scoliosis library

CURRENT SCOLIOSIS REFERENCE FILES* (updated 10/10)
CAUSES (effects/correlations)
Bone density
Central nervous system
Cervical spine
Chiari/syringomyelia (see MRI/syringomyelia)
Collagen
Congenital scoliosis/kyphosis
Developmental model
Growth hormone
Leg length discrepancy
Melatonin/pineal gland/osteopontin
Misc correlations
Mobility/hypermobility
Myelomeningocele
Pain-provoked (tumors/trauma/infection etc)
Posture/balance/asymmetric loading
(see also vertebral changes)
Spinal muscles
Sports
Surgery/radiation /other iatrogenic
Torticollis
Other Causes
GENETICS OF SCOLIOSIS
IS and Scheuermann, reviews
Other syndromes, mutations (mixed, misc)
Ankylosing spondylitis
cerebral palsy
Charcot-Marie-Tooth
Down syndrome
Ehler Danlos
hyper-IgE syndrome
Marfan syndrome
muscular dystrophy
neurofibromatosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Prader Willi
Rett
ROBO3
Russell Silver
Smith-Magenis
Williams
Gene expression changes/correlations
Animal models
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DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION
Diagnosis/classification
Diagnosis/classification--Grivas
Duval-Beaupere
MRI/syringomyelia
Measurement/variation
Scoliometer reliability
Infantile scoliosis
Juvenile scoliosis
Adult/elderly scoliosis
EPIDEMIOLOGY/NATURAL HISTORY
Weinstein/Iowa series
Predicting progression
Screening
Ste. Justine
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*The literature of the English language
was searched using Premedline and
Medline (1950-2008); CINAHL (19822008); PubMed Central; Science Citation
Index (1900-2008); HealthStar (19752008); PsychInfo (1872-2008); Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials;
Cochrane
Database
of
Systematic
Reviews; and Allied and Complementary
Medicine (AMED) (1985-2008).
Key
words were 'scoliosis' or 'scoliosis
and...treatment; gene; genetics; genome;
therapy; exercise; physical therapy;
physical
methods;
osteopathy;
chiropractic;
manipulation;
massage;
nonsurgical; conservative; and early
intervention.' Older literature cited in
articles obtained through electronic
searches was procured from the University
of Arizona Health Sciences Center Library
collection in Tucson, Arizona or through
the AHSC interlibrary loan service. Also
surveyed were proceedings of meetings of
the Scoliosis Research Society, the
International Research Society for Spinal
Deformity, and the Phillip Zorab
Symposium;
contemporary (1950spresent) physical therapy, pulmonary,
orthopaedic and other medical textbooks
including issues dedicated to scoliosis and
other spinal deformities; popular and
scholarly books on scoliosis available
commercially through Amazon.com or the
University Library system, including
English translations of the writings of
ancient Greek physicians including
Hippocrates. (compiled by M. Hawes)
REVIEWS (scoliosis, general)
Reviews
Scoliosis books (textbooks, pulmonary, etc)
Scoliosis books--popular
Orthopedics
141
141
145
149
151
SYMPTOMS
*Pain
*Pulmonary/cardiopulmonary
Pulmonary and surgery
Chest expansion
Mitral valve prolapse
Exercise capacity
Ribcage mechanics
Pulmonary function--general (spirometry, etc)
Pectus excavatum
Torso deformity/rib hump
Pulmonary reviews/books
*Vertebral changes/bone growth, development
Vertebral changes/Stokes
Vertebral changes/others
*Psychology, other
Symptoms of treatment (i.e. x-rays)
152
152
154
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
169
170
171
172
176
179
181
TREATMENT
Surgery
Adults
Adults: complications
Complications: general
Complications: infection
Complications: Blood loss
Complications: Revision surgery
Complications: Reviews
Methods (new, old,comparison, etc)
Methods: Thorascopic
Methods: bone, ssep, etc
Methods: animal models
Outcome/followup
Outcome/followup: Pain
Outcome/followup: pulmonary
Outcome: miscellaneous
Surgery--Reviews
182
182
185
187
202
204
205
206
207
244
246
252
253
260
261
263
264
TREATMENTS--OTHER THAN SURGERY
Brace
Brace: Complications
Brace and exercise/physical therapy
Chiropractors/Osteopathy/PT
Complications of manipulation
Methods: Findley
Exercise/physical therapy/
Weiss clinic references
Nonsurgical: reviews
Other nonsurgical
268
268
277
278
279
280
281
282
285
287
288
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CAUSES (EFFECTS/CORRELATIONS/ASSOCIATIONS)
BONE DENSITY AND DEFORMITY/Disc derangement
Adam CJ, Askin GN. 2009. Lateral bone density variations in the scoliotic spine. Bone. 45(4):799-807.
Aladin DM, Cheung KM, Chan D, Yee AF, Jim JJ, Luk KD, Lu WW. 2007. Expression of the Trp2 allele of
COL9A2 is associated with alterations in the mechanical properties of human intervertebral discs. Spine.
32(25):2820-6.
Avioli V. 1993. Hormonal alterations and osteoporotic syndromes. J Bone Mineral Res 8: S511-S514.
Avram CM, Cioara F, Mihailov M 2010 STUDY OF ASPECTS OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN CHILDREN
WITH SCOLIOSIS. OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL 21: 40-41
Budden SS, Gunness ME. 2003. Possible mechanisms of osteopenia in Rett syndrome: Bone histomorphometric
studies. J Child Neurol 18: 698-702.
Chen WJ, Qiu Y, Zhu F, Zhu ZZ, Sun X, Liu Z, Chen ZJ. 2008.. [Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms: no
association with low bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis girls] Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi.
46:1183-6
Cheng Jack CY, Gio Xia 1997. Osteopenia in AIS: A primary problem or secondary to the spinal deformity? (Hong
Kong) Spine 22: 1716-1721.
Cheng Jack CY, Guo Xia, Sher Andy H 1999. Persistent Ostopenia in AIS: a longitudinal followup study. Spine 24:
1218Cheng JC, Hung VW, Lee WT, Yeung HY, Lam TP, Ng BK, Guo X, Qin L. 2006. Persistent osteopenia in
adolescent idiopathic scoliosis--longitudinal monitoring of bone mineral density until skeletal maturity. Stud
Health Technol Inform. 123:47-51.
Cheng JCY, Qin L, Cheung CSK, Sher AHL, Lee KM, Ng SWE, Guo X 2000. J Bone Mineral Research 15: 1587Generalized low areal and volumetric bone mineral density in AIS.
Cheung CS. Lee WT. Tse YK. Lee KM. Guo X. Qin L. Cheng JC. 2006. Spine. 31(3):330-8. Generalized osteopenia
in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis--association with abnormal pubertal growth, bone turnover, and calcium
intake?
Day G, Frawley K, Phillips G, McPhee IB, Labrom R, Askin G, Mueller P. Scoliosis 2008, 26;3:3. The vertebral
body growth plate in scoliosis: a primary disturbance of growth?
Hofstaetter JG, Roetzer KM, Krepler P, Nawrot-Wawrzyniak K, Schwarzbraun T, Klaushofer K, Roschger P. 2010
Altered bone matrix mineralization in a patient with Rett syndrome. Bone. 47(3):701-5.
Högler W, Baumann U, Kelly D. 2010 Growth and bone health in chronic liver disease and following liver
transplantation in children. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2010 Mar-Apr;7(3):266-74. Review.
Hou JW. 2008. Am J Med Genet A. Feb 1;146(3):393-6.Rapidly progressive scoliosis after successful treatment for
osteopenia in Costello syndrome.
Hung VW. Qin L. Cheung CS. Lam TP. Ng BK. Tse YK. Guo X. Lee KM. Cheng JC. 2005. Journal of Bone &
Joint Surgery - American Volume. Osteopenia: a new prognostic factor of curve progression in AIS.
Huynh AM, Aubin CE, Rajwani T, Bagnall KM, Villemure I. 2007. Eur Spine J. 16(4):523-9. Pedicle growth
asymmetry as a cause of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a biomechanical study.
Kaneyama S, Nishida K, Takada T, Suzuki T, Shimomura T, Maeno K, Kurosaka M, Doita M. J Orthop Sci. 2008
Mar;13(2):130-5. Fas ligand expression on human nucleus pulposus cells decreases with disc degeneration
processes.
Kim PD, Ludwig S, Poelstra K, Duggan B, Scalea T, Gelb D. 2010 Ectopic bone formation in the pelvis after
combined anterior and posterior fusion of the spine with osteogenic protein-1 use: a case report. Spinal Disord
Tech. 2010 May;23(3):215-20.
Knutsson Folke 1965. Vertebral genesis of IS in children. Uppsala.
Lam TP, Tse YK, Hung VWY, et al. 2010 Re: Szalay EA, Bosch P, Schwend RM, et al. Adolescents with
idiopathic scoliosis are not osteoporotic. Spine 2008;33:802-6. SPINE 35: 130-130
Lee WT. Cheung CS. Tse YK. Guo X. Qin L. Ho SC. Lau J. Cheng JC. 2005. Osteoporosis Int. 16(9):1024-35.
Generalized low bone mass of girls with AIS is related to inadequate calcium intake and weight bearing
physical activity in peripubertal period.
Lee WT. Cheung CS. Tse YK. Guo X. Qin L. Lam TP. Ng BK. Cheng JC. 2005. Osteoporosis Int. 16(12):1924-32.
Association of osteopenia with curve severity in AIS: a study of 919 girls.
Magomedov AM. Uleshchenko DV. Mekhed NV. Litovka IG. Kuzub TA. 2000. Likarska Sprava. (7-8):37- 40.
[Metabolic indices for the bone tissue organic base metabolism and its mineral metabolism in patients with
scoliosis]. [Russian]
Masharawi Y, Salame K, Mirovsky Y, Peleg S, Dar G, Steinberg N, Hershkovitz I. Clin Anat. 2008 Jan;21(1):4654. Vertebral body shape variation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: characterization of its asymmetry and
wedging.
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Masharawi YM, Peleg S, Albert HB, Dar G, Steingberg N, Medlej B, Abbas J, Salame K, Mirovski Y, Peled N,
Hershkovitz I. Spine. 2008 Apr 15;33(8):898-902. Facet asymmetry in normal vertebral growth:
characterization and etiologic theory of scoliosis.
Pappou IP. Girardi FP. Sandhu HS. Parvataneni HK. Cammisa FP Jr. Schneider R. Frelinghuysen P. Lane JM. 2006.
Spine. 31:1614-20. Discordantly high spinal bone mineral density values in patients with adult lumbar scoliosis.
Park WW, Suh KT, Kim JI, Kim SJ, Lee JS. 2010 Decreased osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
and reduced bone mineral density in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2009
Dec;18(12):1920-6.
Qiu Y, Sun X, Qiu X, Li W, Zhu Z, Zhu F, Wang B, Yu Y, Qian B. 2007. Spine 32: 2703-2710. Decreased
circulating leptin level and its association with body and bone mass in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Routh RH. Rumancik S. Pathak RD. Burshell AL. Nauman EA. 2005. Osteoporosis Int. 16(12):1857-63. The
relationship between bone mineral density and biomechanics in patients with osteoporosis and scoliosis.
Rumancik S. Routh RH. Pathak RD. Burshell AL. Nauman EA. 2005. Spine. 30(4):434-9. Assessment of bone
quantity and distribution in adult lumbar scoliosis: new dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry methodology and
analysis.
Sadat-Ali M, Al-Othman A, Bubshait D, Al-Dakheel D. Eur Spine J. 2008 Jul;17(7):944-7. Does scoliosis causes
low bone mass? A comparative study between siblings.
Sarikaya S. Ozdolap S. Acikgoz G. Erdem CZ. 2004. Joint, Bone, Spine: Revue du Rhumatisme. 71(1):84-5.
Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis with vertebral fractures and scoliosis.
Sato S, Kimura A, Ozdemir J, Asou Y, Miyazaki M, Jinno T, Ae K, Liu X, Osaki M, Takeuchi Y, Fukumoto S,
Kawaguchi H, Haro H, Shinomiya K, Karsenty G, Takeda S. 2008. Arthritis Rheum. 58(9):2764-75. The
distinct role of the Runx proteins in chondrocyte differentiation and intervertebral disc degeneration: Findings in
murine models and in human disease.
Schousboe JT. Debold CR. 2006. Osteoporosis Int. 17(2):281-9. Reliability and accuracy of vertebral fracture
assessment with densitometry compared to radiography in clinical practice.
Shapiro JR, Bibat G, Hiremath G, Blue ME, Hundalini S, Yablonski T, Kantipuly A, Rohde C, Johnston M, Naidu
S. 2010 Bone Mass in Rett Syndrome: Association with Clinical Parameters and MECP2 Mutations. Pediatr
Res. 2010 Jul 23.
Snyder et al 1995 Spine 20: 1554-1560. Does bracing affect bone density in AIS?
Stevenson DA, Schwarz EL, Viskochil DH, Moyer-Mileur LJ, Murray M, Firth SD, D'Astous JL, Carey JC,
Pasquali M. Pediatr Res. 2008 Jun;63(6):697-701. Evidence of increased bone resorption in neurofibromatosis
type 1 using urinary pyridinium crosslink analysis.
Suh KT, Lee SS, Hwang SH, Kim SJ, Lee JS.Eur Spine J. 2007 Oct;16(10):1563-9. Elevated soluble receptor
activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and reduced bone mineral density in patients with adolescent
idiopathic scoliosis.
Sun X, Qiu Y, Zhu Z. The accumulation of bone mineral content and density in idiopathic scoliotic adolescents
treated with bracing. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;123:233-8.
Szalay EA, Bosch P, Schwend RM, Buggie B, Tandberg D, Sherman F. Spine. 2008 Apr 1;33(7):802-6.
Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis are not osteoporotic.
Szalay EA, Tandberg D 2019 Re: Szalay EA, Bosch P, Schwend RM, et al. Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis
are not osteoporotic. Spine 2008;33:802-6. Response . SPINE 35: 130-131
van der Plaats A, Veldhuizen AG, Verkerke GJ.Ann Biomed Eng. 2007 Jul;35(7):1206-15. Numerical simulation
of asymmetrically altered growth as initiation mechanism of scoliosis.
Watanabe G, Kawaguchi S, Matsuyama T, Yamashita T. Spine. 2007 Aug 1;32(17):E488-94. Correlation of
scoliotic curvature with Z-score bone mineral density and body mass index in patients with osteogenesis
imperfecta.
Xia CW, Qiu Y, Sun X, Qiu XS, Wang SF, Zhu ZZ, Zhu F. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2007 Jun 5;87(21):1465-9.
Chinese. [Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in female adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients]
Yeung HY, Qin L, Hung VW, Lee KM, Guo X, Ng BW, Cheng JC. 2006. Stud Health Technol Inform 123: 599604. Lower degree of mineralization found in cortical bone of AIS.
Yeung HY, Tang NL, Lee KM, Ng BK, Hung VW, Kwok R, Guo X, Qin L, Cheng JC. 2006. Stud Health Technol
Inform. 123:18-24. Genetic association study of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene with curve severity and
osteopenia in AIS.
Yilmaz K, Ozmen M, Bora Goksan S, Eskiyurt N.Acta Paediatr. 2007 Aug;96(8):1220-2. Bone mineral density in
children with neurofibromatosis 1.
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM/vestibular
Barrack RL, Wyatt MP, Whitecloud TS, Burke SW, Roberts JM, Brinker MR 1988 J Ped Ortho 8: 389-395
Vibratory hypersensitivity in idiopathic scoliosis (Tulane, SD, NY)
Byl NN, Gray JM 1993 J Orthop Res 11: 215-227 Complex balance reactions in different sensory conditions:
Adolescents with and without IS. (SF, CA)
Dretakis EK, Paraskevaidis CH, Zarkadoulas V, Christodoulou 1988 Spine 13: 143. EEG study of schoolchildren
with AIS (Greece)
Fernandez-Bermejo E et al 1993. Spine 18: 918-922. AIS and joint laxity: a study with somatosensory evoked
potentials. (Madrid)
Filipovic V. Viskic-stalec N. 2006. Spine. 31(19):2237-42. The mobility capabilities of persons with AIS.
Gauchard GC, Lascombes P, Kuhnast M, Perrin PP 2001. Spine 26: 1052-8. Influence of different types of
progressive IS on static and dynamic postural control
Geissele AE, Kransdorf MJ, Geyer CA, Jelinek JS, VanDam Bruce 1991. Spine 16: 761 MRI imaging of the brain
stem in AIS (Walter Reed, Washington DC)
Goldberg CJ, Dowling FE 1990 Handedness and scoliosis convexity: Reappraisal
Goldberg CJ, Dowling FE 1991 IS and asymmetry of form and function. Ireland
Guo X. Chau WW. Hui-Chan CW. Cheung CS. Tsang WW. Cheng JC. 2006. Spine. 31(14):E437-40. Balance
control in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and disturbed somatosensory function.
Jen JC. Prog Brain Res. 2008;171:137-41. Effects of failure of development of crossing brainstem pathways on
ocular motor control.
Jensen GM, Wilson KB 1979 Physical Therapy 10: 1226 Horizontal postrotatory nystagmus response in females
with AIS
Kapetanos G, Potoupnis M, Dangilas A, Markou K, Pournaras J. 2002. Stud Health Technol Inform. 91:7-9. Is the
labyrinthine dysfunction a causative factor in idiopathic scoliosis?
Keessen Wim, Crowe Alan, Hearn Muriel 1992 Spine 17: 149. Proprioceptive accuracy in IS
Kernan S, Tobias JD. 2010 Perioperative care of an adolescent with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.
Saudi J Anaesth. 2010 Jan;4(1):23-7.
Luoto Satu, Taimela Simo, Hurri Heikki, Aalto Heikki, Pyykko Ilmari, Alaranta Hannu 1996. Spine 21: 2621-2627.
Psychomotor speed and postural control in chronic low back pain patients. A controlled followup study.
(Helsinki)
Maiocco B, Deeney VF, Coulon R, Parks PF. 1997 AIS and the presence of spinal cord abnormalities
McInnes Elaine BSC, Hill Doug L, Raso V. James, Chetner Beverly, Greenhill Brian J, Moreau Marc J. 1991. J
Bone Jt Surg. 1208. Vibratory response in AIS (Edmonton Canada)
Nault ML et al 2002 Relations between standing stability and body posture parameters in AIS. Spine 27: 1911-1917
(also Posture)
O'Beirne, Goldberg et al 1989. J Spinal Disord 2: 184-189. Equilibrial dysfunction in scoliosis--cause or effect?
Olafsson Y, Odergren T, Persson HE, Saraste H 2002 Dev Med Child Neurol 44: 130-2. Somatosensory testing in
IS. (also CNS)
Petersen Ingemar, Sahlstrand Tage, Sellden Ulla 1979. Acta orthop scand 50: 283-93. EEG investigation of
patients with AIS
Potoupnis M, Kapetanos G, Kimiskidis VK, Symeonides PP. 2002. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:10-1. Is
the central nervous system a causative factor in idiopathic scoliosis?
Previc Fred H. 1991. Psych Review 98: 299-334. A general theory concerning the prenatal origins of cerebral
lateralization in humans. (Brooks Air Force Base, Texas)
Repko M, Horký D, Krbec M, Chaloupka R, Brichtová E, Lauschová I. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008 Jun;24(6):731-4.
The role of the autonomic nervous system in the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis: prospective electron
microscopic and morphometric study.
Ruggieri M, Smarason AK, Pike M 1999 Dev Med Child Neurol 41: 311-317. Spinal cord insults in the prenatal,
perinatal, and neonatal periods. (also Other Causes)
Sahlstrand T 1980 Spine 5: 512. Analysis of lateral predominance in AIS with special reference to convexity of the
curve. (Sweden)
Sahlstrand T, Lidstrom J 1979 Clin Orthop and Related Res 152: 232 Equilibrium factors as predictors of the
prognosis in AIS
Sahlstrand T, Petruson B, Ortengren R 1979 Acta orthop scand 50: 275-281. Vestibulospinal reflex activity in
patients with AIS..postural effects during caloric labyrinthine stimulation recorded by stabilometry
Sahlstrand T, Petruson Bjorn 1979 Acta Orthop scand 50: 759-769 Study of labyrinthine function in patients with
AIS
Sahlstrend T, Petruson B 1979 Acta Orthop scand 50: 771-775 Postural effects on nystagmus response during
caloric labyrinthine stimulation in AIS
5
Simoneau M, Mercier P, Blouin J, Allard P, Teasdale N. 2006. BMC Neurosci. Oct 19;7:68. Altered sensoryweighting mechanisms is observed in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.
Simoneau M, Lamothe V, Hutin E, Mercier P, Teasdale N, Blouin J. 2009. Evidence for cognitive vestibular
integration impairment in idiopathic scoliosis patients. BMC Neurosci. 2009 Aug 25;10:102.
Simoneau M, Richer N, Mercier P, Allard P, Teasdale N. Sensory deprivation and balance control in idiopathic
scoliosis adolescent. Exp Brain Res. 2006 Apr;170(4):576-82.
van Loon PJ, van Rhijn LW. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;140:170-86.The central cord-nervous roots
complex and the formation and deformation of the spine; the scientific work on systematic body growth by
Milan Roth of Brno (1926-2006).
Winstein Carolee et al 1989 Arch Phys Med Rehabil 70: 755- Standing balance training: effect on balance and
locomotion in hemeparetic adults Rancho Rehab, (Downey CA/ Waisman Speech and Motor Control labs,
Madison WI)
Woods Laura A, Haller RJ, Hansen PD, Fukumoto DE, Herman RM 1995 Spine 20: 776 Decreased incidence of
scoliosis in hearing impaired children; implications for a neurological basis for IS (Physical therapy, Santa
Barbara, Phx, Flagstaff)
Yekutiel M, Robin GC, Yarom R 1981 Spine 6: 560. Proprioceptive function in children in AIS (Israel)
Zeng W, Lui LM, Shi L, Wang D, Chu WC, Cheng JC, Hua J, Yau ST, Gu X. 2010 Shape analysis of vestibular
systems in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using geodesic spectra. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv.
2010;13(Pt 3):538-46.
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CERVICAL SPINE
Blizzard L, Grimmer KA, Dwyer T 2000 Arch Phys Med Rehab 81: 1204-10. Validity of a measure of the
frequency of headaches with overt neck involvemenet and reliability of measurement of cervical spine
anthropometric and muscle performance factors.
Boyle JJ, Milne N, Singer KP 2002 Clinical Biomech 17: 361-367. Influence of age on cervicothoracic spinal
curvature: an ex vivo radiographic survey.
DiFabio RP 1999 Physical Therapy 79: Manipulation of the cervical spine: risks and benefits
Murphy DR 2000 J Manip Phys Therap 23: 404-408 Chiropractic rehabilitation of the cervical spine.
7
CHIARI/SYRINGOMYELIA
Abul-Kasim K, Overgaard A, Karlsson MK, Ohlin A. 2009 Tonsillar ectopia in idiopathic scoliosis: does it play a
role in the pathogenesis and prognosis or is it only an incidental finding? Scoliosis. 2009 Nov 12;4:25.
Akhtar OH, Rowe DE. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008 Jul;16(7):407-17. Review. Syringomyelia-associated
scoliosis with and without the Chiari I malformation.
Albert GW, Menezes AH, Hansen DR, et al. 2010 Chiari malformation Type I in children younger than age 6
years: presentation and surgical outcome Clinical article. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY-PEDIATRICS 5:
554-561
Alzate JC. Kothbauer KF. Jallo GI. Epstein FJ. Treatment of Chiari I malformation in patients with and without
syringomyelia: a consecutive series of 66 cases. Neurosurgical Focus. 11(1):E3, 2001
Attenello FJ, McGirt MJ, Atiba A, Gathinji M, Datoo G, Weingart J, Carson B, Jallo GI. J Neurosurg Pediatrics.
2008 Jun;1(6):456-60 Suboccipital decompression for Chiari malformation-associated scoliosis: risk factors and
time course of deformity progression.
Baronia B, Vassilyadi M, Ventureyra EC.Childs Nerv Syst. 2008 Mar;24(3):329-36. Posterior fossa dimension and
volume estimates in pediatric patients with Chiari I malformations.Trigylidas T,
Batzdorf U, Khoo LT, McArthur DL. Neurosurgery. 2007 Aug;61(2):370-7; discussion 377-8. Observations on
spine deformity and syringomyelia.
Bradley LJ, Ratahi ED, Crawford HA, Barnes MJ. Spine. 2007 Oct 1;32(21):2327-33. The outcomes of scoliosis
surgery in patients with syringomyelia.
Cabraja M, Thomale UW, Vajkoczy P. Orthopade. 2008 Apr;37(4):347-55. Review. German. [Spinal disorders
and associated CNS anomalies - tethered cord and Arnold-Chiari malformation]
Chartier A, Martinot A, Dhellemmes P, Vallee L, Lamblin MD, Goran C, Leclerc F 2002 Chiari type I malformation
in children: presentation in 34 cases. Arch de Pediatrie 9: 789-96.
Chen HH, Chang FC, Wong TT 2010 Scoliosis and Syringomyelia With Chiari Malformation After Lumbar
Shunting. JOURNAL OF THE CHINESE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 73: 384-388
Emery E, Redondo A, Rey A 1997 Eur Spine J 6(3):158-62. Syringomyelia and Arnold Chiari in scoliosis initially
classified as idiopathic: experience with 25 patients.
Eule JM, Erickson MA, O'Brien MF, Handler M 2002 Chiari I malformation associated with syringomyelia and
scoliosis. A twenty-year review of surgical and nonsurgical treatment in a pediatric population. Spine 27: 14511455
Flynn JM. Sodha S. Lou JE. Adams SB Jr. Whitfield B. Ecker ML. Sutton L. Dormans JP. Drummond DS.
Predictors of progression of scoliosis after decompression of an Arnold Chiari I malformation. Spine. 29:286-92,
2004 Feb 1.
Fujimori T, Iwasaki M, Nagamoto Y, Sakaura H, Oshima K, Yoshikawa H. 2010 The utility of superficial
abdominal reflex in the initial diagnosis of scoliosis: a retrospective review of clinical characteristics of scoliosis
with syringomyelia. Scoliosis. 2010 Aug 26;5:17.
Furtado SV, Thakre DJ, Venkatesh PK, et al. 2010 Morphometric analysis of foramen magnum dimensions and
intracranial volume in pediatric Chiari I malformation. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA 152: 221-227
Greenlee J, Garell PC, Stence N, Menezes AH. Comprehensive approach to Chiari malformation in pediatric
patients. Neurosurg Focus. 1999 Jun 15;6(6):]
Greitz D 2006 Unravelling the riddle of syringomyelia. Neurosurg Rev 29: 251-264.
Guillen A. Costa JM. Spontaneous resolution of a Chiari I malformation associated syringomyelia in one child.
[Review] [48 refs] Acta Neurochirurgica. 146(2):187-91, 2004 Feb.
Hankinson T, Tubbs RS, Wellons JC. 2010 Duraplasty or not? An evidence-based review of the pediatric Chiari I
malformation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010 Oct 2.
Hankinson TC, Klimo P Jr, Feldstein NA, Anderson RC, Brockmeyer D. 2007. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 18(3):54968. Chiari malformations, syringohydromyelia and scoliosis.
Hankinson TC, Grunstein E, Gardner P, et al. 2010 Transnasal odontoid resection followed by posterior
decompression and occipitocervical fusion in children with Chiari malformation Type I and ventral brainstem
compression Report of 2 cases. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY-PEDIATRICS 5: 549-553
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Upadhyaya CD, Starr PA, Mummaneni PV. 2010 Spinal deformity and Parkinson disease: a treatment algorithm.
Neurosurg Focus. 2010 Mar;28(3):E5. Review.
van Schaik P, Flynn D, van Wersch A, Ryan KA, Ferguson V. 2007. Int J Rehabil Res. 30(2):163-5. Factors
important in the design of information material for scoliosis.
Villemure I, Stokes IA. 2009. Growth plate mechanics and mechanobiology. A survey of present understanding. J
Biomech. 42(12):1793-803.
Wang ZY, Liu Y 2010 Research Update and Recent Developments in the Management of Scoliosis in
Neurofibromatosis Type 1. ORTHOPEDICS 33: 335-341
Weinstein SL 1994 J Ped Orthop 14: 461-563 Advances in the diagnosis and management of AIS
Weinstein SL 2000 J Bone Jt Surg 82-A: 980- Long term followup of pediatric orthopedic conditions.
White AA, Panjabi MM 1976 The clinical biomechanics of scoliosis. CORR 118: 100-112
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Wong HK, Tan KJ 2010 The natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. INDIAN JOURNAL OF
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Wood KB 2002 Spinal deformity in the adolescent athlete. Clinics in Sports Med 21: 77-92.
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144
SCOLIOSIS BOOKS: Textbooks on spine/scoliosis/pulmonary medicine
**bold type, copies are in 'reviews'
1872. The correct principles of treatment for angular curvature of the spine.
Benjamin Lee. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott & co. V. [2], 9-77 p.
1966. Scoliosis.
Robert Roaf, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Liverpool, The Williams and Wilkins Company,
Baltimore.
1975. Scoliosis and Other Deformities of the Axial Skeleton
Edward J. Riseborough, James H. Herndon, Little, Brown and Company, Boston
1985. The Pediatric Spine
eds. DS. Bradford, MD, Robert M. Hensinger MD Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart NY
1987. The Adolescent Spine, Second Edition. Hugo A. Keim.
Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin
1987. Moe's Textbook of Scoliosis and other spinal deformities
David S. Bradford, John E. Lonstein, James W. Ogilvie, Robert B.Winter, W. B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia
1988. The Management of Spinal Deformities
Kenton D. Leatherman, Robert A. Dickson Wright Press, London, Boston, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto,
Wellington
1995. Essentials of the Spine.
eds James N. Weinstein, Bjorn L. Rydevik, Volker KH Sonntag. Raven Press, Ltd., NY
1995. Moe's Textbook of Scoliosis and other spinal deformities
David S. Bradford, John E. Lonstein, James W. Ogilvie, Robert B.Winter, W. B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia
1995. Chest Medicine. Essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine, 3rd edition. RB George, RW Light,
MA Matthay, RA Matthay, Williams & Wilkins
1999. Fraser and Pare's Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest, Fourth Edition.
ed. Richard S. Fraser, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1988, 1977, 1970)
2000. Crofton and Douglas's Respiratory Diseases. 5th edition; Ed A Seaton, D Seaton, AG Leitch, Vol 2.
Blackwell Science
2000. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine.
ed. Murray JF, Nadel JA. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
2001. Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopedics.
5th ed. Morrissey RT, Weinstein SL. Lippincott Williams, Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Newton PO, Wenger DR 2001 Idiopathic and congenital scoliosis, pp. 677-740, Chapter 18 in Lovell and Winter's
Pediatric Orthopedics, Fifth edition, eds RT Morrissy, SL Weinstein. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,
Philadelphia.
other: Schneerson??
The Pediatric Spine, 1985.
eds. David S. Bradford, MD, Robert M. Hensinger MD
Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart NY
I. Introduction
II. Inflammation
III. Trauma
IV. Tumors
V. Spinal Deformity
13. Natural History of Spine Deformity, Denis Drummond
14. Congenital Scoliosis, John E. Hall
15. Congenital Kyphosis, Jean Dubousset
16. Infantile idiopathic scoliosis, Michael J. McMaster
17. Juvenile and AIS, Robert Gillespie
18. Paralytic spine Deformity
19. Secondary to tumor, irradiation, laminectomy
20. Spinal cord compression secondary to spinal deformity
21. Scheuermann's
22. Orthotic treatment, William P. Bunnell
145
23. in Dwarfs
24. Neurofibromatosis
25. Myelomeningocele
26. Dysraphism
VI. Spondylolisthesis
VII. Techniques in spinal surgery
34. Role of traction in management of spinal deformities.
The Management of Spinal Deformities, 1988
Kenton D. Leatherman, Robert A. Dickson
Wright Press, London, Boston, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto, Wellington
Table of Contents attached
Fraser and Pare's Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest, Fourth Edition, 1999.
ed. Richard S. Fraser, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1988, 1977, 1970)
XVII. Disease of the Diaphragm and Chest Wall
"Abnormalities of the thoracic spine," pp 3020-3022.
In "Pulmonary" file.
The Adolescent Spine, 1987, Second Edition. Hugo A. Keim.
Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin
1. Embryology and anatomy of the human spine
2. Neurology of the spine
3. Biomechanics of the adolescent spine
4. Congenital problems in the adolescent spine
5. Tumors in the adolescent spine
6. Trauma
7. Cervical spine
8. Infections and inflammatory lesions
9. Scoliosis
10. Clinical and roentgenographic evaluation
11. Nonoperative treatment
12. Operative management
13. Kyphosis and lordosis
Moe's Textbook of Scoliosis and other spinal deformities, 1987
David S. Bradford, John E. Lonstein, James W. Ogilvie, Robert B.Winter, W. B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia
1. Historical aspects, Moe
2. Biomechanics, Ogilvie
3. Embryology and spine growth, Lonstein
4. Classification and terminology, Winter
5. Patient evaluation, Lonstein
6. Natural history, Winter
7. Orthotics, Ogilvie
8. Traction, Ogilvie
9. Casting, Lonstein
10. Surgery techniques, Bradford
11. Idiopathic, Moe
12. Congenital, Winter
13. Neuromuscular, Bradford
14, Myelomeningocoele, Winter
15. Neurofibromatosis, Moe
16. Kyphosis, Bradford
17. Adult, Winter
18. Salvage and reconstruction surgery, Lonstein
19. Spondylolysis, Bradford
20. Secondary to spinal injury, Bradford
21. Complications of treatment, Lonstein
146
22. Miscellaneous
Thoracic cage defects and contractures with scoliosis
Pulmonary function testing
Scoliosis and Other Deformities of the Axial Skeleton, 1975
Edward J. Riseborough, James H. Herndon
Little, Brown and Company, Boston
1. Introduction and Terminology
2. Classification
3. Anatomy and Physiology
4. Basic Mechanics
5. Experimental Scoliosis
6. Diagnosis and clinical Features
7. Plaster and Traction Treatment
8. Nonoperative treatment--The Milwaukee Brace
9. Surgical Treatment--Posterior Approach
10. Surgical Treatment--Anterior and other methods of surgical correction
11. Congenital Scoliosis
12. Idiopathic Scoliosis
13. Neuromuscular
14. Genetic disorders of connective tissue
15. Various pathologic conditions
16. Kyphosis and Lordosis
17. Scoliosis in adults
18. Surgical correction of postoperative complications
19. Anesthesia
Essentials of the Spine. 1995.
eds James N. Weinstein, Bjorn L. Rydevik, Volker KH, Sonntag. Raven Press, Ltd., NY
Chapter 11. Deformities of the Spine, SL Weinstein.
Nothing useful.
Scoliosis. 1966.
Robert Roaf, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Liverpool
The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
"Often in severe scoliosis, the ribs become almost completely fixed and there is hardly any costal movement. When
there is any movement, it is usually a posterior movement of the angle of the ribs which is often accompanies by an
anterior movement of the anterior ends of the ribs on the concave side, i.e. relative to the ribs on the concave side.
On the concave side of a scoliotic chest, the ribs are usually in an almost horizontal position and therefore the
transverse diameter of the chest cannot be increased by the upward 'bucket handle' movment, as it is in the normal
chest. The result is that for practical purposes, movments of the chest wall hardly increase the volume of the thorax
in patients with scoliosis. This results in failure of development of the lungs. In addition, the various respiratory
movements tend to increase the rotation."
"Dietitic factors: there is evidence that beta amino propionile and semicarbazide weaken the intermolecular
links of collage fibers. the importance of collagen in regulating growth is now well recognized. Therefore it seems
that the various forms of experimental scoliosis produced by abnormal diets may be due to growth disturbances
secondary to weakness of collagen tissue. In 1933 Geiger, Steenbock, Harry and Parsons noticed that white rats fed
a diet of sweet peas developed scoliosis and hernias. In 1948 Lewis made a similar observation. In 1952 Ponsett
and Baird noticed that dissecting aneurysms of the aorta and scoliosis were produced by feeding rats on sweet peas.
Since then further work has shown that there is weakening of the attachment of the epiphyseal plate to the body and
of the spinal ligaments to the bones. It has also been shown that the basic factor in sweet peas is glutamyl-amino
propionitrile and since then that other substances, in particular semicarbizine, have been shown to produce
scoliosis in experimental animals. These experiments cast a great deal of light on the normal processes of vertebral
growth and the factors that may interfere with them."
EXERCISES. From time immemorial exercises have been used in the treatment of deformities. It is doubtful if they
have any effect on the shape of the bones or on the growth of the bones, but a combination of active exercises,
assisted movements and passive stretching can stretch 'soft' tissues such as muscles and joint capsules and therefore
correct deformities due to joint contractures, i.e. without there being an abnormal shape of the bones. In the early
147
stages of any deformity and in order to prevent a deformity increasing, exercises may play a role, but once an
abnormal shape of the bones has been established it is very unlikely that exercises alone will correct this (no ref)
Exercises may have other advantages, of course. They may increase vital capacity, improve posture, or benefit
the general health; they have at least this virtue that they seldom do harm, but by themselves they cannot cure an
established deformity. In some instances, if there is a considerable degree of muscle imbalance or abnormal muscle
action, exercises, by strengthening the already overactive muscles or those with a mechanical advantage, may
possibly increase the deformity."
Manipulations and stretching: Active exercises can stretch contracted muscles, ligaments and joint capsules.
Similarly assisted movements and passive stretching, whether this can be manually or by using special apparatus,
can also stretch soft tissues."
Other books:
Daly LE, Bourke GJ 2000 Interpretation and uses of medical statistics. Blackwell Science Ltd, Malden MA
148
POPULAR BOOKS
Coping with Scoliosis (1998)
Bettijane Eisenpreis (principal of Bettijane Eisenpreis, Writer-Editor-Public-Relations, based on her personal
experience as well as interviews with medical professionals, consumer advocates, and patients). (New York City)
The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 29 East 21st Stree, New York, NY
Other: 'What Can I Give You?' (Mahony 1996); Stopping Scoliosis (Schommer 1991); Scoliosis Ascending the
Curve (Lyon 1999); The Scoliosis Handbook (Neuwirth 1999)
Coping with Scoliosis (1998)
Bettijane Eisenpreis (principal of Bettijane Eisenpreis, Writer-Editor-Public-Relations, based on her personal
experience as well as interviews with medical professionals, consumer advocates, and patients). (New York City)
The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 29 East 21st Stree, New York, NY
Thanks to Dr. John P. Lubicky, Chief of Staff, Shriners Hospitals Chicago; Randal R. Betz M.D. Asst Chief of Staff
and Medical Dirctor of Spinal Cord Injury Unit, Shriners Philadelphia, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Vincent's
Medical Center, NY: Thomas Haher, Steven Caruso Biomedical Engineering; Arena Podhorodecki MD, Phys Med
and Rehabilitation, Marisa Gonzales, Physical Therapy. Michael Neuwirth MD, Chief of Spine Services at Hosp for
Joint Diseases.
"Many children go untreated, with painful results later in life."
"Postural scoliosis can, in some cases, grow into structural scoliosis" (no refs)
"A good idea to develop a regular exercise routine."
"The Scoliosis Association maintains that observation is a form of treatment." (p. 30)
"The Scoliosis Research Society is an organization of orthopedic surgeons specializing in spinal deformity.
Physicians cannot join unless >20% of their practice is devoted to spinal deformity."
The Scoliosis Association is an information and support network made up of volunteers with scoliosis, or family
members.
The National Scoliosis Foundation is an advocacy group that publishes booklets, promotes school screening and
research.
"Chiropractors can relieve pain--unproven as a treatment.
Treatment
Four choices: Do nothing; 'Wait and see'; Brace; Surgery
Alternative therapies: yoga, Feldenkrais, Pilates
"None has been tested using scientific methods, and they have not been proved through scientific research to
correct scoliosis." "Only bracing and surgery have been scientifically proved to be effective in stopping or
correcting a spinal curvature." (p. 61)
Alexander: faulty posture contributes to physical and emotional problems
Feldenkrais (Russian born Israeli). Practitioner Mary Newell: "Would like more opportunity to work with teenagers
with mild curves." "Will not correct structural scoliosis but can help people move better and have better self image."
(BE)
Pilates (1880)
Yoga: "will not cure scoliosis but can reduce stress". Bobbie Fultz: "all systems recognize significance of holding
patterns in the body--when you are sad or angry, you tighten. When you release, old memories, tastes, and smells
come back. There are many ways of getting to the same result."
149
"Since scoliosis is often genetically transmitted..."
"Many physicians still believe a dynamic brace is far better than passive..others disagree.
"As sure as the sun will come up in the morning, braces are effective." (nachemson)
SRS-supported research:
131 no braces: progression in 70% (>6 degrees) after five years
115 + braces: progression in 20% (>6 degrees) after five years
"I know all the tricks," Dr. Lubicky said to me, "Teens go out thru the garage, leave the brace..."
Copes Scoliosis Total Recovery System: air-injected brace, manipulation, exercise, nutrition--23 year old male:
"Completely corrected and pain free for five years"
"SRC does not endorse; no clinical trials."
"Scoliosis surgery isn't as bad as it sounds, once you learn more about it." (sounds like a big deal, but just a day's
work for orthopedic surgeons..."
"If a patient is experiencing back pain as a direct result of scoliosis, doctors may ask her to consider surgery."
"The Cosmetic Debate" (p. 116)
"Appearance plays a legitimate role in the decision to have surgery."
Dr. Thomas Haher told me, "We suddenly realized that we scoliosis specialists, a bunch of middle aged men, were
making decisions for a lot of teenaged girls, and we didn't have the foggiest idea what was important to them."
"You couldn't slump if you wanted to" (with a spinal fusion)
"Should the loss of flexibility influence anyone to avoid surgery?" (no)
"Most insurance companies cover scoliosis surgery."
150
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Cornwall Roger. 2001. J Bone Jt Surg 83-A:627-628. Teaching professionalism in orthopedic residency.
DeWald Ronald L 2000 Spine 25: 2280-2284. Professional competence and subspecialty certification: Scoliosis
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