sloped roofs

Transcription

sloped roofs

Pág. 1
Sesión 1/4
Asignatura
Clave Máster y Curso
SLOPED ROOFS
ROOFS
Construction II. Systems. 2nd year
Construction Area
Academic Year 2014-2015
Review 18/03/2015
Authors: Carlos Gelpí Almirall
Index
1. General concepts
Àrea de Construcció
Pàg. 2 / 60
Concept l Determining factors l Design l Singular points l Typologies and installation l Image l Use l Information sources
1.1. Definition of a sloped roof
characteristics
slopes
1.2. General classification
cold and warm (cat. fredes i calentes)
Ventilated and non ventilated
(cat. ventilades i no ventilades)
1.3. Requirements
support
comfort
AR012
Construcció II
2. Determining factors and strategies
3. Design principals
3.1. Geometry
3.2. Water control
3.3. Layer composition
3.4. Nomenclature
4. Singular points
5. Finishing typologies and installation on site
6. Image of the sloped roof
7. Use
8. Information sources
Ventilated (cat. ventilada)
Non ventilated (cat. no ventilada)
Construcció II
Pàg. 3 / 60
General definition of a sloping roof. Characteristics.
• Sloping roofs are those whose slope is greater than 5%.
• Sloping roofs are those whose water and snow tightness rely on their geometry and
the water’s velocity provided by the sloping plane.
• The water and snow tightness of sloping roofs rely on their covering or finishing
material, which is not always a waterproofing material by itself.
AR012
•Generally, the space under roof or under cover is a usable space.
•Due to the roof’s geometry, sloping roofs can be a good support to place energy
collector panels as well as rainwater collectors for their further use.
Definition of a sloping roof. Slopes.
Sloping roofs are those roofs that have a slope greater than 5%.
Pàg. 4 / 60
AR012
Construcció II
SLOPING > 5%
5%
Font: Construir la arquitectura, Andrea Deplazes. Ed. GG
FLAT < 5%
Roof slopes according to CTE
Pàg. 5 / 60
Minimum
slope in %
Construcció II
Table 2.10 Slopes for sloping roofs
Tiles
Slate
Zinc
AR012
Fiber cement
Synthetics
Galvanized
Profiles
And plates
Light alloys
AR012
Construcció II
Pàg. 6 / 60
General classification
- Sloping roofs can have a chamber or not. In the case the chamber, big or small, is ventilated, it
contributes, to a big extent, to the building’s energetic behavior.
- Sloping roofs can be cold or warm roofs, depending on whether or not they contain an air ventilated
chamber.
Cold roofs.
- The space under roof or under cover is usually a non-habitable space depending on the type of ventilation
or the dimension of the ventilated chamber in traditional roofs. In current roofs, internal ventilation can be
achieved without compromising the under roof.
- It relies on the ventilated chamber’s thickness in order to ensure the roof’s energetic behavior. The
ventilated chamber’s thickness is responsible for ensuring the roof’s energetic behavior.
- In this type of roof, a thermal insulation layer is necessary, with a smaller thickness than one needed in
non-ventilated roofs. A higrothermic calculation is also necessary in order to confirm whether a vapor
barrier is needed or not.
- Slopes are achieved with a specific sub-structure supported by the main structure.
Warm roofs.
- Under roof space is habitable.
- It relies on the insulation material’s thickness in order to ensure the roof’s energetic behavior.
- It will certainly need a vapor barrier, and in some cases, barriers against wind and dust filtrations.
- Slopes are achieved with the structural support.
Source: Construir la arquitectura, Andrea Deplazes. Ed. GG
COLD ROOFS
WARM ROOFS
(cat, COBERTES FREDES)
(cat. COBERTES CALENTES)
Support requirement. Common or shared structure.
AR012
Construcció II
Pàg. 7 / 60
Joaniquet House. La Molina.
Church from S. Bonifaci. Reichhof. Germany. 1974-88. H. Bienefeld
Support requirement. Roof independent from structure.
Pàg. 8 / 60
AR012
Construcció II
Masia Can Llopart. Banyoles
Rodriguez House. Roda de Barà. 1980. J. Bach i G. Mora
Comfort requirement
External and internal factors which affect the roof
Pàg. 9 / 60
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Rainwater (cat. Aigua de Pluja)
Solar radiation (cat. Radiació solar)
Wind (cat. Vent)
Temperature (cat. Temperatura)
Vapor difusion (cat. Difussió de vapor)
Snow (cat. Neu)
Mechanical damages (cat. Danys
Construcció II
mecànics)
(cat. Acabat de coberta. Làmina metàl·lica)
(cat. Capa separadora. Geotextil)
(cat. Capa de suport acabat coberta. Tauler de fusta)
AR012
(cat. Formació ventilació entre rastrells fixació tauler fusta)
(cat. Capa d’impermeabilització. Reforç estanquitat.(no
necessària))
(cat. Capa d’Aïllament tèrmic)
(cat. Capa Barrera de vapor.)
(cat. Capa de suport barrera de vapor i acabat interior)
(cat. Capa de suport estructural. Bigueta de fusta)
Source: Constructing
Architecture, Andrea
Deplazes. Ed. GG
Comfort requirements
INSULATION
WITHOUT INERTIA
ONLY WITH INSULATION
AR012
Construcció II
Àrea de Construcció Pàg. 10 / 60
Sogn Benedetg Chapel. Sumvitg, Graunbünden . Switzerland. 1985-87. Peter Zumthor
THERMAL MASS (THERMAL INERTIA)
AR012
Construcció II
Norway rural house
INSULATION AND THERMAL MASS
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR THERMAL MASS
INSULATION IN BETWEEN
AR012
Construcció II
Dr. Olgiatti house. Flims. Switzerland. 1964-65. R. Olgiatti
University library. Delft. Netherlands. 1997. Mecanoo
SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL
AR012
Construcció II
Sports center. Jeddah. Saudi Arabia. 1980. Frei Otto
VENTILATION
AR012
Construcció II
Masia Can Llopart. Banyoles
Rodriguez’s house. Roda de Barà. 1980. J. Bach i G. Mora
VENTILATION
AR012
Construcció II
House and studio. Gleissenberg. Germany. 2001. Florian Nagler
TIGHTNESS
AFTER SUPPORT AND/OR STABILITY, THE FIRST REQUIREMENT FOR ALL ROOFS IS TO
ENSURE WATER TIGHTNESS.
AR012
Construcció II
Rehab Juval Castle. Italy. 1996. Robert Danz
Rodriguez’s house. Roda de Barà. 1980. J. Bach i G. Mora
AR012
Construcció II
Determining factors and strategies
Municipal regulatory norms:
One of the main factors when designing a building is municipal regulations and ordinances. Regarding roofs, many
municipalities have regulated and set a maximum and minimum slope for roofs, the type of finishing material, and their
use to collect solar energy and/or to place facility elements.
Climate conditions:
The building’s environmental climate conditions will help to make decisions for which type of roof to choose, taking into
consideration solar radiation, exterior temperatures, wind conditions, etc., which will help design one type of roof or
another.
Use of roof:
In the case of sloping roofs, we should consider whether the use of under cover or under roof is habitable or not, or if it
will have a specific use. Depending on this, we will project a warm or cold roof.
Roof’s geometry:
The roof’s geometry will be determinant when determining the roof’s finishing or the type of roof in general, because
the roof needs to ensure the compliance of the stability and comfort requirements.
Water evacuation:
The roof’s geometry has to ensure the evacuation of rainwater. Not only the roof’s geometry but the roof’s finishing will
determine this evacuation as well. In this case, the chart of slopes and materials is an indispensable tool in order to
ensure a good behavior of the roof regarding water tightness.
Stability of the finishing material:
The material used for the roof’s finishing must be suitable to withstand the wind’s pressures and other forces such as
snow loads in order to ensure stability. In this point, the chart of slopes and materials is also a determining factor.
AR012
Construcció II
Roof’s geometry
The slope and complexity of each of the
roof’s sides will determine the geometry
of the roof.
There are basically two types of
geometries: gabled and hipped roofs
(cat. a dues aigües i a quatre aïgues).
From here on, there can be endless roof
combinations.
This concept has been studied in the
subject of descriptive geometry.
Image source: Catàleg Terreal
Water expulsion
Water is almost always expulsed out of the building at its limits, and this is
known as “evacuating water outside” (cat. “aigües fora”)
There are three control strategies for the expulsion of water:
- Without water collection. Water falls down the exterior of the building.
- Exterior water collection. Water is gathered once beyond the roof’s limit.
- Interior water collection. Water is gathered at an intermediate point of the
roof or in one of the roof’s ends but hidden, and therefore, inside the
building’s perimeter.
AR012
Construcció II
Without water collection
Exterior water collection (visible)
Interior water collection (hidden)
SOURCE: Construir la arquitectura, Andrea Deplazes. Ed. GG
AR012
Construcció II
Layers composition. Non ventilated roof
1- GENERAL ASPECTS
Non ventilated roofs are susceptible to humidity condensations and reheating.
Non ventilated roofs do not have air chambers.
This types of roof can be found in cold and warm climates, although they are generally used in cold climates with small
solar contributions.
The geometry of these roofs is a determining factor in order to ensure the roof’s water tightness.
2- MAIN LAYERS
A supporting structure, mainly made out of wood.
A vapor barrier. Polyvinyl, breathable sheets (cat. Polivinils, làmines transpirables)
Thermal insulation, mainly rock wools or glass wool with significant thicknesses. (cat. Llana de roca o llana de vidre)
Finishing layer, has to ensure water tightness through the method of overlapping elements.
3- FINISHING LAYERS
- Ceramic tiles or mortar tiles (cat. Teules ceràmiques o de morter)
- Natural stones, mainly slates. (cat. Pedres naturals, generalment Pissarres)
- Metallic sheets, usually made out of Zinc or Copper. They can also be made out of steel or aluminum
(cat. Làmines i safates metàl·liques, Zinc o Coure majorment. També acer o alumini)
- Waterproofing membranes (cat. Membranes impermeables)
- Panels (cat. Panells)
Layers composition. Non ventilated roof
AR012
Construcció II
Source: Construir la arquitectura,
Andrea Deplazes. Ed. GG
Standard section. Examples
AR012
Construcció II
Layers composition. Ventilated roof
1- GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Ventilated roofs have an air chamber and it must be ventilated to a bigger or smaller extent.
They can be found in cold and warm climates, although are generally used in warm climates with big solar contributions.
Its geometry is a determining factor in order to ensure the roof’s water tightness.
2- MAIN LAYERS
A supporting structure
A sub-structure for the formation of slopes.
Air chamber
Thermal insulation, mainly made out of rock wool or glass wool. (cat. llanes de roca o vidre)
Finishing layer, has to ensure water tightness through the method of overlapping elements.
3- FINISHING LAYERS
- Ceramic tiles or mortar tiles (cat. Teules ceràmiques o de morter)
- Natural stones, mainly slates. (cat. Pedres naturals, generalment Pissarres)
- Metallic sheets, usually made out of Zinc or Copper. They can also be made out of steel or aluminum
(cat. Làmines i safates metàl·liques, Zinc o Coure majorment. També acer o alumini)
- Waterproofing membranes (cat. Membranes impermeables)
- Panels (cat. Panells)
Layers composition. Ventilated roof through the attic
(cat. Coberta ventilada per les golfes)
AR012
Construcció II
AR012
Construcció II
AR012
Construcció II
AR012
Construcció II
Nomenclature
Nomenclature of the elements which make up sloping roofs:
1.
Acroterion
2.
Attic
3.
Fascia board
4.
Ridge vent
5.
Eaves
6.
Storage room
7.
Attic
8.
Slope, gable
9.
Drainpipe
10.
Gutter
11.
Dormer
12.
Skylight
13.
Valley rafters
14.
Chimney
flashing
15.
Chimney
16.
Chimney coping
hood
17.
Roof window
18.
Hip
19.
Hip
Source: Diccionari visual de la construcció. Generalitat de Catalunya i ITEC
Singular points. Characteristics
• The singular points of sloping roofs are mainly ridges, eaves, valley rafters, chimneys, and gutters.
• Singular points must be physically and mechanically solved, using the physic’s basic principles in
order to ensure wind and water tightness.
AR012
Construcció II
• Many times singular points are reinforced with waterproofing and thermal insulating materials in
order to ensure their behavior.
• It relies on the method of the roof’s finishing layer overlapping elements.
• Many commercial companies have elaborated special pieces for the execution of singular elements.
• Every type of roof needs to create its own solution in order to overcome singular points.
AR012
Construcció II
Singular points. Ridges, valleys, and chimneys.
Singular points. Arabic tiled roof on top of a tongue and groove system (cat. encadellat)
supported on honeycomb bond partitions (cat. envanets de sostre mort)
Detail
1
2
1. Inferior eaves gutter.
(cat. Ràfec inferior canaló)
2. Ridge (cat. Carener)
3. Lateral vertical wall face
(cat. Parament vertical lateral)
4. Lateral eaves (cat. Ràfec
lateral)
5. Top vertical wall face (cat.
Parament vertical superior)
AR012
Construcció II
3
4
5
Singular points. Ventilated roof using ceramic flat fitting tiles.
AR012
Construcció II
Cabrera de Mar building. 1999. HTT architects
Eaves
Detail of the roof’s eaves with
timber joists. Facade with insulation
on the outside. Roman fitting
ceramic tile finishing, fixed with tabs
and nailed on to the roof.
(cat. Detall de ràfec de coberta de
biguetes de fusta.
Amb façana abrigada. Acabat de
coberta amb
teula ceràmica romana d’encaix,
fixada amb pestanya i clavada.)
AR012
Construcció II
Construcció II
Concepts
CONSTRUCTION. FORMATION OF SLOPES
Construction of a slate roof on top of tongue and groove system supported on honeycomb
bond partitions. (cat. Construcció de coberta de pissarra sobre encadellat i envanets de sostre
mort.)
Construction of a roof with Arabic tiles on top of a timber structure and with insulation and
ventilation.
SMALL ELEMENTS. Water tightness system using the roof’s geometry.
FIXING ELEMENTS. Fixing systems for small elements.
OVERLAPS. Doubles and simples.
AR012
SEMI-PRODUCTS. Waterproofing elements using metallic plates.
FIXING ELEMENTS. Fixing system for plates.
Construcció II
Construction of a slate roof on top of tongue and groove system supported on
honeycomb bond partitions
HONEYCOMB
BOND
PARTITIONS
STRUCTURAL SUPPORT. SETTING OUT.
FORMATION OF SLOPES
VENTILATION
CERAMIC TONGUE
AND GROOVE PANELS
AR012
SLATE FINISHING
ROCK WOOL
INSULATION
Construction of an Arabic tile roof on top of a timber structure with ventilation
AR012
Construcció II
Process of the creation of a sloping roof, with an air chamber incorporated on top of a wooden structural floor and with
an Arabic tile finishing.
AR012
Construcció II
Most common small elements
Natural stone, slate, asphaltic
plates, waterproof tiles
(cat. Pedra natural, pissarra, plaques
asfàltiques, llosetes impermeables)
Arabic ceramic tile
Flat fitting ceramic tile
(cat. Teula ceràmica àrab)
(cat. Teula ceràmica plana d’encaix)
AR012
Construcció II
Water tightness small elements: types of fixing elements
Simple support
(Cat. Recolzament simple)
Mortars or adhesive elements
(cat. Morter o adhesius)
Tabs
(cat. Pestanya)
Nails and hooks
(cat. Clavat i ganxos)
AR012
Construcció II
Water tightness small elements : overlaps
Double overlap
material: slate
Water tightness small elements : overlaps
Simple overlap
ceramic material: Flemish tile
(cat. Teula flamenca)
AR012
Construcció II
Eigenhaard. Amsterdam. Netherlands. 1917. de Klerk
AR012
Construcció II
Metallic plates. Waterproof materials
Material: Zinc or copper plate
- Specialized workmanship for the treatment of the joints.
- Special attention when nailing the plates to the supporting element.
- Special attention to the plate’s folds.
- Special attention to singular points.
- High cost of non-ferrous materials.
Joints made by the folds of metallic - copper or zinc - plates.
AR012
Construcció II
Longitudinal joints pushed up without using bars.
Folded on site using trays.
Formation of ridge
Transversal joints
Plates on top of the support: detail of the fold’s execution at the worksite and
its final result.
AR012
Construcció II
Modern Art Museum. Stockholm. Sweden. 1990-98. R.Moneo
Sandwich-type panel made out of coated steel and incorporated
polyurethane foam.
AR012
Construcció II
CEIP a Salt. 2007. Serra, Ribera, Adroer
Sloped green roof
AR012
Construcció II
Lausanne metro station. 20??. ??
Sloped green roof
AR012
Construcció II
Joaniquet’s house. La Molina.
Construction of a ceramic roof
AR012
Construcció II
Execution of
supporting walls
and beveledbrick slab
(cat. Execució
dels envanets i
la solera de
maó bisellat.)
AR012
Construcció II
Execution of a slab, setting out of tiles, and waterproofing of valley rafters.
AR012
Construcció II
Placement of ceramic Arabic tiles fixed with cement mortar and setting out of singular points.
AR012
Construcció II
Execution of singular points
AR012
Construcció II
The image of a sloping roof
Roofs made out of ceramic and natural stones (slate) are the most common
sloped roofs in our environment: however, taking into consideration stability and
comfort requirements – mentioned previously - sloped roofs can be designed,
executed, and reinterpreted in many different types and ways.
In the next slides, we will show some projects that have chosen a very determining
architectonic language and that have resolved the roof according to the design,
the stability and the comfort requirements.
At this point, every roof image is accompanied by a constructive standard detail.
This way of showing the image with the constructive detail is to encourage you
and make it clear that every project solution is accompanied by a technical
reflection, which will be more or less accurate; and this will be said by time.
Flat tile roof
AR012
Construcció II
Erain School, Irun. 2008. J.M.Otxotorena
Clinker brick roof
AR012
Construcció II
El Cueto Occupational Center . Salamanca. 2008 C. Asensio, J.M. Lapuerta.
Ceramic tile roof
AR012
Construcció II
Santa Caterina Market. Barcelona. 1997-2005. EMBT
Synthetic membrane roof
AR012
Construcció II
Source: Revista Tectónica
Housing. Cologne. Germany. 2011. Manuel Herz
Construcció II
Synthetic membrane roof
AR012
Source: Revista Tectónica
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Reinforced concrete enclosure
Bitumen vapor barrier, e=0,5mm
Pinewood frame
Galvanized steel angle
Rigid thermal insulation, e=12-14cm, mechanically and using
adhesives fixed
F. Fiber glass mesh reinforced render, e=5mm
G. Wooden and aluminum window frames
H. Zinc perimeter flashing
I. Multi-layer polyurethane membrane
1. Waterproof layer, double-component polyurethane and sand,
e=0,2mm
2. Waterproof layer, double-component polyurethane, e=0,2mm
3. UV rays protective layer, one-component polyurethane resin
J. Extruded polyurethane frame
Housing. Cologne. Germany. 2011. Manuel Herz
AR012
Construcció II
Most common types of roof uses
Sloped roofs, depending on the orientation their slopes have, are more susceptible to take advantage
of their received energy as well as their received water.
Sloped roofs, if well oriented, are an ideal platform for the placement of solar energy collectors, in
order to produce electrical energy and thermal energy to generate hot water. Collector elements can
be placed in an integrated way, as well as in an overlaid position.
Elements which have been designed to be placed in an integrated way, generates integrated energyefficient projects. On the other side, overlaid installations respond only to a specific energy demand.
As overlaid elements, they must take into consideration an anchoring system to be attached to the
roof.
At the same time, roofs regardless of their orientations, are rainwater collector elements. This water
can be conducted and stored for a later use or reuse through evacuation systems
Photovoltaic solar energy collector roof
AR012
Construcció II
Housing. Stuttgart. Germany. Year?. Tina Volz
Energy collector roof through the means of heat
Solar energy collector panels are used for generating electric energy or hot water. These panels can be installed in sloped
roofs as long as they have an orientation within the limits of taking advantage of the collector’s efficiency, either in an
integral way or an overlaid way.
AR012
Construcció II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Photovoltaic panel with a frame
Bilateral fixator
Conergy profile
Hook
Beam
Lateral fixator
Light collector elements
Sloped roofs can incorporate elements in order to capture sunlight and take it to the place where
windows or natural illumination is needed. This is an important energetic saving system for domestic
illumination.
AR012
Construcció II
“SOLATUBE” (commercial license) natural interior lighting system
AR012
Construcció II
Rain water collector elements
1. Rain water collector surface
2. Water conducted through gutters for its
evacuation towards a water deposit.
3. Underground or aerial water deposit used for water
storage.
4. Final use:
- watering gardens
- in case of fire
- for greywater
Information sources
Class bibliography.
CTE. Documento Básico HS. Salubridad. HS1-2.4. Cubiertas
Constructing architecture, materials processes structures.. A handbook. Ed. Birkhäuser. Andrea Deplazes.
Construction Materials Manual. Ed. Birkhäuser. Hegger, Auch-Schwelk, Fuchhs, Rosenkranz
Complementary bibliography. RECOMMENDED.
La construcció de la arquitectura, Ignacio Paricio. “ 2 Els elements”
Las cubiertas de chapa, Ignacio Paricio. 1998 .Ed. Bisagra
Construcció II
La Cubierta del Edificio. José Coscollano Rodríguez. Ed. THOMSON-PARANINFO.
“Las claves para construir arquitectura”. Varios autores.
Tectónica núm.8 (Cubiertas inclinadas II)
Detail . Cubiertas año 2002, núm. 1
AR012
Detail . Cubiertas año 2004, núm. 4
ITEC. La coberta captadora als edificis d'habitatges
Ecohabitar any 2005 núm. 4
Manual para el diseño y ejecución de cubiertas de teja cerámica. Ediciones Hispalyt sección tejas
Diccionari visual de la construcció. www10.gencat.net/ptop/binaris/Dicc_cap3_tcm32-12286.pdf
www.salle.url.edu/tecnologia

sloped roofs

Transcription

Similar documents

Atlantis Energy Systems Inc.

Nick Sargent - Wellington Modelling

Regions CD Check Viewer Installation Guide

Untitled - Tin Roof

Atlantis Energy

QuadraTec™ - Auralex Acoustics

Stavic Accessories

Top Drive Granulator TDG / TDG PRO

LRM2 pdf - published November 2010

polystick tu plus