. Page
Sample Layouts ...................................................... Page
SECTION 3 Specifications / Seating Capacity
Product Specifications ............................................. Page
Seating Capacity (Gross Count) ............................... Page
Section Weights ...................................................... Page
SECTION 4 Design Guide /Codes / ADA
Field Check Checklist .............................................. Page
Planning / Codes .................................................... Page
Balcony Access Details ........................................... Page
ADA Planning .......................................................... Page
Sight Line Calculations ............................................ Page
Table of Dimensions ................................................ Page
Court Diagrams ....................................................... Page
SECTION 5 Accessories / Power Systems
Aisle Details ............................................................. Page
Accessories / High Humidity Finishes ....................... Page
Power Systems ....................................................... Page
SECTION 6 Brochures
Product Information
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TechTips
Telescopic Seating Systems
Product Warranty
1-Year Guarantee: The entire installation will be guaranteed against faulty materials and
workmanship for a period of one year. This guarantee excludes any
parts determined to have been subject to
accident, alteration,
abuse, misuse, or
neglect.
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TechTips
Telescopic Seating System Types:
Wall-Attached (Forward Fold)
The economical wall attached system is the most typical application of telescopic seating in which the
bleachers open in the forward direction. They may be specified with either manual or power operation.
The units mount directly to a wall and/or to the floor. Rear cut-outs or truncations may be necessary to
accommodate column projections and other obstructions. (For installations over 24 rows, consult factory)
Standard sections offer best economy. Individual sections make up banks of seating. For costefficiency, use standard section lengths and minimize the number of sections in each bank. For example, an 100’ bank of seating may consist of four (4) 25’ sections. Code compliance and all load testing
data is based on the longest possible section lengths.
Truncations/Notchouts: These are cut-outs of one or more rows to create space for wheelchair
access or to allow for obstructions (columns, portable backstops, etc.) Please see ADA Planning page
in this section
Overhead obstructions: Items such as side court backstops, lighting, building truss and duct work
should be out of reach of spectators when they are standing on the bleachers. This will eliminate
potentially hazardous conditions and provide an unobstructed view for the spectator.
Operating clearance: A distance of 2-1/2” from the end of the bleacher (including rails) to the wall or
obstructions is recommended.
Wall requirements: Ideally, the walls to which the seating will be attached will not have column
projections or other obstructions greater than 1-1/2”. When columns extend further than 1-1/2” into
the room, it is recommended that the seating be “cut-out” around the column rather than
installing in front of the column and filling the space to the wall or employing back rails. Both
of the methods are more expensive and require more space than the cut-outs.
Floors: Floors should be able to withstand a concentrated point load, per
square inch that varies by the system size and quantity of
structural sections. Synthetic floor surfaces should be static
load tested to determine suitability. Wood
floors should be solid blocked under bleacher
supports.
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TechTips
Free-Standing (Floor Attached)
Free-standing systems are similar to wall-attached units, however, they are permanently attached to the
floor only. These are typically used in applications where bleachers are required to be located away
from walls or when wall construction prohibits attachment.
Free-standing system guidelines: 20 rows at 10-1/4” rise, 17 rows at 11-1/2” rise, 12 rows at 16”
rise. Please contact the factory for applications requiring higher rows. NOTE: Larger stack dimensions
may be required.
Back panels and rails: When Free-Standing units are located away from a wall, back panels are
suggested and rails are required for safety purposes. Back rails are required for spectator safety. All
Interkal back rails contain vertical intermediate members to eliminate the “ladder effect”. When the units
are open or closed, back panels discourage access to the understructure and improve aesthetics with
a flat wall surface. Standard back panels are provided 8’ high.
Floor: Flooring must be suitable to anchor the rear row(s) vertical posts.
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TechTips
Reverse Fold
Reverse-fold systems are typically used in balcony applications to recover floor space for multi-purpose activity areas. The first row is fixed and the entire unit moves in a reverse direction until fully
extended.
Forward travel (aisle recovery): An aisle recovery system (optional) can be provided that will create
a front aisle space when the seating is open and “close over” the aisle when the seating is in the
stacked position. Not available with truncations. 42” max. Longer forward travel will increase stack size.
Row rise: Proper row rise is important to achieve an adequate sight line. 11-1/2” or 16” rise is recommended for optimal sight lines. Less than 11-1/2” rise does not provide wide scope vision of main
floor activities.
Back panels: Suggested on reverse-fold units, back panels discourage access to the understructure
and provide a flat wall surface when seating is in the open or closed position. Standard back panels
are provided 8’ high.
Back rails: Since reverse-fold systems are generally located away from a permanent wall, back rails
are required for spectator safety. All Interkal back rails contain vertical intermediate members to eliminate the “ladder effect”.
Overhead obstructions: Be sure to provide for adequate clearance of overhead obstructions. Verify
minimum applicable building code clearance required above the last deck or last row seat.
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TechTips
Recessed
For seating units in a “recess” generally under a balcony overhang. Typically a recess is created by
extending the balcony over the main floor and using this space as storage for the retracted telescopic
units. The purpose is to achieve more balcony seating and more usable main-floor space when the
system is fully retracted.
Understructure: A recessed system utilizes extra rows of understructure linkage or scissor mechanisms in order for the bleacher to stack under the balcony. NOTE: Recessed system stack dimensions
are larger than Wall-Attached systems.
Recess opening: The clearance between the top of the last row seat and the under side of the
recess is recommended to be approximately 3” to 4”, but can be as small as 1-1/2”.
Balcony access: Since the recessed units can serve as access to the balcony seating, it is necessary to coordinate the balcony height with the height of the last row of seating. Recent building code
changes allow for all step heights to vary as you transition to adjoining construction if properly marked
with contrasting step colors. These tolerances may be unachievable and code variances may be
required. Please see Balcony Access Chart in the Design Guide/Codes section. Consult Factory
for design assistance.
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TechTips
Mobile Units (Portable)
Mobile seating units may be moved from location to location on the same floor level. These are independent, self-supporting units that do not require anchorage to either wall or floor. Typically used in the
gymnasium, music room, cafeteria and classrooms, they provide the ultimate in flexibility along with
easy manual operation. Choose 10-1/4” or 11-1/2” row rise and 22, 24, 26, 30, 32 or 33” back to
back seat spacing.
Hydraulic trucks: Required to move mobile units, hydraulic trucks can be either free-standing or selfcontained. Free-standing trucks are recommended for cost-savings whenever two or more sections of
mobile seating are required. Self-contained mobile trucks are not recommended on higher rows.
Row limitation: On wood or concrete floors, a maximum of 12 rows with an 11-1/2” rise, or 14 rows
with a 10-1/4” rise is recommended (9 to 11 rows on synthetic floors) for convenient handling. With
proper planning the desired seating capacity can be achieved without oversize mobile units that can be
difficult to handle.
Back panels / back rails: Back rails are required, Back panels (standard 8’ high) are required on
mobile units above 8 rows for safety purposes and not required on units less than 8 rows. Back rails
are required for spectator safety. All Interkal backrails contain vertical intermediate members to
eliminate the “Ladder effect”. When the units are open or closed, back panels provide a flat
wall surface and discourage access to the understructure.
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Typical Details:
Section Size Parameters
Wall Attached Units - 22”-24”-26” span
-Section sizes range up to 26’ depending upon handicap layouts or other design r equirements.
-Section quantities will be determined using the minimum amount of sections.
-Wide span units (30” 32” 33”) can utilize section lengths up to 23’ long
Reverse Fold -All Spans -Any Number of Rows
-Section sizes are available up to 26’.
-Section quantity will be determined using the minimum amount of sections.
Free Standing Units - 22” 24” 26” spans
-Section sizes range from up to 26’ depending upon handicap layouts or other design r equirements.
-Section quantity will be determined using the minimum amount of sections.
-For 12 rows and up, section lengths vary based upon quantity of r ows using the minimum amount
of sections.
-Wide Span Units (30” 32” 33”) can utilize section lengths up to 23’ long.
Recess Units - 22” 24” 26” span - All Rows
-Wall attached criteria will apply depending upon the r ecess depth. Contact Interkal Engineering
for further clarification.
Mobiles
-Section sizes are available up to 21’.
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Notchouts / Truncations
Recoverable Single & Double Notchouts.
(Available at section joints only.) A notchout
measures 36” across, providing space for a single wheelchair with room for a companion to sit
on the adjacent bench seating. Shown in recovered mode layout, similar to permanent shown
in adjacent detail.
Permanent Single & Double Notchouts.
(Available at section joints only.) A notchout measures 36” across, providing space for a single
wheelchair with room for a companion to sit on the
adjacent bench seating. It includes a closure panel
and an optional safety front rail can be provided.
Vari-Row Truncation: Similar to recoverable Notchouts, Vari-Row is used for ADA
accommodations or court-level scorer’s table.
Vari-Row is a flexible system which can be
provided in wider sizes than standard
notchouts. The width is governed by the
understructure layout.
Recoverable Truncation. A recoverable
truncation allows flexibility with layout options.
Special engineering is required for power
operation. Step assemblies will be required if
aisles fall in truncations. Front Rails are available as an option for one row deep and
required for two row deep.
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Sections
Rectangular
building
Round building
Tapered Sections. Used in radius corner applications, a tapered section is essentially a standard section with angled ends. This may be
used with Wall-Attached, Free-Standing, Recessed or Mobile Units.
(With free-standing trucks only). While this option adds cost and complexity to the project, use of tapered sections provide optimum sight lines
and can produce a dramatic “arena” look to the installation.
General Guidelines/Limitations:
–Even row alignment requires equal angles between sections.
–Maximum angle is 22.5 degrees.
–First row width is required to be a minimum of 5’-0”, or 1/2 the
width of the last row, whichever is greater.
Operating Clearance Between Sections.
On manually operated banks, space is
required between sections to assure adequate
operating clearance. This helps eliminate binding and damage to the system if sections are
not opened in straight alignment.
Operating Clearance To Wall. Space is
required between the end of sections or rails
and any wall or obstruction. In case sections
are not opened in straight alignment, this helps
eliminate binding and damage to the system.
The space required varies by number of rows
and type of operation.
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Definitions
Section: The deck assembly,
seating options and understructure
are the three major components
that make up a section. Standard
section widths vary from up to 26’
depending on number of rows and
the bleacher type.
Bank: A bank is comprised of a number of
sections grouped to
function as one, not
necessarily tied together.
Bank lengths can vary
up to 16 feet to hundreds of feet.
Row / Tier: With chair seating,
each full deck (tier) counts as a
row.
In bench seating, each row of
modules counts as a row.
These diagrams each illustrate 3
rows of seating.
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Dimensions
10-1/4” or 11-1/2”
Rise per Row: The vertical dimension from seat
top to seat top. Specify 10-1/4” or 11-1/2”.
(16” rise also available)
Row Span. The horizontal dimension from front
of seat to front of seat. Specify 22”, 24”, 26”,
30”, 32”, 33”.
Clear Dimension: The distance from the wall or back rail to
front of the first row of seating with the system in its fully open
position, including code-required first step. This will vary by
number of rows, span and wall obstructions.
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Stack Dimension: The
distance from the wall or
back rail to the front of the
first row of seating when
the system is retracted.
This will vary if wall
obstructions are present.
TechTips
Typical Details:
Roller for ease of
operation
Grey polyethylene laminated
plywood deck
Fully-Enclosed Deck: The
deck assembly incorporates the
deck support, nosebeam, grey
polyethylene laminated plywood
deck and the rear riser.
Galvanized
rear riser
Galvanized
nosebeam
11-3/8”
Last Row Seat Height: The distance
from the top of the seat on the last row
to the floor.
Last Row Wall Tie Heights. The distance
from the wall attachment on the last row to
the floor.
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TechTips
Typical Details:
SculptureSeat Features
6-1/4”
10-1/4”
16-1/2” Seat Height on 10-1/4” Rise.
Each 18”-wide Interlocking module provides an adult seat height of 16-1/2” for
greater comfort, even over extended
periods.
Positive Steel-to-Steel Contact: For maximum rigidity, the specially designed attaching
clamp provides a steel-to-steel connection of the
module to the 14-gauge galvanized steel nose
beam.
Full 1/2” Interlock: Each module incorporates
full 360-degree 1/2” perimeter interlock to
secure one module to the next for increased
strength.
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Alternate Seating Options
Wood Bench Seating:
All wood is dense Southern yellow pine, grade
BB or better in 1” nominal (3/4” actual) standard
wood thickness. Laminated, edge glued and finger jointed, all boards are finished on both sides
and all edges. Seats and fronts are secured a
maximum of 30” to steel supports that attach to
the continuous nosebeam.
SculptureSeat Modules with
Contoured Plastic Backrest:
For maximum comfort with economy, we combine
the SculptureSeat modules with a fully-automated
folding plastic backrest, designed for convenient setup and spectator back support. This option is available with 26-, 30-, 32- or 33-inch back-to-back
spacing and meets all code requirements. Seating
surfaces can be specified in SculptureSeat or wood.
11-1/2” rise per row is required.
SculptureSeat Modules with Wood Backrest:
For maximum comfort with economy, we combine
SculptureSeat with a folding wood backrest,
designed for convenient set-up and spectator back
support. This option is available with 30-, 32- or
33-inch back-to-back spacing and meets all code
requirements. Seating surfaces can be specified in
SculptureSeat or wood.
PC Platform Chair –Indoor chair for mounting
on either Interkal wide deck telescopic units or
telescopic platforms in manual and semi-automatic operation. Upholstered seat and back
onserts also available.
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Operation
Integral Friction Power. U.L. Listed friction
power units attach to the understructure at the
first row for automatic push-button operation.
This option is available for forward or reversefold seating systems. Two horse assemblies are
linked together by a continuous drive shaft driven by a 1/2H.P. 208V, 3-phase motor. This
drive shaft controls friction roller operation in a
straight, efficient manner. Ideal for banks which
include numerous notchouts or truncations. See
page 71-73 for Details and Wiring information.
Manual Operation. Manually operated systems
can be made up of multiple sections configured
with the appropriate spacing between sections to
allow for side to side movement during opening
and closing the bleacher.
(Portable unit
shown here)
Portable and Integral Dollies: For transporting mobile seating systems from location
to location. Mobile seating systems require
hydraulic dollies.
Motion Monitor. Available on automatic
power units only, this motion monitor provides
an audio and visual warning during power
operation. This unit is mounted under the
bleacher and is comprised of flashing lights
and a self-contained warning horn rated at 85
db at 10’.
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TechTips
Typical Details: Understructure
SuperSlideTM
This low friction flexible rod system assures positive engagement of vertical supports without
binding for smooth operation over uneven floor
conditions. It maintains proper vertical column
spacing, reduces wear and helps eliminate racking damage.
Row Locks Stabilize the bleacher under load
in the extended position by securely locking
each support post to an adjacent post.
They automatically engage and release for opening and closing operation. Individual row locks
make it possible to open any number of rows
without opening the entire bank of bleachers.
Through-bolt fastening used at all frame,
brace and deck locations. SAE-grade 5 or 8
bolts with lock washers and hex nuts provide
friction resistance.
Sway Braces: Sway braces fabricated from
steel are essential for bleachers to resist the
compression and tension forces created when
the bleachers are loaded. The overall number
of the sway braces are determined by 2 per
row, per section.
Deck Supports (also referred to as “combo
brackets”) help prevent sagging and potential
binding during operation.
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TechTips
Typical Details:
SculptureSeat Modules (SSM)
10” or 12” SSM Seat Module Depth
11 ga. steel (Zinc phosphate coated)
Hold down bracket with .375 0 holes
(Factory attached)
Concrete building structure
SSM on concrete tread or wood
Seat Module
Seat Module
L.H. End Cap
R.H. End Cap
Low Profile SSM on concrete
Low Profile 10” SSM
Seat Module
Low Profile 10” SSM
Seat Height: 3”
Concrete
Riser Height:
Specify 13” to 16”
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Self-Storing End Rails / End Panels
End panel
Self-Storing End Rails offer safety with
convenience. The rails mount to the under
side of the deck with additional supports
attaching to the rear riser and nose beam.
Self-Storing End Rail
(181410-84)
End Panel with Self-Storing End Rails. End panel
is positioned approximately 15” away from the end of
the bleacher to accommodate self-storing end rails.
Attachment is made to the floor and special panel
braces are used to attach to the wall.
Last Row
End Panel
Extension
(177218-84)
Typical Front
Attachment
Self-Storing End Rail detail
Typical Rear
Attachment
SSER Combo
Self-Storing End Rails & Last Row Extension
22”, 24”, or 26” spans
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Typical Details:
Standard Self-Storing End Rail Configuration
42” Backrail
Self-Storing
End Rail (Typ.)
26” Walkway rail
with single midrail
1 Row Permanent
Wheel Chair Notch
(Rail Optional on 1 Row)
Extensions provided at all
perimeter Rails to meet 4”
sphere requirements
36” Front Rail Typ.
at 2-row deep Wheel Chair
Notches and Truncations
2 Row Permanent
Wheel Chair Notch
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Removable End Rails / End Panels
End panel
Removable End Rails mount into sockets
attached to the rear of the deck support.
Rails may be folded and stored in retracted
bleacher. Allow 5” of clearance to any
obstructions.
End Panel with Removable End Rails: Constructed
of 1/2” polydeck laminated plywood to match decks
with aluminum edge bands, panel is attached directly to
the last row, wall and floor. Higher row end panels
require intermediate brace.
Removable
Folding End Rails
Removable Folding Rail detail
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Typical Details:
Standard Removable End Rail Configuration
42” Backrail
26” Walkway rail
with single midrail
1 Row Permanent
Wheel Chair Notch
(Rail Optional on 1 Row)
42” Removable Rail (Typ.)
36” Front Rail Typ.
at 2 row deep Wheel Chair
Notches and Truncations
2 Row Permanent
Wheel Chair Notch
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TechTips
Typical Details:
Front / Back Rails
Front Rail (side view)
Front Rail w/attachment detail
Truncations (2 row normally) & 2 row handicap
notches
Front Rail connection detail
Back Rail connection detail
Back Rail (rear view)
Back Rail (side view)
24
Typical Details:
Guardrail Design Loads
(per IBC & NFPA)
100 PLF Vertical (NFPA only)
(149 Kg/M)
200 LBS
(91 Kg)
Concentrated
Load at any
point along
Top Rail
and in any
direction
50 PLF
Horizontal
(per NFPA)
(74 Kg/M)
Any Direction,
per IBC
Case 1
Case 2
200 LBS
(91 Kg) on
One Square
Foot (.0929
Square
Meters) on
Intermediate
Rails or In-Fill
area
(IBC only)
Case 3
25
Typical Details:
Guardrail Code Compliance
All Interkal guard systems have been designed to meet or exceed all requirements of the
latest edition of the following codes:
● International Building Code (IBC)
● ICC 300 Standard on Bleachers, Folding and Telescopic Seating, and Grandstands
● NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
● NFPA 102 Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic Seating, Tents and Membrane
Structures.
● Uniform Building Code (UBC)
Compliance with the latest version of these codes automatically guarantees compliance with all
older versions of these codes. Special guar ds are available which comply with Massachusetts 780
CMR 300 pound concentrated load and 100 plf uniform load r equirements.
Height above floor at which side and rear guards are required:
(INTERKAL’s standard is to provide rails when over 30” above the floor.)
30”
IBC 2006 Sections 1013 and 1025.14
30”
ICC 300 2002 Section 408.1
48”
NFPA 101 2006 Section 12.4.9.3
48”
NFPA 102 2006 Section 6.5.2
30”
UBC 1997 Section 1008.5.7
42” guard height above leading edge of seat or open walking surface for side and rear
guards:
IBC 2006 Sections 1013.2
ICC 300 2002 Section 408.1(1)
NFPA 101 2006 Section 12.4.9.3.1
NFPA 102 2006 Section 6.5.2 (36” measur ed above center of seat)
UBC 1997 Sections 509.1&2 and 1008.5.7
26” high guard required at front of cross aisles where 30” or less above floor:
IBC 2006 Section 1025.14.1
ICC 300 2002 Section 408.1(2)
NFPA 101 2006 Section 12.4.9.3.5
UBC 1997 Section 509.2
42” high guard required at front of cross aisles where more than 30” above floor:
IBC 2006 Section 1025.14.1
ICC 300 2002 Section 408.1(2)
NFPA 101 2006 Section 12.4.9.3.5
UBC 1997 Section 1008.5.7
26
Typical Details:
Guardrail Code Compliance
Minimum guard height for sight-line constrained guards not at aisles or cross aisles:
(Interkal’s standard height is 36”. 26” guards are available at additional cost.)
26”
IBC 2006 Sections 1025.14.2
26”
ICC 300 2002 Section 408.1(4)
33/26”NFPA 101 2006 Section 12.4.9.4 (without backr ests/with backrests)
33/26”NFPA 102 2006 Section 6.5.4 without backr ests / Section 6.5.5 with backrests
UBC 1997 Section 1008.5.7 Exception
4” sphere requirement:
IBC 2006 Sections 1013.3
ICC 300 2002 Section 408.2
NFPA 101 2006 Sections 7.2.2.4.5.3 and 12.4.9.3.7
UBC 1997 Section 509.3
27
TechTips
Typical Plan and Side View:
Wall-Attached Bleachers
30’–2-1/16”
Wall to front of step
29’–2-9/16”
Extended
SelfStoring
End Rails
16
CLR
(Typ)
Meets NFPA / BOCA / SBC / UBC
Typical aisle layout shown– Layout may vary per applicable code. ADA provisions not shown.
28
TechTips
Typical Details:
Sample Plan Views
10 Row, Wall-Attached, power, 24” span, 10” SSM, NFPA 94, 6 permanent one-row-deep notches
shown.
10 row seating capacity @ 18” per person = 455
Wheel chair capacity @ 33” per person = 6
12 Row, Wall-Attached, power, 24” span, 10” SSM, IBC 03, 6 one-row-deep recoverable notches
shown.
Recovered
Notched
684
Wheel chair capacity @ 36-1/4” per person =
6
0
2 seats less for each wheelchair space
29
TechTips
Typical Details:
Sample Plan Views
92’, Wall-Attached, 8 Row, power, 24” span, 10” SSM, IBC 03, 2 permanent and 4 recoverable one-row
wheel chair notches shown.
Recovered
Notched
8 row seating capacity @ 18” per person =
413
421
6
2
90’, Wall-Attached, 15 Row, power, 24” span, 10” SSM, IBC 03 with maximum VariRow option shown.
Wheel chair capacity @ 36-1/4” per person = 13
30
TechTips
Typical Details:
Sample Plan Views
80’, Mobile, 9 row, 24” span, 10” SSM, IBC 03, 6 permanent one-row-deep notches shown.
Wheel chair capacity @ 33” per person = 6
50’, 13 row, power, 24” span, 10” SSM, IBC 03, 4 permanent notchouts shown.
31
TechTips
Typical Details:
Sample Plan Views
84’, Reverse-Fold, 10 row, 24” span, 10” SSM, NFPA 94, 6 permanent one-row-deep notches shown
with backrails and backpanels..
102’, Reverse-Fold, 12 row, power, 24” span, 10” SSM, IBC 03, 6 permanent one-row-deep notches
shown with backrails and backpanels.
32
TechTips
Typical Details:
Sample Plan Views
92’, Reverse-Fold, 8 Row, power, 24” span, 10” SSM, IBC 03, 2 permanent and 4 recoverable one-rowdeep notches shown with backrails and backpanels..
Recovered
Notched
8 row seating capacity @ 18” per person =
413
421
6
2
33
TechTips
Specifications:
SECTION 12760
GYMNASIUM BLEACHERS
1. Part I General
1.1 Work:
A. Telescoping gymnasium bleachers.
1.2 Related Work:
A. Electrical
B. Gymnasium flooring
1.3 References:
Applicable building codes ________ Edition Year ________
1.4 Description of the System
A. The bleacher system shall be comprised of multiple tier ed, closed deck seating rows operating in a telescopic manner, incorporating the most economical quantity of sections while still complying with all loading r equirements.
B. The first moving row shall be secured with friction or mechanical locks. Other r ows shall be mechanically locked, operable only
upon unlocking and cycling the first r ow, quantity to be determined by Interkal engineering.
C. Each bleacher row shall be comprised of risers, seat and deck components, and a complete set of supportive columns and brace s.
D. The telescopic bleacher shall incorporate a locking system permitting the use of one, several, or all r ows, each locked in the
extended position.
1.5 Quality Assurance
A. Qualifications
1. Manufacturing: Manufacturer shall be regularly engaged in the design and manufacturing of telescopic seating for not less
than twenty years.
2. Engineering: It will be mandatory that each bidder submit with their bid an af fidavit signed by a Registered Professional
Engineer stating that the product to be supplied has been tested by an independent testing facility and meets all applicable
code requirements.
B. Deviations: It will be the r esponsibility of the bidder to fur nish with their bid, a list clarifying any deviations fr om the specifications, written or implied. Those bidders not submitting a list of deviations will be pr esumed to have bid as specified.
C. Guarantees:
1. One-Year Guarantee: The manufacturer shall guarantee all work performed under these specifications to be fr ee from defects
for a period of one year.
D. Product Improvements: Seating provided shall incorporate manufacturer’s design improvements and materials current at time of
shipment.
1.6 Submittals:
A. Submit manufacturer’s installation instructions and descriptive literature in accordance with Section 01300.
B. Manufacturer’s operating and maintenance manuals in accor dance with Section 01700.
1.7 Design Criteria
A. Telescopic bleacher design and fabrication shall conform to (specify applicable code by year and ADA r equirements)
B. Telescopic gymnasium seating will be designed to support a vertical live load of 100 PSF , but not less than 120 PLF on both
seat boards and footboards. Seating shall also be designed to carry a horizontal sway for ce of 24 PLF parallel to the seating
and 10 PLF perpendicular to the seating.
C. Steel components shall be cold-formed fr om appropriate width strip stock conforming to ASTM A570 - Grade C 30KSI, ASTM
A653- Grade 33 and 50, ASTM A500 - Grade B 46 KSI as applicable.
34
TechTips
Specifications:
D. Lumber components are kiln dried, finger jointed, edge glued souther n pine of grade “B & B Finish” manufactur ed to the current
SPIB glued-laminated standards for southern pine.
E. Plywood deck boards shall be fabricated from Douglas Fir Premium Underlayment with exterior glue, 5 ply minimum, solid
crossband directly under face ply, species Group 1 and manufactured in accordance with PS-1-95.
2. Part 2 Products
2.1 Manufacturer
A. Telescopic seating as manufactured by Interkal, Kalamazoo, Michigan, is the standar d of quality required and specified herein.
2.2 Materials
A. Model: Interkal, closed deck telescopic bleachers
B. Type: (Select one)
Wall attached
Recessed
Mobile
Free Standing
Reverse Fold
C. Quantity:
1. Provide ______ banks of_______ attached ______ r ows high.
D. ADA (Available options)
1. Notchouts: Provide a 36” wide wheel chair space as shown on the plans and as r equired to meet local code jurisdiction
compliance with ADA. (Specify one r ow or two row deep).
2. Truncations: Provide a full section truncation with all necessary fr ont rails, closure panels, and portable step assemblies at
aisles as required to meet local jurisdiction compliance with ADA. (Specify one r ow or two row deep).
E. Dimensions:
1. Rise per row (Select one)- 10 -1/4”, 11-1/2”, 16”
2. Row to row spacing (Select one) - 22”, 24”, 26”
(contact Interkal for VIP wide deck understructur e)
F. Propulsion (Select One)
1. Manual Operation- Furnish one pair of operating handles to attach under the first r ow kick board for manual operation.
2. Friction Power- Furnish Interkal friction power, integral automatic electro-mechanical propulsion system to open and close telescopic seating system. Operation shall assur e full visual control of the seating bank. The W ide Track System incorporates two
friction drive roller assemblies as an integral part of both first r ow vertical column assemblies. Each section of bleacher sh all have a
power system that shall consist of two vertical column r oller assemblies which shall include two 6” diameter by 2-1/2” wide cas t
drive wheels for a minimum of four friction r oller contact points per section of bleacher. Each roller shall have a specially formulated
45-durometer rubber covering to grip the floor as the units r oll in and out. The two friction drive r oller assemblies shall be installed
a minimum of 7-feet apart per section. The two friction r oller assemblies are linked together by a continuous drive shaft driv en by a
1/2 H.P. 208V, 3-phase motor that shall enable the r ollers to work simultaneously, resulting in a more efficient operation with
allowance for minor variations in the floor surface. All floor friction power systems shall be contr olled by a dual directional, removable walk along pendant which plugs into the fr ont of the first row to give the operator proper position for visual control. The pendant control voltage shall be 24 VAC @ less than 50 MA for the safety of all operating personnel. The entir e power system shall be
U.L. Recognized. A 208/220 volt 3-phase power sour ce, including conduit, wiring, and safety disconnect must be pr ovided by
others. The electrical contractor shall perform the connections to the seating equipment at the safety disconnect. Motors, ho using, and wiring shall be installed by certified personnel.
35
TechTips
Specifications:
3. Nonfriction: Gymnasium seating will be power operated. Limit switches will r egulate the extended and closed positions.
Movement will be reversible from any position. The power system will lock the units in any desir ed position. The power supply
shall be (1.5HP for 8” drums or 2HP for 16” drums) 208-220 or 440 volts, 3 phase 60 cycle. A junction box must be pr ovided for
each bank of power to be located as per the manufactur er’s instructions. The electrical contractor shall fur nish and install conduit,
wiring and junction box. Motor starter, limit switches and key control switch to be provided by manufacturer. Rigid pusher linkages will maintain alignment of the bank during operation. The linkages will be attached to drive r eels placed at pre-determined
locations at the rear of the bank. Power systems employing friction on the floor will not be acceptable.
2.3 Accessories (Select applicable items)
A. Foot Level Aisles: Provide footrest level aisles at locations and sizes as shown on plans and appr oved shop drawings.
1. Center Aisle: Provide a permanently attached self-storing aisle rail, which is designed to eliminate all labor associated with set
up and storage of the aisle rails.
2. Intermediate Steps: Provide manufacturers standard intermediate step as necessary per applicable code.
B. Last Row Closure
1. Rear Closure Board: Provide and install a properly supported, flush mounted board between the last row of the bleacher and the wall.
C. Wheelchair Seating: (Available options)
1. Notchouts: Provide manufacturers standard permanent handicap notchout (36” wide) located as shown on ar chitectural
plans. Notchouts must be located at section joints only to avoid interfer ence with understructure. Fascia panels shall have manufacturers standard polydeck finish to match deck boar d surface. Available in one row or two row deep, (select one).
2. Recoverable Notchouts: Provide manufacturers standard recoverable handicap notchout (36” wide) located as shown on
architectural drawings. Notchouts to be one r ow or two row deep, (select one).
3. Recoverable Truncations: Provide full section recoverable handicap seating as shown on ar chitectural drawings. Include
portable step assemblies at affected aisle locations. Recoverable truncations to be one r ow or two row deep, (select one).
D. Front Railing (if required): Provide rigid 36” high, fixed tubular steel rail with vertical intermediate members to fill desi gn criteria.
Rail to be mounted full width at all two r ow deep ADA wheelchair accommodations. Finish shall be a polyester powder coat.
Front rails are to be designed to comply with all applicable codes and r emain consistent with all other rails not allow clearan ce
of a 4” sphere.
E. End Railing: (Select One)
1. Self-Storing End Rails: Provide steel self-storing 42” high self-storing end guar d rails with tubular supports and vertical intermediate members to comply with all code r equirements. Rails shall be fitted to each exposed bank end fr om third row and
above with all steel to steel connections. Finish shall be a polyester powder coat.
2. Removable End Rails: Provide steel removable 42” high end guard rails with tubular supports and vertical intermediate members to comply with all code r equirements. Rails shall be fitted to each exposed bank end fr om third row and shall fully enclose
all openings down to the deck level. Finish shall be a polyester powder coat.
F. Operation
1. Pendant Control: Provide pendant control style operation for the bleachers. Extension and r etraction shall be accomplished
by use of the pendant control plugged into a single receptacle.
The receptacle shall be mounted at the first r ow.
G. Numbering: Provide seat numbers and row letters for sculpture seat modules. Sequence to be determined by ar chitect or owner.
H. Back Panels: (For reverse fold and mobile units) Provide the manufacturers standard polydeck finish to match deck boar d surface. Back panels will be provided a maximum of 8’ high.
I. Back Rails: (For reverse fold and mobile units) Provide the manufacturers standard back rails with vertical intermediate members to eliminate ladder effect and comply to all applicable building codes. Back rails ar e to be designed to not allow clearance of a 4” sphere.
36
TechTips
Specifications:
J. Vinyl-End Curtains: Provide manufacturers standard vinyl end curtains to close of f under the bleacher units in the extended p osition. Curtain color is to be selected fr om manufacturers standard offering.
K. End Panels: Provide manufacturers standard end panels to close off the opening between end rails and the wall when the
bleachers are stacked. (Not available with vinyl end curtains)
2.4 Fabrication
A. Continuous Wheel Channel: Wheel channels shall consist of a one piece formed steel channel welded to the base of a vertical
column. Wheel channels accommodate 8 to 12 wheels per r ow for maximum weight distribution and operating ease. The
number of wheels increase as the number of rows increase.
B. Wheels: 3-1/2” diameter with 1-1/8” non-marring soft rubber face with r ounded edges designed to protect wood or synthetic
floor. Provide I/2” diameter axle for all wheels
C. Columns: Electrically welded closed rectangular steel tube, 2” x 3” minimum size, 14 gauge steel fitted with a r ear welded gusset at the wheel channel
D. Row Interlocks: Join each row structure front to rear by means of two (2) interacting steel connections, plus automatic gravi ty
row locks where Engineering determines they are required.
1. Lower: Lower track guides shall be an exter nal superslide rod to guarantee positive engagement of vertical supports without
binding and assures smooth operation over uneven floor conditions.
2. Upper: Upper track guides shall completely interlock adjacent understructur e support. A welded stop to ensur e correct
extension of bleacher unit on deck support. Use of bolt and nut stops ar e not acceptable, due to risk of loosening.
E. Diagonal Braces: Structural formed steel truss fitted to r ows 4 and beyond. Bracing shall be attached to the r ear riser at optimum locations to insure structural integrity. Bracing will be designed and shaped to support a minimum load of 1000(lbs) of
both compression and tension forces created when the bleacher is loaded.
F. Deck Supports: Shall be of structural steel, 11 gauge spaced not gr eater than 60” on center for maximum deck stif fness.
1. Rollers: Every deck support not attached to a vertical post will have an integral nylon r oller to avoid steel to steel friction
points for more efficient operation.
G. Decking: All deck boards shall consist of 19/32” nominal Douglas Fir CC grade plywood with exterior glue and solid cr ossbands.
An extruded aluminum “H” connector shall be placed between plywood panels. Exposed wear surfaces shall be finished with a
layer of high Density polyethylene plastic .025 - .030 thick, Light Gray in color , complimentary to the seat option. Deck finis hes,
such as clear coat, requiring more than simple touch up to restore it to a new appearance after wear occurs ar e unacceptable.
H. Welds: All welds shall be made at the factory by welders that ar e AWS certified on the equipment and pr ocess used.
I. Nose Beam: Shall be one-piece 13-gauge galvanized steel. 13-gauge steel is utilized for the necessary structural integrity to
accommodate section lengths up to 26’
J. Rear Riser: Shall be one piece formed 14-gauge, grade 50, galvanized steel, with a continuous access joint to fully encapsula te
footrest panel for ease of cleaning and additional structural support. 14-gauge r oll formed steel is utilized for the necessar y
structural integrity to accommodate section lengths up to 26’.
K. Splice Plates: (For Friction or Non-Friction power only) Each section joint shall be tied together with two structural steel members per row, employing a minimum of four steel to steel thr ough bolt connections at the nose beam and a minimum of eight
steel to steel through bolt connections at the lower steel r ear riser. Gauge of splice plates to match the gauge of the nose be am
and rear riser. Splice plates employing steel to plywood deck boar d attachments will not be acceptable. Gauge of splice plate s
to match the gauge of the nose beam and r ear riser. In order to minimize deflections and keep r ows in alignment during operation, splice connections shall transfer both axial loads (tension/compr ession) and bending.
L. Fasteners: All structural connections shall be made with S.A.E. grade 5 or better str ess rated bolts. The use of self-tappin g
bolts is not acceptable.
37
Specifications:
M. Finish:
1. Steel Understructure abraded, cleaned and finished with russet br own water base acrylic paint. Steel risers and nose beams
finished with corrosion resistant silver gray matte finish with galvanized alloy plating.
2. Zinc plated (optional for high humidity ar eas).
2.5 Seat Options (Select One)
A. SculptureSeat Modules:
1. 18-inch wide one-piece individual seating modules shall be constructed of high-density polyethylene. Pr ovide in 10” or 12”
deep, (select one).
2. Each module shall have two longitudinal and five transverse inter nal ribs to provide additional structural integrity and resistance to impact.
3. Each module shall have a full 1/2” interlock to the adjacent module both ar ound the perimeter and along the inter nal ribs to
eliminate pinching hazards and assures proper alignment.
4. A steel-to-steel attachment of each module to a minimum 14 gauge galvanized steel nosebeam shall be pr ovided for maximum rigidity. All such mounting hardware shall be concealed.
5. End caps shall be provided at the ends of each bank (section, if manual) of seating as well as at each aisle.
6. Each module shall have a r ecessed area for optional seat numbering.
7. Select from manufacturers15 standard solid colors.
B. Wood:
Seats and front risers shall be 1” nominal thickness x 10” nominal depth, kiln dried, finger -joined and edge glued, Southern
Yellow Pine Grade “B and Better” in conformance with S.P.I.B. Glued Lumber Standards. Solid wood boards which are more
subject to cracking, checking, warping, cupping, and bowing than ar e laminated boards or mixed lumber species are unacceptable. All boards to be smooth sanded and sealed with a moistur e resistant urethane followed by a second coat of high gloss
urethane.
3. Part 3 Execution
3.1 Inspection:
A. Verify that areas to receive telescopic bleachers are free from impediments interfering with installation.
B. Do not begin work until building conditions ar e satisfactory.
3.2 Installation:
A. Install telescopic bleachers in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and approved submittal drawings.
B. Adjust bleachers for smooth and pr oper operation.
C. Clean bleachers and remove all debris from gymnasium resulting from installation.
38
Typical Details:
Table of Dimensions
This chart is intended only as a guide and is based on gross seating capacity. No allowance has been made for
aisles or ADA provisions. Aisle space must be subtracted from gross seating capacity. Consult factory for specific
seat count or for seating over 16 rows.
Gross Seating Capacity Chart (Number of Rows)
FT
CM
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
12’
365
24
32
40
48
56
64
72
80
88
96
104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240
14’
426
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
99
108 117 121 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 234 243 252 261 270
16’
487
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
18’
548
36
48
60
72
84
96
108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 312 324 336 348 360
20’
609
39
52
65
78
91
104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260 273 286 299 312 325 338 351 364 377 390
24’
731
48
64
80
96
112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 336 352 368 384 400 416 432 448 464 480
28’
853
54
72
90
108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360 378 396 414 432 450 468 486 504 522 540
32’
975
63
84
105 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 273 294 315 336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 609 630
36’
1097
72
96
120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600 624 648 672 696 720
40’
1219
78
104 130 156 182 208 234 260 286 312 338 364 390 416 442 468 494 520 546 572 598 624 650 676 702 728 754 780
44’
1344
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
87
116 145 174 203 232 261 290 319 348 377 406 435 464 493 522 551 580 609 638 667 696 725 754 783 812 841 870
48’
1463
96
128 160 192 224 256 288 320 352 384 416 448 480 512 544 576 608 640 672 704 736 768 800 832 864 896 928 960
52’
1585
102 136 170 204 238 272 306 340 374 408 442 476 510 544 578 612 646 680 714 748 782 816 850 884 918 952 986 1020
54’
1645
108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360 396 432 468 504 540 576 612 648 684 720 756 792 828 864 900 936 972 1008 1044 1080
56’
1706
111 148 185 222 259 296 333 370 407 444 481 518 555 592 629 666 703 740 777 814 851 888 925 962 999 1036 1073 1110
60’
1828
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1000 1040 1080 1120 1160 1200
64’
1950
126 168 210 252 294 336 378 420 462 504 546 588 630 672 714 756 798 840 882 924 966 1008 1050 1092 1134 1176 1218 1260
66’
2011
132 176 220 264 308 352 396 440 484 528 572 616 660 704 748 792 836 880 924 968 1012 1056 1100 1144 1188 1232 1276 1320
68’
2072
135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 585 630 675 720 765 810 855 900 945 990 1035 1080 1125 1170 1215 1260 1305 1350
72’
2194
144 192 240 288 336 384 432 480 528 576 624 672 720 768 816 864 912 960 1008 1056 1104 1152 1200 1248 1296 1344 1392 1440
76’
2316
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500
78’
2377
156 208 260 312 364 416 468 520 572 624 676 728 780 832 884 936 988 1040 1092 1144 1196 1248 1300 1352 1404 1456 1508 1560
80’
2438
159 212 265 318 371 424 477 530 583 636 689 742 795 848 901 954 1007 1060 1113 1166 1219 1272 1325 1378 1431 1484 1537 1590
84’
2560
168 224 280 336 392 448 504 560 616 672 728 784 840 896 952 1008 1064 1120 1176 1232 1288 1344 1400 1456 1512 1568 1624 1680
88’
2682
174 232 290 348 406 464 522 580 638 696 754 812 870 928 986 1044 1102 1160 1218 1276 1334 1392 1450 1508 1566 1624 1682 1740
90’
2743
180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 1260 1320 1380 1440 1500 1560 1620 1680 1740 1800
92’
2804
183 244 305 366 427 488 549 610 671 732 793 854 915 976 1037 1098 1159 1220 1281 1342 1403 1464 1525 1586 1647 1708 1769 1830
96’
2926
192 256 320 384 448 512 576 640 704 768 832 896 960 10241 1088 1152 1216 1280 1344 1408 1472 1536 1600 1664 1728 1792 1856 1920
100’
3048
198 264 330 396 462 528 594 660 726 792 858 924 990 056 1122 1188 1254 1320 1386 1452 1518 1584 1650 1716 1782 1848 1914 1980
Chart is only applicable to 16 rows. Over 16 rows, codes will effect the available quantity of seats.
39
TechTips
Typical Details:
SSM 10” Module Row Weights
WideTrack - 10-1/4” Rise - 22/24/26” Span
Unit Length (in feet)
Row#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24’-11”
Total
Row
517
517
900
383
1180
388
1567
399
1967
406
2373
413
2786
420
3205
427
3632
433
4065
440
4506
456
4961
464
5425
471
5896
479
6375
486
6861
533
7394
561
7955
572
8528
584
9111
595
22’-5”
Total
Row
478
478
830
352
1084
356
1441
368
1809
375
2183
382
2565
388
2953
395
3348
402
3750
409
4159
425
4584
432
5016
440
5456
447
5903
455
6358
502
6860
530
7389
541
7931
552
8483
564
19’-11”
Total
Row
441
441
761
320
990
325
1315
337
1651
343
1995
350
2345
357
2702
364
3066
371
3437
377
3814
393
4207
401
4608
408
5016
416
5432
423
5856
470
6326
499
6825
510
7335
521
7856
532
17’-11”
Total
Row
410
410
705
295
913
300
1213
311
1524
318
1843
325
2168
332
2500
339
2839
346
3184
352
3537
368
3905
376
4280
383
4664
391
5055
398
5453
445
5898
474
6372
485
6856
496
7352
507
15’-11”
Total
Row
379
379
649
270
836
275
1111
286
1397
293
1691
300
1991
307
2297
314
2611
321
2932
327
3259
343
3602
351
3953
358
4311
366
4677
373
5050
420
5470
448
5919
460
6378
471
6849
482
13’-11”
Total
Row
347
347
592
245
759
250
1009
261
1270
268
1538
275
1813
282
2095
289
2384
295
2679
302
2981
318
3299
326
3625
333
3958
341
4299
348
4647
395
5042
423
5466
435
5900
446
6346
457
11’-11”
Total
Row
318
318
539
220
685
225
909
236
1146
2243
1389
250
1639
257
1895
264
2159
270
2429
277
2706
293
2999
300
3300
308
3608
316
3923
323
4247
370
4617
398
5015
409
5424
421
5845
432
9’-11”
Total
Row
289
289
484
195
610
200
810
211
1021
218
1239
225
1464
232
1695
238
1934
245
2179
252
2431
268
2699
275
2974
283
3257
291
3548
298
3846
345
4191
373
4564
384
4948
396
5344
407
13’-11”
Total
Row
349
349
596
247
763
258
1017
265
1282
273
1555
280
1836
288
2124
296
2419
303
2723
311
3034
328
3362
337
3699
345
4054
354
4399
362
4761
415
5176
446
5622
459
6081
471
6552
484
11’-11”
Total
Row
320
320
542
222
688
232
918
240
1158
248
1406
255
1661
263
1924
271
2195
278
2473
286
2759
303
3062
312
3374
320
3695
329
4023
337
4361
390
4750
421
5172
434
5605
446
6052
459
9’-11”
Total
Row
291
291
488
197
614
207
819
215
1034
223
1256
230
1487
238
1724
246
1970
253
2223
261
2484
278
2762
287
3049
295
3344
304
3648
312
3960
365
4325
396
4721
409
5130
421
5551
434
Row#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24’-11”
Total
Row
519
519
903
385
1183
395
1579
403
1982
411
2393
418
2811
426
3237
434
3671
441
4112
449
4561
466
5027
475
5502
483
5986
492
6477
500
6978
553
7530
584
8115
597
8712
609
9321
622
22’-5”
Total
Row
480
480
834
353
1088
364
1452
372
1824
379
2203
387
2590
395
2985
402
3387
410
3797
418
4215
435
4650
444
5093
452
5545
460
6006
469
6475
521
6996
553
7549
565
8114
578
8692
590
19’-11”
Total
Row
443
443
765
322
994
333
1315
340
1656
348
2004
356
2359
363
2723
371
3094
379
3472
386
3858
404
4262
412
4674
421
5095
429
5524
438
5962
490
6452
522
6973
534
7507
547
8054
559
17’-11”
Total
Row
412
412
709
297
917
308
1216
315
1531
323
1854
331
2185
338
2523
346
2869
354
3222
361
3584
379
3962
387
4349
396
4745
404
5149
413
5561
465
6026
497
6523
509
7032
522
7553
534
40
15’-11”
Total
Row
381
381
652
272
840
283
1117
290
1407
298
1705
306
2010
313
2323
321
2644
328
2973
336
3309
354
3662
362
4024
370
4395
379
4774
387
5161
440
5601
471
6072
484
6556
496
7053
509
TechTips
Typical Details:
SSM 12” Module Row Weights
Row#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24’-11”
Total
Row
524
524
913
390
1200
395
1595
406
2001
413
2414
420
2834
427
3260
433
3694
440
4134
447
4581
463
5044
470
5514
478
5992
485
6477
493
6970
540
7510
568
8079
579
8658
591
9248
602
22’-5”
Total
Row
485
485
842
358
1103
363
1465
374
1839
381
2220
388
2608
395
3003
401
3404
408
3812
415
4227
431
4658
438
5096
446
5542
453
5996
461
6457
508
6965
536
7501
547
8048
559
8606
570
19’-11”
Total
Row
447
447
772
326
1006
331
1337
342
1679
349
2028
356
2384
363
2746
369
3115
376
3492
383
3875
399
4273
406
4680
414
5094
421
5515
429
5944
476
6420
504
6924
515
7439
526
7966
538
17’-11”
Total
Row
415
415
715
300
928
305
1233
316
1549
323
1872
330
2203
337
2539
344
2883
351
3234
357
3591
373
3964
381
4345
388
4733
396
5129
403
5532
450
5983
478
6461
490
6951
501
7452
512
15’-11”
Total
Row
383
383
658
275
849
279
1129
291
1419
298
1717
304
2022
311
2333
318
2651
325
2976
332
3308
347
3655
355
4010
363
4373
370
4743
378
5121
425
5545
453
5998
464
6462
475
6938
486
13’-11”
Total
Row
351
351
600
249
771
254
1024
265
1290
272
1562
279
1841
286
2126
292
2419
299
2718
306
3024
322
3346
329
3675
337
4013
345
4357
352
4709
399
5108
427
5535
438
5974
450
6423
461
11’-11”
Total
Row
322
322
545
223
695
228
923
240
1162
246
1409
253
1662
260
1922
267
2189
274
2463
281
2743
296
3039
304
3343
311
3655
319
3974
327
4300
373
4673
402
5075
413
5488
424
5912
435
9’-11”
Total
Row
292
292
490
198
618
202
821
214
1035
221
1256
228
1483
234
1718
241
1959
248
2207
255
2462
271
2732
278
3011
286
3296
293
3590
301
3891
348
4238
376
4614
387
5002
398
5400
410
13’-11”
Total
Row
353
353
604
251
775
261
1033
269
1302
277
1579
284
1863
292
2155
300
2454
307
2762
315
3077
332
3409
341
3750
349
4099
358
4457
366
4823
419
5242
450
5692
463
6155
475
6630
488
11’-11”
Total
Row
324
324
549
225
698
236
931
243
1175
251
1426
259
1685
266
1951
274
2225
282
2506
289
2796
307
3102
315
3418
324
3741
332
4073
341
4414
393
4807
425
5232
437
5669
450
6118
462
9’-11”
Total
Row
294
294
494
199
622
210
830
218
1048
225
1273
233
1506
241
1747
248
1995
256
2251
264
2515
281
2796
290
3086
298
3384
307
3690
315
4005
367
4373
399
4772
412
5183
424
5607
437
Row#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24’-11”
Total
Row
526
526
917
392
1204
402
1606
410
2016
418
2434
425
2859
433
3292
441
3732
448
4181
456
4636
473
5110
482
5591
490
6082
499
6580
507
7087
560
7647
591
8238
604
8842
616
9458
629
22’-5”
Total
Row
487
487
846
360
1106
370
1477
378
1855
386
2240
393
2633
401
3034
408
3443
416
3859
424
4283
441
4724
450
5174
458
5632
467
6098
475
6574
527
7101
559
7660
572
8232
584
8816
597
19’-11”
Total
Row
449
449
776
328
1010
338
1337
346
1683
354
2037
361
2398
369
2767
376
3143
384
3527
392
3919
409
4328
418
4746
426
5172
435
5607
443
6050
495
6545
527
7072
540
7612
552
8164
565
17’-11”
Total
Row
417
417
719
302
932
313
1236
320
1556
328
1884
336
2220
343
2563
351
2914
358
3272
366
3638
384
4022
392
4414
401
4814
409
5223
417
5641
470
6111
501
6612
514
7126
527
7653
539
41
15’-11”
Total
Row
385
385
661
276
853
287
1134
295
1429
302
1731
310
2041
318
2359
325
2684
333
3017
341
3357
358
3715
366
4082
375
4457
383
4840
392
5232
444
5676
476
6152
488
6640
501
7141
513
TechTips
Typical Details:
VIP Nosebeam Row Weights
WideTrack - 10-1/4” Rise - 30, 32, 33” Span
Row#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24’-11”
Total
Row
985
985
1865
880
2562
886
3448
899
4347
906
5253
914
6167
922
7089
930
8019
938
8956
945
9902
962
10864
971
11834
979
12813
988
13801
996
14797 1044
15841 1073
16914 1085
17999 1097
19097 1110
22’-5”
Total
Row
901
901
1705
804
2334
810
3144
822
3966
830
4796
838
5633
845
6479
853
7332
861
8193
869
9062
885
9947
894
10841
903
11744
911
12655
920
13574
967
14542
997
15538 1009
16547 1021
17568 1033
19’-11”
Total
Row
818
818
1546
727
2107
733
2840
746
3586
753
4339
761
5100
769
5869
777
6646
784
7430
792
8223
809
9032
817
9849
826
10675
835
11510
843
12353
891
13244
920
14164
932
15096
944
16040
957
17’-11”
Total
Row
751
751
1417
666
1925
672
2596
684
3281
692
3973
700
4673
708
5380
715
6096
723
6819
731
7550
748
8298
756
9054
765
9819
773
10592
782
11374
830
12204
859
13062
871
13934
883
14817
895
15’-11”
Total
Row
684
684
1289
605
1742
611
2352
623
2975
631
3606
639
4245
646
4891
654
5546
662
6208
670
6877
687
7564
695
8259
704
8963
712
9675
721
10395
768
11164
798
11961
810
12771
822
13593
834
13’-11”
Total
Row
616
616
1160
544
1559
549
2108
562
2670
570
3240
577
3817
585
4403
593
4996
601
5596
609
6205
625
6830
634
7464
642
8106
651
8757
659
9417
707
10124
736
10860
749
11609
761
12370
773
11’-11”
Total
Row
551
551
1034
483
1379
488
1867
501
2367
508
2876
516
3392
524
3916
532
4448
540
4987
547
5535
564
6099
573
6671
581
7253
590
7842
598
8440
646
9086
675
9762
687
10449
700
11148
712
9’-11”
Total
Row
486
486
907
421
1198
427
1625
439
2064
447
2512
455
2967
463
3429
471
3900
478
4378
486
4864
503
5367
511
5879
520
6399
528
6927
537
7464
585
8049
614
8663
626
9289
638
9927
650
13’-11”
Total
Row
616
616
1162
546
1561
558
2116
566
2682
575
3257
584
3841
592
4433
601
5034
610
5644
619
6263
637
6900
647
7547
656
8203
666
8869
675
9544
729
10273
762
11034
775
11810
789
12598
802
11’-11”
Total
Row
551
551
1036
485
1381
496
1874
505
2379
514
2893
522
3416
531
3947
540
4487
549
5035
557
5593
576
6169
586
6754
595
7349
605
7954
614
8568
668
9236
700
9936
714
10650
728
11377
741
9’-11”
Total
Row
486
486
910
423
1200
435
1633
444
2077
453
2529
461
2991
470
3461
479
3939
487
4427
496
4923
515
5438
524
5962
534
6496
543
7039
553
7592
606
8198
639
8838
653
9490
666
10157
680
WideTrack - 11-1/2” Rise - 30, 32, 33” Span
Row#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24’-11”
Total
Row
985
985
1867
883
2564
894
3458
903
4361
912
5273
920
6193
929
7123
938
8061
947
9007
955
9962
974
10936
983
11920
993
12913 1003
13915 1012
14928 1066
15993 1098
17091 1112
18203 1125
19329 1139
22’-5”
Total
Row
901
901
1707
806
2336
818
3154
826
3980
835
4816
844
5660
853
6512
861
7374
870
8244
879
9122
897
10020
907
10927
916
11843
926
12769
936
13705
989
14694 1022
15716 1035
16751 1049
17800 1063
19’-11”
Total
Row
818
818
1548
729
2109
741
2840
750
3590
759
4348
767
5116
776
5892
785
6677
794
7470
802
8272
821
9093
830
9924
840
10764
850
11613
859
12472
912
13385
945
14330
959
15289
972
16261
986
17’-11”
Total
Row
751
751
1419
668
1927
680
2598
689
3287
697
3984
706
4691
715
5405
724
6129
732
6861
741
7602
760
8362
769
9131
779
9910
788
10698
798
11496
851
12347
884
13231
898
14129
911
15040
925
42
15’-11”
Total
Row
684
684
1291
607
1744
619
2357
627
2984
636
3621
645
4266
654
4919
662
5582
671
6253
680
6933
698
7631
708
8339
718
9056
727
9783
737
10520
790
11310
823
12133
836
12969
850
13819
864
TechTips
Typical Details:
Wood Nosebeam Row Weights
Row#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24’-11”
Total
Row
518
518
901
384
1180
389
1569
400
1969
407
2376
414
2790
421
3210
427
3638
434
4072
441
4513
457
4970
464
5434
472
5906
479
6385
487
6872
534
7406
562
7968
573
8542
585
9126
596
22’-5”
Total
Row
481
481
834
354
1089
359
1448
370
1818
377
2195
384
2579
391
2969
397
3367
404
3771
411
4182
427
4609
434
5043
442
5485
449
5934
457
6391
504
6895
532
7428
543
7971
555
8525
566
19’-11”
Total
Row
445
445
769
324
999
329
1327
340
1668
347
2015
354
2368
361
2729
367
3097
374
3471
381
3852
397
4249
404
4653
412
5065
420
5485
427
5912
474
6386
502
6888
513
7401
525
7926
536
17’-11”
Total
Row
414
414
714
300
925
305
1230
316
1546
323
1869
330
2199
337
2536
343
2879
350
3229
357
3587
373
3959
380
4340
388
4728
396
5123
403
5527
450
5977
478
6455
489
6944
501
7445
512
15’-11”
Total
Row
384
384
660
276
852
281
1132
292
1425
299
1724
306
2030
313
2342
320
2662
326
2988
333
3321
349
3670
356
4027
364
4391
372
4762
379
5141
426
5567
454
6022
465
6487
477
6964
488
13’-11”
Total
Row
354
354
606
252
778
257
1035
268
1303
275
1578
282
1860
289
2149
296
2444
302
2747
309
3056
325
3381
332
3713
340
4053
348
4401
355
4756
402
5158
430
5589
441
6030
453
6483
464
11’-11”
Total
Row
327
327
555
228
707
233
940
244
1184
251
1435
258
1693
265
1958
272
2229
278
2508
285
2793
301
3094
309
3403
316
3719
324
4042
331
4373
378
4752
406
5158
418
5575
429
6004
440
9’-11”
Total
Row
299
299
503
204
636
209
844
220
1065
227
1292
234
1526
241
1767
248
2014
254
2269
261
2530
277
2807
285
3091
292
3384
300
3683
307
3990
354
4345
382
4727
394
5120
405
5525
416
13’-11”
Total
Row
356
356
610
254
782
264
1043
272
1315
280
1595
287
1882
295
2177
303
2480
310
2790
318
3108
335
3444
344
3788
352
4140
361
4501
369
4870
422
5292
453
5745
466
6211
478
6689
491
11’-11”
Total
Row
329
329
558
230
711
240
948
248
1196
256
1452
263
1716
271
1987
279
2265
286
2552
294
2846
311
3157
320
3477
328
3805
337
4142
345
4487
398
4885
429
5314
442
5756
454
6211
467
9’-11”
Total
Row
301
301
506
206
639
217
853
224
1078
232
1309
239
1549
247
1796
255
2051
262
2313
270
2583
287
2870
296
3166
304
3471
313
3784
321
4105
374
4479
405
4884
418
5302
430
5732
443
Row#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24’-11”
Total
Row
520
520
905
386
1184
396
1580
404
1984
412
2396
419
2815
427
3242
434
3676
442
4119
450
4568
467
5036
476
5511
484
5995
493
6488
501
6989
553
7543
585
8128
598
8725
610
9336
623
22’-5”
Total
Row
483
483
838
356
1093
366
1459
374
1833
382
2215
389
2604
397
3001
405
3405
412
3817
420
4237
437
4675
446
5120
454
5575
463
6037
471
6508
524
7032
555
7587
568
8155
580
8735
593
19’-11”
Total
Row
447
447
772
326
1003
336
1328
344
1672
352
2023
359
2383
367
2750
375
3124
382
3506
390
3896
407
4304
416
4719
424
5144
433
5576
441
6018
494
6511
525
7036
538
7574
550
8124
563
17’-11”
Total
Row
416
416
718
302
929
312
1233
320
1553
328
1881
335
2216
343
2559
351
2910
358
3268
366
3634
383
4017
392
4409
400
4809
409
5218
417
5635
470
6105
501
6606
514
7120
526
7646
539
43
15’-11”
Total
Row
386
386
664
278
855
288
1138
296
1434
304
1738
311
2049
319
2368
327
2695
334
3029
342
3371
359
3730
368
4098
376
4474
385
4859
393
5253
446
5698
477
6175
490
6665
502
7167
515
TechTips
Dimensions:
Field Check “Checklist”
Following are some guidelines, critical information, needed to make the engineering process go
smoother. Taking the time to verify this information can improve cost-efficiency, processing and installation
time for the project.
Obstructions: look for and dimensionally locate any:
❑ Doors/Windows
❑ Pipes/Duct work
❑ Drinking fountains
❑ Columns
❑ Electrical boxes/Conduit
❑ X-Bracing
❑ Floor/Wall vents
❑ Divider walls/Curtains
❑ Fire extinguishers
❑ Switches/Outlets
❑ Overhead clearances (backboards, light fixtures, acoustic panels, etc…)
Wall Information: Is it load bearing? Verify with proper officials that bleachers can be attached to it.
❑ Concrete block – filled or hollow
❑ Solid concrete/ Brick
❑ Stud wall – wood or steel
We need the stud spacing and material over top.
❑ Steel or pre-fab building
If wall is more than one type we need the height at transition.
Floor Information: Is it a finished floor? Is existing floor level?
❑ Wood
❑ Synthetic – Verify type/name.
❑ Concrete
❑ Tile or Carpet – Verify what is under it.
If floor has a transition, verify the different surfaces and dimensions.
Recess/Balcony Access information:
❑ Verify depth and height of recess area, measuring in several places for variations.
Obtain lowest and highest measurement between finished floor and underside of the recess.
❑ Pipes or other obstructions in recess area
❑ Balcony height from main finished floor to balcony finished floor.
❑ Thickness and material of balcony face
❑ Gate locations and sizes
❑ Balcony Rails – How they are mounted and dimensions of them
Mobile Unit information: Dimensions will be larger than charts due to dollies and rails
❑ Determine the storage area.
❑ Determine that the door width and height will be sufficient
❑ Determine the floor conditions that it is to travel over
General information:
❑ Bank length should not include rail, available space will include rail
❑ Make some notation to all specifies or verifies, even if n/a is the necessary response.
❑ If information is to be faxed, please be sure that everything is easily legible and follow up by
mailing a full sized copy .
❑ Pictures are very helpful
44
TechTips
Dimensions: Field Check
Checklist: Telescopic Equipment / Dimensional Data Requirements
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
J)
K)
L)
M)
Available wall space:
Bank length (w/o rails):
Clear dimension (w rails if applicable)
Bank locating dimension:
Obstruction locations: (if applicable)
Obstruction details (if applicable):
Fa) Depth off wall:
Fb) Width:
Exit locations / dimension:
Distance from wall to edge of event:
Distance from edge of event to front of stand
Balcony height (if applicable):
Recess height (if applicable):
Recess depth (if applicable):
Note: Extended and closed dimensions
may vary depending upon the Exact size
and location of the obstruction. Verify if
boxed column or an I-beam. Verify diameter
of pipes.
Note: Make sure any column to column
dimension, etc. add up to the overall wall
dimension
45
TechTips
Codes:
Design Loads
The telescopic seating products supplied by Interkal have been designed for the following loads:
Uniform Live Load
100 lb./ft2
488 kg/m2
*IBC “00” Table 1607.1 Use 28, footnote c
**IBC “03” & “06” Table 1607.1 Use 28, footnote c
ICC 300 “02” Table 303.2
NFPA 102 “95” Section 5-2.4.1
UBC “97” Table 16-A Category 14
Seat & Foot Board Live Load
120 lb/ft
179 kg/m
ICC 300 “02” Table 303.2
NFPA 102 “95” Section 5-2.4.2
UBC “97” Table 16-B Category 2
Sway Parallel to Seats
24 lb/ft
36 kg/m
ICC 300 “02” Table 303.2
NFPA 102 “95” Section 5-2.4.3
*UBC “97” Table 16-B Category 2 footnote 3
Sway Perpendicular to Seats
10 lb/ft
15 kg/m
ICC 300 “02” Table 303.2
NFPA 102 “95” Section 5-2.4.3
*UBC “97” Table 16-B Category 2 footnote 3
Handrails and Guards
(Uniform Load)
50 lb/ft any direction
74 kg/m
*IBC “00” Section 1607.7.1
**IBC “03” & “06” Section 1607.7.1
ICC 300 “02” Table 303.2
NFPA 102 “95” Section 5-2.4.4(b) Handrail
UBC “97” Table 16-B Category 9 Guard only
50 plf horizontal & 100plf down
74 kg/m
149 kg/m
NFPA 102 “95” 5-2.4.5(b) Guard
Handrails and Guards
(Concentrated Load)
200 lb any direction
91 kg
*IBC “00” Section 1607.7.1.1
**IBC “03” & “06” Section 1607.7.1.1
ICC 300 “02” Table 303.2
NFPA 102 “95” Section 5-2.4.4(a) & 5-2.4.5(a)
UBC “97” Table 16-B footnote 9
Guard Components / In-Fill Area
50 lb on 1 sq. ft.
.22 kN on 0.0929 sq. m
*IBC “00” Section 1607.7.1.2
**IBC “03” & “06” Section 1607.7.1.2
ICC 300 “02” Table 303.2
25 psf or 1.2 kN/m2
UBC “97” Table 16-B Footnote 9
* References the 1995 NFPA 102
** References the 2002 ICC 300 Standard on Bleachers, Folding and Telescopic Seating and Grandstands
Copies of calculations and/or reports of load tests are available from Interkal on request. Interkal supports the NFPA 101 “06” Section
12.7.11.2(3) mandate for annual inspection and maintenance. Interkal str ongly recommends a routine maintenance program.
46
TechTips
Codes:
Aisle Requirement Worksheet
-
Bank Length
Available Seating Length
Gross Seats per Row
/
x
x
Total Gross Seats
/
Required Aisle Inches
Estimated Aisles (# x 4’)
1.5’
(Gross Seat Size)
# of Rows (minus 1st row)
.3” per Seat
48” per Aisle
=
=
=
=
=
Available Seating Length
Gross Seats per Row
Total Gross Seats
Required Aisle Inches per Bank
Required # of Aisles*
* Please verify that quantity of aisles and allowable seats is in compliance with applicable codes.
Standard 22”-26” Span:
Code:
Allowable No. of seats between aisles: (16 rows max.)
IBC ‘03’&’06’
21 seats between aisles
27 seats between aisles (26” span with 10” seats)
ICC 300 ‘02’
NFPA 102 ‘06’
UBC ‘97’
NOTE: Increased clearance of each row span results in an increase in allowable seats
between aisles on all codes EXCEPT NFPA.
47
TechTips
Planning:
Codes: IBC 00
●
Aisles required? – Yes
●
Intermediate Steps required? – Yes
●
Aisle Handrails required? – Yes
●
Max, number of seats between aisles?
(Location, see Figure 1 – B:)
Number of seats, see Table 1 – B:)
●
Max. number of seats beyond aisles?
(Location, see Figure 1 – A:)
Number of seats, see Table 1 – B:) –: 2
Figure 1
Figure 2
Table 1:
Clear
12”
13”
14”
15”
Maximum Number of Seats Between Aisles (see: Figure 2)
B:
Clear
B:
Clear
B:
14 seats
16”
27 seats
20”
40 seats
17 seats
17”
30 seats
21”
44 seats
20 seats
18”
34 seats
22”
100 seats
24 seats
19”
37 seats
23”
100 seats
Clear
24”
25”
26”
B:
100 seats
100 seats
100 seats
Table 2: Aisles Width Factors (inches per occupant served)
Case
Factor
10-1/4” & 11-1/2” rise with int. steps
0.30”
16” rise with intermediate steps
0.35”
Formula: ((Number of people on bleacher – people on 1st row)/ number of aisles) x Factor
Example:
10-1/4” rise with intermediate steps (0.30)
1000 people on bleacher
50 people on 1st row
5 aisles
((1000 – 50)/ 5) x 0.30 = 57” min. aisle width
● Minimum aisle width, dual access. – 48 or Table 2 (use the greater value)
● Minimum aisle width, single access. – 36 or Table 2 (use the greater value)
* Dead End Aisles may be longer if there is (12” + 0.6”/(seat beyond 7)) clear to another aisle.
48
TechTips
Planning:
Codes: IBC 03, 06
●
●
Intermediate Steps required? – Yes
●
●
(Location, see Figure 1 – B:)
Number of seats, see Table 1 – B:)
●
(Location, see Figure 1 – A:)
Number of seats, see Table 1 – B:) –: 2
Figure 1
Figure 2
Table 1:
Clear
12”
13”
14”
15”
Maximum Number of Seats Between Aisles (see: Figure 2)
B:
Clear
B:
Clear
B:
21 seats
16”
27 seats
20”
40 seats
21 seats
17”
30 seats
21”
44 seats
21 seats
18”
34 seats
22”
100 seats
24 seats
19”
37 seats
23”
100 seats
Clear
24”
25”
26”
B:
100 seats
100 seats
100 seats
Case
Factor
0.30”
0.35”
Example:
5 aisles
((1000 – 50)/ 5) x 0.30 = 57” min. aisle width
● Minimum aisle width, dual access. – 48 or Table 2 (use the greater value)
● Minimum aisle width, single access. – 36 or Table 2 (use the greater value)
* Dead End Aisles may be longer if there is (12” + 0.6”/(seat beyond 7)) clear to another aisle.
49
TechTips
Planning:
Codes:
NFPA 102 92, NFPA 102 95, NFPA 102, 06
●
●
Intermediate Steps required? – Yes*
●
●
Location, (see Figure 1 – B:)
20 seats without backrests
14 seats with backrests
●
Location, (see Figure 1 – A:)
10 seats without backrests
7 seats with backrests
●
Dead end aisle limit – 16 Rows,**, & ***
Figure 1
Case
Factor
0.300”
10-1/4” rise without intermediate steps
0.495”
0.360”
Example:
5 aisles
((1000 – 50)/ 5) x 0.300 = 57” min. aisle width
●
Minimum aisle width, dual access. – 48 or Table 1 (use the greater value)**
●
Minimum aisle width, single access. – 36 or Table 1 (use the greater value)**
* Intermediate steps are required for rises greater than 11”. (See also: Aisle Width Factor)
** NFPA 102 1995, Aisles do not need to be wider than 66”. If 66” or wider, they shall not be
considered dead end.
***Dead End Aisles may be longer if there is (12” + 0.6”/(seat beyond 7)) clear to another aisle.
50
Typical Details:
Table of Dimensions
Egress Summary 22” to 28” Span – 6” to 12” Rise – No Backrests
CODE
IBC
MAXIMUM NUMBER
OF SEATS
AISLES
INT. STEP HANDRAIL
MINIMUM AISLE WIDTH
BETWEEN
BEYOND
AISLES
AISLES
YEAR REQUIRED REQUIRED REQUIRED DUAL ACCESS SINGLE ACCESS
DEAD END
AISLES
20 feet,n7
00
03
06
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
48 or n4
48 or n4
48 or n4
36 or n4
36 or n4
36 or n4
TABLE 3
TABLE 3
TABLE 3
1/2 x TABLE 3
1/2 x TABLE 3
1/2 x TABLE 3
02
07
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
48 or n4
48 or n4
36 or n4
36 or n4
TABLE 3
TABLE 3
1/2 x TABLE 3
1/2 x TABLE 3
16 ROWS, n7
95
06
YES
YES
n3
n3
YES
YES
48, n4 or n6
48 or n4
36, n4 or n6
36 or n4
20
20
10
10
16 ROWS, n6, n7
NBC
95
05
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
43.3 or n10
43.3 or n10
35.4 or n10
35.4 or n10
42
42
21
21
19.7 ft.
19.7 ft.
UBC
97
YES
YES
YES
48 or n4
36 or n4, n9
TABLE 3
1/2 x TABLE 3
16 ROWS, n7
ICC 300
NFPA 102
16 ROWS, n7
16 ROWS, n7
16 ROWS, n7
16 ROWS, n7
Egress Summary Notes:
n3 – Intermediate steps are required for rises greater than 11”.
n4 – See Technical Manual Table 2 and calculate based on number of people using the aisle.
n6 – Aisles need not be wider than 66” if fr ont egress over seats is not limited & shall not be consider ed dead end.
n7 – Dead End Aisles may be longer if ther e is 12” + 0.6”X(seat beyond 7) clear to another aisle.
n9 – Aisles may be 23” wide between handrail and seat if serving 5 r ows or less.
n10—- Aisle may be 29.5” wide when serving less than 60 seats.
Table 3: Maximum Number Of Seats Between Aisles
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEATS
BETWEEN TWO AISLES (DUAL ACCESS)
22” WOOD
22” SSM, CSM (10” MODULES)
24” WOOD
26” WOOD
30” WOOD, SSM, CSM (10” MODULES)
CLEAR
13”
12”
15”
14”
12”
17”
16”
14”
20”
18”
22”
20”
23”
21”
IBC/03/06/ICC300 NFPA
21
20
21
20
24
20
21
20
21
20
30
20
27
20
21
20
40
20
34
20
100
20
40
20
100
20
20
44
51
UBC
20
20
24
20
20
30
27
20
40
34
100
40
100
44
TechTips
Typical Details:
Balcony Access
Standard Wall-Attach Detail
Full Span Last Row Detail
(Please see Technical Charts for Last Row Seat Height)
52
Typical Details:
ADA Planning
Recoverable Handicap Seating with Companion Seating
Varirow
Handicap Mode
Recovered Mode
Truncation with
2 extra notches
Handicap Mode
Recovered Mode
Portable step assembly shown
Truncation
Handicap Mode
Recovered Mode
Portable step assembly shown
Available End Section Handicap Seating
Standard Notchout Layout
8 Recoverable notches shown
Rail details
Set-up time is required for Recoverable
Handicap Seating, including rails.
ROW 3
One-row permanent notch detail
ROW 3
One-row recoverable notch detail
53
TechTips
Codes:
ADA Assembly Areas
4.1.3 Accessible Buildings: New Construction.
Federal ADA requirements: (enforced by department of justice)
Capacity of Seating
in Assembly Areas
Number of Required
Wheelchair Locations
4 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 300
301 to 500
Over 500
1
2
4
6
6 plus 1 additional space for each total
seating capacity increase of 100
IBC 2003 and 2006 requirements: (enforced by local building officials as applicable)
Capacity of Seating
in Assembly Areas
Number of Required
Wheelchair Locations
4 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 100
101 to 300
301 to 500
501 to 5,000
1
2
4
5
6
6 plus 1for each 150, or fraction
thereof, between 501 through 5,000
36 plus 1 for each 200, or fraction
thereof, over 5,000
5,001 and over
Fixed Seating
In addition, one percent, but not less than one, of all fixed seats shall be aisle seats with no armrests on the aisle
side, or removable or folding armrests on the aisle side. Each such seat shall be identified by a sign or marker.
Signage notifying patrons of the availability of such seats shall be posted at the ticket office. Aisle seats are not
required to comply with 4.33.4.
FOOTNOTE:
Many state and local jurisdictions have adopted their own accessibility rules, which may require fewer spaces, or
as many as double the number of spaces required above. Always check for compliance with state and local
codes.
54
TechTips
Typical Details:
Sight Line Calculations
Step 1:
Solve for Distance A
Distance A = Distance B/Tan of Angle A (see chart)
Step 2:
Solve for Distance C
Distance C - Distance A - Distance D
Step 3:
Solve for Distance E
Distance E = Tan of Angle A (see chart) x Distance C
Tan Angle A
Rise
Span
10-1/4”
11-1/2”
Example:
22”
.4053
.4621
24”
.3715
.4236
26”
.3429
.3910
30”
.2972
.3389
6 Row, 24” Span, 10-1/4” Rise
Distance D = 179.75
Step 1: Distance A = 67.5 = 32/.3715
A = 267.83
Step 2: Distance C = 267.83 - 179.75
C = 88.08
Step 3: Distance E = .3715 x 88.08
E = 32.72
55
32”
.2786
.3177
33”
.2702
.3080
TechTips
Typical Details:
Sight Line Illustrations
56
TechTips
Typical Details:
57
TechTips
Typical Details:
58
TechTips
Typical Details:
Table of Dimensions
(metric equivalents in centimeters)
Seatboard
Height**
Extended Dimension – Forward Fold*
Rows
22” Span
(56 cm)
Ft. (cm)
24” Span
(61 cm)
Ft. (cm)
26” Span
(66 cm)
Ft. (cm)
30” Span
(76 cm)
Ft. (cm)
32” Span
(82 cm)
Ft. (cm)
33” Span
(84 cm)
Ft. (cm)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
5’-1/2” (154)
6’–10-1/2” (210)
8’–8-1/2” (266)
10’–6-1/2” (322)
12’–4-1/2” (378)
14’–2-1/2” (434)
16’-1/2” (490)
17’–10-1/2” (546)
19’–8-1/2” (601)
21’–6-1/2” (657)
23’–4-1/2” (713)
25’–2-1/2” (769)
27’-1/2” (825)
28’–10-1/2” (881)
30’–8-1/2” (937)
32’–6-1/2” (993)
34’–4-1/2” (1048)
36’–2-1/2” (1104)
38’-1/2” (1160)
39’–10-1/2” (1216)
41’–8-1/2” (1272)
43’–6-1/2” (1328)
45’–4-1/2” (1384)
47’–2-1/2” (1440)
49’-1/2” (1495)
50’–10-1/2” (1551)
52’–8-1/2” (1607)
54’–6-1/2” (1663)
5’–2-1/2” (159)
7’–2-1/2” (220)
9’–2-1/2” (281)
11’–2-1/2” (342)
13’–2-1/2” (403)
15’–2-1/2” (464)
17’–2-1/2” (525)
19’–2-1/2” (586)
21’–2-1/2” (647)
23’–2-1/2” (708)
25’–2-1/2” (769)
27’–2-1/2” (830)
29’–2-1/2” (891)
31’–2-1/2” (952)
33’–2-1/2” (1013)
35’–2-1/2” (1074)
37’–2-1/2” (1135)
39’–2-1/2” (1196)
41’–2-1/2” (1257)
43’–2-1/2” (1318)
45’–2-1/2” (1379)
47’–2-1/2” (1440)
49’–2-1/2” (1501)
51’–2-1/2” (1562)
53’–2-1/2” (1622)
55’–2-1/2” (1683)
57’–2-1/2” (1744)
59’–2-1/2” (1805)
5’–6-1/2” (170)
7–8-1/2” (236)
9’–10-1/2” (302)
12’-1/2” (368)
14–2-1/2” (434)
16’–4-1/2” (500)
18’–6-1/2” (566)
20’–8-1/2” (632)
22’–10-1/2” (698)
25’-1/2 (764)
27’–2-1/2” (830)
29’–4-1/2” (896)
31’–6-1/2” (962)
33’–8-1/2” (1028)
35’–10-1/2” (1094)
38’-1/2” (1160)
40’–2-1/2” (1226)
42’–4-1/2” (1292)
44’–6-1/2” (1358)
46’–8-1/2” (1424)
48–10-1/2” (1490)
51’-1/2” (1556)
53’–2-1/2” (1622)
55’–4-1/2” (1689)
57’–6-1/2” (1755)
59’–8-1/2” (1821)
61’–10-1/2” (1887)
64’-1/2” (1953)
6’–6-1/4” (199)
9’-1/4” (275)
11’–6-1/4” (352)
14’-1/4” (428)
16’–6-1/4” (504)
19’-1/4” (580)
21’–6-1/4” (656)
24’-1/4” (733)
26’–6-1/4” (809)
29’-1/4” (885)
31’–6-1/4” (961)
34’-1/4” (1037)
36’–6-1/4” (1114)
39’-1/4” (1190)
41’–6-1/4” (1266)
44’-1/4” (1342)
46’–6-1/4” (1418)
49’-1/4” (1495)
6’–8-1/4” (204)
9’–4-3/16” (285)
12-3/16” (367)
14’–8-3/16” (448)
17’–4-3/16” (529)
20’-3/16” (611)
22’–8-3/16” (692)
25’–4-3/16” (773)
28’-3/16” (854)
30’–8-3/16” (936)
33’–4-3/16” (1017)
36’-3/16” (1098)
38’–8-3/16” (1180)
41’–4-3/16” (1261)
44’-3/16” (1342)
46’–8-3/16” (1423)
49’–4-3/16” (1505)
52’-3/16” (1586)
6’–9-1/4” (207)
9’–6-1/4” (291)
12’–3-1/4” (374)
15’-1/4” (458)
17’–9-1/4” (542)
20’–6-1/4” (626)
23’–3-1/4” (710)
26’-1/4” (793)
28’–9-1/4” (877)
31’–6-1/4” (961)
34’–3-1/4” (1045)
37’-1/4” (1129)
39’–9-1/4” (1213)
42’–6-1/4” (1296)
45’–3-1/4” (1380)
48’-1/4” (1464)
50’–9-1/4” (1548)
53’–6-1/4” (1632)
CONSULT
FACTORY
CONSULT
FACTORY
CONSULT
FACTORY
No.
Seatboard
Height**
Wall Tie
Height**
Wall Tie
Height**
“C”
“C”
“E”
10-1/4”(26cm) Rise 10-1/4”(26cm) Rise 11-1/2”(29cm) Rise
Ft. (cm)
Ft. (cm)
Ft. (cm)
“E”
11-1/2”(29cm) Rise
Ft. (cm)
3’–4-3/4” (103)
4’–4-1/4” (132)
5’–3-3/4” (161)
6’–3-1/4” (191)
7’–2-3/4” (220)
8’–2-1/4” (249)
9’–1-3/4” (278)
10’–1-1/4” (308)
11’–0-3/4” (337)
12’–0-1/4” (366)
12’–11-3/4” (395)
13’–11-1/4” (424)
14’–10-3/4” (454)
15’–10-1/4” (483)
16’–9-3/4” (512)
17’–9-1/4” (541)
18’–8-3/4” (570)
19’–8-1/4” (600)
20’–7-3/4” (629)
21’–7-1/4” (658)
22’–6-3/4” (687)
23’–6-1/4” (716)
24’–5-3/4” (746)
25’–5-1/4” (775)
26’–4-3/4” (804)
27’–4-1/4” (833)
28’–3-3/4” (863)
29’–3-1/4” (892)
1’–9-1/2” (55)
2’–9” (84)
3’–8-1/2” (113)
4’–8” (142)
5’–7-1/2” (171)
6’–7” (201)
7’–6-1/2” (230)
8’–6” (259)
9’–5-1/2” (288)
10’–5” (317)
11’–4-1/2” (347)
12’–4” (376)
13’–3-1/2” (405)
14’–3” (434)
15’–2-1/2” (463)
16’–2” (493)
17’–1-1/2” (522)
18’–1” (551)
19’–0-1/2” (580)
20’–0” (610)
20’–11-1/2” (639)
21’–11” (668)
22’–10-1/2” (697)
23’–10” (726)
24’–9-1/2” (756)
25’–9” (785)
26’–8-1/2” (814)
27’–8” (843)
3’–1” (94)
3’–11-1/4” (120)
4’–9-1/2” (146)
5’–7-3/4” (172)
6’–6” (198)
7’–4-1/4” (224)
8’–2-1/2” (250)
9’–0-3/4” (276)
9’–11” (302)
10’–9-1/4” (328)
11’–7-1/2” (354)
12’–5-3/4” (380)
13’–4” (406)
14’–2-1/4” (432)
15’–0-1/2” (458)
15’–10-3/4” (484)
16’–9” (510)
17’–7-1/4” (536)
18’–5-1/2” (562)
19’–3-3/4” (588)
20’–2” (614)
21’–0-1/4” (640)
21’–10-1/2” (666)
22’–8-3/4” (692)
23’–7” (718)
24’–5-1/4” (744)
25’–3-1/2” (770)
26’–1-3/4” (796)
1’–7” (48)
2’–5-1/4” (74)
3’–3-1/2” (100)
4’–1-3/4” (126)
5’–0” (152)
5’–10-1/4” (178)
6’–8-1/2” (204)
7’–6-3/4” (230)
8’–5” (256)
9’–3-1/4” (283)
10’–1-1/2” (309)
10’–11-3/4” (335)
11’–10” (361)
12’–8-1/4” (387)
13’–6-1/2” (413)
14’–4-3/4” (439)
15’–3” (465)
16’–1-1/4” (491)
16’–11-1/2” (517)
17’–9-3/4” (543)
18’–8” (569)
19’–6-1/4” (595)
20’–4-1/2” (621)
21’–2-3/4” (647)
22’–1” (673)
22’–11-1/4” (699)
23’–9-1/2” (725)
24’–7-3/4” (751)
* For Reverse-Fold or Mobile Operation, ADD 4-1/2” to Extended Dimension.
** For Closure Board / Last Deck Height, SUBTRACT 6-1/4” from Seatboard Height. (Typ. all seating surfaces)
Closed Dimension
Forward Fold2, 3
No.
Rows
Manual
22 / 24
3’–2-5/8” (98)
3-10
3’–2-5/8” (98)
11-12
3’–2-5/8” (98)
13
3’–2-5/8” (98)
14
3’–2-5/8” (98)
15
16-20 Not Recommended
Friction
22 / 24
3’–2-5/8” (98)
3’–2-5/8” (98)
3’–2-5/8” (98)
3’–2-5/8” (98)
3’–2-5/8” (98)
3’–2-5/8” (98)
Reverse Fold1, 3
Non-Friction
22 / 24
3’–8-1/2” (113)
3’–8-1/2” (113)
3’–8-1/2” (113)
5’–4-1/2” (163)
5’–4-1/2” (163)
5’–4-1/2” (163)
Manual
22 / 24
3’–8-1/4” (112)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
Not Recommended
Not Recommended
Friction
22 / 24
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
Mobile3
Non-Friction
22 / 24
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
5’–8-1/4” (173)
Closed Dimension – Wide Deck (Wall Attached Only)
No.
Rows
Manual
30”
32”
Power*
33”
4’–0-1/4” (123)
4’–2-1/2” (128)
4’–3-1/2” (131)
3-10
11-20 Not Recommended Not Recommended Not Recommended
30”
32”
33”
4’–0-1/4” (123)
4’–0-1/4” (123)
4’–2-1/2” (128)
4’–2-1/2” (128)
4’–3-1/2” (131)
4’–3-1/2” (131)
* All dimensions for the power section of this chart are based on the Wide Track power system.
59
Manual
22 / 24
3’–6-1/4” (107)
3’–6-1/4” (107)
3’–6-1/4” (107)
3’–6-1/4” (107)
Not Recommended
Not Recommended
For projects over 20 rows,
consult factory.
1
26” Span, add 4” to stack size.
Aisle recovery may also change stack size.
2
26” Span, add 2” to stack size.
3
SSAR –
SSAR –
SSAR –
SSAR –
Add 4-1/8”
Add 4-1/8”
Add 2-1/4”
Add ______
1”
10.25R
SSM-10
SSM-12
CSM-10
CSM-12
4-7/16”
4-7/16”
2-9/16”
1-5/16”
_______
11.5R
TechTips
Typical Details:
Court Diagrams
Basketball Court Specifications
1. If possible, building plans should provide for a court with ideal measurements as stated in Rule 1-1, ample outof-bounds area and necessary seating space. A long court permits use of two crosswise courts for practice and
informal games.
2. The ceiling should be at least 25 feet or higher if possible.
3. Instead of the 2-inch minimum boundaries, it is legal to use contrasting colored floor areas by painting the outof-bounds area, the center circle, and the restricted parts of the free-throw lanes so that the mathematical line
between the two colors is the boundary. If such contrasting colored out-of-bounds belt is used, it should be at
least 8 inches wide.
4. It is recommended that a belt 8 inches wide or more in width be used to mark the boundaries on all courts
which have at least 10 feet of open space between the boundary lines and the seating. This plan is urged for all
new construction and for other similar courts when the boundaries are remarked.
5. It is recommended that there be a 2-inch wide broken line consisting of 12-inch segments, 12-inches apart, of
a color different from that of the boundary, at a minimum of 6 feet outside the court extending from sideline to sideline and parallel to the end line.
6. Optional coaching box — tableside. Bounded by a line 28 feet from end line, the sideline, a line 22 feet from
end line, and the team bench. Located off the court, 2 inches wide and color contrasting with boundary line.
NOTE: State associations may, on an individual basis, allow alternate bench locations.
7. The court should be uniformly and adequately lighted. Lighting engineers should be placed in charge of this
important factor when planning new installations. For information on recommended specifications for lighting, you
may contact: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, 17th Floor, New York, New York
10005, Telephone (212) 248-5000.
60
TechTips
Typical Details:
Court Diagrams
Volleyball Court
It is recommended that the area above the court be clear of any obstructions and at least 30 feet high.
61
TechTips
Typical Details:
Court Diagrams
Tennis Court
62
TechTips
Typical Details:
Court Diagrams
Badminton Court
NOTES: All marking stripes lie entirely within the court areas which their outer edges delineate, except the center
line stripe which is shared equally by its adjacent courts. All marking stripes should be 1-1/2 inches wide.
63
TechTips
Typical Details:
“P” Rails / Steps
Patent # 5,813,663 (22–26” span)
Pat. Des. 402,039
Patent # 5,813,663 (30–33” span)
Pat. Des. 399,009
Removable “P” Rail with
Intermediate Steps
Typical 22 through 26 span shown
Self-Storing Aisle Rail with
Intermediate Steps
Typical 22 through 26 span shown
(Available on standard rises only)
Side View at Dual Access Aisle
64
TechTips
Typical Details:
Aisles
Foot Level Aisle with Removable Center Rail.
Aisle Center Rails are required for added spectator
safety. These are installed on alternating rows and are
easily removed for storage on the deck.
Self-Storing Aisle Rails (SSAR). Designed
to comply to all code requirements. Interkal’s
patented, innovative SSAR saves set-up time
and labor costs.
Intermediate Steps: Intermediate Steps are
designed to comply with applicable code requirements by providing an equal depth and height foot
surface between rows.
Non-Slip Safety Treads are standard on all
intermediate steps. Not available on
Polydeck.
65
TechTips
Accessories: Scorer’s Table
Portable
Scorer’s Table
InstallationScorer’s Table:
Locate table as designated
on illustration drawings or
by owner.
Accessories: Video Platform
Top view
Typical Video Platform
66
TechTips
Typical Details:
Accessories
Scorer’s/Timer’s Table: Features
a 15” x 96” high pressure laminated
work surface which can be located
anywhere on the unit. Table legs
may be removed for storage on the
system.
Hardware provided with table.
Vinyl Ball Deflector Covers: Ball deflector covers
prevent basketballs, volleyballs, soccer balls from lodging in the next to last row when the bleacher is in the
closed position.
Not available with column cutouts, balcony access,
backrests, chair seating or when floor obstructions are
present. Not suggested on higher row
bleacher banks.
67
TechTips
Typical Details:
Filler Board Applications
Last row
seat
Closure board
standard on all projects
wall
wall tie
Extended Closure Board. The closure board is fabricated
from the same materials as the decking and may be increased
in depth to accommodate building obstructions.
Optional
Optional
Seat Level Filler Board: Available to close-off
the opening behind the last row at seat level. This
design prevents debris accumulation and provides
a clean, finished appearance at the rear wall.
Extended Seat Level Filler: For openings
larger than 6” wide. The type of support
bracket for the filler will depend on filler width
and wall construction.
68
Typical Details:
High Humidity Finishes
Required on special applications, such as natatoriums or ice ar enas to prevent the rust or corrosion
associated with these types of facilities. High Humidity pr otective finish include the following features:
Deck Surface: The top use surface is provided with our standard polydeck system which .030” of
high-density polyethylene plastic laminated to exterior grade plywood. The underside surface shall
be provided with two coats of clear coat polyur ethane finish for moisture control.
Steel Nosebeams, lower rear risers and sway bracing will be pr ovided galvanized which is standard for all Interkal telescopic systems.
All understructure components will be supplied with an electr o deposited coating of zinc in accordance with ASTM B633, Type 1, SC1.
69
TechTips
Power Systems:
Wide Track Friction Power
U.L. Listed friction power units
attach to the understructure at
the first row for automatic
push-button operation. Two
horse assemblies are linked
together by a continuous drive
shaft driven by a 1/2H.P.
208V, 3-phase motor. This
drive shaft controls friction
roller operation in a straight,
efficient manner.
WT Powerhorse Assembly
Installation – WT Drive System:
Forward Fold
70
TechTips
Power Systems: Wide Track
Typical Wiring Arrangements
for 1/2HP (2.2 FLA) motors 208-230VAC
3 phase WT w/K2 gearmotor
6 row example in extended position
Installation Pendant
Switch Receptacle
24V control circuit
Typical Wiring Arrangements
for 0.4HP (5.6 FLA) motors
115VAC 1 phase WT w/K2 gearmotor
71
TechTips
Power Systems:
Non-Friction Power
This is a fully automatic power system designed to open and close wall-attached, recessed or reverse-fold telescopic bleachers at the touch of a button – without the need for traction force on the floor. It has the capacity to
move more rows of bleachers than any other mechanical power system developed for the telescopic seating market. Limit switches are used to stop the 2HP, 208-230VAC, 3-phase motor in the fully open or closed positions.
The chain drive pusher links assure years of dependable performance as well as non-slip, straight line operation.
Typical Drum Chain Layout (5 sections)
Side elevation: Non-Friction or Chain Power Drum
Built For Reliable Performance: The chain drive pusher links assure years of dependable performance and
non-slip, straight line operation. Links are connected by hardened cast steel hinges which allow the links to wind on
the drum. The drums and motor are attached to the wall and floor to eliminate pulling strain on the floor.
The links ride on soft rubber wheels, making floor contact superficial – Ideal for vulnerable floor surfaces such as
carpet, synthetic and others. A power chain attaches drum to the central motor/gearbox which drives varying numbers of drums simultaneously using a continuous hardened steel line shaft. 2HP, 208-230VAC, 3-phase motor.
Superior drum construction produces consistent and efficient operation of the chain links. Limit switches are used
to stop the bleacher in the fully open or closed positions.
72

Tech Tips2014

Transcription

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