Jo Barnes - Wynland Water

!
Rainfall
Collection
System
Evaporation
Rivers &
seas
Sewage
treatment &
disposal
"!#
$ %#
Water
Treatment
Distribution
to taps
Sewerage
system
Freshwater resources the world over are threatened
not
only
by
over-exploitation
and
poor
management, but also by ecological degradation.
The main source of freshwater pollution can be
atttributed to discharge of untreated waste,
especially into surface waters. This waste can be
human excrement, industrial effluent or agricultural
run-off.
Who is most at risk of water- related disease?
Newborns, babies and children
Pregnant women and their developing
foetuses
Old people
Individuals with compromised immunity such
as those with TB, HIV/AIDS
Persons who are chronically malnourished
Patients undergoing chemotherapy (e.g. for
cancer)
Persons with pre-existing chronic diseases
such as diabetes, kidney failure, liver failure
Why is water pollution important?
Health consequences of the problem
Consequences for agriculture
Consequences for industry
Consequences for the environment
Consequences for tourism
!
#&
% above cut-off level
% of samples above 2000 E. coli per 100 ml water (1998 - 2002)
100
97.3
94.6
94.6
91.9
After (1)
After (2)
After (3)
After (4)
80
60
40
43.2
20
0
Before
settlement
Sampling points
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2
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0 0 6/ 5 6. / / .
5 .3/ ///
0 /94 ///
0 / 6/ . 6. / / 5
0/ 94/ ///
7 84/ ///
/ 3 6/ . 6. / / 7
-8 4 / / / / / / /
-8 4 / / / / / / /
. 5 6/ . 6. / / 7
7. 8 4 / / / /
5 7 8 7/ / / /
76/ 76. / / 8
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. 5 6/ 0 6. / / 4
04 /// ///
3 .// ///
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1
1
09-02-2004
Oosbosch Str Bridge
129
09-02-2004
Mbekweni Stormwater
ditch 2
09-02-2004
Mbekweni Ditch 3
2 440 000 000
24-05-2004
Mbekweni Ditch 3
17 000 000
28-06-2004
Mbekweni Ditch 3
1 724 000
09-02-2004
Bridge on R44
09-02-2004
At Lady Loch Bridge
23-01-2006
At Wellington Sewage
Works
34 770 000
7 000
11 724
2 212
2
Effect of winery effluent on rivers
Untreated effluent causes great damage to river
ecology.
Even if effluent is treated so that the heavy organic
load is reduced, the high nitrogen and periodic high
phosphate levels cause blue-green algal blooms in
the farm dams filled from the river. This bloom
causes toxins in the water that can be fatal to
livestock, farm animals and humans using this
water.
Organisms identified from bioslimes on stones 11-2-2002
Beta hemolytic streptococcus Group A (sepsis, scarlet fever, respiratory
infections, endocarditis, rheumatic fever, kidney disease)
Alpha hemolytic streptococci
Enterococcus faecalis (resistant to antibiotics)
Staphyloccocus spp. amongst which S. aureus, S. epidermidis (septicaemia,
pneumonia, skin and wound infections. S. enterocolitis high fatality rate)
Klebsiella, amongst which K. pneumoniae. K. ozaenae (pneumonia)
Escherichia coli (at least 4 'variants') (diarrhoea, urinary tract, HUS)
Acinetobacter spp. (usually resistant to most antibiotics)
Pseudomonas spp. amongst which P. aeruginosa (grows in detergents, resistant
to disinfectants, sepsis, wound infections, eye infections)
Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris (diarrhoea especially in children)
Providencia rettgeri (related to Proteus)
PREDICTION: Vibrio cholerae or typhoid only a matter of time
Viruses detected in the Plankenbrug River
Analyses done by Prof M Taylor, Pretoria University
Enterovirus (untypable at present) - contain such
viruses as hepatitis A, polio, coxsackie and echo
Rotavirus (both in the riverwater and in the
bioslimes on the stones) - reovirus causing
gastroenteritis (especially in children). Clinically more
severe than diarrhoea caused by Norwalk virus and is a
leading cause of infant death in poor communities
Adenovirus - causes pharingitis, upper and lower
respiratory tract disease and external eye disease
Antibiotic resistance and chlorination resistance
34% of E. coli organisms isolated from the
river water resistant to widely used antibiotic
Many organisms resistant to chlorination downstream water users unable to 'clean up'
water safely
Those organisms resistant to chlorination
showed DOUBLED resistance to antibiotics as
well. This creates two vicious problems
instead of only one, as thought before.
Diarrhoea in informal settlements
33%
Males
Females
67%
Costs of diarrhoea in dense settlement - 2001
Direct costs
Hospital: R614 237 (19%)
Clinic: R190 687 (6%)
Indirect costs
Lost income: R1 977 987 (63%)
Self-treatment: R368 614 (12%)
TOTAL COSTS: R3 151 544
7% financed by local government,
32% provincial government
61% by population in settlement
Problems Facing the Community
Who is the community?
What about minority groups? They fear losing what little
they have.
Minorities in any settlement are the very people
most needing sanitation. Majority resents this.
What if the community's wants are not feasible?
Nature of impoverished society - poor concept of the
future (may use the words, but have no bearing on their actions)
"Pollution is our privilege until 'they' improve our
services"
You cannot TALK your
way out of a problem
you BEHAVED yourself
into!
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Acknowledgements
Flemish Government, Danish Government,
Water Research Commission, Harry and Doris
Crossley Foundation for financial assistance
University of Stellenbosch for ethical clearance,
research assistance and permission to publish
People of Kayamandi for their co-operation
The guards from the University Security
Services for protection during sampling