rililSTORICAII - Glengarry History

Transcription

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rililSTORICAII
SOCIET-Y
L2TH
AINLIAL VOLLJ/\\tr 1972
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INDEX
Page
2
Officers and Directors 1973
Financial Statement for 1972
3
The Year's Activities
5
The Seven Mile Run Those Were The Days -
8
By Dorothy Dumbrille
By Philip Ross-Ross
---
11
A Short Sketch of the Township of Lochiel -
By C. Campbell Fraser - --
14
The Glengarry Pipe Band'72 Scottish Tour -
By Grant MacGillivray ,,---
19
------
25
The King's Road Story -
By Ewan Ross
Documents and Sources of Information on Glengarry History
- By Rev. Douglas G. MacKay -- Cover -
Bv G. E. Broomhall
(The society assumesno responsibility for the statementsand
opinions of the authors of the various articles printed herein.)
THE GLENGARRY HISTORICAL
SOCIETY
28
Officers o nd Directors 1973
- Past President:Mrs. V. F. Crowley, RR 3' Dalkeith, Ont' --------,-president:Mrs. Duncan Grant, RR I, Williamstown, ont. ,-,,ont.
1,
Dalkeith,
RR
--Vice-President:Major R. G. MacGillivray,
Ont'
3,
Alexandria,
--RecordingSecretary:Mrs' J' R' Harper, RR
correspondingSecretary:Mrs. W. A. MacKinnon, Box 416, Alexandria ---Treasurer:Mr. G. E. Broomhall, RR 1, Alexandria, Ont' -----Directors-Kenyon: Mr. Keith Franklin, Maxville, Ont' -----Kenyon: Mr. Norman M. N4cleod, Dunvegan,Ont' ----'
- M ax v ille: M r.Os i e V i l l e n e u v e ,M a x v i l l e ,Ont' -----527' 2159
-Alexandria: Mr. Lorne Hall, Alexandria, Ont'
Ont'
Dalkeith,
MacGillivray,
Grant
Mrs.
-Lochiel:
OnL
Dalkeith,
MacMillan,
----*Lloyd
Lochiel: Mr.
-1411g45fe1;Mr. Philip Ross-Ross,Lancaster,Ont' *----*
-charlottenburgh: Mr. Archibald MacDonelt, williamstown -- ,,
Press and Publicity: Mrs. G. E. Broomhall, RR 1, Alexandria, ont.
Ont'
-- Yearbook Editor: Mrs. V. F. Crowley, RR 3. Dalkeith,
Genealogists:Mrs. Gordon Blair, 88 Lowther Avenue, Toronto, Ont' --*Mr. Harold MacMillan, Hawkesbury, Ont. -----clengarry Scottish Museum curator: Mrs. R. MacRae, Dunvegan, ont. - Nor'WestersMuseum Curator: Mrs. Ruth Mowat, Williamstown, Ont. -- ,-- Building Committee: Mr. Ian McMartin, Martintown, Ont. -----Committee Chairmen-Program and School Projects: Mrs. J. R. Harper
Antiques Show and Sale: Mrs. V. F. Crowley -------Fiddlers'Contestand Music Festival:Major R. G. MacGillivtay ,.Highland Games tsooth: Mrs. W. A. MacKinnon
Mr. Lloyd MacMillan
---Refreshments: Mrs. Elizabeth Clingen, Alexandria, Ont. ---*-- -- Library: Mrs. W. A. MacKinnon, Box 416, Alexandria, Ont'
Maxville,
Ont.
Franklin,
Keith
---Historical Research:Mrs.
Mr. Ewan Ross, Nairn Drive. Goderich, Ont.
Archives: Mrs. J. P. Macleod, RR 1, Dunvegan,Ont.
SOCIETY
525-3448
93I'I357
525'3472
525-IOZT
525-1934
525-3872
527-5533
527-5468
525'2550
525'3472
874'Z7Lz
341-2494
931-1016
525-3872
525'3448
527-5699
347'3174
528-4315
525-IO22
525'3448
525-3472
525-1934
874-2712
525-1353
525't934
527'5533
525-3733
The Glengorry HistoricolSocietY
1972 FinonciolStotement
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY
Balanceon hand Jan. 1, 1972 -----lvlembership Fees -----Donations
Antiques Fair ,--County Atlas -----Highland Games
Year Books
Parade Float ----Book Sales
Fiddlers' Contest
Serviettes, Hasti-Notes, MaPs, etc'
Artifact Purchase
Miscellaneous
Fees and Dues
Memorials
Conference Expenses
Insurance Increase
Advertising
Postage,Printing and Stationery -,-----Essay and Historical Projects
44.s0
417.00
41.95
148.O0
$5,163.52
TOTALS
Balanceon hand Dec. 31, 1972 -----GLENGARRY
Receipts
$t,739.64
353.80
550.00
l ,108.21
474.50
t01.42
159.50
25.00
Erpenses
$ 213.15
357.50
t.62
r68.25
85.01
54.50
635.28
38.23
10.00
t53.52
22.00
20.00
tr6.20
17.00
365.21
r49.63
159.00
$2,566.10
$2,597.42
SCOTTISII MUSEUM
Balanceon hand Jan. 1, 1972 ---,-Donations
Admissions
Membership Fees *-**-Provincial Grant
Township Grant ----Maintenance and SupPlies
Insurance
Hydro
Sign Permits
Curator
Assistant Curator
Caretaker
TOTALS
Balanceon hand Dec. 31, 1972 -*---THE GLENGARRY HISTORICAL
Receipts
$r,791.74
50.00
515.30
11.00
525.65
,=
Expenses
$
$3,193.69
SOCIETY
74.39
304.72
39.46
10.00
615.10
123.00
t25.40
$t,292.0't
$1,901.62
NOR'WESTERS MUSEUM
Receipts
llalance on hand Jan. l, 1972 -----Donations
Admissions
Concession Fees
Provincial Grant
Township Crant Maintenance and Supplies
Insurance
Hydro
Curator
Assistant Curator
Hasti-Notes
$ 934.20
300.00
585.27
86.00
885.28
600.00
TOTALS
Balanceon hand Dec. 31. 1972 ----------
$3,390.75
Expenses
$ 424.7s
141.00
81.95
728.O1
186.75
2L.6t
$1,584.07
$1,806.68
ST]MMARY
HistoricalSocietv
$2,597.42
1,90r.62
1,806.68
Glengarry Museum
Nor'Westers Museum
TOTAL
Cash on hand Dec. 31, 1 9 7 2 _ _ _ _
Bank balance Dec. 31, 1972
$6,305.72
$
1.59
6,3M.13
TOTAL
$6,305.72
Signed: G. E. BROOMHALL
Treasurer
AUDITOR'S
CERTIFICATE
I have examined the books and figures for the fiscal year ended the
3lst day of December, 1972, and hereby certify that they are correctly stated.
Signed J. A. FRASER
Auditor
SOCIETY
The Yeor's Activities
T h e c a l e n d a rm o n th sof| gT}foundtheexecuti veandmembersbusi l y
Historical-society' As the society's
involved in meetings anJ-activities of the Glengarry
became better known to those in
resourcesof genealogicatintormation, for insianie,
executives' work increasedand
the
ancestors,
Glengarry
their
search of information re
at ldid th e i rb e s tto a c ta s ..p u b l i c r" t uti ontypes' ' forGl engarryandi tshi story.
TheGlengarryScottishMuseumandtheNor'WestersMuseumwelcomed
and efficient curators and
hundreds of visitors, *"rro- *"t" greeted by the friendly
undoubtedly aided
brochures
museum
out
of
distrfbution
Extensive
assistantcurators.
m any n e w fri e n d s to d i s c o v e rth e e nj oymentofhi story,asdepi ctedbythei temson
display in the two museums'
MEETINGS
6th in the
The first business meeting in 1972 was held on APril
was
Collection'
Slides
The
"Glengarry
Glengarry District High School, Alexandria'
shown.
In M a y ,th e me e ti n g wasaddressedbyR ev' JohnMacK echni e' onthe
..Gaelic Culture". His scf,olarly and witty talk was greeted with enthusiastic
subject
applause.
T h e S e p te m b e rm e e ti ngw asaddressedbyC mdr.R .H ' S tokes-R ees,
and his 1ak was informative and amusing. It is with
on his wartime
"*p"ri"rr""r,
of Cmdr..Stokes-Reesin February, 1973, and our
passing
Lf
tn"
i""r.r"a
;*J*"
syirpathy is extended to the members of his family'
of an
In November, the society was honored by the presentation
is a member of
,,Glimpses
who
Harper,
Russell
Dr.
by
Past"
the
of
illustrated talk
receiving copies of
o,r,. ,o"l"ty. This tali< was very much enloyea by all. Members
his Honorary
received
had
Harper
Dr.
that
The Glengarry News will have noted
1972'
during
Guelph
of
University
the
Doctoratelrom
T h e J u n e a n d O c to b erbusi nessmeeti ngsw eredevotedtoreportsand
general business.
MUSEUMS' ACTIVTIIES
G l e n g a rry S c o tti s hMuseum,D unvegan,openedas.usual i nmi d-June,
the "official"
but the annual hymn sing and picnic, held on July 2nd, was considered
the museum,
through
passed
visitors
of
up""l"g. During the suirmer, iarge numbers
on
the clearing
proceeded
Work
children.
school
groups
of
loca]
also
and there were
year.
of the additional section of land donated to the society last
The Nor'Westers Museum officially opened for the seasonon ;uns 24th,
whe n C o l .Wi l l i a mP a te rs o n o ffi c i ated.A di spl ayofw orkbyl ocal craftsmenand
The prizewomen was a feature on the opening weekend, and following''weeks.
also at
were
Schoolhouse"
"First
and
*ir-i"g school project displays ';Sogui Camp"
of
regionally-costumed
collection
a
loan
as
well
as
summer,
the
auiing
the mr.iseum
and during
dolls. The Grenville Historical 3ociety visited the museum on June 24th,
of
the
Association
Members
also
recorded.
were
children
school
the season,visits of
area'
for Preservation and Restoration Technology paid a visit to the Williamstown
the
and
14th,
Oct'
Saturday,
weekend,
closing
and the Nor'Westers Museum on its
SOCIETY
president, vice-president,other officers and members attended, acted as hostessesand
served afternoon tea.
MEMBERS' AMENDAITCE
Mrs. V. F. Crowley, president, represented the Glengarry Historical
Society at the annual meeting of the Ontario Historical Society, held June 22nd to
June 24th, 1972, at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, and reported much
interest in Glengarry and its history, as expressedby other delegates.
The Spring Regional Workshop, for local societies,was held April 22nd
at Fort Frontenac, Kingston, Ontario, and was attended by the president, and the
corresponding secretary, Mrs. W. A. MacKinnon. The Fall Workshop, held at the
Illock House, Merrickville, Ontario, September30th, was attended by Mrs. MacKinnon
and Mrs. J. P. Macl-eod, society archivist.
Mr. and Mn. G. E. Broomhall represented the Glengarry Historical
Society at a conferenceheld at Belleville, Ontario, November 17th and 18th. The
theme of the conference was "The Local Historical Society and the School", and a
most colnprehensive leport was given by Mrs. Broomhall at the society's annual
meeting held February 8th, 1973, in the board room, Ministry of Agriculture,
Alexandria, Ont.
On September 20ih, 1972, the president, Mrs. V. F. Crowley and past
president, Major R. G. MacGillivray and Mrs. MacGillivray, attended the dedication
ceremony of the memorial marker, in recognition of the MacGillivrays of "Dalcrombie"
which was placed in the cemetery of St. Andrew's United Church, Williamstown.
Following this ceremony, Mrs. Van Beek and her committee served tea in the church
hall, guests of honor being Mr. and Mrs. George Arnott (the latter a relative of the
late Miss Carrie Holmes MacGillivray). Several members also attended the unveiling
of the plaque commemorating Simcn Fraser, at his former home, St. Andrews, Ontario,
Sunday,October 15th.
Many society members had the pleasure of attending a wine and cheese
party on December 7th, as guestsof Dr. and Mrs. W. J. Johnson, at their home near
Martintown.
1972 PROJECTS
The historical project for high schools consistedof table model displays,
nrade by students. First and secondprize winners were shown at Nor'Westers Museum
during the summer, and the honourable mention model "Munro's Mills" was shown
at the Glengarry Scottish Museum.
Taking pafi in the July lst Parade at Alexandria, and sponsoredby our
society, a number of young students from Laggan Public School formed a colorful
display of provincial crests and flags on board a wagon float - this float won lst
prize!
A "Glengarry Essay Contest" was held and the first and second prizewinning stories "The Seven Mile Run" by Dorothy Dumbrille, and "Those Were the
Days" by Philip Ross-Ross,respectively, are printed in this volume of the year book.
Ihe $50 first prize for this contest was given to the society by Mr. Ewan Ross.
The booth at the Highland Games was staffed by members and, as
usual, was a focal point for old and new Glengarrians.
The sixth annual Antiques Show and Sale was held September l5th
T HE GL ENGARRY HIST ORICAL S OC IE TY
and 16th, 1972, at the Green Valley Pavilion. Attendance was very satisfactory and
the show successful.
Reproductions of historical atlasesof Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
prescott
and R.ussell were purchased and resold to interested members and friends.
The Fiddlers' contest and Music Festival, held october 21st in the
Glengarry District High School, Alexandria, brought our season'smajor activities to
a close.
Many donations of artifacts, and money, are given yearly to the society
1972,
particular mention should be made of the generosity of Mr. Ewan
but during
Ross: $50; Mrs. Dorothy Dumbrille: $50; Mr. and Mrs. Philip Ross-Ross:$500. To
all who help, in any way, the work of the society, much appreciation.
Space dictates brevity, but it was a busy year!
THE GLENGARRY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
The Seven Mile Run
Bv Donorsv Durngnrllp
When Viscount Monck, who afterwards became Canada's first
Covernor General, r'isited Quebec in 1864 and journeyed up the Ottawa by boat
accompanied by his wife, she wrote in her journal of the uncommon good looks of
the Glengarry river men who drove the timber on the Ottawa River. Glengarry, home
of these brawny Scots, is the most easterly county of what was once Upper Canada,
bordering on the Province of Quebec, then known as Lower Canada.
The ambition of almost every Glengarry boy was some day to be a
river man. Norman MacRae was no exception. He and his brothers practised riding
timber on smaller rivers until they were big and strong enough to venture with the
loggingcrews on the Ottawa, or into Georgian Bay. Glengarry rivers, in pioneer days,
wider and swifter than they are now; the De Grasse; De Lisle; Garry and Rigaud
were near and navigable streamson which Glengarry boys learned to balance on timber
without too much danger provided they could swim.
Along the banks of the De Lisle, encampmentswere set up where the
loggers stopped at night. dried their clothes and sought shelter with district settlers,
the one large front room in a house accommodating the sleeping bodies of as many as
30 loggers, lying side by side wrapped in blankets, the great stove or fireplace adding
much to their comfort.
Glengarry was at that time thick forest. Homes were built of logs and,
outside of sparse farming and the making and selling of potash, the settlers depended
tipcn lumbering for a living unless they ventured west with Alexander MacKenzie,
Simon Fraser, David Thompson or other gentlemenof the fur trade.
The MacRae brothers, handsome, brave and resourceful, soon became
expert loggers. All rvinter they cut timber and drew or rolled it to the banks of the
rivers to wait the thaw and the spring breakup. One old Highlander, at the end of
an unusually long and hard winter, reassuredhis neighbor, "The rains of spring always
bring a thaw, whateffer. I never saw a spring yet when breakup didna come - and
I've lived through thousandsof rhem!" The ice mcved out in early April, an exciting
time in the MacRae home where everything centred around the departure of the men.
Norman, a tall lad with wide shouldersand slim hips, a big, booming laugh and bold
blue eyes the color of sunlit water, was a favorite. Many of the crew were French
canadian and their songs were as well known to Norman as were those he sang in
Gaelic. On this particular April morning when he and his brother, Andrew, went
for the first time into Georgian Bay, they were filled with wild excitement. There
is, to a logger, no more beautiful sight than solid miles of timber boomed back in the
river waiting to be driven. On either side of this "boom" as it was termed. there was
alwaysa boat called a "pointer", manned by eight of the strongestrowers whose duty
it was to confine the bcom.
Norman was superstitious about this trip. Many Scots claimed second
sight. Ever since he was a small boy, "Big Norman" as he was now called, had
known he possessedthis special gift. Once. when a neighbor's child had been lost in
the bush, after two days and nights of search by everyone in the district, he had
returned from Montreal, gone straight to the spot and found the three-year-old alive,
sleeping under a spruce, on a mossy bank. He had made light of it, ..A fool for
Iuck!" he laughed, but his mother knew this boy of hers was different, that he was
T HE GL ENGAF RY HIST ORIC A L S OC IE TY
..guided by the Spirit". Norman was embarrassedwhen she talked about it but someti'ing told him this trip was a special one and much might be expected of him.
Norman had learned a valuable trick from an Indian: to balance on a
log in his corked boots, spin the timber around, drive it down lower at the end on
*ii"h h" stood, then turn it completely over, end to end. This was the accomplishment of a very strong and agile man and Norman, who fulfilled both these
requirements, did it over and over again, giving a triumphant shout each time his
comradescheered.
What a picture it made! There had been the exciting run on the first
lap of the Ottawa River journey. when nights were spent in shanties.andhomes along
the way, then the first sight of "big water", the entrance to Georgian Bay. Ahead
of them lay two solid miles of logs boomed back ready for the run. Men waved to
each other, the French Canadians sang lustily in their own language; while the air
rang with the song of the Glengarry river men: "Ho-ro mo nighean donn bhoidtreactrl" Their songs bounded off the steep rocks on the shore and mingled with the
music of the dark pines which seemedto be beating time with long arms stretched
out over the Bay.
There was a wind, Norman realized; quite a high wind! He could
feel it through his rough homespun jacket. All river men dressedalike: heavy trousers
tucked into high, corked boots, a bright knitted sash, heads capped in a tasseledwool
toque knitted by some woman of the family from the wool taken from their own
sheep. Red was the favorite color, contrived from dye from the sumach.
Norman wasn't afraid even when he saw the river widen and his timber
began to swing with the strong current around a bend into big water. He was now
ridlng alone. In his hands he carried a pike pole, a long, strong stick, outfitted at
the end with an iron claw. He grasped this more firmly and balanced himself carefully as he realizedhe had left the two pointers far behind. He was on his own now;
his own man. He gave a loud whocp of triumph, exulting in his strength and
confident of his agility to carry through. He could no longer hear the shouts of
the other men. In front of him stretchedthe great expanseof dark, tossing Waves
where the current swung sharply to 1he right. He tried to avoid a large log bearing
down on his own but was unsuccessful;it struck his timber with terrific force, almost
knocking him down. Novr he did begin to be afraid. The wind was much stronger
here over the big water. His timber rose on a foam-cappedwave, then plunged down
into a deep, green trough; up and down, up and down he rode with the water licking
hungrily at tris tog to swing it sharply shoreward. How far away was that shoreline?
He was afraid to look up. his maintaining of balancetaking all his concentration. A
great wave broke over his timber and nearly swallou,edhim, then another and another!
His hands on the pike pole were numb with cold and so stiff he could not feel the
wood.
In every crisis the strange second sight of the Highlander had sustained
him; it didn't fail him now. He tJrought he heard his mother's voice calling to him
on the wind, "Hang on Normie! Hang on, laddie; it's yourself that's going to be all
right!"
Norman wasn't cold any more. His clothesclung to his back and sweat
formed on his forehead, running down to his eyes.
Was it his fancy, or were the waves actually becoming smaller? Suddenly
there were other timbers nudging, pushing against the one on which he rode. One
THE
GLENGARRY
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY
large log separatedfrom others and swung alongside him. When the timbers collided,
Big Norman fell on his face, letting his pole fall from his helpless hands. His long
arms dangled on either side of the two timbers, binding them together. And so they
found him; the man on the other log took over just as he lost consciousness.
When he revived he was wrapped in blankets. He realized he wasn't
out in the cold any more but on the floor in front of a fireplace in a rough shanty
of some sort. A big man in a checked shirt was stirring a big pot hanging on a crane
and a most appetizing smell filled the room. Men were pulling off wet shirts and
hanging them, steaming, in front of the fire. Andrew was bending over him, "That
was a wonderful trip you made, Man", he said admiringly. "Seven miles, alone, in
heavy water, on a single log! I doubt that any man has ever done the like before!"
"Seven miles, was it?" said Big Norman, weakly. "Man alive, it seemed like seven
hundred whateffer!" Then he whispered, huskily, "but I heared the Spirit, Andy; the
Spirit spoke to me. I heard Maither say "Hang on, Normie, Lad!"
Andrew would be the last to discredit Norman's imaginings, or rvhatever
they might be, but others would not understand. "It's himself that's raving", he
explained to the landlord who handed him a mug of the hot soup, "he doesn't know
what he's saying whateffer!" He raised Norman's head and helped him drink from
the steamingcup. "Here's something to warm yer insides, Laddie!"
The seven mile run was never forgotten among the river men, or in the
homes of Glengarry. Such deeds were the topic of conversation wherever people got
together. Big Norman lived to be an old man and his descendantsstill take pride
in telling of his strength and prowess to which this adventure was but the prelude.
Many a boy in the county is ashamedtoday to be reminded by his grandfather, "Don't
tbrget the past, Laddie, but remember it's what you, yerself, do today that counts!"
-lsr
l0
TIIE
Pnrzr: Gr,Bxcenny Essay CoNresr
GLENGARRY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
Those Vere The Days
Bv Psrr-rp Ross-Ross
This is the story of things I have seen or been told about in the past
50-60 years, mostly in the Township of Lancaster in the south end of Glengarry
County.
we came to live on Lot 31, concession I, Township of Lancaster,in
the spring of L914.
The original concession road is now in Lake st. Francis, somewhere
between 500 and 1,000 feet from shore off Lot 31. ln L9I4 the lake water was so
clear, one could see the bottom, 10-15 feet below the surface, and I have seenthe old
piers of the bridge of the first road at Finney's Creek. Also one could and did drink
ihe water without danger! The road was lost when the old Beauharnois Canal was
built. A dam was put up which causedflooding and extensiveerosion. The government paid 40 poundsdamagesto the ownersof Lot 31 in 1853, also damagesto other
owners along the lake shore.
This first road formed the main street of South Lancaster, joining the
present Highway No. 2 just west of the village, crossing the Raisin River near the
iake. To the east it angled off at Faulkner's Point, became lost in the lake, came back
to land at Westley Point and then was again lost in the lake.
The second road started out at the same place, but kept well back from
the lake till the water got too close through erosion, so a third road was built in 1876
which is now County Road 17, formerly known as King's Highway No. 2. The second
road can still be seen as far east as Lot 31.
This third road. built in 1876, was a concessionroad and statute labor
was done on it till the province took it over. The roads in those days were bad' mud
and bog in the spring, and dust in summer. When we moved here, and brought the
kitchen stove and icebox from Lancaster Village to the farm, we had to add a second
team to our wagon for the last half mile. The road at Lot 34 near the present Scalehouse was so bad that, when driving on one side, the other side moved. It was a iarge
mud puddle. When it was taken over by the province after World War I, the first
work was done by the farmers drawing stone from fences back in the country to a
crusher set up a mile east of the village. The stone was crushed' drawn out and
dumped in the middle of the road in a windrow during the winter and spread in
Inthe 1920's,the right of way was widened and a proper surfacewas built.
ru-*...
To do this, a contractor, Mr. Irvine, set up a camp for his horses and men on the side
road between 3l atd 32. Horses and dump wagons were used.
King's Highway No. 2 was the main highway between Toronto and
Montreal until a few years ago when it became so crowded 401 was started' Now
we have eight lanes passingacross Lot 31, County Road 17, the Macdonald4artier
Freeway (401) four lanes, and to the south of it the service road, all three roads in
one block.
In winter, in the early days, the roads were kept open by driving your
horse or horses with sleighs, making a single track and turning out when one met
another outfit. This track would build up until sometimesit would be three feet above
the snow on either side. In places the roads became so bad that fences were cut and
winter roads were made through the fields. I hauled logs to Vincent's Mill in North
SOCIETY
11
Lancasterhaving to drive through the farm fields between the 4th and 5th concessions,
the side road being blocked. ln 1929 I hauled 10,000 feet of logs to the mill and it
cost only $45.00 for having it sawn. It was a busy mill with farmers bringing logs
from all over the country.
Later on, plows were used in the winter to cut the ridges down. Two
steel blades were mounted between a set of bob-sleighs and hauled by two or four
horses. For years before road plows were used, the Military Road, now known as
Highway 34, was rolled by a 6-foot roller drawn by four to six horses. This made a
good road some 40-50 years ago.
When plows were first used, they were paid by the mile and trip, and
oniy brought out after a storm. One year King's Highway No. 2 was completely
blocked from early Saturday till late Tuesday and the snow was level with the roof
of the snowplow at Parco village. This was in the 1940's! At that time the snow
was only pushed to the edge of the road and the banks were high, so it did not take
long for the road to fill in again. Today the snow is plowed back to the fences, the
plows coming out at the beginning of a storm.
In 1914, the old harnessmaker in Lancaster,Mr. Vallance, who lived
and worked in the house opposite the present Williamstown Road, told me that in the
old days there was so much traffic on the Military Road betw.eenHawkesbury and
South Lancaster that there were two lanes in winter with traffic going both ways at
once. The produce from the Ottawa River and south was brought to South Lancaster,
stored in warehousesand shipped out by barges. To take care of this heavy traffic,
there were five or six hotels in Lancaster, and six or eight hotels, or boarding houses,
in south Lancaster, plus two wharves. Later a government wharf was built. A ship
ran between Montreal and Cornwall, stopping at all the villages and there was a smail
tug belonging to the sawmill which hauled logs down the Raisin River and up and
down Lake st. Francis to this mill, which was so busy it sawed day and night. Besides
the sawmill, there was a tannery and big box factory which was later burnt. Finally,
when railways were built between the Ottawa River and Lancaster. all this traffic died
out.
In early days, all the sand and gravei was drawn by horses on sleighs
or wagons. Proctor's pit, south of St. Raphaels,kept a stove in a cave and so we were
able to haul gravel all winter, which was easieras one could draw up to two tons easily.
Those were busy, peaceful days, no noise, no smog, the winters were
cold, bright, dry and good!
The railway through Lancasterwas built 1850-55. Besidesthe station,
there was a large freight shed on a siding, also an express shed and there were three
big warehousesto the east of the station on a siding north of the tracks. In those
days there was an agent or station master, and two operators, the station being open
?.1 hours, as all trains were reported and received orders here.
There were l0 passengertrains a day, five each wayo and six stopped
at Lancaster. The oldest was the Moccasin, a local passengertrain from Brocliville
that carried all the milk to Montreal, 100 cans from Bainsvilleand 60 from Lancaster.
In addition, there were the big freight trains and a way freight that stopped everywhere.
Now no trains stop at Lancasterand the station is gone.
When the railway was first built. there was a two-span iron bridge over
the Raisin River. This river, up till lately, always flooded over its banks in ipring,
flowing across the fly which was a low spot between Lancaster and South Lancaste-i
t2
TIIE
GLENGARRY
IIISTORICAL
SOCIETY
crossing Highway No. 2 six or eight inches deep, and running into the lake a mile or
so east of South Lancaster instead of west of it. One year the ice jammed at the
railway bridge covering the tracks as far east as the station and washing out the ballast.
The midnight passengertrain crossedthis flood safely, stopped west of the bridge and
sent a flagman back who had to hold on to the rails to get to the station. After that
there were watchmen kept at the bridge in the spring till the ice went out, up to the
end of the 1914-18 war, even after the new one-spanbridge was built.
Up till about 20-30 years ago we hauled ice from Lake St. Francis.
The ice then was anywhere from 30 to 48 inches thick and we hauled loads on the
lake up to 10 tons, but in the later years the ice was so poor and dangerous,we had
'1o use the roads for safety. This ice was stored in icehousesand covered with sawdust.
It was used to cool milk and for refrigeration.
-2No
Pnrze : GrnNcRnnv E,ssa"*CoNrnsr
SOCIETY
13
A Short Sketch of the Township of Lochiel
Bv C. C.cMpsnLL Fnasnn
On November 27th, 1818, the Township of Lochiel officially came into
to
that
date it had been merely a part of the Township of Lancaster. But
up
being;
the settlement of Lochiel began ?4 years before that with the arrival in 1794 of a
group of about 40 families, mainly Mcleods, McGillivrays, McCuaigs and Mclntoshes
from Glenelg in Scotland. They received grants of land in the neighborhood of
Kirkhill, and so the first settlement in Lochiel was founded. A plaque commemorating
this significant event was unveiled on the farm of Roddie D' K' Mcleod, Lot 18,
Concession6, in 1965; incidentally, this farm has been in the same family since 1794
when it was granted to Alexander Mcleod, leader of that group of 40 families which
formed the nucleus of what is today Lochiel Township. Among the early settlers
of the township were many Camerons, and it is believed that that is why the township
bears the name Lochiel in honor of the Chief of the Cameron Clan.
In 1818 when Lochiel was giventownship statusthere was no municipal
government in the sensein which we know it today. Upper Canada was divided into
a number of districts, the most easterly of which was called Eastern District. It
covered approximately the same area as the present United Counties of Stormont,
Dundas and Glengarry. Whatever was done in the way of municipal government was
carried on by the General Sessionsof the Peace. This body was made up of appointed
Justices of the Peace and it met, perhaps at various places throughout the district,
twice a year in June and December. These courts disposed of criminal casesbut in
addition they had control of district or county property, roads and bridges, assessment,
and the collection and expenditure of local taxes. They probably functioned with
reasonableefficiency but they were not democratic institutions in that the people had
no say in the selectionof the members.
The first step towards democratic municipal government was made
when the Parliament of Upper and Lower Canada passedthe Municipal Act of 1841.
While this Act did not make provision for a Municipal Council within each municipality, it did set up a District Council which was given control over roads and other
rnunicipal undertakings, including the collection of taxes. One or two representatives
were to be elected from each township, the ones having more than 300 voters to have
two members. The District Council was headed by a Warden who was appointed by
the Crown. Lochiel's representatives in the first District Council of the Eastern
District were Alexander Chisholm and John Stewart.
A further change was made with the passing of the Municipal Act of
1849 which set up essentiallythe system of municipal government which we have
today. That is, each township elected a council consisting of a reeve, a deputy-reeve
and three councillors. The Eastern District ceasedto exist and was replaced by the
United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. The Counties Council was
made up of the reeves and deputy-reevesof the municipalities within its jurisdiction,
and the warden was chosen by the members of the Counties Council from among
themselves. Lochiel's very first municipal council elected in 1850 was headed by
Alexander McDonell as reeve and John Stewart as deputy-reeve. These two gentlenren, therefore, representedLochiel in the first Counties Council which met in 1850.
Alexander McDonell lived on Lot 33, Concession 4, of tochiel, a farm now owned
by Pat Hammill, whose wife, the late Mary Margaret McDonell, was a granddaughter
of the first reeve.
ld
THE
GLENGARRV
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY
The Township of Lochiel has, from time to time, provided a warden
for the Counties Council. In 1854, Alexander McDonell, mentioned above, served
as warden. Donald A. Macdonald was warden in 1856. He later was Member of
Parliament for Glengary, became Postmaster General in the government of the
Honourable Alexander McKenzie, and eventually was Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario.
He lived at Garry Fen on Mill Square, Alexandria, the home now occupied by Arthur
Nlaclaren. At the time that the Honourable D. A. was Reeve of Lochiel, Alexandria
was part of the Township of Lochiel. It was only in 1883 that it was incorporated
as a village, and therefore ceased to be part of Lochiel. It was given town status
in 1902.
Archibald McNab became warden in 1868. He, too, later represented
Glengarry in the House of Commcns, and was then appointed Sheriff of the United
Counties. He lived in Breadalbane. Duncan A. McDonald was warden in 1880. He
was popularly known as Duncan Curly, was Postmaster of Alexandria for over 50
years, and his residence is now the clubrooms of the Knights of Columbus in
Alexandria. When Alexandria became an incorporated village in 1883, he was i-he
first reeve. The warden for 1889 was Peter Stewart from the Breadalbane area. He
followed farming but in the winters he gave singing lessons in the various schoolhouses
in the township. He was adept with the violin and also learned to play the organ
and the flute. He was Reeve of Lochiel for seven years. In 1913 David Robertson,
of Glen Robertson, filled the office of warden; in 1925 Allan Campbell, of Dalkeith,
was so honored; in 1943 Dan (Baker') McDonald, of Glen Sandfield, served in that
office. For the current year of 1973, the wardenship has again come to Lochiel.
Reeve Gerard Massie has the added distinction of being the first French person to
become Warden of the United Counties.
One of the most important persons in municipal government is the
township clerk. Reeves and councils come and go but the clerk stays on. After
years of service, he accumulates a tremendous fund of knowledge about municipal
affairs and he is absolutely indispensabte to the reeve and members of council. Lochiel,
rn the 122 years that it has been a municipality has had only five clerks, and that
includes the present cierk, Elmer McNaughton, who assumed office in 1970. The
first clerk was Owen Quigley who served from 1851 to 1871. Succeeding clerks are:
Dougatd Ban McMillanlST2 to 1896;.Valentine G. Chisholm 1897 to 1948; Archibald
J. McDonald 1948 to 1970.
Meetings of the township council have been held until recently at
sc that the "Capitai" of the township has been at Lochiel. They
Corners,
Quigley's
were held for many years in the hotel owned by Owen Quigley, and even after the
hotel ceased operations they took place in the same building until 1932 when a new
township hall was built on the site of the old hotel. Pacifique Poirier, of Glen Sandfield, acquired the old hotel and used the lumber to build a cheese factory on rhe,
Glen Robertson to Dalhousie road; however, after a few years the factory was
destroyed by fire. When the Cement Schoolhouse between Lochiel and Fassifern was
no longer required for school purposes in 1969, it was purchased by the township.
It now provides good quarters for the clerk and his assistant and there is, in addition,
a room which is frequently used by organizations for small public meetings.
An examination of the minutes of the early council meetings shows
that the members spent most of their time discussing such matters as the appointment
of fence viewers, path masters, road commissioners, pound keepers, assessors, tax
collectors, the building and repair of roads and bridges, the raising of money for
school purposes, and the recommendation of "fit and proper persons" to be granted
TIIE
GLENGARRY
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY
15
r
tavern licences. There \r,asno welfare program, although occasionally certain indigent
people were relieved from paying municipal taxes becauseof their circumstances. In
l87l the Lochiel Council did concern itself with the coming Railway Age. The idea
of a railway from ottawa io Montreal was being talked about, particularly in
Alexandria where the Montreal and city of ottawa Railway company was organized.
As the railway would pass through the township, financial help was requested by the
promoters,and on October 10th, 1871, the Lochiel Council committed the township
to make a grant of $40,000 to the railway. Difficulties were encountered by the
railway company and the work was held up for almost 10 years until finally with the
assistanceof J. R. Booth, the lumber king of Ottawa, the road was constructed in
1881 and 1882, and was called the Canada Atlantic Railway. It is now part of the
CNR system. With the exception of a branch line which runs from Glen Robertson
to Hawkesbury,and which was built in 1891, it is the only railway which traverses
the Township of Lochiel. At ihe Lochiel council meeting in May, 1881, the councillors
feit it necessaryto remind the railway that it had given an undertaking to council that
shouldthe $40,000grant be made by Lochiel, the company would provide a permanent
station "at a point where the railway would cross Lot 9 in the 2nd Concession of
I-ochiel known as Charley Roy's Corners". The reminder in the form of a resolution
was forwarded to the raiiway and it must have been effective becausea station was
built where the CNR Glen Robertson station now stands. As the site was purchased
from Alexander Robertson, the village which grew up around it was called Glen
Robertson.
Mention has been made that the nucleus of Lochiel was probably the
40 families which settled in the Kirkhill area in 1794. Settlers continued to come in,
and the population of the township was reported in 1842 to be 2o47. The needs of
th-e_
growing population had to be met in the way of schools, stores and churches. By
1875 there were 17 elementary public schools and two Roman Catholic Separate
schools in Lochiel. For schocl administration purposes,the township was divided
into 16 school sections,in each cf which there was a public school,with the exception
of School Section No. 3, where there were two. At the time this article is being
written, all theseschoolshave been ciosedand have been replacedby a modern school
at Laggan to which pupils are bussed from the entire trwnship. As a matter of
historicalrecord, the locationsof theseone-roomschoolsare as follows: pSS No. lMccrimmon; No. 2-Breadalbane; No. 3 East-spring creek; No. 3 west-pine
Grove; No. 4-Dalkeith; No. S-I-ochiel (the cement school); No. 6-Lorne; No. Z
-Brodie; No. 8*Glen Sandfield; No. 9-Eigg; No. l0-Alexandria; No. ll-Boyd
Schoolon Glen RobertsonRoad; No. l2-Glen Robertson;No. l3-North of Kirkhiil;
No. l4-Mccormick;
No. l5-I"ochinvar; No. l6*Northeast corner of Lochiel.
The two separateschools were at Alexandria and Glen Robertson. When the French
population of the township increased, bilingual schools in which French was taught
were built in some school sections.
Each elementary school section was administered by a board of three
truste€schosen by the ratepayers of the section, usually at the annual meeting which
was held late in December. Eventually a Township Board of rrustees emerged,
replacing the trusteesin each school section. All this was changed in 1969 when-the
County Board of Education was set up with jurisdiction over all-Public and Secondary
schoolsin the United Counties. A SeparateSchool Board was establishedat the same
time to be in charge of all separate schools in Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry.
It might be interesting to note that in 1875, the total amount levied in
the 16 schoolsectionsto operate all the public schoolsin the township was $2,1g2.16.
of cotrrse, this was supplemented by a grant from the provinciaf Department of
16
THE GLENGARRY HISTORICAL. SOCIETY
Education, bgt the total of the two (local levy and grant) is insignificant in comparison
to the amounts that are required today for educational purposes.
There was no high school in Lochiel until 1864 when one was opened
at Alexandria in co-operationwith the Township of Kenyon. Inasmuch as Alexandria
was part of Lochiel until 1883, it is quite correct to say that Lochiel at one time did
have a high school within its boundaries.
Lochiel has always been a township of farms, but here and there "mall
concentrationsof peopleformed in villagesand hamlets. These were the spots where
businesswas carried on. The typical hamlet would consist of a store, a post office,
a church, a tavern and a shop or mill of some kind. A word or two about the villages
of Lochiel might be in order.
McCrimmon is in the northwest corner of the township. The focal
point of McCrimmon is the store which has been in the same McCrimmon family for
at least 67 years. The village was called Kingsburg at one time but the name lvas
changedon March lst, 1877, to McCrimmon. It had a post office from 1876 to
1919 but the setting up of a rural mail route eliminated it. It is understood that
McCrimmon had at one time a blacksmith shop, a sawmill, an establishmentrun by
Angus Fergusonwho made wagons and violins, a licensedhotel operated by Angus
Grant, and a Sons of Scotland Hali. Also in the neighborhood was the famous
Bullfrog Tavern.
Laggan, on Highway 34, had a post office dating from 1848 but it was
closed in 1915 rvhen rural mail delivery was instituted. The first postmasterwas
Donald Cattanachwho moved from Alexandria to the border of Lochiel in 1832, when
he set up a store and called the place Laggan. Cattanach was a man of many parts.
He was engaged in the lumber business,he farmed, he was a local magistrate, and
he set up Bible classesin his home, which were attendedby people from a wide area.
ln 1862 Kirkhill was granted a post office, with James Dunn as the
postmaster. It was closedin August, 1916, but it was briefly re-openedfrom February,
1921 to December, 1928 during rvhich period William A. Dewar was the postmaster.
As the birthplaceof the Township cf Lochiel, it was known at first as Glenelg because
that was the place in Scotland from which the earliest settlers came. In 1820 the
settlers began the building of a smatl wooden Presbyterian church. In 1862 the
building which now housesthe St. Columba congregationwas undertaken. In 1845
the present Kirkhill United Church was organized and the Free Church building was
completedin 1850. Appropriately enough, the name of the settlementwas changed
to Kirkhill.
The first pcst office in the township was opened in 1821 at Lochiel,
Concession5, Lot 25, with John Cameron as postmaster. Although the hamlet was
frequently called Quigley's Corners, its official name was Lochiel. Not only was it
the first post office in the township, but it was only the second to be established
in the whole County of Glengarry, Lancasterhaving been granted one in 1817. As
indicatedearlier in this sketch,Lochiel was the locale for the council meetings. Owen
Qnigley bought the corner from John Cameron in 1842 and operated a hotel and
store for many years. Just west of the Lochiel corner is St. Alexander's Roman
Catholic Church which was built in 1851.
Glen Sandfield, on Lots 7 and 8, Concession4, was granted a post
office in 1858, with Archibald McDonald as postmaster. The present store owned
by Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Bickerstaff has a long history. It was built in 1868 by
Angus McRae and it has been operating as a store continuously since that year a matter of 104 years. The village was originally called Sandfield in honor of lohn
SOCIETY
t7
Sandfield Macdonald who was given a Crown grant of land near the village on JLlne
l3th, 1853. The name was changedto Glen Sandfieldon July lst, 1874. The United
Church in the village was built as a Presbyterianchurch in 1882 or 1883, but the
organization of the congregation predated the building by many years.
Dalkeith was originally known as Robertson's Mills because William
Robertson and his brother had a mill on River de Grasse, and also ran a large general
store. In 1867 a post office was opened with William Robertsonas postmaster. It
is interesting to note that Dalkeith is one of two post offices still functioning in the
township, the other being at Glen Robertson. The Robertson store was purchased
by the Roman Catholic parish of Dalkeith in the Thirties and was converted into a
church now known as St. Paul's. Previous to a parish being establishedat Dalkeith,
the Roman Catholics in that area were served by the priest of Lochiel. While most
of the villages of the township have decreasedin size, Dalkeith appearsto have enjoyed
considerablegrowth, and it is now one of the most important centres, business-wise,
in the township.
Brodie, situated halfway between Glen Sandfield and Dalkeith, had a
post office from 1884 to 1915 with John A. Smith, and later his son Walter, as postmaster. The Covenanter, or Reformed Presbyterian,church is located at Brodie. One
of two Covenanter churchesstill existing in Canada, it was buiit about 1860. The
earliestsettlerswere Brodies; hence the origin of the place name.
Breadalbaneis the name of a community rather than a village although
it had a post office from 1862 to 1916. A map of the township made in 1879 shows
that it was located on Lot 13, Concession9, a property owned by John R. Campbell.
lJre earliest settlers came from Breadaibane in Scotland, and this community is the
site of the only Baptist church in Lochiel Township. In 1835 a chapel was built, but
the congregationwas organized in 1816 shortly after the arrival of the first settlers.
In 1862 the presentchurch building was begnn. It is jcined with Vankleek Hill in
the same pastoral charge, and although the membership has decreasedconsiderably,
servicesare held every Sunday.
Glen Robertson, formerly known as Charley Roy's Corners, was earlier
referred to in connection with the building of the Canada Atlantic Railway. It was
for lnany years a busy railway centre as it was the lunction of the Montreal-Ottawa
line and the Glen Robertson-Hawkesbury
line. It receiveda post office in 1874. Ihe
Roman Catholic parish of St. Martin of Tours was establishedin 1895. The present
church building on Main Street is the third since the organization of the parish. The
first building was destroyedby fire in August, 1916, and the secondone in June, 1954.
Both these buildings were on the hill south of the hotel, where the burial ground is.
Before 1895, mass was said on occasionin some of the homes in the village.
There were two other post offices in the township, one at McCormick
in the Third Concession, and one at Lochinvar. The McCormick office functioned
from 1887 to 1914 and during that period it had only two postmasters,H. R.
McDonald and Mrs. Mary McDonald. The building in which the post office was
located is still standing but it has been vacant for many years. The Lochinvar post
office was in existencefrom 1868 until 1890, during almost the whole of which time
Simon Fraser was postmaster. It is interesting to note that originally the name of the
post office was McNab, but this was changedto Lochinvar in December, t87I.
REFERENCE|S: Up and Down the clens (Dorothy DumbriUe)
Braggart ln My Step (Dorothy DurdbrtUe)
StormoDt, DundaF and clengarry
- A Htstory (Harkness)
The Mcleods of clenga,rry (Mcleod Soetety publtcatton)
CanadlaD cazett€er f846 (Wm. H. Smith)
Historical Atlas of Stormont, Dundas &nd Glengsrry (Betden)
t8
SOCIETY
(18?9)
The Glengarry Pipe Band '72 Scottish Tour
Bv Gnaxr MecGrr-rrvneY
The Glengarry Pipe Band must certainly have a prominent piace in the
front rank of organizations which have recently spread the name and fame of
Glengarry far and wide. Had you been a member of a concert audience on the
proper evenings last August in Dundee, or Aberdeen, or Glasgow, or Edinburgh, or a
number of other places in Scotland, you would have heard the emcee say "And now
the Glengarry Pipe Band will play our very own march 'The Glengarry Pipe Band'
written for us by our Chief Instructor, Pipe-Major Iohn Mackenzie and played only
by us". A few minutes later you would have heard the same voice say - as eight
lovely girts appearedon the stage- "And here are the Glengarry Dancers,who Will
,The Glengarry Reel' accompanied by the full Glengarry Pipe Band".
now dance
There could be no doubt that Glengarry was heavily involved in the show'
Although this article is supposed to be about the band's 1972 Concert
it might be worthwhile to go back a bit and see what caused a
Scotland,
Tour of
struggling county pipe band to become one of the best concert bands for many miles
in any direction, and one of the very few that can present a full Scottish variety show
more or Jessat the droP of a hat.
One of the reasons for this success certainly is the ieadership and
initiative of the band's president, Mr. Morlin Campbell, who has guided the activities
of the band for several years. Morlin decides to retire each year but is not allowed
to. In 1967 he called what might be designated as an emergency meeting of people
he thought could help, as the band was having troubles. The senior members had
mostly retired, and the junior members left for distant places when they finished higlt
school, and there was nobody to replace them.
Mr. Campbell made two proposals which were to revitalize the band:
(1) To set up a piping and drumming school with the best professional instruction
available,and (2) to take the band on a playing tour of Scotlandin 1969. The school,
now "The Glengarry College of Piping and Drumming", was formed almost
immediately, under the chairmanship of John D. Maclennan, ably assistedby his
wife Barbara, and was very fortunate in securing as chief instructor, Pipe-Major John
Mackenzie. John was with the RCAF at the time but had been Pipe-Major of the
Scots Guards and personal piper to the Royal Household before transferring to the
Canadian Forces. It was decided that no one would be allowed to play in the band,
regardless of experience, if he or she did not regularly attend the school every
Saturday (and pay for the privilege) and so the work of rebuilding the band went on
with the challenge of having only two years to get ready for the Scottish tour.
Besides getting the band ready, there was a considerable financial
problem, and money was raised by public subscription, by playing engagements,and
filally by chartering a l80-passengerjetliner and selling the seats not needed by the
party. Eventually, in August 1969, the band,2l strong, went over and gave 12
concerts in Scotland. In the band there was a fine singer, Elizabeth Maclennan, who
was also the pipe-major, a concert pianist, a violinist, two step-dancersand two Highland dancers, so a variety programme was presented,and very well received, although
some of the players were very busy.
After settling down in the fall, plans had to be made for the future.
The band got a new pipe-major in the person of David Danskin, a dedicated piper,
SOCIETY
t9
also from the RCAF Band, and also, like John Mackenzie, an Edinburgh boy' These
two experts are still the piping instructors of the school, which keeps a membership
of about 50 students. Besides this, P/M Mackenzie teaches piping in the three
Glengarry high schools and in Laggan Public School, so the band and school have
certainly revived the art of piping in Glengarry.
After a period of re-organization, induction of new members, learning
pew tunes. and much practice, it was decided that the band would again tour Scotland
in August, 1972, but on a more ambitious scale. It was also decided that another
public subscription should not be requestedbut that the band would raise the necessary
funds by its own efforts. As the budget was approximately$12,000 there was a real
challenge here. However, to spend a moment on financial matters, the money was
raised. The band gave concerts, acceptedengagementsfrom football gamesin Montreal
to Sunday afternoon concerts in Crysler Park, besidessponsoring professional shows
such as Alec Finlay's "Breath of Scotland" and the Celts, an Ottawa singing and music
team. The biggest factor, though, was the chartering of two jetliners, one to London
and one to Prestwick, with a total of 324 seats, and the arrangement of bus tours
overseasfor those who wished them. This made the bank account secure and in fact
the band astonishedthe hosts-to-bein Scotland by prepaying the charges for quarters,
the first time, they said, this had ever been done.
To spend a moment or two on the entertainment part of the project, it
was decided to fcrm a concert party and give a really professional show, so "The
Glengarry Pipe Band Concert Party" was born. The main element, of course, was
the band, now up to a playing strength of 30, mostly teenagelads and lassies,plus a
few mature men, but all trained to play exactly the same. Mrs. Rae MacCulloch was
asked if she would bring eight of her best dancers along, and these girls were
inrmediately christened "The Glengarry Dancers". Actually, l0 girls were taken over
as it was found that l0 were needed to keep eight dancing. Some of the stageswere
quite springy and in some places the girls had to dance on the grass, not always even,
so the occasional ankle needed a rest. Although all these girls were experts at the
traditional Highland dances,all dancesperformed on this tour were designedby Mrs.
MacCulloch and done only by her dancers. Therefore, the Scottish audiences saw
dances they had never seen before. Also, instead of the more usual one or two
dancers dancing to the music of a lone piper, they saw eight professional calibre
dancers performing to the music of the whole band. The exception was their very
oopular step-dance,done to an accordion, piano and drum,
The vocal department next received attention and two very fine singers
agreed to come along. One, Robin Upton, a former Lancaster boy, is a very pleasing
entertainer, combining songs and nonsense,while the other, Garry Matthews, who is
a piper and drummer with the Cameron Highlanders, is also a very skilled singer.
Ihe lads, with their different styles of singing, had one thing in common. They didn't
march up to the mike, sing their songs, and march away. They both had the knack
of chatting a bit first and sort of establishing a friendly feeling with the audience,
which helped immensely. They sang solos and duets, and mixed in a few Canadian
songs with the Scottish ones. They also kept dancers Linda and Brenda Denovan
busy as their piano accompanists.
After the first try-out of the new programnre at an outdoor concert,
it was found that both the band and the dancers didn't have quite enough time between
appearances,the band for tuning and the dancers for changing costumes. Therefore,
Carmel McDonald, a student nurse and one of the well-known McDonald Sisters,was
invited to join the party with her accordion. This solved the problem. Carmel not
20
SOCIETY
only played solo appearances,but accompanied the step-dance,took part in some of
the production numbers, and in a couple of places where no piano was provided,
accompanied the singers. Besides her skill as a musician, her willingness to help in
any way possible made her a very popular member of the cast. The Concert Party
was now complete, and with the emcee, dancing instructress,and president, numbered
46. Imagine a country pipe band with the gall to take a party of this size to Scotland
to present Scottish culture.
Now, having got the personnel together, let us have a look at the show
to be presented. This had to be somethingspecial,and it was, as it was built around
several combination or "production" numbers. For instance, every time the band
marched in, at some point before they marched off, the dancers appearedand they
did a number together. One dance used up four pipe tunes, of increasing tempo.
The band played 29 tunes in all, but mcstly in sets of three or four tunes, changing
very skillfully. One special number was "The Barren Rocks of Aden", witn RoUin
singing it with great spirit (accompanied by Brenda), followed by the band picking it
up as he finished. Another was "Morag of Dunvegan" as it was never done before.
First, Pipe Major Mackenziemarchedin from the side playing it as a pipe solo. Then,
as the pipe sound died away, Robin and Garry sang it, versesin English, chorusesin
Gaelic, and this was somethingto hear. As they finished, the band picked it up and
played it through - a very touching rendition.
Then the finale included the whole company. The band played
"I\{acKay's Polka" - so did Carmel. The two lads sang "Let's Have a Ceiiidh"
(sarne tune) and the girls did two different dances at the same time - fow of them,
in kilts, doing a reel, and four in their striking red and white costumes,doing a stepdance. One can only say that this number was spectacular.
And now, and about time, you say, Iet us get on with the actual tour.
However, it did seem worthwhile to tell you something about the preliminaries to such
an ambitious undertaking. I think that from here on, I will write in the First Person,
but first person plural, as it will be more natural than saying "they" when I was right
in the middle of them. And the word "we" is not the editorial "we". which I detest.
but "We - The Glengarry Pipe Band Concert Party".
So, according to plan, the party bcarded our Boeing 707 at Dorval on
the evening of Saturday, August 12th, where with our paying guests we made up a
load of 174 passengers. We landed at Prestwick next morning, in bright, sunny
weather, and found our two busseswaiting, a large one for the concert party and a
smaller one for what we called "attached personnel", husbands,wives, parents,etc.,
oi performers. This party was to iravel and live with the concert party for the tour.
At the wheel of our own bus, by specialrequest,was driver Bill Clapperton,who had
been our driver in 1969 and was greeted as an old friend. The party was taken to
Wolfson Hall for a much-needed rest, as our night had sort of disappeared in the
S-hour time difference. Wolfson Hall is a student residence of Glasgow University,
the type of quarters used in all our stops and ideal for the purpose. On Monday,
Pipe-Major Danskin took all the girl band members to Edinburgh to get their new
uniforms, which had been ordered months before and were waiting for them.
Tuesday was a big day, being the day of our first concert, and that in
Scotland's largest city. However, before the concert there was a civic reception by
the Lord Provost, in the council chambers,a suite of very beautiful and elegant rooms.
'Ihis was held at 1l:30 a.m. and after everyonehad a bit of time to stroll around
and enjoy the coffee and cakes provided, the Lord Provost entered and made a very
kind and graceful addressof welcome. He then presentedMr. Campbell with a large
TIIE
GLENGARRY HISTORICAL
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plaque of the city of Glasgow crest, and Piper Norman Macleod returned the
courtesy by presenting him with a set of cuffJinks from the Mayor of Cornwall. His
Worship then went around the party, shaking hands with every member and he had
the happy faculty of being able to put everyone at ease as he spoke to them. The
pipe-major started getting his pipers outside, as they had to tune up and it was getting
close to concert time. Luckily, the concert was scheduled for George Square, right
in front of the council chamber. Barriers were in place to keep the centre of the
square clear for us, and there was a huge crowd behind them, on all sides. The only
problem here was that the dancers had to do their reels on the pavement, which was
hard on their shoes,but the concert was a great success,in the Canadian-type summer
afternoon. So there was the ice broken, so to speak, with everybody happy and the
tension somewhateased.
The next engagement,next day, was in Kingussie, a town about 50 miles
south of Inverness,and in which we had given two shows in 1969. This entailed a
lovely bus tour through some very scenic country and when we arrived, we found
that our hosts had arranged a "high tea" or supPer in one of the hotels, an unexpected
courtesy. We also found the town plastered with large colored posters, advertising
"The World Famous Glengarry Pipe Band, Singers and Dancers" which was
a wonderful welcome. While we were eating it started to rain, so we couldn't do our
outdoor show as planned. However, a hall was found for us, and when we asked
how the people would know where to find us, we were told that they had a "grapevine"
and they sure had. Before we had the hall ready - PA system,piano, chairs,€tc. the place was bulging and the pipe-major had to reduce the band by about a third to
get them in. We shortened the concert slightly, something we had arranged to do
without disturbing the balance of the programme, and had a very happy evening, with
an appreciative audience. 'fhen back to the bussesfor the fairly long ride to Dundee,
where Chalmers Hall was to be "home" for the next six days.
Next day, Thursday, was a day of rest or recreation and we had a
chance to be tourists. On Friday we were due for an afternoon concert in Aberdeen,
so up the coast road we went, enjoying the highlands on one side and the sea oo the
other. When we got to Union Terrace Park, we found them ready for us, with a
good covered stage and a tent as change room for the dancers. There was a large
paved area in front of the stage, and besidesbeing perfect for the band, the girls did
some of their dances on it. It rained a bit during the show, but we just moved the
band onto the stage and kept going. Luckily, the rain lasted only a few minutes and
didn't spoil the show. After the show, we were taken to a very fine restaurant, on
the seashore,where we were all presenled to a deputy-provost, and enjoyed another
civic reception in the form of a dinner. One of the officials asked if we had a Miss
McKay with us, as there was some family connection, so Keitha, one of our dancers,
was escortedto the head table, with Heather MacCulloch for company, which improved
the appearanceof the head table no end. After dinner and a period of relaxation on
the beach, we went back to Dundee. This was to be a busy weekend, with conoerts
at Dumferline on Saturday and Dundee on Sunday.
When we got to Dumferline the next afternoon, we found the finest
arrangementswe had yet seen. Dumferline \ryasthe bfuthplace of Andrew Carnegie,
who later became very wealthy in the U.S. but never forgot his hometown, and his
trust funds financed the facilities we were to use. We found a huge building in a
lovely park, with restaurants, halls, etc., built in. There was a fine covered stage
facing outwards toward an outdoor theatre, and there were dressing rooms at each
end of the stage. Should the weather turn bad, all we would have to do would be to
,,
SOCIETY
go through a door at the back of the stage, to find ourselves in the same type of stage
facing a large hall, and ask the audience to come in. However. it was a fine day and
we had a good audience and a successful show. Dumferline fed us well, afterwards,
and we returned to Dundee with nothing to do till next afternoon.
Sunday, luckily, was another fine day and 3 p.m. found us in Camperdown Park, where we had also played in 1969. However, facilities had been improved
since then and we had another good crowd. After the show we enjoyed the hospitality
of Dundee at high tea, then back to Chalmers Hall.
Then came the longest rest we had * nothing to do for two days except
to rnove to Pollock Hall, Edinburgh, where we had also lived in 1969. The next
show was at Dalkeith on Wednesday afternoon, and as usual, Dalkeith pulled out all
the stops in welcoming us. There was a civic reception at 2:3O p.m. in the council
chambers, at rvhich we were formally, but in very friendly fashion, greeted by town
officials. The show was at 3:00 p.m. in Jarnac Square, right in front of the chambers,
and the square was so crowded that the band had a bit of difficulty in manoeuvring.
Flowever, it was such a friendly and happy crowd that nobody minded, and I think
we enjoyed the show as much as the audience did. Since many of us live in or near
Dalkeith, Canada, the people of Dalkeith, Scotland, can't be too kind to us. Immediately after the show, we were guests at tea, and we thought that was that, but we were
told that there was to be a full-fledged civic dinner and ceilidh at a nearby hotel in
the evening. This was an extremely happy affair, and after an excellent dinner, both
our and their singers and musicians entertained us. The party finally ended after
midnight and Dalkeith gets more than full marks for hospitality.
After a day of rest on Thursday, although Princes Street seemed full
of Glengarrians, our next show was Friday evening in the Princes Street Gardens,
and we considered it a great honor to play in the Gardens during the Festival. There
is a fine outdoor theatre there. The huge covered stage is part of a building and has
a large paved area in front of it (normally used for outdoor dances) but ideal for the
pipe band to play on. There was a large number of Glengarrians in the audience
and it must have been quite a thrill to see and hear their own band marching and
playing in this splendid setting in the heart of Scotland's capital. Pipe-Major Danskin
go1 a special welcome when it was announced that he was an Edinburgh boy, and his
parents and parents-in-law were proud spectators in the front row. With the facilities
provided, the concert couldn't be anything but successful, and we were later told by
one of the officials that it was the best show presented there till that date - heady
praise indeed.
Saturday was a free day, but we all attended the Military Tattoo at ihe
Castle, and as usual, thoroughly enjoyed this colorful spectacle. Sunday was a busy
day as we had a concert at Falkirk at 2:3O p.m. and a partial one at Dunblane in the
evening. It was another fine, sunny day, and at Falkirk we had a crowd of 1,400, the
oirly time we got an actual count. The stage was in front of an old mansion in a
park, and wasn't large enough for dancing so the girls did their reels on the grass. It
was noticed here that we had eight girls dancing and two with bandaged ankles sitting
beside the stage, proving the necessity of spare dancers. Linda Denovan also had a
bandaged foot but she had a solo dance and insisted on doing it regardless and gave
her usual professional performance. Later, we went to Dunblane where there was a
dinner and a sort of informal concert, with our band and dancers sharing the evening
with local performers. Altogether, it was an interesting and satisfying day.
On Monday evening, the band and dancers shared a programme with
TrrE GLENGARRY HISToRICAL
SocIETY
23
the regimental band of the lst Queens Dragoon Guards, once again in the Gardens'
previously
The Girards band used the stage while our people did their stuff on the area,
mentioned, in front of the stige. The band made three appearancesand the dancers
two, a reel and a step-dance. Both groups Put on splendid performances and when
they marched out foi the last time, the Dragoon Guards played "The Maple Leaf',
a very gracious comPliment.
The next night, Tuesday, we were due in Musselburgh and this rvas our
only disappointment of thi tour, but not through any fault of the good people of the
to*n. Tiriy had been given very short notice and no information re the show, so all
we had was a small bandstand with a PA system, in a park. As it was getting near
dusk and there were no lights, we cut the show to an hour and got along very well'
The audience was very kind, but sorry they weren't given time to prepare a welcome.
The next, and last, thO* *ut Wednesday afternoon, at Dunbar where we again had
perfect weather and a good crowd. Then we were able to rest, or whatever, till
Saturday when we boarded our trusty 707 for home.
So ended the 1972 scottish Tour of the Glengarry Pipe Band concert
Party, and if I may be permitted a closing personal comment, it is that Glengarry may
well-be proud of ihose-who carried its name through the Highlands and Lowlands of
Auld Scotia n 1972.
24
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SOCIETY
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The King's Road Story
Bv Ewem Ross
A good map, with contour lines, will show us why this road has existed
from the very beginning of white settlement and probably before. It follows a high,
stony ridge which is almost continuous from where it leaves the St. Lawrence River at
Coteau du Lac to where it strikes it again some miles west of Cornwall. This road
has several local names in its length but the King's Road part of it with which we are
concerned, runs east from Martintown through St. Raphaels and North Lancaster to
the Quebec border at Bridge End, crossing almost all of Charlottenburgh Township
and all of Lancaster Township.
In Charlottenburgh, it is wholly a given road as in no place does it
coincide with a legal concessionroad. Just west of North Lancaster Village in
Lancaster Township, it coincides with the concessionroad between Concessions5 anci
6 for the last seven miles of its 16.5-mile length.
This route almost certainly began as an Indian trail, as trails leading
northwest from Martintown to the Ottawa River have been traced. and to the southeast, it strikes the St. Lawrence where the river narrows at the east end of Lake St.
Francis and connectswith quite a passableroute, via the Salmon River to the Mohawk
Iroquois country. The southern part of Lancaster Township was an
Valley impassable swamp till long after pioneer days were over; the southern part
of Charlottenburghwas not much better though the swamp was not continuous. The
trail which became the "King's Road" was marked out by people who had a goocl
eye for country. It crossesseveral creeks, just far enough from the swamps in which
they rise, to give good footing in all seasons. Where it crossesthe Raisin and Beaudette
rivers, they are both narrow and fordable with good banks, which made for easy
bridging later on; no mud or swamp.
The first white settlers in the area were United Empire Loyalists of
Johnson's Corps in 1784, and they were settled on land along the St. Lawrence and
Raisin rivers. Many of those who settled in LancasterTownship found it impossible
to make a living in the swamps there and moved west to the highlands, north of the
Raisin River where the trail that was to become the King's Road ran through their
property. (This statement can be supported by documentary evidence in the form of
a petition by the inhabitants of Lancaster Township dated March 2lst, 1790, and by
land transactionsin my own family.)
In 1786, a direct migration of 500 families lrom Knoydart, Scotland,
under the leadership of a priest, Alexander MacDonell (Scotus) arrived in Glengarry.
Acting no doubt on the advice of the already-settled Loyalists, they settled around
the present St. Raphaels, with the trail that was to become the King's Road bisecting
their settlement. Further migrations of MacDonalds and MacDonells swelled the St.
Raphaelssettlementin1792, 1803 and 1804. The migrationsof 1803 and 1804 were
led by another Rev. Alexander MacDonell, who was to become the first Roman
Catholic Bishop of Upper Canada. At St. Raphaels, he built the first seminary in
Upper Canada and a fine stone church which burned in 1970. Just west of St.
Raphaels, in a farmhouse built by one of the men from Knoydart, a boy was born in
1812 who was later Prime Minister of Canada and the first Premier of Ontario. Iohn
Sandfield Macdonald.
TIIE
GLENGARRY HISTORICAL, SOCIETY
2S
One of the settlers' most urgent needs was accessto a grist mill. Sir
John Johnson built one at Williamstown in 1792 (see Chewitt's survey of mills) which
could be reached by going west from St. Raphaels a mile-and-a-half on the King's
Road, and then south for five miles on a road through Sir John lohnson's land grant
(still known locally as "The Johnson Road") but swamps made the Johnson Road
almost entirely a winter road. In 1801 Malcolm McMartin built mills on the Raisin
River where the King's Road trail crossed the river, and the King's Road became a
well-used trail - an all-weather route to grist and woollen mills and an ashery. East
from St. Raphaels the road provided an all-weather route to the St. Lawrence and
Montreal, the nearestplace where there was a market for the settlers' bits of produce
and the nearest place they could buy those few things they could neither make nor
produce for themselves. In Montreal, too, were their nearest doctors and mail service.
As of now, I have no proof that Lt. Governor Simcoe's determination
to open key roads in Upper Canada during his term of office, 1792-1796,had any
direct bearing on the King's Road, but there are indications that there was
a connection. One is the name, "King's Road", which persisted,despite it later being
officially dubbed "Dundas Street". (SeeRottenburg'smap of 1850.) Another is the
fact that the speakerof the first parliament of Upper Canada was one of the members
for Glengarry, Col. John MacDoneil (Aberchalder). The other one was his brother,
Hugh MacDonell. No doubt they would want to show the rest of the province an
exampleof how Simcoe'sideas should be carried out, but documentary proof is lacking.
Be that as it may, during the war of 1812, official action was taken
to improve the King's Road. On June 15th, 1813, Rev. Alexander MacDonell was
appointed chairman of a commission to open a road between Upper and Lower
Canada. MacDoneil and his two fellow commissioners. Alexander MacMillan and
Allan MacDonell, were given 400 pounds to get the job done. It was not only an
all-weatherroute but well back from the U.S. boundary and therefore safe for military
transport. on the King's Road at Martintown the bridge was destroyed behind a
wagon train of ail sorts of valuables and military stores fleeing from General Wilkinson'sarmy on November l1th, 1813, and canon were planted to cover the crossing.
The American defeat at the battles of Hoople's creek and Crysler's Farm made this
gesture unnecessary,but neverthelessthe King's Road saw almost the only military
action in Glengarry during the war of 1812.
For more than the next 100 years, the King's Road remained the main
east-westroad across Glengarry, giving accessto cornwall to the west, and Montreal
to the east. The present Highway No. 2 was only passableunder ideal conditions,
as may be judged from the Ontario Motor League official guide for 1912, which tells
motorists going to Montreal from cornwall to put their cars on a boat. (pps. 40 and
41, 64.4 and 114.2.)
Stagecoachesran on the King's Road and freight moved east and west
on it. Taverns, inns and hotels (a story in themselves)sprang into being to service
rnan and beast. when the st. Lawrence canals were opened in 1834, Lancaster
becamean important shipping and receiving pcrt, and a military road (present Highway
lo. 34) was surveyed in 1840 to connect Lancaster, a river port well away from the
U.S. border with the Ottawa River. Where this military road crossedthe King's Road,
there was a well-known hotel, "The Brown House", by which name this iorner is
known to this day, though the hotel is long gone.
The King's Road was taken over by the counties in the late 1920's or
early 30's, and was given a cold mix asphalt topping, one of the first roads in the
26
THE GLENGARRv
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area to get such treatment. Its importance as an east-west connecting link has not
diminished with the years but has increased. As a consequence,in 1972 it was
colnpletely rebuilt and widened, with provincial assistance.
t
From a probable Indian trail through the days of pioneer settlement
in the 1790's, as a military link during the war of 1g12, ur-u.oud which connected
pioneer settlements which became prosperous villages, the King's Road was, and is,
vital to the people of the area.
tts
t.
tI
t
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TIIE
GLENGARRY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
27
Documents and Sourcesof
Information on GlengarrY HistorY
Bv RBv. Doucr-es G. MacKev
The early history of Glengarry County has been told many times, and
is. as a result, well known by many people. But there are a number of sources of
information that can provide details that may have been forgotten and that throw
new light on the early settlementsof this area.
THE HALDIMAND PAPERS
Contained in the Canadian Archives in Ottawa, and available on microfilm, the Haldimand Papers provide a veritable mine of information on the establishing
of settlementsof Loyalists in 1783-1784. These representall the papers preserved
by Governor Haldimand and his staff in the years when Ontario was being carved out
oi the wilderness. There are letters from and to officers of the Royal Regiment of
New York, from the years 1776-1.783;letters from officials appointed by the Loyalists;
returns and accounts pertaining to various matters; master rolls, accounts, etc', relating
to the Corps of Royal Americans; and returns of incorporated Loyalists wishing to
settle in Canada in 1784.
1.
A most interesting collection of some of the papers may be found in
THE SETTLEMENT OF THE UNITED EMPIR.E LOYALISTS ON THE UPPER
sT. LAWRENCE AND BAY OF QUINTE IN 1784, transcribed and edited by E. A.
Cruikshank. Toronto, Ontario Historical Society, 1934. Cruikshank's collection
documents the immense tasks involved in exploring and surveying the areas to be
settled, organizing temporary domiciles fcr the Loyalists in the Montreal area, planning
where the new farm sites should be, and figuring out who should go where. Through
the records glimpses are caught of the excitement of the men exploring the new land,
the frustration and anger of Loyalists who had to put up with primitive and backward
conditions that many of them were not used to, and the fairness of a governor Who
was making an honest attempt to administer the entire situation fairly.
To give an example, Cruikshank includes an anonymous rePort on the
exploration of the country between the seigneury of M. de Longeuil and Isle aux
Gallops. Grammar is not always accurate, but of the present day Lancaster\\/iliiamstown area we read:
"From Point Mouille one mile and a half up the lake to a Creek which empties
itself into a small bay, the land is drowned and partly hemlock and cedar
swamp. The beginning of the good land from the last mentioned creek for
five miles up the lake to the River au Raisin, the land is very good for two
miles back, a few swamps excepted, about three miles . . . The River au Raisin
falls into the lake opposite to a very small island, 7 miles W. of Point Mouille.
We sailed up said river for five miles its course so far being N.W. from thence
for three miles further up its course is N. - the breadth of the river is very
equal, being about 80 ft. and from 10 to 8 ft. deep, except six shoals which
are all capable of carrying a loaded batteau with a few loose stones being
removed . . . within a hundred yards of the uppermost shoal is a fall of five
feet eight inches. A good situation for a mill on each side and plenty of
water
. Two miles north east of the said falls grows the largest cedar I
ever saw
."
28
SOCIETY
Included are many letters from Sir John Johnson to the governor,
describing such things as raiding parties into New York during the lVar of Revolution,
allotment of land in the new settlements,and other matters concerning problems of
the day.
2.
NORTH CAROLINA SOURCES
Some of the early settlers in Glengarry came from the Cumberland
County area of North Carolina. Among them was John Bethune, the first Presbyterian
rninister in Glengarry. These Loyalists are remembered there, and Scottish traditions,
so much a part of this area, are also well-remembered by descendantsof Scots
emigrants who chose to settle in that part of the country.
Authorities on the Scottish settlementsin North Carolina include Rev.
James MacKenzie, Robbins, North Carolina; Mr. Malcolm Fowler, Liliington, NC;
and Mr. R. E. Wicker, Pinehurst,NC. Mr. MacKenzie has written articles on John
Bethune, the history of Barbeque Church (an original Scottish church), and a history
of John MacRae, a well-known Gaelic poet who lived in North Carolina at the time
o{ the Revolution. The Rev. Harold J. Dudley, D.D., has written an article on
Presbyterianismin Eastern North Carolina. All thesesourcesprovide detail on the lives
of Scottish emigrants to North America.
3.
LOCAL RECORDS
St. Andrew's United Church in Williamstown has in its possessionphoto
copies and typewritten copies of the first Registersof John Bethune. While these are
ollen consulted for genealogicalpurposes,they are seldom used as a source for tracing
the early history of the area. Yet they have much to add. The first volume, for
example, covers the years 1779 to 7797. Occupations of fathers, and places of
residence,are included in the entries, and these reflect, at the beginning, a community
involved in war and, at the end, a community settling down into peace. This first
volume is probably a record of church life in Montreal, taken by John Bethune to
Williamstown after his ministry in St. Gabriel Church. Thus the year 1779 includes
family sacramentsfor a sergeant,corporal, three privates, drum major, and the widow
of a soldier "late of Col. Butler's Rangers". The year 1787 refers to a merchant,a
tailor, a shoemaker,a minister, an attorney at law, a journeymanshoemaker,a dancing
rnaster, and an innkeeper. Places of residenceindicate that people came from a very
wide area: the names Michelmackinac and Temiscaming are found with the nearerlocated MississquoiBay, Berthier, Sorel and Charlottenburgh.
4,
PUBLICATIONS
CAMPBELL, R. - History of the St. Gabriel Street Church
Drysdale, Montreal, 1887
WARD, C. - The War of the Revolution
MacMillan, NY, 1952
CENTENARY CELEBRATION - St. Andrew's Church, Williamstown
Standard, Cornwall, 1916
RYERSON, E. - The Loyalists of America and Their Times
Briggs, Toronto, 1880
THE GLENGARRY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
29

rililSTORICAII - Glengarry History

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