15 keragaman ekosistem tropika

KERAGAMAN EKOSISTEM
EKOSISTEM ?
Menurut UULH RI, 1982
- Tatanan kesatauan secara utuh menyeluruh
antara segenap unsur lingkungan hidup yang
saling mempengaruhi.
Komponen Ekosistem: Makhluk hidup + Lingkungan
MH : Tumbuhan, Hewan, Manusia, Fungi, Bacteria,
Protista
Lingkungan: Selain Makhluk Hidup
LH Menurut UULH, 1982:
Kesatuan Ruang dengan semua benda, daya,
keadaan,
MH,
termasuk
manusia
dan
perilakunya, yang mempengaruhi kelangsungan
perikehidupan, dan kesejahteraan manusia
serta MH lainnya
KAIDAH EKOSISTEM:
a.Ekosistem diatur dan dikendalikan secara
alamiah
b.Ekosistem mempunyai daya kemampuan yg
optimal dalam keadaan berimbang
c.Terdapat interaksi antara seluruh unsur-unsur
lingkungan yg saling mempengaruhi dan bersifat
timbal balik
d.Interaksi terjadi antara:
-komponen-komponen biotik dengan abiotik
-sesama komponen biotik
-sesama komponen abiotik
e.Interaksi terkendali menurut dinamika yg stabil
f.Setia ekosistem mempunyai sifat yg khas selain
yg umum dan secara bersama-sama dengan
ekosistem lainnya mempunyai peranan terhadap
ekosistem keseluruhan (biosfer)
g.Setiap ekosistem tergantung & dapat dipengaruhi
oleh faktor tempat, waktu, & masing-masing
membentuk basis perbedaan diantara ekosistem
itu sendiri sebagai pencerminan sifat-sifat yag
khas
h.Masing-masing ekosistem memilih interaksinya
Komponen Ekosistem:
a. Dari segi makanan (Trophik)
1.Komponen Autotrof (membuat makanan sendiri)
Terjadi pengikatan energi matahari
2. Heterotrof (memakan makhluk hidup lain)
Terjadi pemakaian, pengaturan, dan
perombakan bahan-bahan yg kompleks
b. Dari segi keperluan Deskriptif
1. Komponen Abiotik:
-senyawa anorganik (C,H,O, CO2, H2O, dll)
-senyawa organik (protein, karbihidarat,lemak,dll)
-Iklim (temperatur, kelembaban, dll)
2.Komponen Biomas:
a.Produsen
b.Makrokonsumen (phagotrof)
binatang yg mencerna organisme atau bagian
bahan organik
c. Mikrokonsumen (Sapotrof)
Bakteri dan jamur
Macam-Macam Ekosistem:
A. Ekosistem Daratan
1.Ekosistem Hutan
2.Ekosistem Padang Rumput
3.Ekosistem Gurun
4.dll
B. Ekosistem Perairan
1. Ekosistem Perairan Tawar
2. Ekositem Danau dan Waduk
3. Ekosistem Laut
4. dll
Ekosistem Daratan di Bedakan menjadi beberapa
Bioma didasarkan kepada letak geografis (garis
lintangnya).
Bioma tundra
Bioma tundra terdapat di belahan bumi sebelah utara di dalam
lingkaran kutub utara dan terdapat di puncak-puncak gunung tinggi
Bioma taiga
Bioma taiga terdapat di belahan bumi sebelah utara dan di
pegunungan daerah tropik
Bioma padang rumput
Bioma ini terdapat di daerah yang terbentang
dari daerah tropik ke subtropik.
Bioma Hutan Basah (Wetlands)
Bioma Hutan Basah terdapat di daerah tropika dan subtropik.
EKOSISTEM DARATAN
EKOSISTEM HUTAN
Hutan : area dengan kerapatan pohon yang tinggi
 Ekosistem Hutan merupakan pusat perhatian masalah
lingkungan
 Hutan menyediakan jasa/pelayanan lingkungan:
1.Siklus nutrien
2. Pengaturan Biodiversitas
3.Menyediakan habitat bagi satwaliar
4.Mempengaruhi pola curah hujan
5. Pengaturan aliran sungai
6. Menyimpan air
7. Mengendalikan banjir
8. Mencegah erosi tanah
9. Reklamasi degradasi lahan
Ekositem Hutan
10. dll
 Hutan juga berfungsi sebagai sumber devisa
(Kayu bakar, Kayu konstruksi, buah, resin, herbal,
obat,-obatan, dll
Komponen Ekosistem Hutan:
 Komponen Biotik
Merupakan representatif dari 3 kelompok
fungsional
1. Organisme Produsen
- Hutan terutama menghasilkan pepohonan
- Tumbuhan yang dihasilkan tergantung
kepada tipe hutan yang berkembang pada
masing-masing kondisi iklim
- Pepohonan, tumbuhan pemanjat, epifit,
semak, tumbuhan bawah
Components of Forest Ecosystem:
 Producers: Different tree species
Consumers in a Forest Ecosystem
 Decomposers in a Forest ecosystem
Components of Grassland Ecosystem:
Producers: Different grass species
Consumers of Grassland ecosystem
Decomposers in a Grassland ecosystem
Desert Ecosystem:
 A desert is a landscape or region that receives almost
no precipitation
 Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual
precipitation of less than 250 millimeters per year.
 It occupy about 17% of the earth’s surface.
 Deserts are characterized by hot days & cold nights.
 The deserts of the world are mainly located in the
South- western United States, Mexico, North
America, Asia (Thar, Gobi, Tibet ) & west Asia.
 Deserts are characterized by scanty flora & fauna.
 Soils of deserts often have abundant nutrients but
little or no organic matter.
Components of Desert Ecosystem:
Producers of Desert Ecosystem
Consumers of Desert Ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems:
 Freshwater ecosystems cover 0.8% of the Earth's surface and contain
0.009% of its total water.
 Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's known fish species.
 Aquatic ecosystems perform many important environmental functions.
For example:
 They recycle nutrients, purify water, attenuate floods, recharge
ground water and provide habitats for wildlife.
 Aquatic ecosystems are also used for human recreation, and are
very important to the tourism industry, especially in coastal region.
 There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems:
 Lentic: slow-moving water, including Pools, Ponds, and Lakes.
 Lotic: rapidly-moving water, for example Streams and Rivers.
 Wetlands: areas where the soil is saturated with water or
inundated for at least part of the time
Lakes & pond Ecosystem:
 A pond is a place where living organisms not only live but interact with
biotic & abiotic components.
 Ponds are often exposed to tremendous anthropogenic pressure which
significantly affects the system.
 Lakes are usually big standing freshwater bodies.
 They have a shallow water zone called Littoral zone ; an open water zone
where effective penetration of solar light takes place, called Limnetic zone
and a deep water zone where light penetration is negligible, called
Profoundal zone .
Pond ecosystem
Lake ecosystem
Marine or Ocean Ecosystem:
 Marine ecosystems are among the Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They
include: Oceans, Estuaries and Lagoons, Mangroves and Coral reefs,
the Deep sea and the Sea floor.
 These are the gigantic reservoirs of water covering approximately 71% of
the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers).
 These ecosystem is different from freshwater ecosystem mainly because
of its salty water.
 The salt concentration in an open sea is usually 3.5% (35 parts per
thousand (ppt) ). Dominant ions are sodium & chloride.
 Average temperature of Marine ecosystem is 2-3 degree centigrade,
devoid of light.
 Biotic components:
1) Producers: It includes phytoplanktons (diatoms, dinoflagillates), large
seaweeds (mainly algae like chlorophyceae, phaeophyceae &
rhodophyceae; angiosperms like Ruppia, Zostera, posidonia etc.), and
mangrove vegetation (like Rhizophora, Carapa etc.)
2) Consumers:
a) Primary consumers: These are herbivores and feed directly on
producers (Crustaceans, Mollusks, fish etc.)
b) Secondary consumers: These are carnivorous fishes(Herring, Sahd
and Mackerel)
c) Tertiary consumers: These are top carnivorous fishes (Cod,
Haddock, etc.)
3) Decomposers: These are micro – organisms like bacteria, fungi
 Abiotic components:
 High Na, Ca, Mg and K salt concentration, variable dissolved oxygen
content, light & temperature make a unique physiochemical conditions
in marine water.
Inside Marine or Ocean Ecosystem:
Energy flow in ecosystem:
 All organisms must obtain a supply of energy and nutrients from their
environment in order to survive.
 The transformations of energy in an ecosystem begin first with the
input of energy from the sun.
 Because, it is the first step in the production of energy for living things,
it is called “Primary production”.
 Photosynthesis -- Chemical reaction where green plants use water &
carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose.
 ENERGY is stored in glucose.
 Glucose is stored as starch in plants