Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: Complete Work

Transcription

Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology
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umbilicus.
exumbrella n. [L. ex, out of; dim. umbra, shade] (CNID: Scyphozoa) The convex aboral surface of a medusa or jellyfish.
see subumbrella.
exuvia n.; n.pl. exuviae [L. exuvia, cast] The cast parts of the
cuticle; cuticle shed at a molt; usually used only in the
plural.
exuvial glands Certain epidermal glands associated with the
molting fluid during ecdysis at molting.
exuvial space (ARTHRO: Insecta) An area between the epidermis and the cuticle into which the molting enzymes are secreted after apolysis.
exuviate v. [L. exuvia, cast] To cast skin or shell; to molt.
eye n. [A.S. eage, eye] An organ of sight; a photoreceptor; a
compound eye; an ocellus.
eye-bridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, eyes dorsally joined
above the antennae by a narrow line of facets.
eye brush see prosartema
eye cap (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, a structure overhanging or capping the compound eye.
eyespots n.pl. [A.S. eage, eye; ME. spotte, spotted] Pigmented areas in many invertebrates to which are attributed
various functions: a simple eye or visual organ (ocellus);
intimidation of predators; to deflect attention to the least
vulnerable parts of the body; a sensory organ.
eyestalk see ocular peduncle
F
F 1 First filial generation, arising from a cross, subsequent generations abbreviated F 2 , F 3 , etc. see P 1 .
face n. [L. facies, countenance] 1. The surface of anything. 2.
(ARTHRO: Insecta) The front of a verticle head between the
compound eye above the mouth to vertex. a. In Hymenoptera between antennae and clypeus. b. In Diptera, below
the frontal suture, often having grooves or fovea below the
antennae; the mesofacial plate. c. In Ephemeroptera, the
fused front and vertex; facies.
facet n. [F. facette, small face] 1. A small surface. 2. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) The external surface or part of a compound eye
unit or ommatidium.
facette n. [F. facette, small face] (ARTHRO: Pentastomida) A
funnel-shaped opening through the inner membrane complex of the egg into which the product of the dorsal organ
is deposited.
facetted eye see compound eye
facial angle (ARTHRO: Insecta) The angle formed by the point
of union of the face and vertex.
facial bristles see oral vibrissae
facial carina (ARTHRO: Insecta) One of the carinae of the
frontal costa and of the accessory carinae of the face. a. In
Orthoptera, one of the accessory carinae. b. In Diptera, the
single median facial ridge separating the antennal grooves.
facial depression (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. The antennal groove.
2. For Diptera, the middle of the face; the facial plate.
facialium see vibrissal ridge
facial orbit (ARTHRO: Insecta) On the head, the region next to
the mesal margin of a compound eye.
facial plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the central part of
the face.
facial quadrangle (ARTHRO: Insecta) In bees, the quadrangle
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formed by the eyes laterally, and between their apex and
below by a line between their lower points.
facial ridge see vibrissal ridge
facies see face
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Maggenti and Gardner
of the uncus, and extending ventro-caudad.
falciform a. [L. falx, sickle; forma, shape] Having the shape of
a sickle; curved like a sickle.
falciger n. [L. falx, sickle; gerere, to carry] (ANN) A compound,
distally blunt, curved seta.
facio-orbital bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, bristles on
each side near the orbit, may extend to the gena or cheek;
orbital bristles. see genal bristles.
falculate a. [L. dim. falx, sickle] Curved with a sharp point.
factor n. [L. facere, to do, to make] 1. An agent or causative
agent in genetics determining development of a hereditary
character in offspring. 2. (PORIF) A cell surface-active proteoglycan affecting the stability of cell-to-cell adhesion.
false head (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some syrphid fly larvae, a
broad globulose or hood-like cephalic segment(s) with a
visible constriction behind.
facultative n. [L. facultas, capability] The ability to live under
different conditions. see obligate.
facultative meiotic parthenogenesis The diploid chromosomal complement in the reduced oocytes is restored by fusion of the second polar nucleus with the egg pronucleus.
see automictic meiotic parthenogenesis.
facultative parasite 1. A parasitic organism that can develop
inside a host, but still retains the ability to complete a freeliving life cycle in the outside environment. 2. Organisms
normally free-living that may become parasitic under special environmental conditions. see obligate parasite.
facultative symbiont A symbiont that establishes a relationship with a host only if the opportunity presents itself. see
obligate symbiont.
faeces see feces
Fahrenholz's rule Common ancestors of present day parasites
were themselves parasites of the common ancestors of
present day hosts; parasite phylogeny mirrors host phylogeny.
falcate a. [L. falx, sickle] Sickle-shaped, hooked or new moonshaped.
falces n.pl.; sing. falx, falcis [L. falx, sickle] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) Falces used to denote chelicerae of ticks; chelicerae of certain arachnids. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In lycanid
butterflies, when present, paired, sclerotized, curved arms
articulated with the caudal margin of the tegumen ventrad
falsadentes see cibarial teeth
false legs see prolegs or spurious legs
false umbilicus (MOLL: Gastropoda) A cavity or depression in
the base of the last whorl of the shell; a pseudumbilicus.
famulus n.; pl. -li [L. famulus, servant] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata)
In Acari, microsensory seta found on the genu, tibia and
tarsi.
fan n. [A.S. fann, fr. L. vannus, fan] 1. A segment or process
flattened and spread triangularly or in a semicircle, appearing fan-like. 2. (ANN: Polychaeta) The parapodia on the
l4th, 15th, or 16th segments. 3. (CNID: Anthozoa) A colony
of zooids. 4. A flabellum.
fang n. [A.S. fang, seizure] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) The clawlike distal segment of the chelicera of spiders.
farctate a. [L. farctus, filled] Fully filled; distended; to swell
out.
farinaceous a. [L. farina, flour] 1. Mealy. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta)
Has been used to describe powdery looking insect surfaces
and wings; pulverulent; pollinose.
fascia n., pl. -ciae [L. fascia, bundle] 1. A broad and well-defined band of color; striped. 2. Marked with transverse
bands of color. see vitta. 3. A layer of connective tissue
covering an organ or attaching a muscle. fasciate a.
fascicle, fasciculus n.; pl. -li, -les [L. dim. fascia, bundle] 1.
A small bundle or tuft. 2. A bundle of nerve or muscle fibers. 3. (ANN) A bundle of setae originating from a common muscular source, normally two dorsolateral and two
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ventrolateral fasciculi per segment. 4. (ARTHRO) A stylet
bundle or combination of mouthparts of blood-feeding arthropods that function to pierce the skin. 5. (CNID) Tubes
intergrown together to form a stem or branches. 6. (MOLL:
Polyplacophora) A bundle of hairs or bristles against each
valve end. 7. (PORIF) Fibers intertwined in bundles to produce complex interlocking tracts.
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or cells resembling a honeycomb; favose.
feces n.pl. [L. faex, dregs] Pertaining to sediment, refuse or
excrement.
fecula n. [L. dim. faex, dregs] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Excrement.
fecundate v.t. [L. fecundus, fruitful] To fertilize; to impregnate.
fasciole n. [L. dim. fascia, bundle] 1. (CNID: Echinoidea) In
Spatangidae, a small band of minute spine-bearing tubercles used to produce water currents in the burrow for
feeding, respiration and excretion. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda) A
spiral band formed by the successive growth lines on the
edges of a canal.
fecundity n. [L. fecundus, fruitful] The potential reproductive
capacity as measured by the quantity of gametes, particularly eggs, produced.
fascio-maculata Having spots arranged in bands.
feeding zooid (BRYO) A zooid that at some developmental
stage feeds and provides nourishment to the entire colony.
fascio-punctate Ornamented with colored points arranged in
bands.
fastening or fixing muscle (SIPUN) A thin strand or filament
of muscle joining or attaching some part of the alimentary
canal, (the esophagus or posterior region of the intestine)
to the body wall.
fastigiate a. [L. fastigium, gable end] Arranged into a conical
bundle.
fastigium n. [L. fastigium, gable end] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In
Orthoptera, the anterior dorsal surface of the vertex of
grasshoppers.
fat body Aggregated cells that store food reserves, storage for
excretory materials, or light producing organ; a center in
which many metabolic processes occur.
fate map Diagrammatic method of indicating the fate of embryonic cells.
fauces n.pl. [L. fauces, gullet] That portion of the interior of a
spiral shell that can be viewed by looking into the aperture.
fauna n. [L. Faunus, diety of herds and fields] The animal life
of a region. see flora, biota.
faunal region An area where certain groups of animals are
found.
faveolate a. [L. favus, honeycomb] Pitted; having depressions
feedback mechanism Regulation mechanism in cells by which
the final product of a metabolic reaction inhibits further
production of that product.
feeler n. [A.S. felan, to feel] A tactile organ of many invertebrates.
felt chamber (ARTHRO: Insecta) A spongy structure within the
spiracular chamber of larval trypetid flies, thought to act as
an air filter.
felt setae (ANN: Polychaeta) In scale worms, threadlike setae
that arise from the notopodia and trail back over the dorsal
surface of the animal.
female ducts see gonoduct, oviduct
female encystment see matricidal hatching
female funnel (ANN: Oligochaeta) Enlargement of the ental
end of an oviduct of earthworms that facilitates entry of the
ova on their way to the exterior.
female pores (ANN: Oligochaeta) The external apertures of the
female ducts of earthworms.
femoro-alary organs (ARTHRO: Insecta) A stridulatory apparatus.
femorogenu n. [L. femur, thigh; genu, knee] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In mites, a leg segment resulting from the fusion of
the femur and genu.
femorotibial joint (ARTHRO) One of the two primary bendings
of a typical leg, pertains to the femur and the tibia. see
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coxotrochanteral joint.
femur n. [L. femur, thigh] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) a. In spiders, the thigh; normally the stoutest segment, articulating
to the body through the trochanter and coxa and bearing
the patella and remaining leg segments at the distal end.
b. In mites, segment of palp and legs, between the trochanter and genu; sometimes divided into femur 1 (proximal) and femur 2 (distal). 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The largest
and stoutest part of the leg of most adults; the third segment, located between the trochanter and the tibia.
fenestra n.; pl. -trae [L. fenestra, window] 1. A small opening; a window. 2. An opening through a shell; a foramen.
3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. Transparent spots or marks on the
wings. b. In Orthoptera, a small membranous area at the
base of an antennae of a cockroach. c. In Isoptera, a cavity
on the head; a fontanel. d. The membranous base of the
ommatidia at the junction with the optic nerve of a compound eye; a transparent ocellate spot in an eye. e. In
male Odonata, the genital opening on the ventral surface of
abdominal segment 11. see fontanelle. 4. (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) In Cheilostomata, an open space or mesh in reticulate zoaria. 5. (NEMATA) a. In Secernentea, the thin
membranous area surrounding or on either side of the
vulva of a cyst forming nematode (Heterodera spp.). b. In
some marine Adenophorea, the openings in subcuticular
helmets through which sensory nerves pass. fenestrate
a., fenestration n.
fenestrate colony (BRYO) An erect colony in which the
branches form a reticulate pattern.
fenestrella n. [L. dim. fenestra, window] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In
Orthoptera, a transparent spot in the anal area of the anterior wings. see fenestra.
fenestrule n. [L. dim. fenestra, window] (BRYO) A small opening between branches of a fenestrate colony.
fente n. [F. fente, a hole] (MOLL: Bivalvia) An opening or slit
near the hinges when the valves are closed.
feral a. [L. ferus, wild, untamed] Undomesticated; wild; uncultivated.
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ferment see enzyme
fermentation chambers (ARTHRO: Insecta) A tube or pouch in
the hind gut where food materials are broken down by
various bacteria or protozoa.
ferreous a. [L. ferreus, of iron] The color metallic gray resembling polished iron.
ferruginous a. [L. ferrugineus, like iron rust] Rusty red-brown
in color.
ferrule n. [L. dim. viria, bracelet] (NEMATA) A ring or bushing
making a tight joint between the odontostyle and odontophore.
fertile a. [L. fertilis, fruitful] Producing viable gametes, capable
of producing viable eggs or living offspring. fertility n.
fertilization n. [L. fertilis, fruitful] Fusion of two gametes, especially of their nuclei, to produce a zygote.
fertilization cone Protuberance on an ovum where the spermatozoon fuses with the ovum.
fertilization membrane A delicate membrane that grows
outward from the point of contact of the egg and spermatozoon and rapidly covers the surface of the egg.
fertilizin n. [L. fertilis, fruitful] A chemical causing species specific attachment of spermatozoon to ovum.
festivus a. [L. festivus, holiday, feast] Having a variety of colors.
festoon n. [F. feston, garland] Garlands hanging in curves.
festoons n.pl. [F. feston, garland] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata)
Sclerites on the posterior margin of the opisthosoma of
certain hard ticks.
fetid a. [L. fetidus, stinking] Having a disagreeable odor;
malodorous.
fiber n. [L. fibra, thread] 1. Any thread-like structure. 2. (PORIF) A column more homogeneous than a tract.
fiber layers (NEMATA) Cuticular strata of dense connective-like
tissue that is oblique, ribbonlike, possibly spiral (mesocuticle).
fibril n.; pl. -llae [L. dim. of fibra, thread] Small fibers or
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threads within cells.
fibrillar layer (NEMATA) In ascarids, a cuticular stratum that
consists of a condensation of spongy matrix forming a
closely woven network between the internal cortical layer
and the matrix layer.
fibrin n. [L. fibra, thread] A fibrous protein that constitutes
muscular tissue and facilitates blood clotting or coagulation.
fibrinogen n. [L. fibra, thread; gigno, producing] A protein
substance of the blood and other body fluids facilitating the
production of fibrin.
fibrocyte n. [L. fibra, thread; Gr. kytos, container] Elongated
cells derived from connective tissue cells, the fibroblasts,
functioning in the production of fibrous tissue.
fibroin n. [L. fibra, thread] (ARTHRO) 1. A protein found in silk
and webs. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Bombyx, a unique protein containing an unusual amount of the simpler amino
acids glycine and alanine.
fibroplasm n. [L. fibra, thread; Gr. plasma, molded] (NEMATA)
That portion of a muscle cell differentiated into contractile
fibers. see sarcoplasm.
fibrous ligament (MOLL: Bivalvia) The fibrous part of a ligament in which the conchiolin is impregnated with calcium
carbonate; elastic to compression.
fibula see jugal lobe
fide v.t. [L. fidus, trustworthy] Used to indicate that the author
has not seen the work or specimen cited.
filament plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) In early embryology, a differentiated sheet of cells connecting the genital and heart
rudiments on the same side of the body.
filamentary appendage (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia, a
membranous process at the base of the cirrus.
filaria n. [L. filum, thread] (NEMATA: Secernentea) Microfilaria
(Spirurida), motile embryo found in the subcutaneous tissue, blood or lymph systems of many animals and man.
filariform larva (NEMATA: Secernentea) A post-feeding stage
larva characterized by its delicate, elongate structure and
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its slim, capillary esophagus.
filate a. [L. filum, thread] Threadlike, slender, and without appendages.
filator n. [L. filum, thread] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The silk spinning
apparatus of caterpillars. see spinnerets.
file n. [A.S. fil, feo, file] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A filelike, rough
ridge on the ventral side of the tegmen, near the base, that
functions as a part of the stridulating mechanism in crickets
and long-horned grasshoppers.
filiation n. [L. filius, -ia, son, daughter] The relationship of offspring; lineage. filial a.
filibranch gill (MOLL: Bivalvia) Gills with bars of tissues between the limbs of the "U" at intervals with filaments attached to adjacent filaments by specialized ciliary junctions; functioning in inhalent and feeding-ventilating currents.
filicornia n. [L. filum, thread; cornu, horn] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
Insects with filiform antennae, e.g., the coleopteran
Adephaga.
filiform a. [L. filum, thread] 1. Hairlike or threadlike. 2. (CNID)
Used to describe thread-like tentacles tapering to a point.
Filippi's glands see Lyonnet's glands
fillets n. [L. filum, thread] Bands of fibers; any raised rib.
filose a. [L. filum, thread] Having a threadlike appendage, or
terminating in a threadlike process.
filter apparatus (ARTHRO: Insecta) Opposing rows of tapering
processes of some spiracular atrial walls, clothed with interlacing hairs, that permits passage of air and prevents
foreign particles or water from penetrating into the atrium.
filter chamber An area that serves to filter suspended matter.
filter feeder An animal that feeds on small particles which it
filters from the surrounding medium.
filum terminale (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Thysanura, tergite XI
prolonged into a bristle.
fimbria n.; pl. -briae [L. fimbriatus, fringed] 1. A fringe-like
structure. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Ciliated hair terminating
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any part.
fimbriate a. [L. fimbriatus, fringed] 1. With finger-like projections; having a fringed or puckered margin. 2. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) An antenna with joints bearing a lateral hair. 3.
(MOLL: Gastropoda) A shell with an irregular margin.
fin n. [A.S. finn, fin] An extension of the body of an aquatic
animal used in locomotion or steering.
finger n. [A.S. finger, finger] 1. Any structure resembling or
used like a finger. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) a. In Decapoda,
one of the scissor-like blades at the end of the cheliped,
usually one is movable and one fixed. b. In Ostracoda, a
dorsal and ventral process of the male copulatory apparatus which are thought to be tacticle organs and may also
assist in directing or holding certain structures during
copulation.
finger guard (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In male Ostracoda genitalia,
an extension of the ventral cardo alongside the dorsal and
ventral fingers.
firmatopore n. [L. firmus, strong; porus, hole] (BRYO: Stenolaemata) In Tubuliporina, a degenerate zooid that appears
as a slender, proximally directed tubule.
first antenna see antennule
first axillary (ARTHRO: Insecta) The sclerite that articulates
with the anterior notal process; its anterior necklike portion
abuts the base of the subcostal wing vein.
first incisura (ARTHRO: Insecta) In scale insects, the pygidial
marginal notch on the meson between the median pair of
lobes.
first maxilla see maxillulae
first maxillae (ARTHRO: Insecta) The second pair of appendages belonging to the mouth, posterior to the mandibles or
jaws; the maxillae.
first phragma (ARTHRO: Insecta) A transverse apodeme of
Diptera, under the anterior promontory of the mesonotum
and internally connecting the antepronota.
first reviser The first author to publish a definite choice of one
among two or more conflicting names or zoological inter-
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pretations that are equally available under the ICZN.
first segment The nearest segment of any segmented appendage nearest the body at point of attachment.
first species rule Authors that specify the first species named
in a new genus to be the type of that genus; generally the
works of older authors in which no generic type was specified.
first thoracic spiracle (ARTHRO: Insecta) The mesothoracic
spiracle, sometimes dislocated into the posterior part of the
prothorax.
first trochanter (ARTHRO: Insecta) The first segment of a telopodite; the basipodite.
fissate a. [L. fissus, cleft] Cleft or split; having fissures or
cracks.
fissile a. [L. fissus, cleft] Capable of being divided or separated
into layers; divided into parallel lamellae.
fission n. [L. fissus, cleft] The splitting of a single chromosome
into two chromosomes; splitting of one organism into two
organisms. see fusion.
fissiparous a. [L. fissus, cleft; parere, to produce] Reproduction or propagation by fission.
fissure n. [L. fissura, cleft] A narrow opening, slit, furrow or
groove separating adjacent tissues, parts or organs.
fistula n.; pl. -las [L. fistula, pipe] 1. A reed, pipe or tube. 2.
(ARTHRO: Insecta) The proboscis of Lepidoptera. fistular a.
fix v. [L. fixus, bind] To kill and preserve specimens for observation and retention.
fixation n. [L. fixus, bind] (MOLL: Bivalvia) The process of animals permanently attaching themselves to the substrate.
fixative n. [L. fixus, bind] A chemical compound which has the
quality of fixing and preserving specimens for observation
and retention.
fixed finger (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The distal immovable part of
the propodus of the chela; the pollex.
fixed hairs see microtrichia
fixed jaw (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, the distal (fixed) part
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of the cheliceral segment.
fixed-wall colony (BRYO: Stenolaemata) Feeding zooids with
oral walls attached to the body apertures.
flabellate a. [L. flabellum, fan] Having fanlike processes or
projections. flabelliform a.
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ternal or internal rib; a guide attachment for another part
or organ. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In ostracods, a ridge
along the valve margin formed by projection of the outer
lamella as a narrow brim. 3. (NEMATA) Posteriorly sloping
thickening or knob at the base of the odontostyle extension.
flabellum n.; pl. -la [L. flabellum, fan] 1. Any leaflike or fanlike process. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The thin distal exite of
a branchiopod; or epipodite of a thoracopod. 3. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) A transparent distal lobe of the glossa of bees;
bouton.
flank n. [OF. flanc, side] (MOLL: Bivalvia) The middle of the
valve surface, bounded posteriorly by the posterior ridge.
flaccid a. [L. flaccus, flabby] Lacking firmness or elasticity;
limp; limber.
flatworms Classes Trematoda, Turbellaria and Cestoda; Platyhelminthes.
flagellate a. [L. flagellum, whip] 1. Having flagella or whip-like
structures. 2. Having a lash-like appendage as the terminal
part of an antenna.
flavescent a. [L. flavus, yellow] A yellow color.
flagellated chamber (PORIF) Cavities lined with coanocytes.
flagelliform a. [L. flagellum, whip; forma, form] Flagella-like;
whip-like; lash-like.
flaring a. [Uncertain] To open, spread or project outward;
spreading from within toward outward; a lip.
flavid a. [L. flavus, yellow] Golden yellow; sulphur yellow.
flavones n.pl. [L. flavus, yellow] Plant pigments that can be
incorporated into the tissues of insects which contribute to
their coloration. see anthocyanins, anthoxanthins,
carotene pigments.
flagellomere n. [L. flagellum, whip; Gr. meros, part] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) In Diptera, an individual subdivision or unit of the
antennal flagellum; in mosquitoes 13-14 flagellomeres.
flavous see flavid
flagellum n.; pl. -lums, -lla [L. flagellum, whip] 1. Any of
various whiplike appendages. 2. A protoplasmic process,
longer than a cilium, whose movements usually effect locomotion of the cell. 3. The whip-like tip of the male copulatory organ in some invertebrates. 4. (ARTHRO: Crustacea)
The multiarticulate distal portion of the antennule, antenna,
or exopod. 5. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The distal portion of an insect antenna beyond the second segment (pedicel). see
flagellomere. 6. (PORIF) A long projection from a cell,
used as a propeller.
flex v. [L. flectere, to bend] To bend or curve back.
flame bulb Common name for solenocytes.
flame cell see solenocyte
float n. [A.S. flotian, float] An air filled sac used for buoyancy
by an organism or its eggs.
flammaules n.pl. [L. flammula, blaze; Gr. aule, court] Having
spots of color resembling a small flame; reddish, tinged
with red.
floatoblast n. [A.S. flotian, float; Gr. blastos, bud] (BRYO) A
statoblast with a peripheral pneumatic annulus, with or
without marginal hooks.
flange n. [OF. flangier, flank] 1. A projecting rim, edge, or ex-
flocculent a.; pl. -li [L. floccus, lock of wool] Covered with a
fleshy filament (ARTHRO: Insecta) A flexible, attenuate process of the body wall on some butterfly larvae.
flexor a. [L. flectere, to bend] Pertains to muscle that serves to
bend a limb at an articulation.
flexor surface A surface brought closer together when a
jointed structure is bent at a joint.
flexuous a. [L. flexuosus, full of turns] Having gentle turns and
windings in opposite directions; zigzag.
flexure n. [L. flexura, a winding] 1. A bending. 2. (MOLL) The
progressing folding or warping of one or both valves.
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soft, waxy substance, often resembling wool; clinging together in bunches.
design or pattern on the abdominal dorsum of some spiders.
flocculus n.; pl. -li [L. floccus, lock of wool] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
In Hymenoptera, a tuft of hairs on the posterior coxa.
follicle n. [L. dim. follis, windbag] Any small cavity, sac or
tube.
flora n. [L. flos, flower] The plants or plant life of a region. see
fauna, biota.
follicle cells Epithelial cells surrounding the oocytes in the
vitellarium, that in some species secrete on its external
surface the chorion and perhaps function in a nutritional
role.
floricome n. [L. flos, flower; coma, hair] (PORIF) An elaborately branched hexaster spicule.
floscelle n. [L. flos, flower] (ECHINOD: Echinoidea) A flowerlike structure composed of bourrelets and phyllodes around
the mouth.
flosculus n. [L. dim. flos, flower] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A small,
crescent shaped, tubular anal organ with a central style,
found in certain lantern flies (Fulgoridae).
fluted a. [OF. flaute] A channeled or grooved area.
fluviatile a. [L. fluviatilis, of a stream] Living in rivers; growing
near or inhabiting rivers or fresh water.
fly-blow (ARTHRO: Insecta) An egg or larva of flesh flies.
focus n.; pl. foci [L. focus, central point] A particular region of
disease; a localized region.
fold n. [A.S. folde, a fold] 1. A doubling or folding. 2.
(BRACHIO) A major external elevation of the valve surface,
convex in transverse profile and radial from the umbo. 3. a.
(MOLL: Bivalvia) A broad undulation in the shell surface
which is directed radially or comarginally. b. (MOLL: Gastropoda) The spirally wound ridge on the interior of a shell
wall. see columellar fold, parietal fold.
follicular a. [L. dim. follis, windbag] Pertaining to or having
follicles.
folliculate a. [L. dim. follis, windbag] Having, consisting of, or
enclosed in a follicle or follicles.
fontanelle, fontanel n. [F. fontannella, little fountain] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Isoptera, when present, a small circular
or slit-shaped orifice of the frontal or cephalic gland near
the center of the head, through which a liquid is emitted; a
frontal pore.
food n. [A.S. foda, fodder] Any material that an organism obtains from the environment that yields energy or supplies
matter for its growth.
food bodies (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, secretions on
the seeds and leaves of some plants used by ants as food.
food chain Food energy transferred from plants through a sequence of organisms in which each is food of a later member of the sequence.
food channels see food meatus
food cycle see food web
folded membrane (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Cicadidae, a specialized membraneous area of the anterior wall of the ventral
cavity of the sound-producing organ.
food meatus (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a channel formed
by the juxtaposition of the mouthparts of mosquitoes anterior to the cibarium.
foliaceous a. [L. folium, leaf] Leaflike in appearance.
food web Interlocking pattern of food chains in a community;
typical food web composed of plants, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and detritus feeders.
foliate a. [L. folium, leaf] Foliaceous; leaves, consisting of
laminae or thin plates.
folioles a. [L. dim. folium, leaf] Having leaflike processes extending from a margin or protuberance.
folium n. [L. folium, leaf] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) A pigmented
foot n.; pl. feet [A.S. fot, foot] 1. An organ of locomotion or
attachment. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The tarsus. 3. (MOLL) a.
The muscular undersurface of the body. b. In Bivalvia, the
muscular, protrusible structure extending from the body
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mid-line; used for burrowing. 4. (ROTIF) The foot or tail,
with or without toes.
foot-shaped loop see cubito-anal loop
foramen n.; pl. -ramina, -ramens [L. foramen, hole] 1. A
small opening, orifice or perforation through a bone, shell,
membrane or partition. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The opening
of an insect cocoon. 3. (BRACHIO) A round opening at or
near the beak facilitating the extension of the pedicle.
foramen magnum (ARTHRO: Insecta) The opening on the
posterior side of the head, giving passage to the internal
structures that extend from the head to the thorax; the occipital foramen.
foramina pl. foramen
forceps n.; pl. & sing. [L. forceps, pincers] 1. (ARTHRO) Hook
or pincer-like processes terminating the abdomen of various arthropods which function as weapons in predation or
for defense, for holding the mate during courtship, or even
for cleaning the body or folding the wings. 2. (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) The chelipeds. 3. (PORIF) Tongs-shaped.
forcipate a. [L. forceps, pincers] Bearing forceps or similar
structures.
forcipate mastax (ROTIF) Slender, elongate trophi formed by
rami and fulcrum (incus).
forcipiform a. [L. forceps, pincers; forma, shape] Forcepsshaped.
fore n. [A.S. for, fore] The front; the anterior.
forebrain n. [A.S. for, fore; braegen, brain] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
The protocerebrum.
foregut n. [A.S. for, fore; gut, channel] The anterior portion of
the alimentary tract, from the mouth to the midgut. see
stomodeum.
forehead n. [A.S. for, fore; heafod, head] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
The frons.
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forficiform a. [L. forfex, shears; forma, shape] 1. Scissorshaped. 2. (ECHINOD: Asteroidea) The pedicellaria of certain starfish.
forficulate a. [L. dim. forfex, shears] Scissor-shaped; forked;
furcate.
form n. [L. forma, shape] 1. An image or likeness. 2. A term
for a single individual, phenon, or taxon. see group.
formaldehyde A colorless gas with a pungent odor; forms a
40% solution in water (formalin) which is used as a fixative, preservative and for hardening tissues; formalin.
formalin The 40% solution of formaldehyde in water; used as
a preservative and for hardening tissues.
formation n. [L. forma, shape; -tion, process] A definite type
of habitation, i.e., tundra, coniferous forest, prairie, rain
forest, etc.
formative cells see prohemocyte
formic a. [L. formica, ant] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Of or pertaining
to ants.
formic acid An organic acid naturally occurring in some hymenopteran insects.
formicary n.; pl. -ies [L. formica, ant] (ARTHRO: Insecta) An
ant's nest or dwelling; an ant-hill; a formicarium.
fornent prep. [A.S. for, fore; efen, even] Opposite to; facing;
alongside.
fornicated a. [L. fornix, vault] Concave within, convex without; arched; vaulted.
fornix n.; pl. fornices [L. fornix, vault] 1. An arch or fold. 2.
(ARTHRO: Crustacea) A ridge in the lateral part of the
cephalon above insertion of antennal muscles in water
fleas. 3. (MOLL: Bivalvia) The cavity on the inside under the
hinge; the upper or convex shell of an oyster. fornical a.
fossa n.; pl. -sae [L. fossa, ditch] A depression or cavity.
foreleg n. [A.S. for, fore; ON. leggr, leg] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
One of a pair of legs on the prothorax.
fosse n.; pl. -ses [L. fossa, ditch] (CNID: Anthozoa) A groove
between the collar and base of the capitulum in sea anemones.
forfex n. [L. forfex, shears] A pair of shears.
fossette n. [L. dim. fossa, ditch] 1. A small, hollow, dimple or
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depression. 2. (MOLL: Bivalvia) Any socket; for example a
socket for a cardinal tooth. 3. (PLATY: Cestoda) A ciliated,
sensory pit.
fossil n. [L. fossilis, dug out] An organic relic of a previous
geological period preserved by natural means in rock or
softer sediments which afford information as to the character of the original organism.
fossoria n. [L. fossor, digger] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Insects
that burrow or dig, i.e., mole crickets, digger wasps, etc. 2.
(NEMATA) The cheilostomal, outwardly movable teeth.
fossorial a. [L. fossor, digger] Fitted for or having the habit of
digging.
fossula n.; pl. -lae; fossule, fossulet [L. dim. fossa, ditch] 1.
A shallow fossa. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Grooves on the head
or sides of the prothorax, in which the antennae are concealed; a foveola. 3. (MOLL: Gastropoda) A shallow linear
depression of the inner lip in some Cypraeidae.
fossulate a. [L. dim. fossa, ditch] Having slight hollows or
grooves.
founder cells 1. Daughter cells from the early cleavages of the
zygote, with potential to form the individual tissues and organs of the body. 2. (PORIF) Cells responsible for ray length
during the secretion of calcareous spicules.
founder principle/effect The principle that when founders
populate a new colony as an isolated entity, the population
will contain only a small fraction of the total genetic variation of the parental population.
fourth axillary (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera and Orthoptera wings, an axillary sclerite between the posterior
notal process and the third axillary sclerite.
fovea n.; pl. -ae [L. fovea, pit] A small depression, pit, pocket;
a fossa. foveolate a.
foveola n.; pl. -lae [L. dim. fovea, pit] 1. An extremely small
pit; a small fovea. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) A small pit into
which the antennae are inserted.
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long joint with other annuli attached at angles.
fracture n. [L. frangere, to break] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The suture on the hemelytra of Heteroptera that separates the
cuneus from the corium.
fragile a. [L. frangere, to break] Easily broken; delicate; thin
and brittle.
fragmentation n. [L. frangere, to break] 1. Separated in parts
or fragments. 2. Amitotic division. 3. (BRYO) Asexual production of a colony from a single or group of zooids from
another colony.
frame n. [A.S. framian, fashion, prepare] (ECHINOD) A structure composed of pentagonal rings of small ossicles on the
distal end of the tube feet.
frass n. [Ger. fressen, to devour] Insect larval excrement usually mixed with plant fragments.
free a. [A.S. freo, freedom] Unrestrained; motile; not attached.
free edge (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The line of contact of an ostracod shell between closed valves, except along hinge line
marking the distal limit of the contact margin.
free-living Not attached or parasitic; capable of independent
movement and existence. see sessile.
free margin (ARTHRO: Crustacea) All parts of an ostracod shell
margin, except hingement.
free mesodermal cell see hemocyte
free pupa see exarate pupa
free-swimming Swimming about; not sessile.
free-walled colony (BRYO: Stenolaemata) A colony covered
loosely by membranous exterior walls that are not attached
at oral apertures.
free-wax cell (ARTHRO: Insecta) Cells found in the hemolymph
of Aphididae and Coccoidea.
fractate a. [L. frangere, to break] Displaced; bent at an angle.
frenate wing coupling (ARTHRO: Insecta) Lepidopterous wing
coupling with a well developed frenulum that engages with
a catch or retinaculum on the underside of the fore wing,
securing the wings together.
fractate antenna (ARTHRO: Insecta) An antenna with one very
frenulum n.; pl. -la [L. dim. frenum, bridle] 1. (ARTHRO: In-
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secta) The strong spine or group of bristles on the humeral
angle of the hind wing, that projects beneath the fore wing,
uniting them in flight; frenum. 2. (CNID) Gelatinous fold
supporting the subumbrella of certain jellyfish. 3. (POGON)
A v-shaped cuticular thickening held in an epidermal
groove that functions as an adhesive device; also called
bridle.
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frontal a. [L. frons, fore part of anything, face] 1. Of or pertaining to the front or forehead. 2. (BRYO) Pertaining to the
exposed or orifice-bearing sides of the zooecial chambers.
frontal appendages (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Anostraca, paired
filaments arising from the bases of the antennae, but independent of them.
frenulum hook (ARTHRO: Insecta) A cuticular clasp (retinaculum) that functions in wing coupling.
frontal area (ARTHRO: Insecta) The small median triangular
plate of ants, on the anterior surface of the head, just
above the clypeus.
frenum n.; pl. frenna [L. frenum, bridle] 1. Any fold of skin or
tissue supporting an organ. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Membranous bilateral fold of the carapace of barnacles that
holds eggs. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The frenulum.
frontal band (ARTHRO: Crustacea) A glandular adhesion organ
of parasitic copepods, in the frontal region, used for attachment to the host.
frilled organ (PLATY: Cestoda) A posterior attachment organ in
the order Gyrocotylidea.
fringe n. [L. fimbria, border] 1. To furnish or adorn. 2. Hair,
scales or other processes extending beyond the margin,
usually of equal length. 3. (MOLL: Bivalvia) Periostracum
extending passed the calcareous shell.
fringed plates see pectinae
frontal bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a row of bristles
on each side of the boundry between the median, frontal
vitta or plate and the eye orbit.
frontal budding (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) Buds arising from the
frontal wall or associated structure.
frontal carina (ARTHRO: Insecta) A carina, or ridge, forming
the medial boundary of the antennal fossa.
frogga see articular pan
frontal closure (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) In Cheilostomata, calcified frontal and oral walls which were membranous in the
autozooid originally.
frondose a. [L. frondis, of leaves] More or less divided into
leaf-like expansions, as certain mollusks or bryozoans.
frontal condyle (ARTHRO: Insecta) A process of the frons that
articulates with the dorsal fossa of the mandible.
frons n.; pl. frontes [L. frons, fore part of anything, face] 1.
(ARTHRO: Insecta) The head sclerite bounded by the postfrontal suture dorsally and the epistomal suture ventrally;
the frons is delimited in various ways by different authors
and in different insects and stages. see front, facies. 2.
(SIPUN) see cerebral organs, digitate processes.
frontal costa (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Orthoptera, a prominent
vertical ridge of the head; a carina.
fringe scale (ARTHRO: Insecta) Any scale in the wing fringe.
front n. [L. frons, fore part of anything, face] 1. The forehead;
face. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, that part of a
brachyuran carapace between the orbits. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. That portion of a cranium between the antennae,
eyes, and ocelli; the frons. b. In ants, the facial area above
the clypeus between the frontal carinae; dorsally it passes
without definite boundary into the vertex.
frontal crest (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, an elevation
extending across the head above the antennal sockets.
frontal dilators of the pharynx (ARTHRO: Insecta) The muscles which run from the frons to the pharynx.
frontal disc (ARTHRO: Insecta) In larval Diptera, a projecting
histoblast upon which develops the rudiment of an antenna.
frontal eye see frontal organ
frontal eye complex (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The eyes or reduced eyes innervated from the nauplius eye center. see
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organ of Bellonci, frontal organ.
frontal fissure (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the line extending from the crescent-shaped sclerite above the antennae
to the border of the mouth.
frontal ganglion (ARTHRO: Insecta) The median ganglion
above the esophagus, in front of the brain, connected by
nerves to the tritocerebral lobe on either side.
frontal gland (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Isoptera, a large median
gland beneath the integument of the head in certain soldier-termites, opening through the fontanelle or frontal
pore, which produces secretions.
frontalia n. [L. frons, front] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) For Diptera,
see frontal vitta. 2. (GNATHO) Paired sensory bristles on the
anterior part of the head.
frontal lobes (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. In Psyllidae, two lobes or
protrusions divided by a suture in which an ocellus is situated. 2. In Formicoidea, lateral projection of the frontal carina.
frontal lunule (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the lunar-shaped
sclerite above the base of the antennae and below the
frontal suture.
frontal membrane (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) In Cheilostomata,
membrane of the frontal wall in autozooids.
frontal orbit see facial orbit
frontal orbits see genovertical plates
frontal organ (ARTHRO: Crustacea) a. Sensory cells on the
anterior surface of the cephalon of malacostracans; the
haft organ or frontal eye in non-malacostracans. b. The
Bellonci organ of ostracods. see organ of Bellonci, frontal eye complex, x-organ.
frontal plane A plane or section parallel to the body main axis
and at right angles to the sagittal plane; horizontal plane.
frontal plate (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In brachyuran Decapoda, a
modified rostrum with a downward projecting process
united with the epistome.
frontal plate of the tentorium (ARTHRO: Insecta) The plate
formed by fused anterior arms of the tentorium.
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frontal pore see fontanelle
frontal/pretentorial pits (ARTHRO: Insecta) The internal invaginations of the anterior arms of the tentorium.
frontal region (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The anteromedian part of
a carapace including the rostrum and the region behind it.
frontal ridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. An anteriorly directed ridge
on the dorsal margin of the eye. 2. For mosquitoes, see
postfrontal ridge.
frontal sail (MOLL: Gastropoda) In Prosobranchia, an erect
transverse fold on the anterior part of the head which may
be simple or formed into scallops, tubercles, or projections.
frontal seta 1. (ARTHRO: Diplopoda) One of a pair of setae on
either side of the median line of the frontal surface of the
head. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) One of two setae on the frons
of caterpillars.
frontal shield (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) In Cheilostomata, the
skeletal structure of the frontal or body wall that supports
and protects the retracted organs of an autozooid.
frontal stripe (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a membranous or
discolored area on the middle front.
frontal suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. One of two sutures arising
at the anterior end of the coronal suture which extends
ventrad toward the epistomal suture. 2. In Diptera, a suture shaped like an inverted "U", having the base crossing
the face above the bases of the antennae, and the arms
extending downward on each side of the face; a ptilinal
suture.
frontal tentacles (MOLL: Gastropoda) In Opisthobranchia,
tentacles just posterior to the mouth; cephalic tentacles.
frontal triangle (ARTHRO: Insecta) In holoptic flies, the triangle between the eyes and the antennae, the apex being
above.
frontal tubercle see nasus
frontal tuft (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a group of
elongate simple setae and fusiform scales arising at the
interocular space and the adjacent portion of the vertex.
frontal vesicle (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Odonata, a protuberance
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between the compound eyes, bearing the ocelli.
frontal vitta (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, an area on the
head between the antennae and the ocelli; the frontalia.
frontal wall (BRYO) An external wall supporting the oral wall
wholly or partly.
frontoclypeal area (ARTHRO: Insecta) The front of the head,
that is divided by the epistomal sulcus (or suture) into the
frons above and the clypeus below.
frontoclypeal sulcus or suture see epistomal suture
frontoclypeus n. [L. frons, forehead; clypeus, shield] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The line (sulcus or suture) between the
combined clypeus and frons which is not externally visible.
frontoclypeal a.
frontogenal suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) A more or less vertical
suture on the front of the head, between the frons and the
gena. see subantennal suture.
frontolateral horn (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia nauplii, a
pair of tubular frontolateral extensions of cuticle.
fronto-orbital bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, bristles
on the front, next to the eyes.
froth glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) In nymphal Cercopidae, the
modified Malpighian tubules.
frugivorous a. [L. frux, fruit; vorare, to devour] Feeding upon
fruit.
fry n.; sing. & pl. [ME. fry, offspring] 1. Young or offspring. 2.
The recently hatched brood of oysters.
fugacious a. [L. fugere, to flee] Having a tendency to disappear; not permanent; perishing early; lasting a short while.
fugaciously adv.; fugaciousness n.
fulcral a. [L. fulcrum, support] Of or pertaining to a fulcrum.
fulcral plates (ARTHRO: Insecta) In aculeate Hymenoptera, see
triangular plates; for Diptera see clypeal phragma.
fulcrant trochanter (ARTHRO: Insecta) A trochantin traversing
the femur, but not intervening between it and the coxa.
fulcrate mastax (ROTIF) A mastax with an elongate fulcrum,
having a pair of leaf-like manubria attached anteriorly.
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fulcro-cranial muscle (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. A muscle arising
from the postoccipital phragma or ridge and inserted on the
fulcrum in the thysanuran Lepismodes and mayfly nymphs.
2. In the blattoid Periplaneta and lower apterygotes, a
muscle arising from each of the posterior tentorial arms.
fulcrum n.; pl. fulcrums [L. fulcrum, support] 1. Any structure that props or supports another. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta)
a. In Heteroptera, the trochantin. b. In lower hemimetabolous insects, a sclerotized fulcrum formed by two ligual
sclerites joined proximally on the ventral surface of the hypopharynx. c. In Diptera and Hymenoptera, the horny part
of the lingula. 3. (MOLL: Bivalvia) That portion to which the
cartilage is attached; chondrophore. 4. (ROTIF) The unpaired trophus of the mastax.
fulgid a. [L. fulgidus, shining] Appearing red with bright metallic reflections.
fulguration n. [L. fulgurare, to flash] The act of flashing as
lightning; to emit flashes.
fuliginous a. [LL. fuligo, soot] Of or pertaining to soot or
smoke; having the color of soot; dark colored, sooty
opaque brown.
fultella n. [L. dim. fultura, prop] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera,
the aedeagal apodeme of male Tephritidae possessing a
pair of lateral processes extending to the hypandrium.
fultelliform a. [L. dim. fultura, prop; forma, shape] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) Having the fultella at least partially fused with the
median internal surface of the hypandrium.
fultura n.; pl. -ae [L. fultura, prop] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In male
Lepidoptera, a rectangular sclerite (paired) extending into
the abdomen from sternite 9. see suspensorium.
fulturae of hypopharynx (ARTHRO: Chilopoda) Two ventral
plates posteriorly attached to the margin of the cranium,
and mesally extended forward as a tapering arm against
the side of the hypopharynx; hypopharyngeal supports.
fultura inferior (ARTHRO: Insecta) In male Lepidoptera, sclerotized structures situated on the ventral diaphragm, including the ventral part of the anellus and juxta.
fultura penis (ARTHRO: Insecta) In male Lepidoptera, the
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sclerotized structures of the diaphragm, namely, the fultura
inferior and the fultura superior.
fultura superior (ARTHRO: Insecta) In male Lepidoptera,
sclerotized structures situated on the dorsal part of the
diaphragm, including the dorsal part of the anellus and
transtilla.
fulvous a. [L. fulvus, tawny yellow] Having low saturation and
median brilliance; orange, reddish yellow, tawny, rust color
or reddish brown.
function v. [L. functio, perform] The activity or action of any
part of an organism. functional a.
functional haplometrosis (ARTHRO: Insecta) A colony in
which an initial pleometrotic association of females undergoes a change, resulting in a haplometrotic society of the
original females, presided over by one of them; functional
monogyny. see permanent haplometrosis, temporary
haplometrosis.
fundament n. [L. fundamentum, foundation] The primordium.
fundatrigenia n. [L. fundare, to found; Gr. genos, descent]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) In Homoptera, the wingless, viviparous
parthenogenetic Aphidae and Phylloxeridae females, the
offspring of a fundatrix, that lives on the primary host.
fundatrix n.; pl. -trices [L. fundare, to found] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The wingless, viviparous, parthenogenetic female
Aphidae, Phylloxeridae and Adelgidae that hatches from
overwintered eggs and founds a new colony. see fundatrigenia, alienicola, migrante, gallicola.
fundatrix spuria see agamic, migrante
fundus n. [L. fundus, bottom] The base or bottom, as in the
bottom of a hollow organ.
fungicolous a. [L. fungus, mushroom; colare, to inhabit] Living in or on fungi.
fungiform a. [L. fungus, mushroom; forma, shape] Mushroomshaped.
fungivorous a. [L. fungus, mushroom; vorare, to devour]
Feeding on or devouring fungus mycelium; mycetophagous; mycophagous.
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fungus garden Fungi cultivated within the nest of higher termites or fungus ants for use as food. see ambrosia, beebread.
fungus-growing beetle (ARTHRO: Insecta) Any beetle that
feeds on symbiotic fungi, i.e., ambrosia beetles, etc.
funicular strand (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) Tissue crossing all
body cavities; in males and hermaphrodites produces
sperm.
funiculate a. [L. funiculus, little cord] Having or forming a funiculus.
funiculus, funicle n.; pl. -li [L. funiculus, little cord] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The middle antennal segments between
the scape and the club. b. The main tendon of the abdomen. c. In Hymenoptera, the ligament connecting the propodeum to the petiole. 2. (BRYO) A strand of tissue that
attaches the digestive tract to the body wall or communication pores, thus extending from zooid to zooid throughout the colony. 3. (MOLL: Gastropoda) A narrow ridge of
callus spiraling from the upper lip into the umbilicus.
funnel n. [L. infundibulum, funnel] 1. (ANN: Oligochaeta) Internal opening of both male and female genital ducts. see
female and male funnel. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) See peritrophic membrane. 3. (MOLL: Cephalopoda) a. A specialized
siphon from the mantle cavity providing locomotion by propulsion. b. For Nautiloidea, see hyponome.
funnel organ (MOLL: Cephalopoda) A glandular structure on
the dorsal side of the funnel, slightly behind the valve;
Verrill's organ.
funnel shaped see infundibulum
furca n.; pl. -cae [L. furca, fork] 1. Any forked process. 2.
(ARTHRO: Crustacea) The caudal furca; cercopod. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The cercopods; the forked sternal process arising from the thoracic sternum of pterygote insects
formed by the sternal apophyses, supported on a medium
inflection; referred to as pro-, meso, or metafurca. b. In
Collembola, the modified abdominal jumping appendages.
see furcula. c. In some male Lepidoptera, the sclerotized
structure of the juxta. d. For furca of the labellum, see la-
379
bellar sclerite.
380
furcal ramus see caudal ramus
furcula n.; pl. -lae [L. dim. furca, fork] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1.
The forked springing apparatus of springtails; furca. 2. In
Hymenoptera, a small sclerite of the anterior sting base
which depresses, raises and rotates the sting of bees. furcular a.
furcapectinae see pectina
furculate a. [L. dim. furca, fork] Having a furcula.
furcasternal suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) In pterygote insects,
the internal median longitudinal line formed at the point of
meeting the mesopleurosternal ridges of opposite sides and
confluent with the mesosternal ridge.
furrow n. [A.S. furh, trench] A groove separating parts, divisions or segments of an invertebrate body.
furcasternum n. [L. furca, fork; sternum, breast] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) 1. In apterygote insects, that area of the thoracic
sternum separated from the basisternum by the sternacosta. 2. In pterygote insects, the bases of the sternal
apophyses form the furca, the sternacosta is lost, and the
separation of the basisternum and furcasternum is usually
obscure.
fuscescent a. [L. fuscus, dusky] Having a dusky or somber
hue.
furcae maxillares see superlinguae
furcal arms see sternal apophyses
furrow spines (ECHINOD: Asteroidea) Spines on the adambulacral plates that protect the ambulacral furrow.
fuscous a. [L. fuscus, dsky] Brown or grayish black; dusky.
fused a. [L. fundere, to pour] Pertaining to being united,
blended or run together.
furcate a. [L. furca, fork] Forked; having two divergent
branches from a common base.
fused phobal mass (ARTHRO: Insecta) In certain scarabaeoid
larvae, the large, coalesced group of phobae located on
each side of the pedium, slightly anterior to the tormae.
furcate plates see pectina
fused-wall colony see fixed-wall colony
furcella see spina
fusiform a. [L. fusus, spindle; forma, shape] 1.
shaped, tapering almost equally toward both
(MOLL: Gastropoda) Of or pertaining to univalves
long canal and an equally long spire, tapering
middle toward both ends.
furcilia n. [L. dim. furca, fork] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In
Euphausiacea, the larval stage following the calyptopis
(mysis type) with stalked and movable compound eyes and
with thoracic and abdominal appendages; antennae not
used for locomotion.
furcina n. [L. dim. furca, fork] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The outer
surface of the sternum bearing an invaginated furca. see
furcasternal suture.
furcocercous cercariae (PLATY: Trematoda) Cercariae with
forked tails into which the body is not retractable; divided
into several groups: 1. Bucephalus group (including
gasterostomes). 2. Lophocercous group (apharyngeate,
monostome cercariae). 3. Apharyngeate or ocellate group.
4. Pharyngeate, nonocellate group. 5. Suckerless apharyngeate group.
furcocystocercous cercariae see cysticercariae cercariae
Spindleends. 2.
having a
from the
fusion n. [L. fusus, spindle] A joining together of adjacent
structures, parts or sclerites.
fusion layer (MOLL: Bivalvia) That part of the ligament secreted by the mantle.
fusoid a. [L. fusus, spindle] Spindle-shaped; fusiform.
fusulae, fusules n.pl. [L. dim. fusus, spindle] (ARTHRO) Minute
upright cylinders with a tapering spine on the base of the
spinnerets; the spinning tubes of the silk glands in various
arthropods.
fusus amphidialis see sensilla pouch
382
G
galea n. [L. galea, helmet] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) A moveable process on the digit of the chelicera of pseudoscorpions, used to spin silken cocoons for protection during
molting, hibernation, or the brooding of eggs. 2. (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) Outer distal hoodlike lobe of the second segment of the maxillula. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The outer
lobe of the maxilla borne by the stipes; may be present or
absent. b. Basis for coiled tongue in Lepidoptera.
galea palpiformis (ARTHRO: Insecta) The galea composed of
cylindrical joints as distinguished from the lacinia.
gallery n.; pl. -leries [ML. galilaea, gallery] A passage or corridor made by an animal.
gallicola n. [L. galla, gall; colere, to inhabit] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
Form of phylloxeran fundatrix that forms leaf galls.
gallicolae migrantes (ARTHRO: Insecta) Winged gall-making
form of Phylloxeridae or Adelgidae that migrate to an intermediate host.
gallicolae nonmigrantes (ARTHRO: Insecta) Apterous Adelgidae that remain on the primary host and produce fundatrices parthenogenetically.
gallicolous a. [L. galla, gall; colere, to inhabit] Producers or
inquilines dwelling in plant galls.
galliphagous a. [L. galla, gall; Gr. phagein, to eat] Feeding
upon galls or gall tissue.
galvanotaxis n. [Luigi Galvani, pert. electricity; Gr. taxis, arrangement] A taxis in which an electric current is the directive factor.
galvanotropism n. [Luigi Galvani, pert. electricity; Gr. tropein,
to turn] Tropism in which an electric current is the orienting
factor; electrotropism.
gametangiogamy n. [Gr. gamete, wife; dim. angos, vessel]
The union of gametangia.
gametangium n.; pl. -ia [Gr. gamete, wife; angos, vessel] A
structure producing gametes.
gamete n. [Gr. gamete, wife] A cell that unites with another
cell in sexual reproduction.
gametocyte n. [Gr. gamete, wife; kytos, container] 1. A
spermatocyte or oocyte. 2. Sexual stage of the malarial
parasite in the blood which upon being taken into the mosquito host may produce gametes. see microgametocyte,
macrogametocyte.
gametogamy n. [Gr. gamete, wife; gamos, marriage] Union of
two single celled gametes to form the zygote.
gametogenesis n [Gr. gamete, wife; genesis, beginning]
Gamete formation by which oogonia become ova and
spermatogonia become sperm; gametogeny; gonogenesis.
see oogenesis; spermatogenesis.
gametogenetic generation A sexual generation as opposed
to a parthenogenetic generation.
gametogeny see gametogenesis
gametogonium see gametocyte
gametogony n. [Gr. gamete, wife; gonos, seed] A phase in
the development cycle of the malarial parasite in the red
blood cells of man in which the two sexes of gametocytes
are formed.
gametotoky n. [Gr. gamete, wife; tokos, birth] Parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into either sex; deuterotoky; amphitoky; arrhenotoky.
gamma taxonomy Taxonomy that uses all available biological
information ranging from intraspecific population studies to
the study of speciation, evolutionary rates and trends;
systematics. see alpha taxonomy, beta taxonomy.
gamobium n. [Gr. gamos, marriage; bios, life] The sexual
generation in alternation of generations. see agamobium.
gamodeme n. [Gr. gamos, marriage; demos, people] An isolated inbreeding community.
gamogenesis n. [Gr. gamos, marriage; genesis, beginning]
Sexual reproduction. gamogonic a. see agamogenesis.
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gamogony see gamogenesis
gamones n. [Gr. gamos, marriage; -one, mimics ending of
hormone] A group of biological agents that cause initiation
of fertilization.
gamophase see haplophase
ganglia allata see corpora allata
ganglion n.; pl. -glia [Gr. ganglion, swelling] A discrete group
of nerve cell bodies acting as a center of nervous influence.
gangliate a.
ganglionic center Where two or more ganglia of adjoining
segments coalesce.
ganglionic commissure A nerve cord connecting any two adjacent ganglia.
ganglionic layer see lamina
ganglionic plate see lamina
ganglion ventriculare (ARTHRO: Insecta) The ganglion in front
of the proventriculus.
gap n. [ON. gap] 1. Discontinuity. 2. A narrow unstained region
in a chromosome representing chromosome structural
changes caused by mutagens.
gaper a. [ON. gapa, yawn, gape] 1. An invertebrate that
gapes. 2. (MOLL: Bivalvia) In oysters, used to denote a
dead or dying individual with gaping valves and some remaining meat. see gaping.
gaping a. [ON. gapa, yawn, gape] (MOLL: Bivalvia) Pertaining
to an opening along the margin of a shell that does not
naturally shut tightly together, i.e., soft shelled clams;
gapers. see gaper.
gaseous exchange The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment.
gaseous plastron see plastron
gas gland (CNID: Hydrozoa) In Siphonophora, glandular epithelium that secretes an air-like gas into a float.
gaster n. [Gr. gaster, stomach] 1. Stomach. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The major part of the abdomen behind the pedicel in
threadwaisted Hymenoptera.
384
gasterostome n. [Gr. gaster, stomach; stoma, mouth] (PLATY:
Trematoda) Cercaria in which the sucker is on the midventral surface.
gasterotheca n. [Gr. gaster, stomach; theke, case] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) Part of the theca or pupa case surrounding the
abdomen. see somatotheca.
gastraea n. [Gr. gaster, stomach] Hypothetical adult ancestor
of higher animals that all have the gastrula as a common
stage in their early ontogeny.
gastraeum n. [Gr. gaster, stomach] The ventral side of a
body.
gastral cavity see spongocoel
gastral groove (ARTHRO: Insecta) A longitudinal furrow in the
mid-line of the ventral plate of some eggs.
gastralia n. [Gr. gaster, stomach] (PORIF: Hexactinellida) Microscleres beneath the inner cell layer.
gastral layer or membrane (PORIF) Choanocytes lining the
internal cavity.
gastral ray (PORIF) One of the quadriradiates embedded in the
wall and projecting into the central gastral cavity.
gastric filament (CNID) A filament lined with nematocysts that
kill living prey entering the stomach of a jellyfish.
gastric grooves (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Stomatopoda, the
longitudinal pair of grooves, extending from the base of the
rostrum to the posterior margin of the carapace.
gastric mill (ARTHRO: Crustacea) 1. Thickened and calcified
parts in the cardiac stomach lining composed of moveable
articulated ossicles used to break up food. 2. In Acrothoracica, chitinous triturating apparatus in the foregut; masticatory stomach.
gastric ossicles (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The teeth of the gastric
mill.
gastric ostium (CNID) Gastric pouch opening of jellyfish.
gastric pouch (CNID) One of four enlargements of the stomach
of a jellyfish.
gastric region (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, the median
385
part anterior to the cervical groove and posterior to the
frontal region.
gastric shield (MOLL: Bivalvia) A sclerotized plate that lines a
part of the stomach, that aids the crystalline style by abrasion, thus releasing carbohydrate digesting enzymes.
gastric tooth (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, a tooth on
the midline of the carapace anterior to the cervical groove.
gastrilegous a. [Gr. gaster, stomach; L. legere, to collect]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertaining to bearing pollen baskets beneath the abdomen.
gastrocoele n. [Gr. gaster, stomach; koilos, hollow] The gastrulation cavity; archenteron.
gastrocoelus n.; pl. -li [Gr. gaster, stomach; koilos, hollow]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, transverse impressions
at both sides of the base of the 2nd gastral tergite; includes thyridium.
gastrodermis n. [Gr. gaster, stomach; derma, skin] 1. A one
cell thick lining of the digestive tract of coelenterates,
ctenophors and platyhelminths. 2. Endoderm.
gastro-ileal fold (ARTHRO: Insecta) A circular valve-like fold
separating the intestine and the chylific stomach or ventricle.
gastrolith n. [Gr. gaster, stomach; lithos, stone] (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) In Decapoda, a discoidal calcareous nodule,
commonly found in the stomodeum.
gastroorbital carina (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, a
narrow carapace ridge extending posteriorly from the supraorbital spine; supraorbital.
gastroorbital groove (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, a
short, longitudinal carapace groove branching from the
cervical groove at the level of the orbit and directed toward
it.
Gastropoda, gastropods n.; n.pl. [Gr. gaster, stomach; pous,
foot] A class of asymmetrical univalve mollusks with stomach situated in the region of the foot, shell in one piece,
often spirally coiled, that live in the sea, fresh water, and
on land, and are either herbivorous or carnivorous.
386
gastropores n. [Gr. gaster, stomach; poros, hole] (CNID: Hydrozoa) In Milleporina and Stylasterina, the larger pores in
the coenosteum through which gastrozooids protrude.
Gastrotricha, gastrotrichs n.; n.pl. [Gr. gaster, stomach;
thrix, hair] A phylum of aquatic micrometazoans that are
oblong, strap-shaped to ovoid tenpin-shaped and bear locomotor cilia on the flattened venter.
gastrovascular cavity A body cavity in which functions of
both digestion and circulation occur.
gastrovascular system The digestive-excretory system with
out-pouchings and canals.
gastrozooid n. [Gr. gaster, stomach; zoon, animal] (CNID: Hydrozoa) In some colonial cnidarians, a hydroid modified for
feeding and digestion, also called siphons; in most species,
they fulfill the defensive functions of the colony. see dactylozooid.
gastrula n. [Gr. dim. gaster, stomach] Embryonic stage resembling a sac with an outer layer of epiblastic cells (ectoderm) and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells (endoderm
and mesoderm); the enclosed cavity is the archenteron or
gastrocoel. gastrular a.
gathering hairs (ARTHRO: Insecta) The small hairs covering
the glossa and the fringe of stouter bristles on the labellum
of bees.
Gause's rule see competitive exclusion
gelatigenous a. [L. gelatus, congealed; genos, origin] Producing gelatin.
gelatin, gelatine n. [L. gelatus, congealed] A jelly-like substance (gel) obtained from animal tissue; also loosely applied to secretions of animals.
gelatinous matrix An external glandular substance secreted
by some invertebrates, into which the eggs are embedded
or deposited.
geminate a. [L. geminus, two-fold] To double; occurring in
pairs; twins.
gemma n.; pl. -mae [L. gemma, bud] A bud or bud-like organic growth.
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gemmation n. [L. gemma, bud] 1. The act of reproducing by
budding. 2. Marked with bright colored spots. gemmate a.
gemmipara n., pl. gemmipares [L. gemma, bud; parere, to
beget] A form of asexual reproduction where animals reproduce by budding, as hydroids, bryozoans and sponges.
gemmule n. [L. gemma, bud] 1. A bud-like outgrowth that becomes an independent individual. 2. (PORIF) Composed of a
mass of archaeocytes charged with reserves and enclosed
in a non-cellular protective envelope. 2. Historically a particle of heredity, hypothesized by Darwin, carried in the cells
and able to move to the sex cells that allowed environment
to influence inheritance directly.
gemmulostasin n. [L. gemma, bud; stasis, standing] (PORIF)
An inhibitor of gemmule germination.
gena n.; pl. genae [L. gena, cheek] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. That
part of an insect head on each side below the eyes, bordered by the frontal suture, and behind the eyes, by the
occipital suture. 2. In Diptera, the region lying between the
face and the lower margin of the eye on either side;
parafacials or genal groove. 3. In Hymenoptera, the lateral
portions of the head between the eyes and the insertions of
the mandibles of Formicidae. genal a.
388
the ventral margin of a compound eye.
genaponta n. [L. gena, cheek; pons, bridge] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In specialized Hymenoptera, a bridge composed of
the fused postgenae that closes the underside of the head
behind the mouth.
genatasinus see genital pouch
gene n. [Gr. genos, birth, origin] A hereditary determiner; the
unit of inheritance, carried in a chromosome that is transmitted from one generation to another in the gametes and
that controls the development of characters in the new individual; the factor.
gene action Gene expression by control of specificity and rate
of biosynthetic processes, particularly proteins.
gene activation Differential expression of genes caused by
deactivation, etc., of specific genes by products of the cell.
gene flow The exchange of genetic factors between populations of the same species owing to dispersal of zygotes or
gametes.
gene frequency The percentage of all alleles at a given locus
in a population represented by a specific allele.
genacerore see wax glands
gene interaction Interaction between genes that produces a
particular phenotype.
genal bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, bristles on the
genal groove at the lower corner of the eye.
gene location The distance between genes on a chromosome
map.
genal carina (ARTHRO: Insecta) In ichneumonid Hymenoptera,
the lower end of the occipital carina, ending at the oral carina or the lower mandibular socket.
gene locus pl. loci The position of a gene in a chromosome.
genal comb (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Siphonaptera, a row of
strong spines borne on the anteroventral border of the
head; genal ctenidium. see ctenidium.
gene mutation Heritable change within a gene.
genal ctenidium see ctenidium
genal groove (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a depressed and
groove-like area near the ventral limits of the ptilinal suture and the juncture of the gena and parafacial; cheek
groove; transverse impression.
genal orbit (ARTHRO: Insecta) That area of an orbit adjacent to
gene map The graphical linear arrangement of mutational sites
in the gene itself.
gene pool The totality of the genes of a given population of
sexually reproducing organisms existing at a given time.
generalized a. [L. genus, kind] A comparative term used in
biology in contrast to specialized or cenogenetic, indicating
an ancient or long-standing character when compared with
one or more newly evolved.
generation n. [L. generare, to beget] The length of time from
any given stage in the life cycle of an organism to the same
389
stage in the offspring.
generative a. [L. generare, to beget] Pertains to somatic cell
generation as distinct from germ cells or gametes.
generitype Obs. see type species
generotype Obs. see type species
genesiology n. [Gr. genesis, descent; logos, discourse] The
science of generation or heredity.
Gene's organ (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In female Ixodida, a cephalic glandular organ which functions only during egg
laying.
gene splicing see splicing
genetic assimilation The fixation of a genetic character being
influenced by artificial environmental changes, not evident
in the original phenotype.
genetic balance Harmonious interaction of genes ensuring
normal development of the organism; genic balance.
genetic code Genetic information that is encoded into DNA
and transcribed to messenger RNA which forms peptides by
genetic translation.
genetic drift Genetic changes in isolated populations caused
by random phenomena rather than by natural selection.
see population, local.
genetic engineering Manipulation of DNA from different species to form recombinant DNA including genes from both
species.
genetic equilibrium Condition of gene frequencies and genotypes in large populations that remain stable from generation to generation.
genetic homeostasis The tendency of a population to balance
its genetic composition and to resist sudden changes.
genetic isolation Having sterility barriers preventing interbreeding between two or more populations.
genetic map A chromosome map; relative distance between
genes on a chromosome measured by crossing over and
recombinations; may be recombination of genes (chromosome map) or within genes (gene map).
390
genetic polymorphism The long-term common occurrence of
2 or more genotypes in a population which cannot be accounted for by recurrent mutation.
genetics n. [Gr. genesis, beginning] The science of heredity
and variation.
genetic variability Inheritable variation caused by genetic
change not by environment.
genic balance see genetic balance
genicular a. [L. dim. genu, knee] Pertaining to the region of
the knee.
geniculate n. [L. dim. genu, knee] 1. Bent; elbowed; bent in
an obtuse angle. 2. (ARTHRO) The antenna of arthropods,
i.e., insects and crustaceans. 3. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) The
base of the chelicerae in some spiders.
genital a. [L. gignere, to beget] Pertaining to the reproductive
organs or the process of generation.
genital aperture 1. The genital opening. 2. (NEMATA) When a
cloaca is present, the anus.
genital area (BRACHIO) That part of the shell underlain by saccate gonocoel or posterior part of the digitate or lemniscate
gonocoel.
genital armature Those portions of the reproductive system
directly involved in copulation.
genital atrium (PLATY) A small cavity in the body wall into
which the male and female genital ducts open.
genital bursa 1. (ECHINOD: Ophiuroidea) A genitorespiratory
sac into which the gonads open; also used in respiration
and brooding of larvae in brooding forms. 2. See bursa
copulatrix.
genital canal (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) A canal in the arms in
which the genital tube and cord lie.
genital chaeta (ANN) A seta that functions in sexual reproduction; spermathecal chaeta; penial chaeta; penial seta.
genital chamber (ARTHRO: Insecta) A copulatory invagination.
a. In females, sometimes forms a tubular vagina that is
often developed to form a bursa copulatrix. b. In males, a
391
ventral invagination containing the phallic organs.
genital coelom (MOLL) The lamina of the gonads.
genital cone (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Single or paired testes
openings on the eighth thoracic sternite of males.
genital cord see genital rachis/cord
genital disc (ARTHRO: Insecta) The imaginal disc from which
the reproductive duct system and the external genitalia are
formed in the vinegar fly, Drosophila .
genital duct see gonoduct
genital fossa see fenestra
genital groove 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In some female spiders, a cleft posterior to the epigynum into which the fertilization duct opens and through which the eggs pass. 2.
(ECHI) A depression, with or without setae, extending from
the nephridopore(s) to the mouth on the ventral surface.
genital hamule/hook see hamular hook, hamulus anterioris, hamulus posterioris
genitalia n.pl. [L. genitalis, pert. to procreation] 1. The sexual
organs and associated structures. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata)
In male and female spiders, the sclerotized genital structures. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Usually applied to the external
sexual organs; gonapophyses.
genital lobe (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Odonata genitalia, a lobe of
the postero-lateral angles of the second abdominal segment.
genital opening 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) a. In Acari, originally
a transverse slit or trifid orifice associated with segment
eight. b. In many actinotrochid Acari, it is found in the progenital chamber where it is named the eugenital opening.
2. (MOLL: Bivalvia) Opening for gonadal products leading
into the cloacal passage.
392
the 5th or 8th thoracomere that provides openings for the
vasa deferentia and a pair of accessory glands. 4. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) see papilla genitalis. 5. (NEMATA) Sensory nerve
terminations, variable in size, form and arrangement on or
near the male tail.
genital plates 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) see epigynum. 2.
(ECHINOD: Echinoidea) Plates surrounding the periproct.
genital pleurae see genital ridge
genital pore Genital opening.
genital pouch (ARTHRO: Insecta) In certain Diptera, a pouch
below the hypandrium receiving the tips of the surstyli and
cerci.
genital primordium In embryology, the originating cells
leading to the development of the reproductive system.
genital rachis/cord (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) Strands of gonocytes in the genital canal that traverse the arms to the gonad.
genital ridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) In embryology, thickenings of
the viseral (splanchnic) wall of the mesoderm in the abdominal region of the body in which the gonadal rudiments
lie.
genital region see urogastric lobe or area
genital sac see preputial sac
genital segments 1. Body segments that bear copulatory organs. 2. (ANN) Usually segments X and XI. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In males, abdominal segment IX; in females, abdominal segments VIII and IX.
genital setae see genital papillae, genital chaeta
genital spike (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coccidae, the penis sheath.
genital stolon see axial gland
genital organs The reproductive organs.
genital styles see genostyles
genital papilla/papillae 1. (ANN) A protuberance below the
neuropodium where a reproductive duct opens. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) Endite of an opisthosomatic appendage;
shaped like an erectile papilla or verruca in Acari. 3. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In some males, long genital processes on
genital supplements see supplements
genital sucker (PLATY: Trematoda) A sucker around the genital pore.
genital tracheae (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, tracheae
393
394
from the progenital chamber resembling gland ducts and
often ending in caecae; the respiratory function is not
proven.
genosyntype n. [Gr. genos, race; syn-, together; typos, type]
Any one of a series of species that a genus is based upon
when no one species was established as type. see type.
genital tube (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) Suspended in the genital
canal and carrying the rachis or genital cord.
genotype n. [Gr. genos, race; typos, type] 1. The genetic constitution of an organism or taxon, regardless of the outward appearance (phenotype) of the same. 2. Incorrect
synonym for type species.
genital tuft see brushes
genital tumescences (ANN: Oligochaeta) In Lumbricidae,
modified epidermis through which follicles of genital setae
open.
genital valve see lateral gonapophyses
genital wings see genital ridges
genitointestinal canal 1. (NEMATA) see demanian system. 2.
(PLATY: Trematoda) A duct connecting the oviduct and intestine of certain Polyopisthocotylea monogeneans.
genito-urinary see urogenital
genocline n. [Gr. genos, race; klinein, to slope] Change within
a continuous population in frequencies of genotypes in different geographical areas.
genocopy n. [Gr. genos, race; L. copia, abundance] Production
of the same phenotype by different genes (mimetic genes).
genodeme n. [Gr. genos, race; demos, people] A deme.
genoholotype n. [Gr. genos, race; holos, whole; typos, type]
A typical species specified by the author as the generic
type.
genolectotype n. [Gr. genos, race; lektos, chosen; typos,
type] The type of a genus selected from a series of species
placed in the genus subsequent to the description.
genome n. [Gr. genos, race; soma, body] The genes carried
by a single gamete; the genetic contents of the chromosomes.
genostyles n.pl. [Gr. genos, race; stylos, pillar] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In male Ephemeroptera, genital projections (consisting of 1-7 segments) initiated from the posterior corners of the 9th segment, functioning during copulation.
genovertical plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the area on
the head above the antenna and next to the compound
eye; the orbital plate; the parafrontals.
genu n.; pl. genua [L. genu, knee] 1. Any structure or organ
with a knee-like bend. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari,
the segment between the femur and tibia that is activated
by its own muscles and tendons, corresponding with the
patella in other groups of Chelicerata.
genus n.; pl. genera [L. genus, race] A taxon including one
species or a group of species from a presumed common
ancestor, separated from related similar genera by a decided gap; a taxonomic category above species and next
below the family group.
genus novum A new genus, never before described; gen. nov.
geobionts n. [Gr. ge, earth; bios, life; on, a being] Organisms
that permanently inhabit the soil and thereby affect its
structure. see geocoles.
geobios n. [Gr. ge, earth; bios, life] Soil life; terrestrial life.
see edaphon.
geochronology n. [Gr. ge, earth; chronos, time; logos, discourse] The measurement of time in relation to the evolution of the earth.
geocline see cline
geocoles a. [Gr. ge, earth; L. cola, inhabitant] Animals that
spend only a part of their lives in the soil and affect its
structure, aeration, etc. see geobionts.
Geoffroyism see Lamarckism
geographical distribution The range of a species.
geographical isolation/barriers A population or group of
populations prevented by geographic barriers from free
395
gene exchange with other populations of the same species;
a geographic isolate. see climatic isolation.
geographic race A geographically delimited race; usually a
subspecies.
geographic variation The differences between spatially segregated populations of a species.
geology n.; pl. -gies [Gr. ge, earth; logos, discourse] The science which treats of the structure and history of the earth.
geometrid a. [Gr. ge, earth; metron, measure] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A larva whose movements resemble a looping motion moving tail to head, such as the geometrid moth larva
(Geometridae) "measuring worms"; geometroid. see rectigrade.
geophagous a. [Gr. ge, earth; phagein, to eat] Feeding on
earth.
geophilous a. [Gr. ge, earth; philein, to love] Living in or on
the ground; ground loving, as land snails.
geotaxis n.; pl. -taxes [Gr. ge, earth; taxis, arrangement] A
tactic response with the force of gravitation as the stimulus. a. Positive geotaxis : toward the force of gravitation. b.
Negative geotaxis : away from the force of gravitation.
geotropism n. [Gr. ge, earth; tropos, turn] Movement determined by the direction of gravitational force. geotropic a.
see tropism.
geoxenes n. [Gr. ge, earth; xenos, stranger] Organism occurring only occasionally in the soil showing little effect on the
soil structure. see geobionts.
396
germ band (ARTHRO) In egg, the thickened area from which
the embryo is produced; embryonic rudiment; germ disc;
primitive streak.
germ cells A reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. see
somatic cells.
germiduct n. [L. germen, bud; ducere, to lead] (PLATY: Trematoda) The oviduct.
germigen n. [L. germen, bud; Gr. genos, offspring] (PLATY:
Trematoda) The ovary.
germinal a. [L. germen, bud] Pertaining to a germ cell or embryonic structure. see soma.
germinal cell Cells which produce gametes through meiosis,
i.e., oocytes in females, spermatocytes in males; products
of the germinal primordium.
germinal disc see germ band
germinal layers Primary cell of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, from which tissues and organs of the
adult are formed; germ layer.
germinal mutations Genetic alteration in cells destined to become germ cells.
germinal spot The nucleolus of an ovum.
germinal streak The primitive streak. see germ band.
germinal variations A variation caused by some modification
in the germ cells.
germinal vesicle The diploid nucleus of a primary oocyte before formation of polar bodies.
geratology n. [Gr. geras, old age; logos, discourse] Study of
degeneration and decadence of species with age. see gerontology.
germinal zone That part of an ovarial or testicular tube where
the oogonia or spermatogonia divide.
germarium n. [L. germen, bud] 1. The distal chamber of an
ovarial or testicular tube containing the oogonia or spermatogonia. 2. An ovary. 3. An egg or sperm producing part
of a gonad. see insect ovary types.
germogen n. [L. germen, bud; genes, born] (MESO: Rhombozoa) The central part of an infusorigen in the development
of an axoblast.
germ-balls 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Reproductive cells in some
larvae from which other young larvae may be produced. 2.
(PLATY: Trematoda) Embryos in the redial stage.
germ layer see germinal layers
germovitallarium n.; pl. -vitellaria [L. germen, bud; vitellus,
yolk] (PLATY) Having the ovary differentiated into yolk- and
egg-producing regions.
397
398
germ plasm Genetic material which forms the physical basis of
inheritance and is passed from generation to generation.
gigantism n. [Gr. gigas, giant] Excessive growth of an organ
or a complete organism to a large size.
germ tract The complete detailed history of the germ cells
from one generation to the next.
gigeriate a. [L. gigerium, gizzard] (ANN) Having one or more
gizzards in the digestive system.
gerontic a. [Gr. gerontos, old man] Pertaining to decadence;
old age; deteriorating.
gill n. [ME. gile, gill] 1. An external respiratory organ of various
aquatic invertebrates. 2. (ARTHRO) Brachia or plastron. 3.
(ECHINOD: Echinoidea) The plastron. 4. (MOLL) The
ctenidium.
gerontogeous a. [Gr. gerontos, old man; ge, earth] Belonging
to the Old World or Eastern Hemisphere. see neogeic.
gerontology n. [Gr. gerontos, old man; logos, discourse] The
study of aging.
gerontomorphosis n. [Gr. gerontos, old man; morphe, form]
Evolution involving specialization and diminishing capacity
for further evolutionary change.
gestation n. [L. gestare, to bear] In viviparous animals, the
period from conception to birth.
geusid n. [Gr. geusis, taste] (NEMATA) Gustatory organ.
giant bud (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) Unpartitioned distal end
growth in which the side walls grow faster than the internal
transverse walls.
giant cell A term applied to a host response in which a multinucleate mass of protoplasm or cytoplasm often acts as a
preferred feeding site or "nurse cell". see coenocyte,
syncytium, lysigenoma, teratocyte.
giant chromosome (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a very large
chromosome bundle that arises by repeated endoreplication of single chromatids.
giant fiber Enlarged nerve fibers that transmit rapid impulses
in certain mollusks, crustaceans, annelids, pogonaphorans
and insects; giant fibre.
gibber n. [L. gibbus, humped] A swelling or enlargement; a
rounded protuberance.
gibbous, gibbose a. [L. gibbus, humped] Very convex; humpbacked; embossed; swollen; a protuberance.
Gicklhorn's organ (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Copepods, paired
photoreceptors having two cells that closely resemble
retinula cells, found in proximity to the frontal eye.
gill bailer see scaphognathite
gill bar (MOLL: Bivalvia) Dorsoventral rodlike thickenings of a
gill lamellae.
gill book see book gill
gill chamber see branchial chamber
gill filaments 1. Finger-like subdivisions of gills of various invertebrates. 2. (ANN) Finger-like extensions of the body
wall that function in respiration.
gill lamellae (MOLL: Bivalvia) Thin plates making up a gill.
gill plume (MOLL: Gastropoda) Gill or ctenidium.
gill retractor (MOLL: Bivalvia) When present, a muscle attaching one of the gills to the shell.
gill separator see epipodite
gill tuft A group of mainly lateral, filamentous gills.
Gilson's glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Trichoptera, thoracic
glands homologized to coxal glands or nephridia.
ginglymus n. [Gr. ginglymos, hinge-joint] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
In dicondylic jaws, a cavity or groove of the mandible that
hinges on a convex process of the clypeus forming the anterior joint.
gin-traps (ARTHRO: Insecta) In certain coleopteran larvae, local sclerotization of opposable edges of adjacent abdominal
segments, supposed organs of defense against arthropod
predators.
girdle n. [A.S. gyrdel, a girdle] (MOLL: Polyplacophora) Flexible
muscular integument, plain or leathery, or variously ornamented, holding the chiton valves in place; perinotum; girdle.
399
gizzard n. [OF. gezier, gizzard] 1. A grinding chamber of various invertebrates. 2. (ANN: Oligochaeta) A muscular area of
the digestive system between intestine and crop. 3. (ARTHRO) For Insecta and Crustacea, see proventriculus. 4.
(BRYO: Gymnolaemata) In Ctenostomata, an elongate or
spherical inner part of the cardia with pointed or rounded
plates or teeth. 5. (ECHI) The short, muscular region of the
posterior foregut usually marked by ringed or annular
striations. 6. (MOLL) A thickened muscular stomach, or
lined with calcareous plates for crushing food.
glabella n. [L. dim. glaber, bald] (ARTHRO: Trilobita) A thickened, median elevated cephalic shield of trilobites.
glabrous a. [L. glaber, bald] Smooth, free of hair.
gladiolus n. [L. dim. gladius, sword] The mesosternum.
gladius n. [L. gladius, sword] (MOLL: Cephalopoda) In Sepiidae, Octopoda, and Teuthoidea, the horny endoskeleton or
pen of endocochleates; the internal shell.
glairy a. [L. clarus, clear] Pertaining to glair, or white of an
egg.
gland n. [L. dim. glans, acorn] An organ or cell specialized for
secretion, either for use in the body or for excretion.
gland cell A single secreting cell.
glandiform a. [L. dim. glans, acorn; forma, shape] Acornshaped.
glandilemma n. [L. dim. glans, acorn; Gr. lemma, skin] The
capsule of a gland.
gland of Leiblein (MOLL) A gland connected to the modified
esophagus by a duct that secretes a strong proteolytic enzyme in some predaceous mollusks and carbohydrase in
vegetarians.
gland orifice Any external opening for gland secretion.
gland shields (ANN: Polychaeta) In tube-builders, a pair of
large mucous-secreting pads which lay down a coating on
the inner surface of the tube.
glands of Batelli (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hemiptera, large hypodermal glands in the Cercopidae; formerly believed to produce the spittle.
400
glands of Filippi see Lyonnet's gland
glands of Morren see calciferous glands
gland spines (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diaspidinae, small to large
spines that are conical, bifid, or somewhat fimbriate at the
tip and have one or more ducts that extend to the tip of
the spine; pectines; plates; squamae.
gland tubercules (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diaspidinae, a gland
spine that is short, basally swollen and sclerotized.
glanduba n.; pl. -ae [L. dim. glans, acorn] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
In Hymenoptera, chitinized ring openings of the cutaneous
wax glands found in most sawfly larvae.
glandulae accessoriae (ARTHRO: Insecta) The accessory
glands of the reproductive organs.
glandular a. [L. dim. glans, acorn] Having or bearing a gland
or gland cell, i.e., hair, spines, etc.
glandular bristles/hairs 1. Stout and rigid glandular setae. 2.
(ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, the urticating hairs.
glandular organ (SIPUN) A prominent structure on the ventral,
median part of the oral disc of pelagosphera larvae; lip
gland.
glans n. [L. dim. glans, acorn] (SIPUN) The acorn-shaped posterior extremity of the trunk of some species.
glassy a. [A.S. glaes, glass] Vitreous; transparent; pellucid;
clear.
glaucothoe n. [Gr. glaukos, grey; thos, swift] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, a postlarval stage in the development
of Paguridae, equivalent to a megalopa.
glaucous a. [L. glaucus, bluish-green] Sea-green or pale bluish-green in color.
glenoid cavity 1. A depression for the fit of a condyle. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, part of a condylar articulation.
glia, glial cells, gliacytes n. [Gr. glia, glue] Nonnerve cells in
the brain or glanglion, that may support the life processes
of the neurons; neuroglia.
globate, globated a. [L. globus, ball] Globose; spherical.
globoferous cell (PORIF) A cell having a prominent array of
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paracrystalline components.
globose, globular a. [L. globus, ball] Spherical; globe shaped.
globuli cells (ARTHRO: Insecta) Specialized association cells of
the brain, small in size with round nuclei rich in chromatin.
globulin n. [L. dim. of globus, ball] A class of proteins which
are insoluble in water, but soluble in saline solutions, or
water soluble proteins with globulin-like physical properties.
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glottoid apparatus (NEMATA) A toothed projection at the base
of the esophastome utilized in rhabditid species and generic
identification.
glucoprotein n. [Gr. gleukos, sweet; proteion, primary] A substance in which hexosamine containing polysaccharide is
chemically united with peptides. see glycoprotein, mucoprotein.
glue cell see adhesive cells
globulus n.; pl. -li [L. globulus, small ball] (ARTHRO: Pauropoda) One jointed globular or two joined pear-shaped sensory organs on the antennae.
glumes n.pl. [L. gluma, husk] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, longitudinal ridges on the flagellar segments of
many wasps.
glochidium n.; pl. -dia [Gr. glochis, arrow-point; idion, dim]
(MOLL: Bivalvia) In Unionoida, the modified parasitic larva,
with or without hooks, of certain fresh water clams.
glutinants n.pl. [L. gluten, glue] (CNID) A type of nematocyst;
the holotrichous and atrichous isorhizas.
glochis n.; pl. glochines [Gr. glochis, arrow-point] 1. A
barbed hair, bristle, spine or point. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda)
The protrusible radula.
glomerate a. [L. glomus, ball] Massed or compacted into a
cluster.
glomerule see glomerulus
glomerulus n.; pl. -li [L. dim. glomus, ball] A tuft or cluster of
blood vessels or nerve fibers.
glossa n. [Gr. glossa, tongue] (ARTHRO: Insecta) One of a pair
of terminal lingular lobes of the labium of certain insects,
between the paraglossae; the medium ligula. a. In adult
Hymenoptera, the fused glossae that form the tongue. b.
In Thysanoptera, the median ligula that forms the apical tip
of the wall of the mouth cone.
glossarium see labrum-epipharynx
glossate a. [Gr. glossa, tongue] Furnished with a tongue-like
structure.
glossotheca n. [Gr. glossa, tongue; theke, case] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The pupa integument covering the tongue; a
tongue-case.
glottis n. [Gr. glotta, tongue] The opening from the pharynx
into the trachea.
glutinose, glutinous a. [L. glutinosus, sticky] Having a slimy
or sticky surface.
glycocalyx n. [Gr. glykys, sweet; kalyx, covering] 1. A filamentous layer containing carbohydrate, found on the outer
surface of many cells. 2. (ACANTHO) Formerly known as
epicuticle.
glycogen n. [Gr. glykys, sweet; genes, born] A branch-chained
polysaccharide; a major stored food substance of most
animals, fungi and bacteria.
glycogenesis n. [Gr. glykys, sweet; gennaein, to produce]
Formation of glycogen from glucose.
glycogenolysis n. [Gr. glykys, sweet; genes, born; lyein, to
break up] The breakdown of glycogen.
glycolysis n. [Gr. glykys, sweet; lyein, to break up] The enzymatic breakdown of glucose to lactic acid or pyruvic acid
with the release of energy in the form of high energy phosphate bonds.
glycoprotein n. [Gr. glykys, sweet; proteion, primary] Glucoprotein whose hexosamine content is less than 4%.
glymma n.; pl. -ae (ARTHRO: Insecta) In ichneumonid Hymenoptera, one of a pair of lateral fovae between the base and
spiracles of the petiolar segment; may be small and shallow or large and almost meeting in midline.
gnathal a. [Gr. gnathos, jaw] Pertaining to the jaws.
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404
gnathal lobe 1. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The masticatory endite of
the mandible; the masticatory process. 2. (ARTHRO: Diplopoda) The third or most distal part of the mandible; bearing the teeth and grinding surfaces.
phylum of microscopic, free-living marine worms that are
acoelomate bilateria with a mono-ciliated skin epithelium,
jaws and a muscular pharyngeal apparatus; commonly
called jaw-worms.
gnathal pouch (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The concave surface below the oral plate; the oral chamber. b. In Hymenoptera,
used as a receptacle for food particles and detritus in ants.
gnathothorax n. [Gr. gnathos, jaw; thorax, breast] (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) Having the first, sometimes also the second,
thoracic somites fused with the cephalon; the cephalon and
pereon.
gnathal region/segments (ARTHRO: Insecta) The gnathocephalon.
gnathites n.pl. [Gr. gnathos, jaw] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The
mouth parts; the buccal appendages.
gnathobase n. [Gr. gnathos, jaw; basis, base] 1. (ARTHRO)
One of a pair of endites used to manipulate or move food in
trilobites, and some crustaceans. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata)
In arachnids, the projection from the coxa of a leg or palp,
used in crushing food. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) A lobe or projection of a basal segment of an appendage near the
mouth, used in eating.
gnathocephalon n. [Gr. gnathos, jaw; kephale, head] (ARTHRO: Insecta) That part of the head formed by the gnathal
segments and the procephalic lobes.
gnathochilarium n. [Gr. gnathos, jaw; dim. cheilarion, lip]
(ARTHRO: Diplopoda) A plate-like mouth structure; thought
to be the fused maxillae and labium.
gnathopod(ite) n. [Gr. gnathos, jaw; pous, foot] (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) Prehensile appendages. a. The maxilliped. b. In
Amphipoda, the first and second pereopods, chelate or
subchelate; the gnathopodite; subchela.
gnathos see subscaphium
gnathosoma n. [Gr. gnathos, jaw; soma, body] (ARTHRO:
Chelicerata) The anterior of two basic regions of the body
of a mite or tick bearing the mouth parts; a capitulum
pseudotagma.
gnathostegite n. [Gr. gnathos, jaw; stegos, roof] (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) One of a pair of plates covering the mouth
parts.
Gnathostomulida n. [Gr. gnathos, jaw; stoma, mouth] A
gnotobiote n. [Gr. gnostos, known; bios, life] A known microorganism living in or on a host.
gnotobiotic culture The breeding or culturing of organisms by
themselves or in association with other known kinds of organisms. see agnotobiotic culture.
gnotobiotics n.pl. [Gr. gnostos, known; bios, life] A field of
biology involving breeding or culturing of organisms by
themselves or together with other known kinds of organisms. gnotobiotic a. see agnotobiotic culture.
goblet cell see calyciform cell
goblets n.pl. [OF. goblete] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) Stigmatal
plate markings of certain hard ticks.
Golgi bodies [=dictyosomes=golgiosomes or internal reticular
apparatus] Organelle found in most eukaryote cells consisting of a stack (dictyosome) of flat sacs (cisternae), involved in secretion.
golgio-kinesis Distribution of Golgi bodies during mitosis.
gonad n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed] A reproductive
organ; a testis, ovary, ovotestis, or their generative tissue.
gonadial a.
gonadotropin, gonadotrophin n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; tropos, direction] A substance that stimulates
the gonads to develop.
gonaduct see gonoduct
gonangium n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; angeion,
capsule] (CNID: Hydrozoa) In colonials, the gonotheca and
enclosed blastostyle with gonophores.
gonangulum n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; L.
angulus, angle] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A small sclerite attached
405
to the base of the first gonapophysis articulating with the
second gonocoxa and the tergum of segment 9 in Lepisma;
in others fused with the first gonocoxa or with tergum 9.
gonapophysis n.; pl. -yses [Gr. gone, that which produces
seed; apo, from; phyein, to grow] 1. (ARTHRO: Crustacea)
In male Syncarida, a median process from the base of the
first or second pleopod. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The slender
curving processes that form the shaft of the ovipositor;
may be leaf- or flap-like or modified to form the sting. b.
Also applied to certain paired genital appendages in the
male.
gonarcus n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; L. arcus,
bow] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In male Neuroptera, an archshaped structure below the anal segment and above the
aedeagus.
gonatocerous condition (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some adult
Coleoptera, bearing a geniculate antenna with a long scape
and compact club. see orthocerous condition.
gone n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed] Any germ cell
arising by meiosis.
gongylidia n.pl.; sing. -ium [Gr. gongylos, ball] Spherical or
ellipsoidal swellings at the tips of the hyphae that are cultivated by the Attine ants; a group of gongylidia is sometimes referred to as a staphyla.
goniatite n. [Gr. gonia, angle] (MOLL: Cephalopoda) Extinct
Paleozoic ammonoid cephalopod existing in the Middle Devonian Period.
gonoblast n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; blastos,
bud] A reproductive cell or bud.
406
gonocoel n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; koilos, hollow] The cavity containing the gonads.
gonocoxa, gonocoxite n.; pl. -ae [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; L. coxa, hip] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The coxite of
the gonopod. see second valvifers.
gonocoxopodites n.pl. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed;
L. coxa, hip; pous, foot] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Siphonaptera, a pair of 2-segmented claspers associated with the
9th tergum and median intromittant organ.
gonodendron n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; dendron, tree] (CNID: Hydrozoa) In Siphonophora, a branching
structure bearing grapelike clusters of gonophores that are
not set free.
gonoducts n.pl. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; L. ductus, led] 1. The ducts through which the gametes reach the
exterior, oviduct in females, vas deferens in males. 2.
(ECHI) see nephridium.
gonogensis see gametogenesis
gonomery n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; meros,
part] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The separate grouping of maternal
and paternal chromosomes during cleavage in some embryos.
gonopalpon n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; L. palpare, to touch] (CNID: Hydrozoa) In Siphonophora, tentacle-like dactylozooids associated with gonophores.
gonopericardial canal (MOLL: Solengastres) A canal from gonads to the pericardium.
gonocalyx n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; kalyx,
cover] (CNID) The bell of a medusa-like gonophore.
gonophore n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; phoreus,
bearer] (CNID: Hydrozoa) In Hydroida, a structure that
produces gametes and is a sporosac, medusa or any intermediate stage.
gonochorism n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; chorismos, separation] The possession of functional gonads of
one sex only (male or female); dioecious. gonochoristic
a.
gonoplac n. [Gr. gone; that which produces seed; plax, plate]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) A process of the second gonocoxa; may
be a separate sclerite and may form a sheath around the
gonapophyses; 3rd valvula.
gonochoristic a. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; chorismos, separation] Unisexual; producing distinct males
and females. see hermaphrodite.
gonopod n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; pous, foot]
(ARTHRO) The appendages serving as genital segments, or
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408
associated segments modified for reproductive purposes,
i.e., chelicera, palp, leg, pleopod.
animals; oikos, house] (BRYO: Stenolaemata) An enlarged
polymorph that serves as a brood chamber for eggs.
gonopody n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; pous, foot]
A type of internal fertilization whereby the male sperm is
transferred by an appendage to the female genital organs;
sperm transfer which is nearly direct. see podospermia,
tocospermia.
gonozooid, gynozooid n. [Gr. gone, that which produces
seed; zoon, animal; eidos, form] 1. (BRYO) A zooid modified as a brood chamber. 2. (CNID: Hydrozoa) A gonophore
or individual specialized for reproduction in a colony.
gonopore n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; poros,
channel] 1. The external opening of the reproductive organs. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The sexual pore. 3. (NEMATA)
The vulva in females; the anus or cloacal opening in males.
gonosome n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; soma,
body] (CNID: Hydrozoa) All gonophores of a colony collectively. see trophosome.
gonosomite see genital segment
gonostyle n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; stylos, pillar] (CNID: Hydrozoa) The blastostyle; gonodendron.
gonostylus n.; pl. gonostylii [Gr. gone, that which produces
seed; stylos, pillar] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The stylus of a
genital segment; harpago; style; stylus; paramere.
gonotheca n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; theke,
case] (CNID: Hydrozoa) In Leptomedusae, a vase-like covering of the stalklike blastostyles.
gonotreme n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; trema,
hole] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The female gonopore, oviporus
(secondary gonopore), or vulva; in males, the gonopore.
gonotrophic concordancy (ARTHRO: Insecta) In certain mosquitoes, discontinuation, or only occasional ingesting of
blood meals after ovulation has stopped. see gonotrophic
dissociation.
gonotrophic dissociation (ARTHRO: Insecta) In certain mosquitoes, the continuation of ingesting blood meals after
ovulation has stopped. see gonotrophic concordancy.
gonotyl n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; tylos, knob]
(PLATY: Trematoda) In digenetic forms, a sucker or other
perigenital specialization associated with the genital atrium.
gonozooecium n. [Gr. gone, that which produces seed; zoon,
gorgeret n. [Gr. Gorgos, terrible] 1. A barblike structure. 2.
(ARTHRO: Insecta) The sting of a honey bee. 3. (NEMATA)
The barb on the spicule.
gorgonin n. [Gr. Gorgos, terrible] (CNID: Anthozoa) A proteinaceous horny material forming the axial skeleton of sea
fans and sea whips.
Gotte's larva (PLATY: Turbellaria) In Stylochus, a "Muller's"type larva with the exception of four instead of eight lobes.
Graber's organ (ARTHRO: Insecta) In tabanid larvae, a pyriform sac containing a series of capsules that opens at the
surface between the last two segments, thought to be sensory in function; may be seen through the integument of
living larvae.
gracile a. [L. gracilis, slender] Gracefully slender or thin.
gradate a. [L. gradus, step] Regularly increasing in size; arranged in a series; blending of colors.
grade n. [L. gradus, step] A group of organisms similar in level
of organization.
graft n. [OF. greffe, graft] Act of grafting, or joining a part of
an organism with another.
grained a. [L. granum, grain] Dotted with small tubercules.
graminaceous a. [L. gramen, grass] Grass-colored.
graminicolous a. [L. gramen, grass; colere, to dwell] Living
on grasses.
graminivorous a. [L. gramen, grass; vorare, to devour]
Grass-eating.
granose a. [L. granum, grain] Like a string of grains; moniliform.
granulated a. [L. dim. granum, grain] Covered with grains or
small tubercles.
409
granular eosinophilic cell see granular hemocyte
410
even without chlorophyll. see insectoverdin.
granular hemocyte Hemocytes that vary in size and shape,
phagocytic in function, characterized by possession of acidophilic granules in the cytoplasm. see granulocyte.
gregaria n. [L. grex, flock] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The high density
phase of locusts and some caterpillars during which they
are gregarious and/or migratory. see solitaria.
granular leucocyte see granular hemocyte
gregarious a. [L. grex, flock] Habitually associating in groups
or colonies.
granular spheres see granulocyte
granule n. [L. dim. granum, grain] 1. A very small or minute
elevation. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Grain-like, short, thick,
dark seta of beetles.
grege, greige see silk
granulocyte n. [L. dim. granum, grain; Gr. kytos, container] A
hemocyte variable in size and shape, granular contents of
sulfated, periodate-reactive sialomucin and other glycoproteins or neutral mucopolysaccharides, and sometimes
lipid droplets may be present.
gribble n. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) A small wood-boring isopod of
the Limnoriidae.
granulose a. [L. dim. granum, grain] Roughened with granules, or grain-like elevations.
granum tinctorium see kermes
graphiohexaster n. [Gr. graphe, writing; hex, six; aster, star]
(PORIF) A six-rayed spicule with long filamentous processes
from four of the rays.
gres see sericin
gressorial a. [L. gressus, step] Adapted for walking.
griseous a. [ML. griseus, gray] A white color mottled with
black or brown; light gray; bluish gray.
grooming n. [OF. gromet, servant] To make neat; the cleaning
of an animal by itself or others.
group n. [F. groupe] A number of related taxa; a series of
closely related species within a genus. see complex.
group effect Alteration in behavior within a species or group
by nondirected signals.
graptolite n. [Gr. graptos, painted; lithos, stone] A fossil
group of pelagic, colonial animals with chitinous exoskeletons, consisting of simple or branched stems (rhabdosomes) toothed along one or both edges.
group predation Hunting and securing prey by groups of cooperating animals, i.e., army ants.
grasping spines (CHAETO) Chitinous spines on the posterior
part of the head used for food catching; prehensile spines;
seizing jaws.
growing tip or point (BRYO) Proliferating distal extremities of
the colony.
gravid n. [L. gravidus, pregnant] Containing an egg or eggs,
as a gravid pinworm, or gravid proglottid of a tapeworm.
growing-molt A molt that results in a larger size, but no
changes in characters or form.
growth n. [A.S. growan] 1. The development of an organism
by assimilation. 2. A morbid formation, as a tumor.
growth hormone Any of various growth promoting hormones.
gray cell (PORIF) A cell with spherical basiphilic granules and
many glycogen rosettes.
growth lines (MOLL: Gastropoda) Surface marking of the shell,
denoting a former position of the outer lip.
greater ocellars see ocellar bristles
growth period In germ cell development, the period in which
they increase greatly in size and during which synapsis occurs and the tetrads are formed.
green gland (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Excretory glands on the antennae of crayfish and other Malacostraca; antennal gland.
green pigments (ARTHRO: Insecta) A synthesized pigment
that gives a green color to the blood and epidermal cells,
growth ring see annotinate
growth rugae (MOLL) Irregular ridges or undulations on the
411
shell surface determined by former positions of the outer
lip which show slowed or stopped growth. see growth
lines.
growth squamae (MOLL: Bivalvia) Scaly extensions of the
shell surface parallel to the growth lines.
growth stage The intermitotic growth stage of a cell; resting
stage; resting cell.
growth thread (MOLL: Bivalvia) A threadlike growth line.
growth welt (MOLL: Bivalvia) An elongate shell elevation parallel to the growth lines.
grub n. [ME. grubben, dig] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A legless larva;
certain U- or C-shaped larvae generally found among the
Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.
gryphaeate a. (MOLL: Bivalvia) Shell with left valve strongly
convex with its dorsal part incurved and the right valve flat,
as in the genus Gryphea ; gryphaeiform; gryph-shaped.
guanine n. [Ab.Am. huanu, dung] A purine base present in
DNA and RNA, found in fish scales, animals, plants and excreta.
gubernaculum n.; pl. -la [L. dim. gubernare, to guide] 1.
(CNID: Hydrozoa) Hydroida, protoplasmic strands connecting the blastostyle and internal marsupium to the gonothecal wall; possibly functioning in nutrition or as a device for
keeping the internal marsupium in position. 2. (NEMATA) A
sclerotized trough-shaped structure of the dorsal wall of
the spicular pouch, near the distal portion of the spicules;
functions for reinforcement of the dorsal wall. a. Retractor
gubernaculi muscles extend from the gubernaculum to the
dorsal or lateral body wall. b. Seductor gubernaculi muscles
extend from the lateral walls of the body to the gubernaculum.
guest n. [A.S. gaest] Animal living within the nest or den of
others; a social symbiont.
gula n. [L. gula, gullet] 1. (ARTHRO: Diplopoda) The reduced
sternite of the first trunk segment forming the posterior
part of the gnathochilarium; the hypostoma. 2. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) A median ventral plate of the head, extending
from the submentum to the posterior tentorial pits; gular
412
plate.
gulacava see gular pit
gulamental plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) The basal labial plate
formed by fusion of the gula and submental regions.
gulamentum n. [L. gula, gullet; mentum, chin] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The plate formed by the fusion of the gula and submentum.
gular a. [L. gula, gullet] 1. Pertaining to the throat or gula. 2.
(MOLL) Pertaining to the innermost part of the shell aperture.
gular pit (ARTHRO: Insecta) The infolding of a posterior arm of
the tentorium.
gular suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. Longitudinal sutures on
each side of the gula or middle piece of the throat. 2. In
Coleoptera, marking the inflection of the posterior arms of
the tentorium.
gullet n. [L. gula, gullet] The esophagus.
gustatory a. [L. gustus, taste] Pertaining to the sense of taste.
see chemoreceptor.
gut n. [A.S. gut] The intestinal tract; the alimentary canal, or
part of.
gut sinus (ANN: Polychaeta) In some species, a thin-walled
chamber around the gut filled with blood.
gutta n. [L. gutta, a drop or spot] A roundish spot or marking
of color. guttate a.
gutter n. [OF. gutiere, a gutter] (MOLL: Gastropoda) An elongate projection beyond the mouth.
guttiform a. [L. gutta, a drop or spot; forma, shape] Dropshaped.
gymnoblastic a. [Gr. gymnos, bare; blastos, bud] (CNID: Hydrozoa) Lacking hydrothecae and gonothecae, as some colonial forms.
gymnocephalous cercaria (PLATY: Trematoda) Cercaria without ornamentation, lacking spines or stylets on the anterior
end or in the oral sucker; with equal sized oral and ventral
suckers; no tail fin (Fasciolidae).
413
gymnocoel n. [Gr. gymnos, bare; koilos, hollow] A body cavity
possessing no special lining cells other than tissue bordering cavities such as epidermis or gastrodermis.
gymnocyst n. [Gr. gymnos, bare; kystis, bladder] 1. (BRYO) A
simple type of wall morphology that adds exterior walls to
the ends of interior walls, thereby separating adjacent zooids that remain in communication through interzooidal
pores. gymnocystal a. see cryptocyst. 2. (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) In cheilostomates, continuous or partial frontal
shield formed by calcification of the zooidal frontal wall or
by cuticle covered spots on the frontal wall.
gymnocystidean n. [Gr. gymnos, bare; kystis, bladder]
(BRYO: Gymnolaemata) An Ascophora cheilostomate with
autozooids having gymnocysts as frontal shields.
414
gynaecotelic type (ARTHRO: Insecta) One of the two groups of
social insects in which the queen manifests the prototype
female, with all the primary instincts, including those of the
worker caste until after the colony is established when she
then becomes an egg-laying machine. see ergatotelic
type.
gynander see gynandromorph
gynandrarchy n. [Gr. gyne, woman; aner, male; archon,
leader] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Social organization among insects differing from gynarchy in that the male takes part in
establishing the colony.
gymnocyte n. [Gr. gymnos, bare; kytos, container] A cell with
no cell wall. see lepocyte.
gynandromorph n. [Gr. gyne, woman; aner, male; morphe,
form] An individual in which male and female somatic
characters exist; bilateral gynandromorphs, with the left
and right halves of different sex; sex mosaic. see intersex,
chimera.
gymnodomous a. [Gr. gymnos, bare; L. domus, house] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertaining to nests, especially of social
wasps lacking an envelope. see calyptodomous.
gynandromorphism n. [Gr. gyne, woman; aner, male; morphe, form] The condition of being a gynandromorph. gynandromorphic a.
gymnogastra n. [Gr. gymnos, bare; gaster, stomach] Having
the venter or belly visible. see cryptogastra.
gynandry n. [Gr. gyne, woman; aner, male] Hermaphroditism;
also, the condition of a female approximating to the male
type of physique.
Gymnolaemata, gymnolaemates n.; n.pl. [Gr. gymnos,
bare; laimos, throat] Largest class of mainly marine Bryozoa primatively cylindrical, but most commonly flattened
and lozenge-shaped, with a circular lophophore and lacking
an epistome.
gymnoparia n.; pl. -ariae [Gr. gymnos, bare; pareion, cheek]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) In scarabaeoid larvae, that part of the
paria without bristles posterior to the acroparia and between the acanthoparia and chaetoparia.
gymnopterous a. [Gr. gymnos, bare; pteron, wing] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) Lacking scales on wings.
gynarchy n. [Gr. gyne, woman; archon, leader] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In social insects, a colony organization in which a
female initiates and dominates.
gynecaner, gynaecaner n. [Gr. gynaiko, womanly; aner,
male] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a male ant of
certain parasitic and workerless genera that resembles a
female rather than a worker, but having the same number
of antennal joints and according to the genus may be
wingless; a gynaecomorphic male.
gynaecoid see gynecoid
gynecoid n. [Gr. gynaiko, womanly; eidos, like] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a large egg laying worker ant.
gynaecomorphic male see gynecaner
gynecophore see gynaecophoral canal
gynaecophoral canal (PLATY: Trematoda) A longitudinal infolded groove in the ventral surface of male schistosome
flukes where the female usually resides.
gynergate n. [Gr. gyne, woman; ergate, worker] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A female containing patches of tissue of both the
queen and worker castes.
415
gynes n.pl. [Gr. gyne, woman] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. In bees, a
potential or actual queen. 2. Especially potential queens of
honeybees. 3. Certain halictid bees that are first gynes,
later to become workers or queens.
gynetype n. [Gr. gyne, woman; typos, type] A designated female type specimen.
gynocophoral canal see gynaecophoral canal
gynogenesis n. [Gr. gyne, woman; genesis, descent] Female
parthenogenesis; pseudogamy; development of a haploid
individual possessing only the maternal chromosome set.
see androgenesis.
gynomerogony n. [Gr. gyne, woman; meros, part; gonos,
seed] Development of an egg fragment containing only the
female nucleus (maternal chromosomes).
gynosynhesmia n. [Gr. gyne, woman; syn, together; hesmos,
swarm] A group of females gathering together during mating season. see androsynhesmia, synhesmia.
gynozooid n. [Gr. gyne, woman; zoon, animal] A female
gonozooid.
gyrate, gyral a. [L. gyrare, to turn about] Circular or spiral
movement; curved.
H
habitat n. [L. habitare, to dwell] The particular kind of environment where a race, species or individual lives.
habitat selection The capability of a dispersing individual to
select a particular (species-specific) environment.
habitat type The ecotype.
habitude n. [L. habitus, condition] General appearance or
conformation of an animal.
habroderes n.pl. [Gr. habros, graceful; deire, neck] (KINOR) In
Echinoderidae, the fourth juvenile stage to adulthood in
which the midterminal spine is missing, and a series of
molts results in the loss of posterior middorsal spines until
the adult complement is reached.
hackled band (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In cribellate spiders,
composite threads spun by the cribellum and combed by
the calamistrum setae.
haem- for words not found here see hem-
gyration n. [L. gyrare, to turn about] 1. Rotating or whirling
movement. 2. (MOLL) One of the whorls on a spiral shell.
haemocoele see hemocoel
gyratory a. [L. gyrare, to turn about] Moving in a circle; circular or rotary motion.
haemolymph see hemolymph
gyre n. [L. gyrare, to turn about] Coiling; chromosome coiling.
gyri-cerebrales (ARTHRO: Insecta) Esophageal ganglion lobes
in embryos.
haemocyte see hemocyte
haemostatic diaphragm or membrane (ARTHRO) In some
arthropods, an obstruction device between femur and trochanter preventing fluid loss after autotomy; an occlusive
diaphragm.
haemoxanthine n. [Gr. haima, blood; xanthos, yellow] (ARTHRO: Insecta) An albuminoid protein in the hemolymph,
providing oxygen and nutritive materials.
haft organ see frontal organ
hair n. [A.S. haer, hairy] Seta; chaeta; trichome. see pubescence.
hair pads (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. A group of sensory hairs combined to form pads near joints together with internal pro-
417
prioceptors that are involved in the normal bearing of the
limbs; also involved for measuring the vector of external
forces, and contributing to orientation of the animal. 2. A
pad on the compound eyes of the honey bee and between
the eyes of locusts controlling the self-generated flight
speed.
hair plates see hair pads
haliotoid a. [Gr. hals, salt, sea; otos, ear; eidos, like] Earshaped.
Haller's organ (ARTHRO: Insecta) A complex sensory setal field
within one or more pits, on the dorsal aspect of tarsus I of
ticks and mites, providing sites for contact or olfactory
chemoreception.
halmatometamorphosis n. [Gr. halmatos, leap; metamorphosis, transform, change] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The process
of degeneration of larval structures and development of
specialized structures adapted for arthropod endoparasitic
life.
halocline n. [Gr. hals, salt, sea; klinein, to slope] That area of
sharp vertical salinity change in the ocean or other saline
water.
halophile n. [Gr. hals, salt, sea; philos, love] An organism
adapted to living in a salty environment.
halter n.; pl. halteres [Gr. halter, balancer] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
In Diptera, sense organs consisting of a basal lobe, a stalk
and an end knob on each side of the metathorax, representing a reduced hind wing; balancers.
hamabiosis see neutralism
hamate, hamiform a. [L. hamus, hook] Hooked; bent at the
end resembling a hook; aduncate.
hamatype n. [Gr. hama, together; typos, type] Obs. A specimen from the type lot of a species, not specified as a
holotype or paratype; a special group of topotypes.
418
nematocyst; the butt.
hamula n. [L. hamulus, little hook] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A trigger-like hook securing the springing organ (furcula) of
springtails; a retinaculum.
hamular hook (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some male Odonata, a
curved hook receiving the end of the basal lobe of the
posterior hamuli.
hamulohalterae n.pl. [L. hamulus, little hook; Gr. halter, balancer] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Homoptera, giant mealybug
halters developed from the metathoracic wing-buds furnished with one or more hooklets that engage in a basal
pocket of the corresponding fore wing.
hamulus n., pl. -li [L. hamulus, little hook] 1. A hook or hooklike process. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In certain Hymenoptera, a row of minute hooks along the costal margin of the
hind wing to unite the front and hind wings in flight; has
been spelled humule. b. In male Odonata, one of a pair of
anterior(is) and posterior(is) clasps of the genitalia (fenestra) for grasping the female. c. In Siphonaptera, one of a
pair of movable sclerites originating from the lateral wall of
the aedeagal palliolum. 3. (PLATY: Trematoda) In monogenetic forms, large hooks on the opisthaptor; anchors.
hamus n.; pl. hami [L., hook] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. In Heteroptera, an abrupt spur-like vein in the hind wings. 2. In
Lepidoptera, the retinaculum.
Hancock's glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Orthoptera, large,
glandular, sex-attractant pits of male tree crickets that secrete a fluid which the female ingests during the mating
act.
Hancock`s organ (MOLL: Gastropoda) A succession of parallel
folds on each side of the mouth in the groove between the
cephalic shield and the foot in some Opisthobranchia; lateral sensory areas.
hammock n. [Sp. hamaca, swinging couch] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
Has been used to describe the hammock-like covering of a
caterpillar.
hapaloderes n.pl. [Gr. hapalos, tender; deire, neck] (KINOR)
The first three juvenile stages of Echinoderidae in which a
midterminal, lateral and middorsal spines are present. see
habroderes.
hampe n. [F. shank, stalk] (CNID) The basal tube portion of the
haplobiont n. [Gr. haplos, simple; bios, life] An organism
419
characterized by one morphological distinct generation.
haplo-diploidy (ARTHRO: Insecta) A normal reduction division
occurring in the oocyte, fertilized eggs developing into females, unfertilized eggs into males; characteristic of Hymenoptera and some other groups of insects.
haploid a. [Gr. haplos, single] Having one set of chromosomes; gametes are usually haploid. see diploid.
haplometrosis n. [Gr. haplos, single;
THRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, the
ony by a single fertilized, egg laying
haplometrotic a. see temporary
ometrosis.
metros, mother] (ARfounding of a new colqueen; monometrosis.
haplometrosis, ple-
420
genes in a large randomly mating population remains constant in the absence of mutation, migration and selection.
harmonic growth see Przibram's rule
harmonic mean Reciprocal of the arithmatic mean.
harmosis n. [Gr. harmosis, adapting] Total response of an organism to a stimulus; includes reaction and adaptation.
harpagones n. pl.; sing. harpago [Gr. harpage, grappling
hook] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. Moveable periphallic processes
of males located on the ninth abdominal segment usually
having a clasping function. 2. In mosquitoes, basal lobes
on the mesal margin of the dorsal surface of the gonocoxites; the basal dorsomesal lobes. 3. The harpes of Lepidoptera.
haploneme a. [Gr. haplos, single; nema, thread] (CNID) Bearing threads of uniform diameter or slightly dilated at the
base, but without a hampe; nematocysts, anisorhizas and
isorhizas.
harpes n.pl. [Gr. harpes, sickle] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, a part of the male genitalia being one or more
processes; clasper.
haploneural a. [Gr. haplos, single; neuron, nerve] Supplied
with one simple nerve.
harpoon seta (ANN) A stout pointed seta with recurved barbs
near the apex.
haplont n. [Gr. haplos, simple; -on, individual] An organism
with haploid somatic nuclei; monoplont.
hastate a. [L. hasta, spear] 1. Triangular or spear-shaped with
the base diverging on each side into an acute lobe. 2. (PORIF) Pertaining to spicules of uniform diameter coming to
an abrupt, sharp point.
haplophase n. [Gr. haplos, single; phasis, look] The haploid
phase or generation of the life cycle (meiosis to fertilization); gamophase. see diplophase.
haplosis n. [Gr. haplos, single; -sis, act of] Meiotic reduction.
haptolachus n. [Gr. haptos, fasten or join; lachos, part] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In scarbaeoid larvae, that part of the posterior epipharynx behind the pedium, usually below the
crepis, comprised of the nesia, sensillae and crepis; proximal sensory area.
haptomerum n.; pl. haptomeri [Gr. haptos, fasten or join;
meron, a part] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The medio-anterior region of the epipharynx of scarbaeoid larvae composed generally of sensory spots, sometimes setiferous.
haptor n. [Gr. haptos, fasten or join] 1. Organ of attachment;
an acetabulum. 2. (PLATY: Trematoda) The pre-oral, oral or
ventral sucker.
Hardy-Weinberg law The law stating that the frequency of
hastisetae n.pl. [L. hasta, spear; seta, bristle] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Spear-headed setae found especially in tufts on tergites of the caudal segments of some larval dermestid beetles.
hatching n. [ME. hacchen] Emergence from an egg shell.
hatching membrane The embryonic cuticle between the larval
cuticle and the chorion that is shed during hatching or
shortly afterward.
hatching spines/tooth see egg burster
haustellate a. [L. dim. haustus, sucking] For sucking; possessing a haustellum.
haustellum n. [L. dim. haustus, sucking] A part of a beak or
proboscis; mouthparts specialized for sucking.
haustrulum n. [L. dim. haustrum, pump] (NEMATA: Se-
421
cernentea) The cavity of the valvular apparatus in the
posterior bulb of rhabditid esophagi.
Hautkorper see skin bodies
Hayes' plate/sense cone see nesium
H-band The region in the center of the A-band of a sarcomere
characterized by myosin filaments and absence of actin
filaments.
head n. [A.S. haefod] 1. The anterior body region. 2. (ANN:
Polychaeta) The prostomium and peristomium. 3. (ARTHRO)
Bearing the eyes, antennae and mouth parts. 4. (NEMATA)
Comprising the lips and sensory organs, oral opening and
supporting head skeleton.
422
heel n. [A.S. hela, heel] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera
larvae, padlike prolongation of the base of the tarsungulus
opposing the claw.
height n. [A.S. hiehthu, height] 1. (MOLL: Gastropoda) The
length parallel to the shell axis through the columella. 2.
(MOLL: Bivalvia) The greatest vertical dimension through
the beak at right angles to a line bisecting the adductor
scars; altitude.
heli pl. of helus
helical a. [Gr. helix, a spiral] Spirally coiled; heliciform.
helicocone a. [Gr. helix, a spiral; konos, cone-like] (MOLL:
Gastropoda) An expanding cone-like spiral tube that is the
form of most shells.
head apodeme (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In crayfish, fused endopleurite and endosternite forming an area for muscle attachment at the anterior end of the skeleton.
heliophil, heliophilic, heliophilous a. [Gr. helios, sun;
philein, to love] Thriving in a high intensity of light.
head bulb see ballonets
heliophobic n. [Gr. helios, sun; phobos, fear] Shade loving.
head-fans (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, fan-like rays on the
main part of the torma of mature larva of Simuliidae that
function as filtering organs in running water, or a raking
function in Crozetia .
heliotaxis n. [Gr. helios, sun; taxis, arrangement] Taxis with
sunlight as the stimulus. see phototaxis.
head gland (PLATY: Trematoda) Glands of circaria which produce a secretion emitted into the matrix of the tegument
that is thought to function in the postpenetration adjustment of the schistosomula.
head valve (MOLL: Polyplacophora) The anterior valve of chitons.
heart n. [A.S. heorte] Sometimes used to describe the pulsating dorsal blood vessel.
heart chamber (ARTHRO: Insecta) One of the segmental
swellings of the dorsal blood vessel; ventricle.
heautotype n. [Gr. heautou, of itself; typos, image] A specimen used by the original describer as an illustration of his
species and compared with the type or cotype; a hypotype.
hectocotylus, heterocotylus n. [Gr. hekaton, hundred; kotyle, a cup] (MOLL: Cephalopoda) A penislike process or
arm utilized in spermatophore transfer to the mantle cavity
of the female, in some species breaking off in the process.
heliotropism n. [Gr. helios, sun; trope, a turning] Tropism
with sunlight as the stimulus.
helix n.; pl. helices [Gr. helix, a spiral] Having a spiral form.
helmet n. [OF. helme] (NEMATA) An internal thickening in the
cephalic region, often setoff by a groove, and denoted by a
lack of ornamentation of the anterior exterior cuticle. see
cane.
helminth n. [Gr. helmins, worm] Any parasitic worm of vertebrates.
helminthiasis n. [Gr. helmins, worm; -iasis, disease] A worm
disease induced in or on a host.
helminthic a. [Gr. helmins, worm] Pertaining to worms.
Helminthology n. [Gr. helmins, worm; logos, discourse] A
branch of zoology dealing with the natural history of parasitic worms, especially flatworms and roundworms.
helocerous a. [Gr. helos, nail; keros, horn] Having a clavate
antenna.
helotism n. [Gr. Heilotes, slave class] Symbiosis in which one
423
animal enslaves another forcing it to labour on its own behalf. see consortism.
helus n.; pl. heli [Gr. helos, nail] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In scarabaeoid larvae, a coarse fixed spine located near the haptomerum.
hemal a. [Gr. haima, blood] Pertaining to blood.
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only on one side; demibranch.
hemicephalous a. [Gr. hemisys, half; kephale, head] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Referring to dipteran larvae with reduced
head capsule retractable within the thorax; an intermediate
condition between eucephalous and acephalous; hemicephalic.
hematocyte, hematacyte see hemocyte
hemidesmosome n. [Gr. hemisys, half; desmos, bond; soma,
body] Attachment process of the epidermal cell to the cuticle; process from the cuticle to which microtubules are attached. see desmosome, tonofibrillae.
hematodocha, haematodocha n. [Gr. haima, blood; doche,
receptacle] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) A fibro-elastic sac at the
base of the palpus of certain male spiders that fills with
hemolymph and becomes distended during pairing.
Hemimetabola n. [Gr. hemisys, half; metabole, change] A division of insects in some classifications (=Exopterygota) in
which the nymphs live an aquatic life as opposed to the
adult form.
hematogenic, hematogenous a. [Gr. haima, blood; genos,
birth] 1. Forming blood, hematopoietic. 2. Relating to anything produced from, derived from, or transported by the
blood.
hemimetabolous metamorphosis (ARTHRO: Insecta) Simple
or gradual metamorphosis in which the nymphs are generally similar in body form to the adults, but resemble the
adults more with each instar.
hematophagus see hemophagus
hemiomphalous a. [Gr. hemisys, half; omphalos, the navel]
(MOLL: Gastropoda) Having the opening of the umbilicus
partly plugged.
hemapoiesis see hematopoiesis
hematal see hemal
hematopoiesis n. [Gr. haima, blood; poietes, maker] The
formation of blood cells; also spelled haematopoiesis, haemopoiesis, hemopoiesis.
hemelytron n.; pl. -tra [Gr. hemisys, half; elytron, sheath]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) A fore wing in which only the basal portion is hardened; wing-covers; also spelled hemelytran,
hemelytrum, hemielytron. hemelytral a. see elytron,
tegmen.
hemerophilic a. [Gr. hemeros, cultivated; philos, loving]
Having the ability to withstand culture and human interference with the environment. see hemerophobic.
hemerophobic a. [Gr. hemeros, cultivated; phobos, fear]
Lacking the ability to withstand culture and human interference with the environment. see hemerophilic.
hemianamorphosis n. [Gr. hemisys, half; ana, on; morphe,
form] Post-embryonic development beginning as anamorphic and later becomes epimorphic.
hemibranch n. [Gr. hemisys, half; branchos, gill] Gill filaments
hemiphragms n.pl. [Gr. hemisys, half; phragma, wall] (BRYO:
Stenolaemata) Shelf-like skeletal projections into the zooid
living chamber alternating from opposite sides of the zooecia; hemiphragms in any single zooid usually comparable in
morphology. see hemisepta.
hemipneustic a. [Gr. hemisys, half; pnein, to breath] Having
8 functional spiracles. see polypneustic.
hemiseptum n.; pl. hemisepta [Gr. hemisys, half; L. septum,
wall] (BRYO: Stenolaemata) Shelf-like projections into zooid
living chambers; usually on proximal walls, but also in pairs
on proximal and distal walls which differ in morphology.
see hemiphragms.
hemispondylium n.; pl. -ia [Gr. hemisys, half; spondylos,
back] (BRACHIO) In Thecideidae, one of two small plates
attached to a medium septum and not to the valve floor or
side walls, bearing the median adductor muscles.
hemisyrinx n. [Gr. hemisys, half; syrinx, pipe] (BRACHIO) A
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median, conical chamber on the spondylium floor, posteriorly marked by a pair of lateral ridges.
hemitergite n. [Gr. hemisys, half; L. tergum, back] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) 1. Any tergite that is divided into two plates. 2.
Adult male Embiidae with tergum 10 divided into a pair of
asymmetrical plates. 3. In female Apoidea, the divided 7th
gastral tergum.
hemitrope a. [Gr. hemisys, half; tropos, a turn] Being half
turned around; half inverted.
hemizonid n. [Gr. hemisys, half; L. zona, girdle] (NEMATA: Secernentea) A nerve commissure from the nerve ring that is
highly refractive at the point it joins the ventral nerve cord
near the excretory pore. see cephalids, hemizonion,
caudalid.
hemizonion n. [Gr. hemisys, half; L. zona, girdle] (NEMATA:
Secernentea) A small nerve commissure slightly posterior
to the hemizonid.
hemizygous a. [Gr. hemisys, half; zygon, yoke] A gene with
no allele; gene in a haploid organism; sex linked gene as in
xy-xx; gene in a part of a chromosome where the corresponding part has been deleted.
hemocoel, haemocoele n. [Gr. haima, blood; koilos, hollow]
1. (ARTHRO) The main body cavity, the embryonic development of which differs from that of a true coelom, but
which includes a vestige of that true coelom that emanates
from the blood spaces of the embryo, or remnants of the
blastocoel after invasion of the latter by the mesoderm. 2.
(MOLL) The main body cavity.
hemocoelous viviparity, haemocoelous (ARTHRO: Insecta) A
form of viviparity in which development occurs in the
hemocoel.
hemocyanin n. [Gr. haima, blood; kyanos, dark blue] A blue
oxygen carrying respiratory protein containing copper in
the prosthetic group instead of iron; found in many invertebrate species.
hemocyte, haemocyte n. [Gr. haima, blood; kytos, container]
A mesodermal cell, sessile or circulating, in the hemocoel
or hemolymph of insects and other invertebrates. see
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granular hemocyte.
hemocytoblast see prohemocyte
hemocytopoietic organs see hemopoietic organs
hemoglobin n. [Gr. haima, blood; L. globos, sphere] A red
oxygen respiratory protein with iron in the prosthetic group
with molecular weights varying from 17,000 to 2,750,000,
differing in absorption spectrum and oxygen-combining
properties.
hemolymph, haemolymph n. [Gr. haima, blood; L. lympha,
water] 1. (ARTHRO) Fluid within the hemocoel. 2. (NEMATA)
The pseudocoelomic fluid.
hemolysis, haemolysis n. [Gr. haima, blood; lyein, to dissolve] The breakdown or destruction of red blood corpuscles. hemolytic a.
hemophagous a. [Gr. haima, blood; phagein, to eat] Ingesting blood.
hemopoietic a. [Gr. haima, blood; poietes, maker] Pertaining
to any blood forming cell or organ.
hemopoietic organs (ARTHRO: Insecta) Discrete encapsulated
organs, reported in Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, functioning in the formation of
blood cells; hemocytopoietic organs; also spelled haemopoietic.
hemozoin n. [Gr. haima, blood; zoon, animal] A pigment
found in a host produced by a malarial parasite from the
hemoglobin of the host.
henidium n. [Gr. dim. henos, one] (BRACHIO) Deltidial plates
that lose the line of fusion during growth.
Hensen gland (MOLL: Cephalopoda) A gland found in the head
near the eyes that synthesize leucocytes; white body.
hepatic a. [L. hepaticus, liver] Pertaining to liver; liver colored.
hepatic caecum/cecum pl. caeca/ceca Pouchlike diverticulum generally connected with the mesenteron in many invertebrates. see hepatopancreas.
hepatic cells see nephrocytes
hepatic groove (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, a groove
connecting
grooves.
cervical,
postcervical
and
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branchiocardiac
hepatic pouches see caecum
hepatic region (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, an area
contiguous with antennal, cardiac and ptergostomial regions.
hepatic spine (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, located below and behind the lower branch of the cervical groove.
hepatopancreas n. [Gr. hepar, liver; pan, all; kreas, flesh] A
branched digestive gland of the cephalothorax of various
invertebrates, functioning as both liver and pancreas.
herbivore n. [L. herba, plant; vorare, to eat] Animals that feed
on plants. herbivorous a.
hereditary a. [L. hereditas, heirship] Biological traits transmitted from one generation to another.
heredity n. [L. hereditas, heirship] The transmission of genes
from parents to offspring, controlling biological traits.
hermaphrodite n. [Gr. hermaphroditos, combining both
sexes] An individual bearing recognizable male and female
tissues and producing male and female gametes at some
period of the life cycle; monoecious; androgynous; ambisexual; ambosexous; protandry. see intersex. hermaphroditic a.
hermaphroditic duct (MOLL: Gastropoda) In Pulmonata, the
duct that connects the ovotestes and carrefour area.
hermaphroditism n. [Gr. hermaphroditos, combining both
sexes] Possession of gonads of both sexes by a single individual; autocopulation.
hermatype corals (CNID) Reef building species of corals. hermatypic a. see ahermatype corals.
hesmosis see swarming
heteractinal a. [Gr. heteros, different; aktis, ray] (PORIF) Spicules having a disc of six to eight rays in one plane and a
single perpendicular ray.
heterauxesis n. [Gr. heteros, different; auxesis, growth] Disproportionate growth of a structure in relation to the rest of
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the body; heterogonic or allometric growth. see bradyauxesis, isauxesis, tachyauxesis.
heteroacanthus armature (PLATY: Cestoda) Hooks arranged
in semicircles from the internal surface to the external
surface of the tentacles without chainettes. a. Atypica :
differing numbers of hook rows on the internal and external
surface of the tentacles. b. Typica : same number of hook
rows, etc.
heteroallelic a. [Gr. heteros, different; allelon, reciprocal]
Genes having mutations at different mutational sites (nonidentical alleles). see homoallelic.
heteroausecic coefficient see allometric coefficient
heteroblastic a. [Gr. heteros, different; blastos, bud] Similar
organs arising from different germ layers in different species. see homoblastic.
heteroblastic change Rapidly altered structures during transition from juvenile to adult.
heterobrachial a. [Gr. heteros, different; brachion, arm]
Chromosome arms of unequal length.
heterocentric a. [Gr. heteros, different; kentron, midpoint]
Dicentric chromosomes or chromatids whose centromeres
are of unequal strength; frequently behave as monocentric
chromosomes.
heterochelate a. [Gr. heteros, different; chele, claw] (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) Having the chelae of left and right chelipeds
varying in size and shape.
heterochromatin n. [Gr. heteros, different; chroma, color]
Non or poorly staining part of the chromosome inactive in
heredity, as contrasted with euchromatin. heterchromatic
a.
heterochrome a. [Gr. heteros, different; chroma, color] Having different colors. see homochrome.
heterochromosome n. [Gr. heteros, different; chroma, color;
soma, body] 1. Any chromosome differing from the autosomes in size, shape or behavior. 2. A sex-chromosome;
an allosome.
heterochronism n. [Gr. heteros, different; chronos, time]
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Changes in the relative time of appearance and rate of development for characters already present in ancestors.
heterochronic a.
heteroclite n. [Gr. heteros, differrent; clitos, hill] (MOLL: Bivalvia) A folded or twisted commissural plane.
heterocotylus see hectocotylus
heterodactyl a. [Gr. heteros, different; daktylos, finger] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) Having claws, apoteles or ungues differing from each other. heterodactyly n. see homodactyl
430
genesis. see metagenesis.
heterogenetic a. [Gr. heteros, different; genesis, descent]
Pertaining to meiotic chromosome pairing in hybrids when
pairs are derived from different ancestors. see homogenetic, heterogonic life cycle.
heterogenic a. [Gr. heteros, different; genos, race] Containing
more than one allele of a gene.
heterogomph n. [Gr. heteros, different; gomphos, peg] (ANN)
A compound seta with an asymmetrical joint between shaft
and blade. see homogomph.
heterodont a. [Gr. heteros, different; odous, tooth] Having a
variety of tooth types.
heterogonic coefficient see allometric coefficient
heterodynamic a. [Gr. heteros, different; dynamis, power]
Genes not simultaneously influencing the same developmental process.
heterogonic life cycle Life cycle involving alternation of parasitic and free-living generations. see homogonic life cycle.
heterodynamic life cycle 1. A life cycle in which there is a
period of dormancy. 2. A life cycle that includes a rest period not caused by environmental conditions. see homodynamic life cycle.
heterogony n. [Gr. heteros, different; gonos, seed] 1. Study
of relative growth. see allometric growth. 2. Alternation
of generations. see heterogamy. 3. Both males and females present in a colony.
heteroecious, heteroicous a. [Gr. heteros, different; oikos,
house] Parasitic upon two unlike hosts, either by successive generations or in a single life history. see metoecious
parasite; heteroxenous.
heterogynous a. [Gr. heteros, different; gyne, woman] Having
more than one type of female.
heterogamete see anisogametes
heterogametic a. [Gr. heteros, different; gamete, spouse]
Pertains to the sexual form that gives rise to two different
types of sexual gametes in meiosis; in xy and xo systems
this is usually male; digametic. see homogametic.
heterogamy n. [Gr. heteros, different; gamos, marriage] 1.
Alternation of bisexual with parthenogenetic reproduction.
2. The preference of an individual to mate with an unlike
phenotype or genotype. see homogamy. 3. see anisogamy.
heterogeneous a. [Gr. heteros, different; genos, kind] Possessing different characteristics. see homogeneous.
heterogenesis n. [Gr. heteros, different; genesis, descent]
Form of reproduction that has sexual and asexual or
parthenogenetic forms; alternation of generations; xeno-
heteroideus a. [Gr. heteros, different; idios, personal] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertaining to larvae with a mesoseries of
crochets bearing a well developed median series of hooks
flanked on each end by smaller or rudimentary crochets.
see homoideus.
heterology n. [Gr. heteros, different; logos, discourse] The
lack of similarity between structures due to different components or of a different derivation. see anology, homology.
heterolysis n. [Gr. heteros, different; lysis, loosen] Disintegration of a cell or tissue by an external agent, either by
lysins or enzymes. see autolysis.
heteromedusoid a. [Gr. heteros, different; Medousa, Medusa]
(CNID: Hydrozoa) In Hydroida, a sessile gonophore of a
styloid type.
heteromerous a. [Gr. heteros, different; meros, part] 1. Nonuniformity in number of parts between organisms of the
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same species, or organs on the same individual. see homeomerous. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coleoptera, the tarsi
are usually 5,5,4 segments in both sexes, occasionally
4,4,4, and rarely 3,4,4 in males, very rarely 3,3,3.
Heterometabola n. [Gr. heteros, different; metabole, change]
In some classifications the division of Exopterygota excluding Hemimetabola.
heterometabolous, metamorphosis a. [Gr. heteros, different;
metabole, change] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Developing by incomplete or direct metamorphosis where there is no pupal
stage; the immature resemble adult insects and are known
as nymphs.
heteromorph n. [Gr. heteros, different; morphe, form] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) An adult female dimorphic ostracod, recognizable by carapace structure.
heteromorphic a. [Gr. heteros, different; morphe, form] 1.
Deviating from the normal form. 2. At different life stages
progressing to another form; heteromorphous 3. Homologous chromosomes differing in size or form.
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the water and dies after spawning. see epitoky.
heteronereis see epitoky
heteronomous a. [Gr. heteros, different; nomos, usage] Having unlike segments; differing in development or function.
heteronomous hyperparasitoid (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a species in Adelinidae in which the female develops as a hyperparasitoid of one host, while the male develops as a normal parasitoid on another host; an adelphoparasite. see diaphagous parasitoid, heterotrophic
parasitoid.
heteronomous parasitoid (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera
species Aphelinidae, a parasitoid exhibiting heteronomy.
heteronomous segmentation Relative dissimilarity and specialization of certain body segments. see homonomous.
heteronychia n. [Gr. heteros, different; onyx, claw] (ARTHRO:
Chelicerata) One or more legs with a different number of
claws than the other legs in a particular mite stase.
heteropalpi n.pl. [Gr. heteros, different; L. palpus, feeler]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) Palpi that differ in number of segments
between male and female.
heteromorphosis n.; pl. -ses [Gr. heteros, different; morphosis, forming] The replacement of an organ or part in an abnormal position, especially one lost or removed; homoeosis. see homomorphosis.
heteroparthenogenesis n. [Gr. heteros, different; parthenos,
virgin; genesis, beginning] Cyclic parthenogenesis.
heteromorphous a. [Gr. heteros, different; morphe, form] 1.
Heteromorphic. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Successive instars
with differing forms and marked differences in development. see hypermetamorphosis.
heteroploid a. [Gr. heteros, different; aploos, onefold; eidos,
form] Designating a chromosome number deviating from
the somatic number characteristic of the species; chromosome numbers may be either euploid or aneuploid.
heteromorphous armature (PLATY: Cestoda) Hooks that
change radically in size and shape from internal to external
surface of the tentacle.
heteropod a. [Gr. heteros, different; pous, foot] (MOLL: Gastropoda) Pertains to pelagic snails with a compressed foot
adapted for swimming.
heteromyarian a. [Gr. heteros, different; mys, muscle] (MOLL:
Bivalvia) Having adductor muscles unequally developed.
see homomyarian.
heteropycnosis, heteropyknosis n. [Gr. heteros, different;
pyknos, dense] Certain chromosomes or regions of chromosomes that are out of phase in their coiling cycle and
staining properties. heteropycnotic, heteropyknotic a.
heteroneme n. [Gr. heteros, different; nema, thread] (CNID) A
nematocyst with an open tip with a definite hampe.
heteronereid n. [Gr. heteros, different; Neris, family Nerididae] (ANN: Polychaeta) A specialized, free swimming, sexually dimorphic marine worm that gives off sex products into
heterorhabdic a. [Gr. heteros, different; rhabdos, rod] (MOLL:
Bivalvia) Pertaining to plicate lamellibranchiate gill in which
the filament in the bottom of the depression between two
successive plicae is longer than the other filaments. see
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homorhabdic.
heterosis n. [Gr. heteros, different; -sis, process of] Selective
superiority of heterozygotes; hybrid vigor.
heterosomal a. [Gr. heteros, different; soma, body] Chromosomal structural changes involving two or more nonhomologous chromosomes.
heterosome n. [Gr. heteros, different; soma, body] Sex chromosome; a heterochromosome.
heterostrophic a. [Gr. heteros, different; strophe, turn]
(MOLL: Gastropoda) Pertaining to a protoconch when the
whorls appear to be coiled in the opposite direction to
those of the teloconch.
heterosyllid see epitoky
heterotaxis n. [Gr. heteros, different; taxis, arrangement] Abnormal arrangement of parts or organs.
heterotopy n. [Gr. heteros, different; topos, place] Phyletic
change in the location from which an organ differentiates in
ontogeny. heterotropic a.
heterotrichous anisorhiza (CNID) A nematocyst open at the
tip with a slightly swollen base, with spines on the whole
thread, but those at the base are larger.
heterotroph n. [Gr. heteros, different; trophe, nourishment]
An organism requiring organic compounds among the food
substances as its source of carbon; organotroph; sometimes used as synonymous with chemoheterotroph. heterotrophic a. see autotrophic.
heterotrophic parasitoid (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera,
a species in Adelinidae in which the male is a parasitoid of
a different host species than the female. see diaphagous
parasitoid, heteronomous hyperparasitoid.
heterotropic a. [Gr. heteros, different; tropos, turn] Sex
chromosome that does not have an exactly homologous
partner (xx-xy or xx-xo).
heterotypic a. [Gr. heteros, different; typos, shape] Pertaining
to the first meiotic division (meiosis) in which the bivalent
chromosomes separate and are reduced in number. see
homeotypic.
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heteroxenous a. [Gr. heteros, different; xenos, host] Having
more than one host during a parasite's life cycle.
heterozooid n. [Gr. heteros, different; zoon, animal] (BRYO:
Gymnolaemata) A specialized zooid that forms stolons, attachment discs, rootlike structures and other such vegetative parts of the colony; a bryozoan, such as an avicularium or a rhizoid.
heterozygosity n. [Gr. heteros, different; zygon, yolk] Condition of bearing differing genetic alleles at the same loci of
the two parental chromosomes. see homozygosity.
heterozygous a. [Gr. heteros, different; zygon, yolk] Pertaining to an individual with different genetic alleles at the
corresponding loci of the two parental chromosomes. heterozygote n. see homozygous.
hexacanth a. [Gr. hex, six; akantha, thorn] (PLATY: Cestoda) A
six-hooked mature embryo, or larva, hatching from the
egg; an onchosphere.
hexachaetous a. [Gr. hex, six; chaite, hair] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
In Diptera, describing the bundle of 6 needlelike mouthparts (stylets).
hexactinal a. [Gr. hex, six; aktis, ray] (PORIF) Referring to a 6
rayed spicule occurring in only the class Hexactinellida.
hexactine n.
hexagonal a. [Gr. hex, six; gonia, corner, angle] Having 6
sides and 6 angles.
hexamerous a. [Gr. hex, six; meros, part] Having 6 radially
arranged parts or multiples of 6.
hexanephric a. [Gr. hex, six; nephros, kidney] Having 6 kidneys, or structures utilized as kidneys.
hexapod a. [Gr. hex, six; pous, foot] 1. Having 3 pairs of legs.
2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In larval mites, having or using 3
pairs of legs. hexapody n. see octopod.
Hexapoda see Insecta
hexaradiate a. [Gr. hex, six; L. radius, rod] Projecting outward in 6 directions.
hexaster n. [Gr. hex, six; aster, star] (PORIF) A type of
hexatine with branching rays producing star-shaped fig-
435
ures.
hexicology see ecology
hexose n. [Gr. hex, six; -ose, indicates carbohydrate] Monosaccharides having 6 carbon atoms, including glucose and
fructose.
hexuronic acid Vitamin C.
hiatus n.; pl. hiatuses, hiatus [L. hiare, to gape] 1. An
opening, gap or foramen. 2. An opening in an egg shell. 3.
(NEMATA) see opercular plug.
hibernaculum n.; pl. -la [L. hibernaculum, winter residence]
1. A case or covering. 2. (BRYO) Winter bud in a few freshwater forms that survive the winter and form a new colony
in the spring. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) A case or covering in
which larvae hide or hibernate; a winter cocoon.
hibernal a. [L. hibernus, winter] Occurring in winter.
hibernation n. [L. hibernus, winter] A form of suspended animation or inactivity in organisms during unfavorable winter
conditions. see aestivation.
hibernestivation n. [L. hibernus, winter; aestivus, of summer]
A period of rest or inactivity during unfavorable conditions
extending through both hot and cool seasons, especially in
the monsoon tropics, i.e., certain annelids.
Hicks' bottles (ARTHRO: Insecta) Campaniform sensillae of
bees and ants located in the antennae in the shape of depressions or pits, and thought to be auditory in function;
sensilla campaniformia.
Hicks' papillae (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, campaniform
sensilla on the haltere base sensitive to vertical forces
during flight.
436
and the anus. see proctodeum.
hind head (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Mallophaga, behind the mandibles and antennae.
hindunguis n. [A.S. hindan; L. unguis, claw] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In mosquitoes, the posterior unguis of one of the
hindlegs.
hinge n. [ME. heng, hinge] 1. The point of articulation of a
moveable joint. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The maxilla, cardo; in
mosquitoes, between the upper and lower vaginal lips. 3.
(MOLL: Bivalvia) An interlocking toothed device upon which
the shells articulate.
hinge ligament Elastic substance interlocking the valves of a
bivalve shell.
hinge line 1. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The middorsal line of junction between two valves of the carapace permitting movement between them. 2. (BRACHIO/MOLL: Bivalvia) The external line of meeting of the brachial and pedicle valves;
movement of the shells occurs here; hinge axis.
hingement n. [ME. heng, hinge; L. mentum, tool] (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) A collective term for the structures comprising
articulations of ostracods.
hinge nodes (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Localized thickening of the
right valve hinge.
hinge plate see cardinal platform
hinge selvage (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Ostracoda, a single ridge
extending along the free margin of the carapace, when
valves are closed, fitting into the selvage groove of the opposite valve; keeps valves from slipping sideways across
each other.
hind angle see anal angle
hinge teeth 1. (BRACHIO) The tooth part of the articulating device on the ventral valve in the form of small projections
along the free edge of the palintrope. 2. (MOLL: Bivalvia) A
series of shelly structures near the dorsal margin and fitting into a socket in the opposite valve; functioning in
holding valves in position when closed.
hind-gut n. [A.S. hindan; gut] The posterior ectodermal portion of the alimentary tract (canal) between the mid-gut
hirsute a. [L. hirsutus, rough, shaggy] Bearing coarse hairs or
hair-like processes; shaggy.
hierarchy n. [Gr. hieros, holy; archon, leader] 1. In classification, the system of ranks that indicates the categorical level
of various taxa. 2. A social ranking system in a colony.
hill see formicary
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hirudinin n. [L. hirudo, leech] (ANN: Hirudinoidea) An anticoagulant secretion of leeches.
hispid a. [L. hispidus, hairy, prickly] Covered with rough hairs
or minute spines.
hispidulous a. [L. dim. hispidus, hairy, prickly] Minutely hispid.
histoblast n. [Gr. histos, tissue; blastos, bud] The imaginal
disc.
histochemistry n. [Gr. histos, tissue; chemeia, transmutation]
The microscopic study of the chemical characteristics of tissues.
histogenesis n. [Gr. histos, tissue; genesis, beginning] 1. The
formation and development of tissues from the undifferentiated cells of the germ layers of the embryo. 2. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) In holometabolic forms, histogenesis follows after
histolysis of larval organs during the quiescent late larval or
pupal stadia. see histolysis. histogenesis a.
histohematin, histohaematin see cytochrome
histology n. [Gr. histos, tissue; logos, discourse] The microscopic study of the detailed structure of the organs and tissues of organisms.
histolysis n. [Gr. histos, tissue; lyein, to loosen] 1. Breakdown
of cells and tissues. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The breakdown of
larval tissues during the quiescent late larval or pupal
stages in holometabolic forms.
histones n. [Gr. histos, tissue; -one, ketone] The basic proteins associated with DNA; the major general structural
proteins of chromatin, however, they can also act as depressors of template activity.
histopathology n. [Gr. histos, tissue; pathos, suffering; logos,
discourse] The study of abnormal microscopic changes in
the tissue structure of an organism.
histozoic a. [Gr. histos, tissue; zoon, animal] Dwelling within
the tissues of a host.
histrichoglossate a. [Gr. hystrix, porcupine; glossa, tongue]
(MOLL: Gastropoda) Referring to the radula, consisting of
numerous types or categories of teeth: a median central
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tooth plus several kinds of lateral and marginal teeth, in
retrograde oblique position, often in bristlelike fascicles.
hive aura/odor see nest odor
hive n. [A.S. hyf,] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A man-made nest for
honeybees.
holandric a. [Gr. holos, whole; aner, male] 1. Describing sexdeterminate genes that are manifest only in the male sex.
2. (ANN: Oligochaeta) Classical term that originally meant
the placement of testes in segments x-xi.
holandry n. [Gr. holos, whole; aner, male] 1. The condition of
bearing the normal number of testes. 2. (ANN: Oligochaeta)
Earthworms with two pair of testes, one pair in segment x
and another pair in segment xi. see proandry, metandry.
holarctic region A zoogeographical region encompassing the
palaeartic and nearctic regions.
holaspis larva (ARTHRO: Trilobita) Final larval stage in which
the general adult structures are present and with succeeding molts minor changes and increase of size. see protaspis and meraspis larva.
holidic a. [Gr. holos, whole; -idios, distinct] Said of a medium
that has exactly known chemical constituents other than
purified inert materials before compounding; a defined medium.
holism n. [Gr. holos, whole; -ismos, denoting condition] 1. The
philosophic principle that the determining factors in nature,
especially evolution, are wholes, such as organisms and not
the sum of their parts. 2. Accentuating the organic functional relation between parts and wholes. holistic a.
holobenthic a. [Gr. holos, whole; benthos, sea-bottom] Refers
to animals living their whole life on or near sea-bottom.
holoblastic division The type of cleavage in which the entire
egg cell is divided.
holochroal a. [Gr. holos, whole; chroa, body surface] (ARTHRO) Refers to a compound eye with narrow facets and
polygonal lenses, as in most crustacean and insect eyes.
see schizochroal.
holocoen n. [Gr. holos, whole; koinos, common] The whole
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environment, the biocoen and abiocoen; the ecosystem.
holocrine a. [Gr. holos, whole; krinein, to separate] The disintegration of a gland in order to release secretions. see
merocrine.
holocyclic a. [Gr. holos, whole; kyklos, circle] Pertaining to
alternation of generations. see anholocyclic.
holoenzyme n. [Gr. holos, whole; en, in; zyme, yeast] A complete functional enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a
coenzyme taken together. see apoenzyme.
hologamy n. [Gr. holos, whole; gamos, marriage] Condition
where gametes and somatic cells are similar; macrogamy.
440
holonephridia see meganephridia
holoparalectotype n. [Gr. holos, whole; para, near; lektos,
choose; typos, type] Any specimen from the original material that is later established as a paratype, it must be of the
same sex described by the author.
holoparasite n. [Gr. holos, whole; parasitos, parasite] An obligate parasite.
holophyletic a. [Gr. holos, whole; phyle, tribe] Denoting a
monophyletic group that contains all of the descendants of
the most recent common ancestor of that group. see monophyletic.
holognathous a. [Gr. holos, whole; gnathos, jaw] (MOLL:
Gastropoda) Possessing a jaw of one piece construction, as
certain terrestrial forms.
holophyly see holophyletic
hologynic a. [Gr. holos, whole; gyne, woman] A term describing sex-limited characters which are manifest only in
the female sex. see holandric.
holoptic a. [Gr. holos, whole; optikos, eye] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
Having eyes dorsally contiguous along the midline. see dichoptic.
hologynous a. [Gr. holos, whole; gyne, woman] (ANN) A classical term pertaining to ovaries restricted to segments xii
and xiii or a homeotic equivalent.
holosericeous a. [Gr. holos, whole; serikos, silken] Covered
with minute silky or shiny hair-like structures.
hologyny n. [Gr. holos, whole; gyne, woman] The state or
condition of being hologynous.
holoic see meganephridia
Holometabola n. [Gr. holos, whole; metabole, change] Dominant superorder of insects, distributed worldwide, that includes the vast majority of insect families, genera and species with complete metamorphosis and wing pads formed
by invagination; in some classifications Endopterygota.
holometabolous metamorphosis (ARTHRO: Insecta) Metamorphosis with a larva, pupa and adult; complete metamorphosis. see paurometabolous.
holomyarian a. [Gr. holos, whole; mys, muscle] (NEMATA) Describing the longitudinal muscle cells indistinguishable as
individual cells so as to appear like a single band as viewed
in transverse section. This term was discarded in nematology when Butschli in 1873 showed that, by definition, no
examples exist. see meromyarian, polymyarian.
holopneustic a. [Gr. holos, whole; pneustikos, of breathing]
Having 10 functional spiracles. see polypneustic.
holostomatous a. [Gr. holos, whole; stoma, mouth] (MOLL:
Gastropoda) Having the mouth of the shell rounded or entire, uninterrupted by siphonal canal, notch, or by other
extension. holostomate n.
holotaxy n. [Gr. holos, whole; taxis, arrangement] The presence of all the organs or structures typically present in a
particular organism.
Holothuroidea, holothuriids n., n.pl. [Gr. holothurion, seacucumber] Soft bodied, bottom-dwelling echinoderms, living mostly in sand and mud where they lie buried, with
their tentacles sticking up into clearer water.
holotrichous isorhiza (CNID: Hydrozoa) A nematocyst with
tubes spiney throughout. see atrichous isorhiza, basitrichous isorhiza.
holotrichy n. [Gr. holos, whole; trichos, hair] Pertaining to invertebrates possessing all of the setae normally present in
their natural group. see hypertrichy.
holotype n. [Gr. holos, whole; typos, type] The single speci-
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442
men designated or indicated as the type specimen by the
original author at the time of original publication of a species.
homeotype n. [Gr. homoios, like; typos, type] Taxonomic type
for a specimen that has been compared with the holotype
by another author and determined to be conspecific with it.
holozoic a. [Gr. holos, whole; zoon, animal] Obtaining organic
food materials by active ingestion of organisms or particles.
homeotypic a. [Gr. homoios, like; typos, type] Referring to
the second meiotic division.
holozygote n. [Gr. holos, whole; zygos, yolked] Zygote.
homing ability The ability permitting return to the original
point of departure.
homelytra n. [Gr. homos, same; elytron, cover] Elytra similar
or equal to each other.
homeoacanthous armature (PLATY: Cestoda) Homeomorphous hooks in spirals or in quincunxes on the tentacles.
homeochilidium, homoeochilidium n. [Gr. homoios, like;
dim. cheilos, lip] (BRACHIO) An external triangular plate
that closes most or only the apical part of the notothyrium.
homeochronous, homoechronous a. [Gr. homoios, like;
chronos, time] Variation occurring at the same age in offspring as in the parent.
homeodeltidium, homoeodeltidium n. [Gr. homoios, like;
4th letter, delta; dim. thyrion, door] (BRACHIO) A convex
triangular plate closing most or only the apical part of the
delthyrium.
homeomerous see homoeomerous
homeomorph n. [Gr. homoios, like; morphe, form] Two unrelated taxa that are superficially alike.
homeomorphous armature (PLATY: Cestoda) Hooks of same
shape and size in a row.
homeosis see homoeosis
homeostasis n. [Gr. homoios, like; stasis, a placing] Tendency
of a system to maintain a dynamic equilibrium; when disturbed the animal's own regulatory mechanisms will restore
equilibrium.
homeostrophic a. [Gr. homoios, like; strophe, turn] (MOLL:
Gastropoda) Having whorls of the teloconch and the protoconch coiled in the same direction.
homeotely n. [Gr. homoios, like; telos, end, finish] Evolution
from homologous parts which have no resemblance to the
original structure; homeotic mutant.
homo- for those not found here, see homeo-.
homoallelic a. [Gr. homos, same; allelon, reciprocal] Genes
having mutations at the same site; homoallelic pairs do not
yield recombinants. see heteroallelic.
homoblastic a. [Gr. homos, same; blastos, bud] Similar organs arising from similar germ layers in different species;
having direct embryonic development. see heteroblastic.
homochrome a. [Gr. homos, same; chroma, color] Having one
color or hue. see heterochrome.
homochromy n. [Gr. homos, same; chroma, color] 1. Of the
same or uniform color. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) A phenomenon
in which certain insects tend to have a general resemblance
to the prevailing color of the environment. see anticryptic
color.
homodactyl a. [Gr. homos, same; daktylos, finger] (ARTHRO)
Pertaining to a claw similar in shape to the lateral claws
(ungues). see heterodactyl.
homodont see isodont
homodynamic a. [Gr. homos, same; dynamis, power] Pertaining to different genes simultaneously influencing the
same developmental process; opposed to heterodynamic.
homodynamic life cycle 1. A life cycle in which there is continuous development; not interrupted by a diapause. 2. A
life cycle in which dormancy can only be caused by adverse
environmental conditions. see heterodynamic life cycle.
homodynamous a. [Gr. homos, same; dynamis, power] Direct
development without a resting stage.
homoecious a. [Gr. homos, same; oikos, home] Denoting the
utilization of the same host during the entire life cycle.
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homoeochilidium see homeochilidium
homoeodeltidium see homeodeltidium
homoeomerous, homeomerous a. [Gr. homoios, like;
meros, part] (ARTHRO) Pertaining to having the same number of tarsal segments on all legs; isomerous. see heteromerous.
homoeosis n. [Gr. homoios, like; -osis, formation] The replacement of an appendage with another part, by modification or regeneration; metamorphosis. homoeotic a.
homoeotype n. [Gr. homoios, like; typos, type] Specimen accepted to be identical with the holotype, lectotype, paratypes, or syntypes of its species.
homoesis n. [Gr. homoios, like] Presence of an organ, or pairs
of organs, or a series of organs, in a segment or series of
segments, other than those in which normally found.
homogametic a. [Gr. homos, same; gamete, wife] Pertaining
to sexual form that gives rise to the same type of sexual
gamete in meiosis; in xx-xy and xx-xo systems usually
found in the female. see heterogametic.
homogamy n. [Gr. homos, same; gamos, marriage] The preference of a mating individual for another with similar phenotype or genotype. see heterogamy.
homogeneous a. [Gr. homos, same; genos, race] Of the same
kind or nature. see heterogeneous.
homogenetic a. [Gr. homos, same; genesis, beginning] Pertaining to meiotic chromosome pairing in hybrids when
pairs are derived from the same ancestor. see heterogenetic.
homogenic a. [Gr. homos, same; genos, race] Having only
one allele of a gene or gene pair.
homogenous a. [Gr. homos, same; genos, race] Having a resemblance in structure due to a common progenitor.
homogeny n. [Gr. homos, same; genos, race] With analogous
parts or organs due to descent from the same ancestral
type; homology. see homoplasy.
homogomph n. [Gr. homos, same; gomphos, peg] (ANN) A
compound seta having a symmetrical joint between shaft
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and blade. see heterogomph.
homogonic life cycle Life cycle in which all generations are
free-living or all are parasitic; there is no (or little) alternation of the two. see hetergonic life cycle.
homoideus a. [Gr. homoios, like; idios, personal] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) In larvae, denoting a mesoseries of crochets
bearing well developed hooks throughout the entire series;
homogeneous. see heteroideus.
homoiosmotic a. [Gr. homoios, like; osmose, impulse] Said of
organisms maintaining constant internal osmotic pressure.
homoiothermal a. [Gr. homoios, like; thermos, warm] Pertaining to warm-blooded animals having a relatively constant body temperature due to their surrounding environment. see poikilothermal.
homolecithal egg An egg-cell with a relatively small amount
of yolk evenly distributed through the cytoplasm.
homologue, homology n. [Gr. homologos, agreeing] 1. Features or organs in two or more taxa that can be traced
back to the same (or an equivalent) feature in the common
ancester of these taxa. see analogy, heterology. 2. Basic
similarity of organs or other structures that have had similar embryonic origin, but have developed in different ways
for different purposes.
homomorpha, homorpha n. [Gr. homos, same; morphe,
form] Larvae resembling the adults.
homomorphic a. [Gr. homos, same; morphe, form] Being
similar in appearance or form.
homomorphosis n. [Gr. homos, same; morphosis, forming] In
regeneration, when the reformed part or structure is similar to the part removed. see heteromorphosis.
homomyarian see isomyarian
homonomous a. [Gr. homos, same; nomos, usage] Being
similar in form, function or development. see heteronomous.
homonomous segmentation Relative similarity in body segments arranged on a transverse axis. see heteronomous
segmentation.
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homonym n. [Gr. homos, same; onyma, name] The same independently proposed generic or specific name for the
same or different taxa. see senior homonym, junior
homonym.
homoplast n. [Gr. homos, same; plastos, formed] An idorgan
composed of similar plastids. see alloplast.
homoplasy, homoplassy n. [Gr. homos, same; plastos,
formed] Resemblance between parts or organs between
different organisms due to evolutionary convergence or of
parallel evolution. homoplastic a. see homogeny.
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homotypy n. [Gr. homos, same; typos, type] The similarity or
equality of body structures along the main axis. see enantiomorphic.
homozygosity n. [Gr. homos, same; zygon, yoke] Quality or
condition of bearing two identical alleles at one or more loci
in homologous chromosome segments. see heterozygosity.
homozygote n. [Gr. homos, same; zygon, yoke] One who exhibits homozygosity. see heterozygote.
homopterous a. [Gr. homos, same; pteron, wing] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) Having the anterior and posterior pairs of wings
alike.
homozygous a. [Gr. homos, same; zygon, yoke] Pertains to
having identical alleles in the corresponding loci of homologous chromosomes; therefore breeding true. see heterozygous.
homorhabdic a. [Gr. homos, same; rhabdos, rod] (MOLL: Bivalvia) Pertaining to lamellibranch gill filaments that are
arranged in a flat, uniform series. see heterorhabdic.
honey n. [ME. honey] Thickened partially digested secretion
from nectar of flowers produced by honeybees by enzymatic action and used as food for larvae.
homorpha see homomorpha
honeycomb n. [A.S. hunigcamb] 1. A waxen structure built by
bees in their nests consisting of an aggregation of hexagonal cells used as breeding cells for larvae and the storage
of honey. 2. Any structure resembling a honeycomb.
homosequential a. [Gr. homos, same; L. sequor, follow] Pertaining to species with identical karyotypes.
homostase n. [Gr. homos, same; stasis, a standing] Stase
which differs only slightly from its neighboring stases.
homotaxis n. [Gr. homos, same; taxis, arrangement] An assemblage or succession of species in different strata or regions, may or may not be contemporaneous.
homotene a. [Gr. homos, same; L. tenere, to hold] Retaining
the primitive form. homotenous a.
homothermis see homoiothermal
homotrichous anisorhiza (CNID) A nematocyst open at the
tip with a slightly swollen base, and with spines of equal
length along the thread.
homotype n. [Gr. homos, same; typos, type] A structure corresponding to a structure on the opposite side of the body;
reverse symmetry; homeotype. see enantiomorphic.
homotypic a. [Gr. homos, same; typos, type] 1. Pertaining to
the second meiotic division (meiosis). 2. Exhibiting homotypy.
honey dew A sweetish liquid excreted by aphids or other homopterous insects.
honeypot (ARTHRO: Insecta) A wax container deposited inside
the entrance of the nest cavity filled with nectar by a solitary queen bumblebee when establishing a colony.
honey stomach (ARTHRO: Insecta) A thin-walled enlargement
of the esophagus (crop) in which the honeybee transports
nectar.
honey tube see cornicle
hood n. [A.S. hod] 1. A color marking or expansion suggesting
a hood. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In beetle mites, the dorsal
wall of the camerostome that extends over the capitulum.
3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In notodontoid and noctuoid Lepidoptera, a counter-tympanal cavity that expands laterally
to form a covering for the tympanal cavity posteriorly. b. In
tingid Hemiptera, the dorsal elevated longitudinal carinae.
4. (CHAETO) A body-wall fold with a coelomic sac which can
be drawn over the head. 5. (MOLL: Cephalopoda) In Nauti-
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loidea, thickened membrane of fused sheaths of the dorsal
tentacles, which serve for protection when the animal is
retracted into the shell.
hooded seta (ANN: Polychaeta) A stout, blunt or apically
toothed seta with the apex protected by a delicate chitinous guard; a hook.
hood protractor (CHAETO) An unpaired muscle that is found in
the free edge of the hood that acts as a sphincter muscle to
pull the hood over the head; protractor preputii.
hood retractor (CHAETO) One of a pair of curved muscles
originating on connective tissue beneath the brain and attaching to the neck plates (collarette) which retract the
hood from the head; retractor preputii.
hook glands (ARTHRO: Pentastomida) The paired longitudinal
glands that unite anteriorly to form the head gland.
hook, hooklets see hamulus, uncus
hoplochaetellin a. [Gr. hoplon, implement; chaite, hair] (ANN:
Oligochaeta) Denoting earthworm male terminalia in which
one pair of sperm ducts open together with the prostatic
ducts of segment xvii or close to the prostatic pores, the
other pair of sperm ducts similarly associated with the
prostates of segment xix.
horiodimorphism n. [Gr. horios, in season; dis, twice; morphe, form] Seasonal dimorphism.
horismology n. [Gr. horos, boundry; logos, discourse] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Scientific description of the neuration of insects wings. see orismology.
horizontal a. [Gr. horizon, bounding] Laying in a plane at right
angles to a primary axis; parallel with the horizon.
horizontal classification Classification focusing on grouping
species in a similar stage of evolution, rather than location
on the same phyletic line. see vertical classification.
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tabolism, development, or response of the organism or
some particular part of it.
horn n. [A.S. horn] 1. A stiff, pointed, unbranched cuticular
process. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. A long handlelike process
of the first gastric tergite of Innostemman wasps, that
curves up and over the mesoscutum and houses the retracted ovipositor. b. In the plural sometimes refers to antennae.
horny a. [A.S. horn] Thickened or hardened.
horny corals (CNID: Anthozoa) In the order Gorgonacea,
commonly called sea fans or sea whips, with extensive
skeleton composed of a horny protein material, gorgonin.
horotelic a. [Gr. horos, boundry; telos, completion] Pertaining
to evolution proceeding at the standard rate. see
tachytelic, bradytelic.
host n. [L. hospes, guest or host] Any living organism in or on
which a parasite lives, and/or feeds.
host selection principle A theoretical hypothesis that female
organisms that breed on two or more hosts will return to
the host on which she was reared to reproduce.
host specificity The degree to which a parasite is able to mature in one or more host species.
Hoyle's organ (MOLL: Cephalopoda) In embryonic Sepia, a
distinct set of cells in an anchor-shaped complex at the site
of the shell sac closure; a hatching gland that produces a
proteolytic enzyme that dissolves the chorion and surrounding envelope.
humeral a. [L. humerus, shoulder] 1. Pertaining to or situated
on the shoulder. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The anterior basal
portion of an insect wing.
humeral angle (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. The basal anterior angle
or portion of a wing. 2. The outer anterior angle of the elytrum of beetles.
horme n. [Gr. horme, impulse, impetus] 1. Behavioral activity
directed toward a goal. 2. In living cells or organisms a
purposive behavior, urge or drive.
humeral bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the bristles on
the humeral callus.
hormone n. [Gr. hormao, instigate] A chemical regulator or
coordinator secretion having some specific effect on me-
humeral callus (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a more or less
rounded tuberculate anterior lateral angle of the thoracic
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notum.
humeral carina (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coleoptera, an elevated
keel-like ridge on the outer anterior angle of an elytron.
humeral cross vein A cross vein between the base of a wing
and the apex of the subcosta.
humeral lobe (ARTHRO: Insecta) The base of the costal margin
of the hind wing that overlaps the fore wing in some primitive forms that serves to prevent the wings from moving
out of phase.
humeral nerve (ARTHRO: Insecta) A transverse nerve in the
wing between the costal and subcostal veins.
humeral plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. In Odonata, a large plate
hinged to the tergum and supported by an arm from the
pleural wing process. 2. In Hymenoptera (wasps and honey
bees), a small plate separated from the metanotum anteriorly and laterally which bears the anterior notal wing process of the hind wing. 3. In mosquitoes, an anterior preaxillary sclerite of the wing base supporting the costa.
humeral suture see mesopleural suture, basal suture
humeral vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) A branch of the subcosta that
serves to strengthen the humeral angle of the hind wing.
humerus n.; pl. humeri [L. humerus, shoulder] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The shoulder.
humor n. [L. humor, fluid] Any body fluid, natural or morbid.
hyaline a. [Gr. hyalos, glass] Clear, transparent or glassy.
hyaline cells see granulocyte
hyalogen n. [Gr. hyalos, glass; genes, producing] Insoluble
substances found in animal tissues and related to mucoids.
hyaloplasm, hyaloplasma n. [Gr. hyalos, glass; plasma,
formed or molded] 1. The base substance of cytoplasm in
which organelles are found. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The clear
non-contractile matter (sarcoplasm) of a muscle in which
the organelles are found.
hyalopterous a. [Gr. hyalos, glass; pteron, wing] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) Having transparent wings as the clear winged aegerid moths.
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hybrid n. [L. hybrida, a crossbred animal] The offspring of two
forms or species that are genetically dissimilar; a heterozygote. see cross.
hybridization n. [L. hybrida, a crossbred animal] The crossing
of individuals belonging to two unlike natural populations,
or to different species.
hybrid vigour see heterosis
hydatid cyst (PLATY: Cestoda) Metacestode of Echinococcus,
with many protoscolices, some budding inside secondary
brood cysts.
hydatid sand (PLATY: Cestoda) Free protoscolices forming the
sediment in a hydatid cyst.
hydranth n. [Gr. hydor, water; anthos, flower] (CNID: Hydrozoa) A nutritive zooid in a colony; the hydroid polyp, bearing a mouth, digestive cavity and tentacles.
hydrarch a. [Gr. hydor, water; arche, beginning] A series of
changes in time from newly formed pond or lake to land
with climax vegetation; an ecological succession.
hydra-tuba n. [Gr. hydor, water; tuba, horn] (CNID: Scyphozoa) A simple polyp-like stage that may produce a few
more polyps, but all bud off larvae known as ephyrae,
which bud like a hydra. see scyphistoma.
hydrelatic a. [Gr. hydor, water; elaunein, to set in motion] Of
or pertaining to the effects stimulation of glands have on
active transport of inorganic solutes and water.
hydric a. [Gr. hydor, water] 1. Having an abundant supply of
moisture. 2. Pertaining to or containing hydrogen.
hydrobiology n. [Gr. hydor, water; bios, life; logos, discourse]
Study of aquatic plants and animals.
hydrobiont n. [Gr. hydor, water; bion, living] An organism
that lives mainly in water.
hydrocarbon n. [Gr. hydor, water; L. carbo, coal] A chemical
compound of hydrogen and carbon, usually in the proportion of C-H20 .
hydrocaulus n.; pl. -cauli [Gr. hydor, water; kaulos, stem]
(CNID: Hydrozoa) The simple or branched upright portion of
a hydroid colony; stem.
451
hydrochoric a. [Gr. hydor, water; chorein, to spread] Pertains
to dispersal by water; being dependent on water for dissemination.
452
hydrocircus n. [Gr. hydor, water; kirkos, circle] (ECHINOD)
The hydrocoelic ring surrounding the mouth.
hydrophyllum n.; pl. -lia [Gr. hydor, water; phyllon, leaf]
(CNID: Hydrozoa) A thick, gelatinous, helmet-shaped or
leaf-like medusoid containing a simple or branched gastrovascular canal, protective in function; a phyllozooid; a
bract.
hydrocladium n.; pl. -ia [Gr. hydor, water; klados, branch]
(CNID: Hydrozoa) The lateral growing branch of the hydrocaulus; the secondary branches.
hydrophyton n. [Gr. hydor, water; phyton, plant] (CNID: Hydrozoa) A hydroid colony complete with root-like organ,
stem and branches.
hydrocoel n. [Gr. hydor, water; koilos, hollow] (ECHINOD) Part
of the embryonic coelom which develops into the water
vascular system.
hydroplanula n. [Gr. hydor, water; L. dim. planus, flat] (CNID)
Larval stage between the planula and actinula larval
stages.
hydrocoles n.pl. [Gr. hydor, water; L. colere, to dwell] Organisms living in water or a wet environment.
hydropolyp n. [Gr. hydor, water; F. polype, polyp] (CNID: Hydrozoa) A single polyp of a hydroid colony. see hydrula.
hydrocyst see dactylozooid
hydropore n. [Gr. hydor, water; poros, hole] (ECHINOD) In
some modern larvae and some extinct forms, the opening
into the left axocoel anterior to the hydrocoel, i.e., the canal extending from the axocoel to the surface.
hydroecium n. [Gr. hydor, water; oikos, house] (CNID: Hydrozoa) A sheath-like extension that protects the zone of the
siphonophoran bell from adjacent bells.
hydrofuge n. [Gr. hydor, water; L. fugere, to flee] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) 1. Water repelling hairs. 2. The outer surface of
the chorion of eggs, as well as the cuticles, respiratory siphons and hairs.
hydroid n. [Gr. hydor, water; eidos, like] (CNID) Polyp of coelenterates; any member of the Hydroida.
hydrolysis n.; pl. -es [Gr. hydor, water; lyein, to dissolve] Reaction of water with substances to produce simpler compounds as starch reduction to sugars or with inorganic
compounds to produce acid, basic or neutral reactions in
solution.
hydropyle n. [Gr. hydor, water; pyle, orifice] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A specialized structure of an egg for the uptake of
water; the thickened region of the serosal epicuticle over a
layer of endocuticle, thinner than elsewhere.
hydrorhiza n. [Gr. hydor, water; rhiza, root] (CNID: Hydrozoa)
A tubular or ribbon-like basal attachment of a colony anchoring the colony to the substrate; the stalk of the colony.
hydrosere n. [Gr. hydor, water; serere, to join] A sere originating in water. see lithosere, xerosere.
hydrosome (=hydrosoma) a. [Gr. hydor, water; soma, body]
(CNID) A hydra-like stage.
hydrophanous a. [Gr. hydor, water; phanerus, visible] Becoming transparent when immersed in water.
hydrosphere n. [Gr. hydor, water; sphaira, ball] Aqueous envelope of the earth.
hydrophile hair (ARTHRO: Insecta) A water-attracting hair as
opposed to a hydrophobe hair.
hydrospire n. [Gr. hydor, water; L. spira, coil] (ECHINOD) In
extinct Blastoidea, respiratory structures in the form of
pouches at the side of the ambulacral grooves.
hydrophilous a. [Gr. hydor, water; philein, to love] Moistureloving; hygrophilous.
hydrophobe hair (ARTHRO: Insecta) A hair with resistance to
wetting, thus making a 90° angle of contact with the water
surface. see hydrophile hair.
hydrostatic a. [Gr. hydor, water; statikos, cause to stand] 1.
Of or pertaining to the pressure of water. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertains to floats, as air sacs in larval aquatic insects.
453
hydrostatic organs (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some larval Culicidae, pigmented, crecent-shaped organs found laterally on
the thorax and near the tail.
hydrostatic system (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) A method of protrusion of the lophophore in some autozooids; made up of
flexible frontal wall or infolded frontal wall sac and attached
parietal muscles which contract and raise the lophophore
by hydrostatic pressure in the autozooid.
454
sensitive; retaining moisture; accumulating moisture.
hygrotaxis see hydrotaxis
hygrotropism see hydrotropism
hylogamy n. [Gr. hyle, material; gamos, marriage] The fusion
of gametes; syngamy.
hylophagous a. [Gr. hyle, wood; phagein, to eat] Wood eating, as some insects.
hydrostome n. [Gr. hydor, water; stoma, mouth] (CNID: Hydrozoa) The mouth of a polyp.
hylotomous a. [Gr. hyle, wood; temnein, to cut] Cutting
wood, as some insects.
hydrotaxis n. [Gr. hydor, water; taxis, arrangement] A taxis in
response to a moisture gradient initiating stimulus.
hymen n. [Gr. hymen] Membrane.
hydrotheca n. [Gr. hydor, water; theke, case] (CNID: Hydrozoa) Peridermal cups into which most or all of the hydranth
can retract, may be provided with an operculum; in some
Thecata, the cup may be reduced to a mere platform supporting the hydranth.
hydrotropism n. [Gr. hydor, water; tropos, turn] The response
of an organism to water stimulus.
Hydrozoa, hydrozoans n.; n.pl. [Gr. hydor, water; zoon,
animal] Class of the phylum Cnidaria having both polyp and
medusal stages.
hydrula n. [Gr. hydor, water] A simple hypothetical polyp. see
hydropolyp.
hygric a. [Gr. hygros, wet] Tolerating or being adapted to humid conditions.
hygrokinesis n. [Gr. hygros, wet; kinesis, movement] Orientation due to differences in humidity.
hygrometabolism n. [Gr. hygros, wet; metabole, change] The
influence on metabolism by humidity.
hygropetric a. [Gr. hygros, wet; petros, stone] Pertaining to
the fauna of submerged rocks.
hygrophilous see hydrophilous
hygroreceptor a. [Gr. hygros, wet; L. recipere, to receive] A
sensory cell or structure that is sensitive to moisture.
hygroscopic a. [Gr. hygros, wet; skopein, to view] Moisture
hyoid sclerite (ARTHRO: Insecta) A small sclerite near the base
of the labrum in many cyclorrhaphous flies.
hyote spines (MOLL: Bivalvia) Variably shaped (founded, earshaped), hollow, tubular spines open at their tips and on
their flanks, arising from the thin edges of the shell margin
of oysters; typical of Hyotissa Hyotis (Linne, 1758).
hypandrium n.; pl. -dria [Gr. hypo, under; aner, male] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The plate below the genitalia of males, usually in abdominal sternum 8 or 9. see subgenital plate.
hyperandric a. [Gr. hyper, above; andros, male] (ANN: Oligochaeta) In earthworms, having additional testes other
than those of segments x-xi. hyperandry n.
hyperapolysis n. [Gr. hyper, above; apo, separation; lyein, to
dissolve] (PLATY: Cestoda) Detachment of a juvenile tapeworm proglottid before eggs are formed.
hyperdiploid see hyperploid
hypergamesis n. [Gr. hyper, above; gamos, marriage] Sperm
digested by blood cells or phagocytes, thought to be of nutritional value.
hypergynous a. [Gr. hyper, above; gyne, woman] (ANN: Oligochaeta) In earthworms, having additional ovaries other
than those of segments xii-xiii. hypergyny n.
hyperhaline a. [Gr. hyper, above; hals, sea] Pertaining to
waters above the salinity of normal sea water; above 40
parts per thousand. see hypohaline.
hyperhaploid see hyperploid
455
hypermeric a. [Gr. hyper, above; meros, part] (ANN: Oligochaeta) Said of regenerate earthworms, which reproduce
more segments than originally removed. hypermery n.
see hypomeric.
hypermetamorphosis n. [Gr. hyper, above; meta, after;
morphosis, forming] 1. In the broad sense, refers to
change of form throughout the life history. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) A type of metamorphosis development in which different larval insect instars have markedly dissimilar body
forms. see heteromorphous.
hyperparasite n. [Gr. hyper, above; parasitos, one who eats
at the table of another] An organism parasitic upon another
parasite.
hyperplasia n. [Gr. hyper, above; plasis, a molding] An increase in the number of functional units of an organ (organelle, cell, tissue). hyperplasic a. see hypertrophy.
hyperploid a. [Gr. hyper, above; aploos, onefold] Cells or individuals having more chromosomes (or segments) than the
characteristic euploid number. see hypoploid, aneuploid,
monoploid, polyploid.
hyperpneustic a. [Gr. hyper, above; pneustikos, of breathing]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) In some Diplura, pertaining to the
greater number of thoracic spiracles.
hyperstomial ooecium (BRYO) An ooecium that rests on or is
partly embedded in the distal zooid with opening above the
operculum of the mother zooid.
456
hypistoma see hypopharynx
hypnody n. [Gr. hypnodes, drowsy] A resting stage of some
organisms.
hypnosis n. [Gr. hypnos, sleep] A state of fatigue or inhibition
due to excessive mechanical stimuli affecting the nervous
system; reflex immobilization. see stereokinesis.
hypnote n. [Gr. hypnos, sleep] An organism in a dormant condition.
hypnotheca see prepupa
hypnotoxin n. [Gr. hypnos, sleep; toxikon, poison] (CNID) A
proteinaceous toxin released from a penetrant nematocyst.
hypobenthos n. [Gr. hypo, under; benthos, sea bottom] Sea
bottom fauna below 1000 m, corresponds roughly to
bathyal and abyssal benthic dwellers. see epibenthos.
hypobiotic a. [Gr. hypo, under; bios, life] Pertaining to organisms that live under objects or projections. see epibiotic.
hypoblast n. [Gr. hypo, under; blastos, bud] Endoderm in
early embryos, entoderm. see endoderm.
hypobranchial gland (MOLL) Single or paired glandular epidermal areas of the roof of the mantle cavity.
hypobranchial space (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The area of the
lower gill chamber, (below gills).
hypocerebral ganglion (ARTHRO: Insecta) An expansion of
the recurrent nerve in the anterior division of the autonomic nervous system. see occipital ganglion.
hyperstrophic a. [Gr. hyper, above; strophe, twist] (MOLL:
Gastropoda) In dextrally organized gastropods, characterized by genitalia on right, but shell falsely sinistral, being
actually ultradextral, or vice versa.
hypodactyl n. [Gr. hypo, under; daktylos, finger] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) The modified labium of Hemiptera.
hypertely n. [Gr. hyper, above; telos, completion] Ornamentation or coloration without apparent purpose.
hypodermal a. [Gr. hypo, under; L. dermis, skin] Of or relating to the hypodermis.
hypertrichy n. [Gr. hyper, above; trichos, hair] Presence of
setae in greater numbers than those present in its natural
group of invertebrates. see holotrichy.
hypodermal chord (NEMATA) Dorsal, ventral or lateral longitudinal thickenings of the hypodermis, generally internal.
hypertrophy n. [Gr. hyper, above; trophe, nourishment] The
enlargement of an organ due to the increase in the size of
its constituent cells. see atrophy.
hypoderm see hypodermis
hypodermal glands (NEMATA) Glands of hypodermal origin
that may serve as excretory glands.
hypodermic envelope see peripodial sac
457
hypodermis n. [Gr. hypo, under; L. dermis, skin] The cellular,
subcuticular layer that secretes the cuticle of annelids,
nematodes, arthropods (see epidermis), and various other
invertebrates; hypoblast.
hypodigm n. [Gr. hypo, under; deigma, specimen] The entire
material of a species available to the taxonomist.
hypodiploid see hypoploid
hypogean, hypogaen a. [Gr. hypo, under; gaia, the earth] 1.
Living in the soil; endogean. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Soil
dwellers except for nuptial flight.
hypoglossa n. [Gr. hypo, under; glossa, tongue] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In brachycerous and cyclorrhaphous Diptera, the
dorsal wall of the premental plate, formed by the sclerotized ventral side of the prementum.
hypoglossis n. [Gr. hypo, under; glossa, tongue] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) The under portion of the tongue.
hypoglottis n. [Gr. hypo, under; glottis, mouth of windpipe]
(ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coleoptera, the sclerite between the
mentum and labium.
458
hypomere n. [Gr. hypo, under; meros, part] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The ventral process of the phallobase. b. Inflexed
edge of the pronotum and raised margin of the epipleura of
beetles. 2. (PORIF) The basal portion of certain sponges in
which no flagellated chambers develop.
hypomeric a. [Gr. hypo, under; meros, part] (ANN: Oligochaeta) A condition of regenerates with fewer segments
than had been removed. see hypermeric.
hypomeron see hypomere
hypomorph n. [Gr. hypo, under; morphe, form] An allele that
functions more weakly when compared with wild-type alleles; a leaky gene.
hyponeural a. [Gr. hypo, under; neuron, nerve] (ECHINOD)
Part of the nervous system deeper and more weakly developed than the ectoneural system.
hyponeuston n. [Gr. hypo, under; neustos, swimming] Any
organism that swims or floats near the surface of the water.
hypognathous a. [Gr. hypo, under; gnathos, jaw] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) When the head is joined to the thorax so the
mouth parts are directed ventrally. see prognathous, opisthognathous.
hyponome n. [Gr. hyponome, tunnel] (MOLL: Cephalopoda) A
ventral funnel consisting of two unfused lappetlike folds; in
Nautiloidea, functions in bringing oxygen to the gills in the
mantle cavity, and secondarily as a powerful locomotororgan. see funnel.
hypogynium n. [Gr. hypo, under; gyne, female] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The eighth abdominal sternite of a female; formerly,
the genital plate.
hyponomic sinus (MOLL: Cephalopoda) In Nautiloidea, a large
concave sinus ventrally in the head-foot shell opening,
marking the location of the hyponome.
hypohaline a. [Gr. hypo, under; hals, sea] Pertaining to waters under the salinity of normal sea water; below 30 parts
per thousand; brackish. see hyperhaline, euhaline.
hyponym n. [Gr. hypo, under; onym, name] A generic name
not based on a type species; a provisional or temporary
name.
hypohaploid see hypoploid
hypoparatype n. [Gr. hypo, under; para, beside; typos, type]
Any specimen originally used to indicate a new species but
not chosen as the type specimen. see holotype, paratype.
hypolimnion n. [Gr. hypo, under; limne, lake] The bottom
stratum in deep lakes containing low oxygen and near absence of living organisms. see epilimnion, thermocline.
hypolithic a. [Gr. hypo, under; lithos, stone] Living beneath
stones.
hypomegetic a. [Gr. hypo, under; megas, great] Pertaining to
the smallest in a series of polymorphic organisms.
hypophare see hypomere
hypopharyngeal glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) In bees, paired
glands in the facial part of the head that open through the
lateral areas of the hypopharynx; pharyngeal glands; food
459
glands.
hypopharynx n. [Gr. hypo, under; pharyngx, pharynx] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) The chitinous plate situated on the labium in certain Acari. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The metastoma. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. A median mouth-part structure anterior to the labium, usually associated with the
salivary glands by ducts. b. A tongue-like lobe that arises
from the mouth-cavity floor and serves as a sensory apparatus for taste, variously modified for feeding in many
groups; ligua; glossa. hypopharyngeal a.
hypophragm see operculum
hypopi pl. hypopus
hypoplasia n. [Gr. hypo, under; plasis, a molding] Developmental deficiency of an organ system, organ, or tissue. hypoplastic a.
hypoplax n. [Gr. hypo, under; plax, plate] (MOLL) A long,
narrow, calcareous ventral plate covering the gape between
the two valves on the ventral margin, joined to the valves
by a chitinous fold.
hopopleural bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a row of
bristles, usually vertical, on the hypopleuron, above the
hind coxae.
hypopleurite n. [Gr. hypo, under; pleura, side] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The lower plate of a divided pleuron.
hypopleuron n. [Gr. hypo, under; pleura, side] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. The region below the metapleuron. 2. In Diptera,
the lower part of the mesepimeron.
hypoploid a. [Gr. hypo, under; aploos, onefold; eides, form]
Cells or individuals with one or more chromosomes or segments deleted. see hyperploid.
hypopneustic see hemipneustic
hypopolyploid see hypoploid
hypoptera, hypoptere see tegula
hypoptygma n. [Gr. hypo, under; ptygma, anything folded]
(NEMATA) Anterior and posterior cuticular flaps of the cloacal opening in some males. see epiptygma.
460
hypopus n.; pl. hypopi [Gr. hypo, under; pous, foot] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) 1. In Acari, the second nymphal stage.
2. The non-feeding deutonymph of Acaridida; either active,
phoretic nymphs or rather inactive resistant nymphs. hypop(i)al a.
hypopygial spine (ARTHRO: Insecta) The caudal spine ending
of the hypopygium of some female cynipid wasps.
hypopygium n. [Gr. hypo, under; pyge, rump] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The last ventral plate; sometimes including attached
segments of the postabdomen; terminalia; genital segments (commonly used for Diptera). see pygofer.
hyposcleritic a. [Gr. hypo, under; skleros, hard] (ARTHRO:
Chelicerata) A region only partially sclerotized in mites.
hypostasis n. [Gr. hypo, under; stasis, a standing] A non-allelic recessive gene, interferred with by an epistatic gene.
hypostegal coelom (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) In Cheilostomata,
part of the body cavity separated from the principle body
cavity of the zooid; it may communicate with the principle
body cavity by pores or remain confluent with it at some
point.
hypostegal epithelium (BRYO: Stenolaemata) In free-walled
forms, epithelium that lays down extrazooidal skeleton.
hypostegia see hypostegal coelom
hypostigmatic cell (ARTHRO: Insecta) In three neuropteran
Permian families, a greatly elongated cell behind the fusion
of the subcosta and radius 1.
hypostoma see hypostome
hypostomal bridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. Union of the hypostomata of the two sides meeting in the midline below
the occipital foramen which is continuous with the postocciput. 2. In Diptera, the parts of the genae joined ventrally
between the compound eyes.
hypostomal carinae (ARTHRO: Insecta) The margin of the
proboscidial fossa of bees, which turn laterally toward the
bases of the mandibles at their anterior end.
hypostomal sclerite see intermediate sclerite
hypostomal suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) Part of the subgenal
461
sulcus behind the mandible.
hypostome, hypostoma n. [Gr. hypo, under; stoma, mouth]
1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, forming the ventral-median wall of the gnathosoma; fused with the pedipalps in
most groups, but in ticks a toothed structure between the
pedipalps. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The metastoma. 3. (ARTHRO: Diplopoda) The gula. 4. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The anteroventral part of the head including between the antennae, eyes and mouth of Diptera; the ventral part of the
head of Hemiptera. 5. (ARTHRO: Trilobita) The median preoral plate or labrum.
hypostracum n. [Gr. hypo, under; ostrakon, shell] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, the inner cuticular layer, usually pigmented with basic dyes. 2. (MOLL: Bivalvia) a. Inner
layer of shell wall laid down by the mantle. b. That part of
the shell secreted at muscle attachments. see myostracum. 3. (MOLL: Polyplacophora) In chitons, the lowest ventral calcareous layer of a valve.
hyposulculus n. [Gr. hypo, under; L. dim. sulcus, furrow]
(CNID: Anthozoa) The groove in the siphonoglyph.
hypothesis n.; pl. -ses [Gr. hypothesis, theory] A tentative
proposition explaining the occurrence of a phenomenon
either asserted as provisional conjecture to guide an investigation or accepted as highly probable in view of established facts.
hypotome n. [Gr. hypo, under; tome, a cutting] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, sternum ix.
hypotype n. [Gr. hypo, under; typos, type] A specimen, other
than the type, upon which a subsequent or supplementary
description or figure is based; an apotype; a plesiotype.
hypovalvae n.pl. [Gr. hypo, under; L. valva, leaf of a folding
door] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Mecoptera, a bi- or trilobed
subgenital plate formed from the larval ix sternum.
hypozygal n. [Gr. hypo, under; zygon, pair] (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) The proximal member of a syzygial pair of brachials. see epizygal.
hysteresis n. [Gr. hysteros, after] (CNID) A lag in adjustment
at one level in response to stress at another level such as
462
chromosome coiling or storm damage response of corals.
hysterodehiscence n. [Gr. hysteros, after; L. dehiscere, to
split open] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, dehiscence or
splitting of the cuticle in the posterior part of the body; in
hatching the animal moves backward.
hysterosoma n. [Gr. hysteros, after; soma, body] (ARTHRO:
Chelicerata) Combination of the metapodosomal and the
opisthosomal segments of the body of a tick or mite; pseudotagma.
hysterotely n. [Gr. hysteros, after; telos, end] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Retention of larval characteristics in pupa or adult.
see neotony.
hystrichoglossate a. [Gr. hysterix, porcupine; glossa, tongue]
(MOLL: Gastropoda) Referring to a radula of the rhipidoglossate type with tufts of bristles.
hyther n. [Gr. hydor, water; therme, heat] The combined effect on an organism of moisture and temperature.
H-zone see H-band
464
I
I-band That zone of the sarcomere composed of actin alone.
I-cells (CNID) The interstitial cells.
ichnotaxon n. [Gr. ichnos, track; taxis, arrangement] A taxon
based on fossilized impressions, tracks, trails, and burrows
made by an animal, but not part of that animal.
ichthyophagous a. [Gr. ichtys, fish; phagein, to eat] Eating,
or subsisting on fish.
iconotype n. [Gr. eikon, image; typos, type] A graphic reproduction of a type.
valvia) The normal form of valves; not distorted by crowding or attachment to the substrate; automorphic.
idionymy n. [Gr. idios, personal; onyma, name] State of an
organ which makes it possible to receive its own distinct
nomenclatorial designation, either in ontogeny, or a comparative study of a natural group. idionymous a.
idioplasm n. [Gr. idios, personal; plasma, formed or molded]
All of the hereditary determinants of an organism, both nuclear and cytoplasmic; germ plasm; idiotype. see genotype.
idiosoma n. [Gr. idios, personal; soma, body] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In mites or ticks, the posterior of the two basic
parts of the body, prosoma and opisthosoma; pseudotagma.
ICZN The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
idiosome n. [Gr. idios, personal; soma, body] 1. A purported
ultimate element of living matter; micelle. 2. The sphere or
region of differing cytoplasm viscosity surrounding the
centrosome, surrounding Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.
ideotype n. [Gr. idios, personal; typos, form] A specimen
named by the author after comparison with the type species. see type.
idiosphaerotheca n. [Gr. idios, personal; sphaira, globe;
theke, sac] A vesicle containing the acrosome of sperm
cells.
idiobiology n. [Gr. idios, personal; bios, life; logos, discourse]
The biology of an individual organism.
idiotaxonomy n. [Gr. idios, personal; taxis, arrangement;
nomos, law] Taxonomic study of individuals, populations,
species and higher taxa; traditional taxonomy.
icotype n. [Gr. eikos, to be like; typos, type] A representative
specimen serving for purpose of identification, but has not
been used in published literature.
idiochromatin n. [Gr. idios, personal; chroma, color] Nuclear
chromatin thought to function as structural support for
genes.
idiochromosome n. [Gr. idios, distinct; chroma, color; soma,
body] A sex chromosome.
idiocuticular a. [Gr. idios, personal; L. cuticula, cuticle] Of or
pertaining to characteristics of a cuticle; produced in the
cuticle such as the microtrichia of insect epicuticle.
idiogamy n. [Gr. idios, distinct; gamos, marriage] Self-fertilization.
idiogram n. [Gr. idios, distinct; gramma, drawing] A diagrammatic representation of chromosome morphology.
idiomorphic a. [Gr. idios, personal; morphe, form] (MOLL: Bi-
idiotaxy n. [Gr. idios, personal; taxis, arrangement] Homonomous organs having a common relative placement, even
with secondary multiplication.
idiotrichy n. [Gr. idios, personal; trichos, hair] Homonomous
setae which share a common relative placement even in
the case of secondary multiplication.
idiotype n. [Gr. idios, personal; typos, type] Genotype; idioplasm.
idorgan n. [Gr. idios, personal; organon, organ] A morphological multicellular unit composing an organ, antimere, or
metamere, absent of characters of an individual or colony.
ileocecal a. [L. ileum, flank; caecus, blind] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
465
466
Pertaining to the valve at the junction of the large and
small intestine.
Pertaining to a type of substance that stimulates production
of antibody or cell-mediated immunity.
ileum n. [L. ileum, flank] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. An undifferentiated tube running back to the rectum; the anterior part of
the hind-gut. 2. In termites in the form of a pouch in which
flagellate protozoa live.
imperfect mesentaries (CNID: Anthozoa) Mesentaries spanning the gastrovascular space, but not reaching the actinopharynx. see perfect mesentaries.
imaginal a. [L. imago, image] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertaining to
the adult or imago.
imaginal disc, bud or cell (ARTHRO: Insecta) In holometabolous forms, embryonic tissue which remains undifferentiated until they give rise to the imago (adult) structures.
imagination n. [L. imago, image] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The development of an imago or adult.
imagine see imago
imago n. [L. imago, image] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. The adult or
reproductive stage. 2. In termites, applied only to the adult
primary reproductives. imaginal a.
imagochrysalis n. [L. imago, image; Gr. chrysallis, chrysalis]
(ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In the chigger mite life cycle, a quiescent stage between the nymph and adult.
imperforate a. [L. in, not; perforatus, to bore through] 1. Not
perforated; lacking an opening or aperture. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda) see anomphalous.
implex n. [L. implexus, plaited] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Integumental infolding for muscle attachment; endoplica.
implicate a. [L. implicare, to entangle] To infold or twist together.
impregnation n. [L. impraegnare, to cause to conceive] To
make pregnant; the introduction of sperm cells; fecundate.
impressed a. [L. in, on; premere, to press] 1. Produced by
pressure; depressed areas or markings. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda) A suture of a shell having both adjoined whorl surfaces turned inward adaxially.
imprint n. [L. in, on; premere, to press] (MOLL: Bivalvia) The
impression on the valve of a muscle or gill.
imbricate plates (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia, the lower
lateral, lower latus, and lower latera.
impunctate a. [L. in, not; punctum, puncture] Without marks,
pits, spots or holes.
imbrication n. [L. imbricare, to cover with tiles] An overlapping at the margins as of tiles or shingles. imbricate a.
inaequipartite a. [L. in, not; aequipartus, equal] (MOLL: Bivalvia) Pertaining to bivalves with one end longer than the
other.
immaculate a. [L. in, not; maculatus, spotted] Without colored
spots or marks.
immarginate a. [L. in, not; marginatus, to enclose with a border] Without a definite rim or margin; having no colored
rim or margin.
inanition n. [L. inanis, empty] 1. The state of being empty;
inane. 2. Exhaustion from lack of nutrients; the physical
condition resulting from insufficient nutrients. 3. A form of
dormancy brought about by insufficient nutrients.
immature a. [L. in, not; maturus, ripe] Any developmental
stages preceding the adult.
inappendiculate a. [L. in, not; appendix, appendage] Without
appendages.
immersed a. [L. in, not; mergere, to dip] Inserted, imbedded
or hidden, as a part or organ.
inarticulate a. [L. in, not; articulatus, jointed] Not jointed or
fitted together; lacking distinct body segments.
immunity n. [L. immunis, free] The ability of an organism to
resist a pathogen; a type of resistance to disease.
inarticulate hinge (MOLL) Lacking visible teeth or equipped
only with a callosity.
immunogenic a. [L. immunis, free; gennaein, to produce]
inaxon n. [Gr. in, not; axon, axis] A neuron in which the axon
467
branches at a distance from the neurocyte.
inbreed v.t. [A.S. in, inward; bredan, nourish] To mate with
genetically similar individuals, particularly with close relatives; endogamy.
inbreeding depression A loss of fitness due to severe inbreeding.
incased pupa see pupa folliculata
incertae sedis Said of a taxon of uncertain taxonomic position.
incidence n. [L. incidere, to happen] The number of new cases
of a particular disease in a population within a given time
period. see prevalence.
incidental parasite see accidental parasite
incipient a. [L. incipere, to begin] The beginning or appearance, as a species of animal.
incipient species see polymorphism
incised a. [L. incisus, cut into] Notched or cut in; sculptured
with sharp cut grooves.
incisor n. [L. incisus, cut into] Adapted for cutting.
incisor lobe (ARTHRO: Insecta) A toothed lobe used for biting.
incisor process (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The biting portion of the
gnathal lobe of the mandible; pars incisiva.
incisura n.; pl. -urae [L. incidere, to cut into] 1. A notch, depression or indentation. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The incisions
in the margin of the terminal segment of scale insects.
incisura clavicularis (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Nephropidae, an
incision in the anterolateral margin of the carapace forming
two lobes partly overlaping that fit around a tubercle or
ridge of the epistome.
incisure n. [L. incidere, to cut into] A cut, gash, impression
line, striation or notch.
inclinate a. [L. inclinare, to bend] Bent toward the midline of
the body.
inclivous a. [L. inclivus, sloping] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Term applied to a transverse wing vein; having the front end nearer
the wing base than the rear. see verticle, reclivous.
468
inclusion bodies Intracellular bodies, as mitochondria, microsomes, at times viruses, etc.
incomplete metamorphosis (ARTHRO: Insecta) In hemimetabolous exoptergotes, the immatures differing from the
adult mainly by incomplete development in the wings and
genitalia and develop without quiescent state; direct
metamorphosis. see complete metamorphosis.
incrassate a. [L. incrassare, to thicken] Thickened; making or
becoming thick or thicker.
incremental line see growth line
incrustation n. [L. incrustatus, covered with mud] 1. Encased
with a crust or hard coat. 2. A deposit of calcareous matter
upon a shell. 3. (MOLL: Bivalvia) In oysters, tight attachment to the substrate.
incubation groove (ARTHRO: Insecta) In bumblebees, a broad
depression across the top of the brood comb cell or on top
of a group of larvae, into which a lone gyne lies to facilitate
warming of the larvae.
incubatory a. [L. in, in; cubare, to lie down] Pertaining to
animals that brood their young.
incudate a. [L. incus, anvil] (ROTIF) Type of mastax with stout
forceps-like shape with reduced mallei.
incumbent a. [L. incumbere, to lie down upon] Bent downwards; to touch or rest upon.
incunabulum n.; pl. -ula [L. incunabulum, cradle] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) A cocoon.
incurrent a. [L. in, in; currere, to run] 1. A current which flows
inward; afferent. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The ostium of the
heart. 3. (MOLL) Inhalant siphons. 4. (PORIF) Canals which
admit water.
incurved a. [L. incurvus, bent] 1. The state of being bowed or
curved inwards. 2. Bent over as the apex in some shells.
incus n.; pl. incudes [L. incus, anvil] (ROTIF) Curved plates of
the mastax, bearing on their medial sides several pronglike teeth; the fulcrum and rami collectively. incudal a. see
uncus.
indented a. [L. in, in; dens, tooth] Notched or dented;
469
abruptly pressed inward; a cut or notch in a margin.
indeterminate a. [L. in, not; determinare, to limit] Not well
defined; vague; indefinite.
index n.; pl. indexes [L. indicare, to point out] A number expressing the relationship of one quantity to another by expressing them as ratios of a third quantity.
indigenous a. [L. indigena, native] Being native to or originating in a specified place or country.
indigoid biochrome Various blues and purples derived by the
metabolism of trytophan found in plants and mollusks.
indirect life cycle see heterogonic life cycle
indirect nuclear division 1. Typical = mitosis. 2. Atypical =
meiosis.
470
inequilateral a. [L. in, not; aequus, equal; latus, side] (MOLL:
Bivalvia) Shells with unequal sides. see inequivalve.
inequilobate a. [L. in, not; aequus, equal; lobus, lobe] Having
lobes of unequal size.
inequivalve a. [L. in, not; aequus, equal; valva, leaf of a door]
(MOLL: Bivalvia) Having one valve larger, or of a different
form from the other.
inerm, inermous a. [L. inermis, unarmed] Lacking striae,
spines or other sharp processes. see mutic.
inert n. [L. iners, idle] Inactive; said of heterochromatin of
chromosomes due to absence of gene mutations or effects
on genetic balance; physiologically inactive.
infauna n. [L. in, into; Faunus, diety of herds and fields] Bottom burrowing animals of the sea. see epifauna.
inducer n. [L. in, in; ducere, to lead] A small molecule which
causes an increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis when
present.
inferior a. [L. inferior, lower] Situated below, near the base;
underneath; behind.
induction n. [L. in, in; ducere, to lead] Increase of the rate of
production of an enzyme caused by an inducer molecule.
inferior anal appendage (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Odonata, the
lower one or two terminal abdominal appendages used in
grasping the female at the time of copulation.
inductor see organizer
inductura n. [L. inductura, a coating] (MOLL: Gastropoda)
Smooth shelly layer of the shell secreted by the mantle,
extending from the inner side of the aperture over the parietal region, columellar lip, and part or all of the shell exterior.
inferior groove (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Decapoda, a carapace
groove, beginning at the junction of the hepatic and cervical grooves toward the lateral margin.
inferobranchiate a. [L. inferus, low; Gr. branchia, gills]
(MOLL) Pertaining to gills under the mantle margin.
indumentum n. [L. indumentum, garment] Covered by hairs,
scales or tufts.
inferolateral a. [L. inferus, low; latus, side] Being below and
at or towards the side.
indurate a. [L. induratare, to make hard] Hardened.
infero-marginal plates (ECHINOD: Asteroidea) The lower
marginal plates that form the outline of the arm. see supero-marginal plates.
indusium n.; pl. -sia [L. indusium, tunic] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1.
A larva casing. 2. The third covering of embryonic membrane formed from a thickening of the serosa in front of the
head.
industrial melanism The evolution of a darkened population
owing to melanistic individuals that blend with their substrate in the sooty surroundings of an industrial area.
inequal a. [L. in, not; aequus, equal] Having irregular elevations or depressions.
inferomedian a. [L. inferus, low; medius, middle] Being below
and about the middle.
inferoposterior a. [L. inferus, low; posterior, hinder] Below
and behind.
infertility n. [F. infertilite] Infertile state or quality; inability to
reproduce.
infestation n. [L. infestus, disturbed] The living in or on a host
471
by metazoan parasites.
infiltration n. [L. in, in; filtrum, felt] Act or process of infiltering or permeating.
472
small head] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, part of the
gnathosoma of mites, bearing lips and palpi and containing
mouth and pharynx.
infraclypeus see anteclypeus
inflated a. [L. inflatus, inflated] 1. Expanded; distended. 2.
(MOLL: Gastropoda) Applied to shells swollen, increased
unduly, distended; ventricose.
infracoxal a. [L. infra, underneath; coxa, hip] (ARTHRO) Situated below the coxa.
inflation n. [L. in, in; flare, to blow] (MOLL: Bivalvia) The distance between the outermost points of the two valves.
infracted a. [L. infractus, break] Bent inward; bent inward
abruptly as if broken.
inflected a. [L. in, in; flectere, to bend] Turned or bent inward
or downward; inflexed.
infraepimeron n. [L. infra, underneath; Gr. epi, upon; meros,
part] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The lower sclerite of the epimeron;
katepimeron.
inflexed a. [L. in, in; fectere, to bend] Curved, bent or directed
inward or downward or toward the body axis; inflected.
influent a. [L. in, in; fluere, to flow] An animal or plant having
an influence on other living forms.
infraepisternum n. [L. infra, underneath; Gr. epi, upon; sternon, chest] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A ventral subdivision of an
episternum.
informosome n. [L. in, in; formare, to form; Gr. soma, body]
Messenger RNA combined with protein for protection as it
moves from nucleus to cytoplasm.
infra-ergatoid form see phthisergate
infra-anal flaps see paraproct
infragenital a. [L. infra, underneath; genitalis, belonging to
birth] Below the genital opening.
infrabasal a. [L. infra, underneath; basis, base] 1. Below a
basal structure. 2. (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) Plates aboral to
the basal plates.
infrabranchial a. [L. infra, underneath; branchiae, gills] Being
below the gills.
infrabuccal cavity/chamber (ARTHRO: Insecta) A spheroidal
sac beneath the floor of the mouth cavity that opens into
the mouth by means of a short narrow canal, functioning in
food storage.
infrabuccal slit (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, the slit between the two lateral lips seen on the ventral surface of the
infracapitulum.
infraesophageal a. [L. infra, underneath; Gr. oisophagos,
gullet] Subesophageal.
inframarginal a. [L. infra, underneath; margo, edge] Behind
or below any margin.
inframedian a. [L. infra, underneath; medius, middle] Pertaining to a belt or zone along the sea bottom between 50
and 100 fathoms in depth.
inframedian latus (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Lepadomorpha Cirripedia, a plate below the upper latus.
infraneuston n. [L. infra, underneath; Gr. neustos, floating]
Animals that live on the underside of the surface film of
water.
infraocular n. [L. infra, underneath; oculus, eye] Below and
between the eyes.
infracalyptral setulae (ARTHRO: Insecta) In tachinid Diptera,
fine, bristly hairs below the point of attachment of the calypter (squamae).
infraorbital spine (ARTHRO: Crustacea) A spine on the lower
angle of the orbit of a decapod carapace.
infracapitular glands (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, paired
glands lying in the prosoma and emptying into the cervix.
infraorder n. [L. infra, underneath; ordo, order] An optional
category below the suborder.
infracapitulum n.; pl. -la [L. infra, underneath; capitulum,
infrasocial a. [L. infra, underneath; socius, companionship]
473
Leading a solitary life; below social. see society.
474
body, i.e., water or air. see incurrent.
infraspecific n. [L. infra, underneath; species, kind] Within the
species; usually applied to subspecies.
inhalant siphon In various invertebrate groups, a tube-like
organ along which water is drawn into the mantle cavity.
infrastigmatal a. [L. infra, underneath; Gr. stigmata, marks]
(ARTHRO) Below the stigmata or spiracles.
inheritance n. [OF. enheritance] The sum of all characters or
qualities transmitted by the germ cells from generation to
generation.
infrasutural a. [L. infra, underneath; sutura, seam] (ARTHRO)
Below the seam or suture.
infumated a. [L. in, in; fumus, smoke] Clouded with a blackish
color; smoke colored.
inherited disease Abnormal characters or qualities predetermined from parent to offspring; an inborn disease.
inhibitor n. [L. inhibere, to restrain] Any substance which
checks or prevents an action or process.
infundibulum n.; pl. -ula [L. infundibulum, funnel] 1. A funnel-shaped organ or part. 2. (CNID: Hydrozoa) The hydroecium. 3. (MOLL: Cephalopoda) An exhalant siphon
leading out of the mantle cavity. infundibuliform a.
injector n. [L. in, in; jacere, to throw] (CNID) A nematocyst
that injects venom through a discharged open-ended tube;
stomocnide.
infuscate a. [L. in, into; fuscus, dark] Darkened with a
brownish tinge; smoky gray-brown.
injury n.; pl. -ries [L. in, not; juris, right] Damage; wound;
trauma.
infusoriform larva (MESO: Rhombozoa) In Dicyemida, ciliated
larva produced by the infusorigen.
ink sac (MOLL: Cephalopoda) A pear-shaped body in the wall of
the mantle situated near the anus, containing the ink
glands which eject a black substance as a defense mechanism.
infusorigen n. [L. infusus, poured into; genos, offspring]
(MESO: Rhombozoa) A mass of reproductive cells interpreted as being a hermaphroditic gonad within a rhombogen.
ingest v. [L. ingestus, taken in] To convey food into a place of
digestion.
ingesta n.pl. [L. ingestus, taken in] The total amount of substances and fluids taken into the body. see egesta.
innate a. [L. innatus, inborn] Instinctive behavior; not learned.
inner dorsocentral bristles see acrostichal bristles
inner epithelium (BRYO: Stenolaemata) In free-walled forms,
an epithelium that secretes the skeleton, including both zooidal skeletal walls and hypostegal extrazooidal skeleton.
inner lamina (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Balanomorpha, the inner
shell layer of compartmental plates separated by longitudinal tubes from the outer lamina.
ingestion n. [L. ingestus, taken in] The act or process of
swallowing or taking in food material into a cell or into the
enteron.
inner ligament/inner layer of ligament see resilium
ingluvial a. [L. ingluvies, crop] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertaining to
the ingluvies or crop of insects.
inbner line (MOLL: Gastropoda) That part of the peristome
against the pillar.
ingluvial ganglion (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. Paired ganglion of the
stomodeal nervous system at the posterior end of the foregut. 2. In Schistocerca, autonomously exerting influence on
movements of the proventriculus.
inner lip (MOLL: Gastropoda) The inner edge of the aperture of
a univalve shell extending from the foot of the columella to
the suture; columellar and parietal lips collectively. see
outer lip.
ingluvies see crop
innervate v. [L. in, in; nervus, tendon] To supply nerves to an
organ or part.
inhalant a. [L. in, into; halere, to breathe] Taking into the
475
inner vesicle see ooecial vesicle
inocular antennae (ARTHRO: Insecta) Antennae with base
partly or wholly surrounded by the eye. see eye-bridge.
inoculation n. [L. in, in; oculare, to furnish with eyes] 1. Active or passive introduction of parasites into the body of a
host. 2. Introduction of an inoculum into a culture medium.
inoperculate a. [L. in, not; operculum, a cover, lid] Without an
operculum, as a garden snail.
inosculate v. [L. in, in; osculum, little mouth] To anastomose.
inquiline n. [L. inquilinus, tenant] 1. A commensal organism
that lives habitually on or within the body of another, or in
its nest or abode without benefit or damage to either; a
guest. see inquilinism. 2. An animal that lives in the home
of another species and derives a share of its food. see inquilinism. 3. An insect developing inside a gall produced
by another species. inquilinous a.
inquilinism n. [L. inquilinus, tenant; -ismus, condition] 1. The
relationship between two organisms sharing an abode
without benefit or damage to either. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta)
The relationship of a socially parasitic species that spends
its entire life cycle in the nest of a host species; workers
are either lacking or scarce and degenerate in behavior;
permanent parasitism.
inquirende n.pl.; sing. -da [L. in, in; quaerere, to seek] Under
inquiry or investigation; needs study.
Insecta, insects n.; n.pl. [L. insectum, cut into] A class of
Arthropoda generally having a tracheate respiratory system, a single pair of antennae, and the body somites
grouped into three functional tagmata: the head, thorax
(bearing three pairs of legs) and abdomen.
insectarium n.; pl. -ia [L. insectum, cut into] A building where
insects are propagated or the collection contained therein.
insectean, insectan a. [L. insectum, cut into] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Referring to or characteristic of insects in general.
476
red-brown eye pigments of insects, produced by the oxidation of tryptophane.
insect ovary types (ARTHRO: Insecta) There are three types of
ovaries: 1. Panoistic. 2. Polytrophic meroistic. 3. Telotrophic meroistic. see separate entries.
insectoverdin n. [L. insectum, cut into; viridis, green] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A blue pigment (usually mesobiliverdin) in
combination with carotenoids which produce the green coloring of insects. see green pigments.
insect society (ARTHRO: Insecta) Strictly a colony of eusocial
insects.
insect sociology (sociobiology) The study of population
characteristics related to social behavior in insects.
insemination n. [L. inseminare, to sow] The introduction of
spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract. see semination.
inserted a. [L. in, in; serere, to join] Joined by natural growth;
a muscle attached to a movable part.
insertion n. [L. in, in; serere, to join] 1. Movable end of a
muscular attachment. 2. Translocation in genetics.
insertion plate (MOLL: Polyplacophora) A narrow marginal
extension of the articulamentum layer in the head and tail
valves and sides of the intermediate valves, projecting into
the girdle; lamina of insertion.
insolation n. [L. in, into; sol, sun] Exposure to the rays of the
sun.
inspissate v. [L. in, into; spissus, thick, dense] To bring
greater consistency; to thicken.
instar n. [L. instar, form] 1. An insect or nematode at a particular larval period or stage between molts. 2. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) Numbered to designate the various periods, i.e.,
first instar, second instar, etc.; can be abbreviated 1°, 2°,
3°. see stadium.
insectivorous a. [L. insectum, cut into; vorare, to devour]
Feeding on insects.
instinct n. [L. instinctus, impulse] A usually invariable complex
response natural to a species, independent of any previous
experience of the individual.
insectorubins n.pl. [L. insectum, cut into; ruber, red] Red or
intectate a. [L. in, not; tectum, roof] Lacking a tectum.
477
integration n. [L. integer, whole] (BRYO) Changes in individual
zooid morphology brought about by colonial living.
integripalliate a. [L. integer, whole; pallium, mantle] (MOLL:
Bivalvia) Having a pallial line entire; lacking a sinus, as
clams or oysters.
integument n. [L. integumentum, covering] The outer covering of the body.
478
post antennal or premandibular appendages.
intercalary segment (ARTHRO: Insecta) The premandibular,
tritocerebral segments.
intercalary stage (ARTHRO: Diplopoda) A non-reproductive
stage between two reproductive stages in which the male
gonopods and other secondary sexual structures regress.
integumental vesture or setae (ARTHRO: Insecta) Numerous
spines or hairs on the epidermis of syrphid larvae, excluding the segmental spines.
intercalary vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. An extra longitudinal
wing vein of Ephemeroptera. 2. Convex wing vein which
follows the crest of a ridge. 3. Concave wing vein on the
bottom of a furrow. 4. In Diptera, sometimes applied to the
posterior branch of the fourth vein.
intensity n.; pl. -ties [L. intentus, intent] The total number of
parasites in an individual. see burden.
intercalary walls (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) The outer walls of
zooids attached to each other in a linear series.
interambulacral areas (ECHINOD: Echinoidea) The radially
arranged arms (typically 5) that do not bear tube feet or
podia. see ambulacral areas.
intercellular a. [L. inter, between; dim. cellula, little cell] Lying between cells.
integumental scolophore see scolopale
interambulacral plates (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) Additional calyx
plates between the arm bases in stalked crinoids.
intercervical groove (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Nephropidae, an
oblique groove on the carapace that connects the postcervical and cervical grooves.
interantennal setae (ARTHRO: Insecta) In coccids, a group or
transverse row of setae on the ventral aspect of the head
between the articulation of the antennae.
interchange n. [L. inter, between; combiare, to exchange] Reciprocal translocations between nonhomologous chromosomes.
interantennal suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Siphonaptera, a
suture extending between the bases of the antennae.
intercheliceral gland (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, unpaired
prosomatic gland emptying between the chelicerae; function unknown.
interantennular septum (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In some Malacostraca, a plate separating antennular cavities; proepistome.
interbasal muscle (ECHI) A strong, narrow muscular band of
tissue connecting the sheaths of the two ventral setae.
interbrachial a. [L. inter, between; brachium, arm] Between
adjoining arm tips, rays or brachial plates.
interbreed n. [L. inter, between; A.S. brod, broad] Individuals
capable of actual or potential gene exchange by hybridization.
intercalary a. [L. intercalaris, that which is inserted] Inserted
or introduced between others; interpolated.
intercalary appendages (ARTHRO: Insecta) The rudimentary
interchordal areas (NEMATA) The nonthickened regions of the
hypodermis devoid of nuclei.
interchromomeres n. [L. inter, between; Gr. chroma, color;
meros, part] 1. Regions connecting adjacent chromomeres.
2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Lighter staining areas of the giant
chromosomes in Diptera.
interchromosomal a. [L. inter, between; Gr. chroma, color;
soma, body] Reactions between chromosomes.
intercostal a. [L. inter, between; costa, a rib] (MOLL) Placed
between the ribs of a shell.
intercostal vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) The subcosta.
intercostate n. [L. inter, between; costa, rib or side] (MOLL)
479
Between ribs or ridges.
intercoxal process (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coleoptera, a prosternal process, occasionally enlarged, partly concealing the
coxae.
interdentum n. [L. inter, between; dens, tooth] (MOLL: Bivalvia) A shelly plate between the pseudocardinal and lateral
teeth.
interface n. [L. inter, between; facies, countenance] The
common surfaces of two bodies.
interfrontal bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, bristles or
hairs on the frontal vitta.
interfrontalia see frontal vitta
interganglionic a. [L. inter, between; Gr. ganglion, swelling]
Between and uniting nerve ganglia.
intergenic a. [L. inter, between; Gr. genos, race] Changes involving more than one gene.
Gymnolaemata)
In
interior
skeletal
wall
(BRYO:
Cheilostomata, walls growing off the skeletal wall interiorly
which partition the original coelomic volume of the colony.
interior wall (BRYO) Any body wall that partitions the body
cavity into zooids, parts of zooids or extrazooidal parts.
interkinesis n. [L. inter, between; Gr. kinesis, movement] The
abbreviated interphase between the first and second meiotic divisions with no chromosomal reproduction.
480
cules between elements of principalia or dictyonalia.
intermediate band (disc) see Z-band
intermediate cell see chromophile
intermediate denticles (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Stomatopoda,
a row of small projections between the intermediate and
submedian teeth on the lateroterminal margin of the telson.
intermediate host One which alternates with the definitive
host in which the parasite passes through partial development, but not to sexual maturity. see definitive host.
intermediate neurons Neurons joining sensory and motor
neurons; association neurons.
intermediate sclerite (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, hypostomal sclerites shaped like an "H", joined together by a
transverse bar, receiving the opening of the salivary duct.
intermediate tooth (ARTHRO: Crustacea) A strong spinelike or
blunt projection at the margin of the telson, between submedian and lateral teeth of mantis shrimp.
intermediate valve (MOLL: Polyplacophora) Any valve between head and tail valves; median valve; body valve.
intermitotic a. [L. inter, between; Gr. mitos, thread] Interphase of mitotic cell cycle.
interlabial a. [L. inter, between; labium, lip] (NEMATA) Situated between the lips.
internal a. [L. internus, within] 1. Located within the limits of
the surface of something; situated on the side toward the
median plane of the body. 2. (MOLL) Pertaining to shells
when enclosed within the organism or mantle.
interlamellar a. [L. inter, between; lamella, thin plate] Between lamellae.
internal ligament (MOLL: Bivalvia) The ligament placed within
the hinge and not visible when the valves are closed.
interlaminate figure (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In some Balanomorpha, a line or lines extending between epicuticle of
outer lamina through longitudinal septa into the inner lamina in sections parallel to base.
internal parameres (ARTHRO: Insecta) In male genitalia, the
paired sclerotized appendages inside the external parameres.
interlobular incisions see incisura
intermaxilla n. [L. inter, between; maxilla, jaw] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The maxillary lobe.
intermedia n. [L. inter, between; medius, middle] (PORIF) Spi-
internal respiration The biochemical processes of metabolism
that occur in all living cells that result in energy release.
internal rhythm Endogenous rhythm. see circadian.
internal ridges (ANN: Hirudinoidea) Fleshy structures of the
pharynx; pharynx folds or pods.
481
internal secretion Substance absorbed directly by body fluids.
internal triangle see triangle
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
The official set of regulations and recommendations dealing
with zoological nomenclature.
interneuron n. [L. inter, between; Gr. neuron, nerve] Internuncial neuron or association neuron.
internode n. [L. inter, between; nodus, swelling] 1. The interval or part between two nodes or joints. 2. (BRYO) That
segment of a jointed colony between surfaces of articulation. 3. (CNID: Hydrozoa) A small repeated section of the
stem or hydrocladium separated by a constriction of the
perisarc.
internum n. [L. internus, inside] Medulla of a mitochondrion.
internuncial neuron see association neuron
internuncial process (PLATY) The cell processes (trabecula)
connecting the perikarya of cestode and trematode tegumental cells with the distal cytoplasm.
interoceptors n. [L. inter, between; (re)capere, to take]
Sense organs situated internally that respond to internal
conditions, as opposed to exteroceptors.
interosculant a. [L. inter, between; osculari, to kiss] Having
characters common to 2 or more species or groups.
interpetaloid a. [L. inter, between; Gr. petalon, leaf] (ECHINOD: Echinoidea) Area between ambulacral areas.
interphase n. [L. inter, between; Gr. phasis, state] The period
between succeeding mitoses. see interkinesis.
interpleural suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Odonata, suture
between the meso- and metapleura.
interpleurite n. [L. inter, between; Gr. pleuron, side] (ARTHRO: Insecta) An intersegmentalia between the pleurites.
interplical a. [L. inter, between; plicare, to fold] Lying between folds.
interradial plates (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) Additional calyx plates
between the radial plates in stalked crinoids.
interradius n.; pl. -radii [L. inter, between; radius, ray,
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spoke] 1. Area between radii or perradii in radially symmetrical animals. 2. (CNID) The second radius.
interramal a. [L. inter, between; ramus, branch] Between two
rami.
interramal cirrus (ANN: Polychaeta) Cirrus on the ventral side
of the notopodium.
interrugal a. [L. inter, between; ruga, wrinkle] Between rugae.
interrupted a. [L. inter, between; rumpere, to break] Irregular; asymmetrical; broken in continuity.
interscutal a. [L. inter, between; scutum, shield] Between
scuta.
intersegmental a. [L. inter, between; segmentum, part] Between segments.
intersegmental furrow (ANN: Oligochaeta) In pigmented species of earthworms, the boundary between two consecutive
segments where epidermis is thinnest and color is lacking.
intersegmental groove (ANN: Oligochaeta) In earthworms, a
circumferential depression of strongly contracted specimens that contains the intersegmental furrow.
intersegmentalia n.pl.; sing. -lium [L. inter, between; segmentum, part] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. Dorsal and ventral
plates associated with narrow intersegmental sclerites
which develop in the intersegmental folds. 2. Setiferous areas associated with the mesothoracic spiracles in scarab
beetles.
intersegmental membrane (ARTHRO: Insecta) The flexible
conjunctiva between two secondary segments where contraction of the longitudinal muscles produce telescoping of
the segments.
interseptal a. [L. inter, between; septum, wall] Spaces between septa.
intersex n. [L. inter, between; sexus, sex] An individual possessing both male and female characteristics; sex mosaic.
see hermaphrodite.
intersomitic a. [L. inter, between; Gr. soma, body] Between
body segments or somites.
483
interspaces n. [L. inter, between; spatium, space] 1. Intervening time or space. 2. (MOLL) Spaces between costa of a
shell.
interspicular a. [L. inter, between; spiculum, small point]
Between spicules.
484
wall between new polypides and parental polypides.
interzooidal polymorph (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) Polymorph
between zooids communicating with two or more zooids in
a space smaller than that occupied by an autozooid.
intersterility n. [L. inter, between; sterilis, unfruitful] Crosssterility between groups.
intestinal groove (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, marine
lobsters with a short, transverse groove of the posterior
carapace.
intersternite n. [L. inter, between; Gr. sternon, chest] (ARTHRO: Insecta) An intersegmental sclerite, located on the
ventral side of the thorax; the spinasternum.
intestinal region (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In a decapod carapace,
a short transverse area behind the cardiac region; posterior
cardiac lobe.
interstices n.pl. [L. interstitium, space between] A narrow
space between the parts of a body or things close together;
a crack, crevice or chink. interstitial a.
intestinal siphon (ECHI) A narrow tube associated with the
midgut; an accessory intestine.
interstitial cells (CNID) Small undifferentiated epidermal cells
which may give rise to cnidoblasts or nematocysts.
interstrial a. [L. inter, between; stria, groove] 1. Between two
striae. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) see elytral intervals.
intertentacular organ (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) A small ciliated
tube beneath the tentacle bases of the lophophore through
which fertilized eggs pass to the outside.
intestine n. [L. intestina, entrails] The chief digestive portion
of the enteron; gut.
intima n. [L. intimus, innermost] The internal membranous
lining of an organ. intimal a.
intorted n. [L. in, in; torquere, to twist] A turning or twisting
in any direction from the vertical.
in toto In its entirety; entirely; altogether.
intertergite n. [L. inter, between; tergum, back] An intersegment between tergites.
intra-alar bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a row of two
or three bristles between the supra-alar and dorsocentral
bristle groups.
intertidal zone The area bounded by the high and low tide
lines; also known as the littoral.
intracellular a. [L. intra, within; cellula, small cell] Occurring
within a cell or cells.
intertrochanteric a. [L. inter, between; Gr. trochanter, runner] (ARTHRO) Between trochanters.
intrachange n. [L. intra, within; cambiare, to barter] Exchange of segments within a chromosome resulting in
chromosomal structural changes.
interval n. [L. inter, between; vallum, a wall] 1. The space
between elevations or depressions. see interspace. 2.
Distance between points. 3. The time between periods of
development.
interzonal a. [L. inter, between; zona, belt] Connection between chromatids during separation at anaphase in mitosis.
interzooidal budding (BRYO: Stenolaemata) Budding that occurs outside of the living chambers of zooids producing a
bud nonrelated to an individual parent zooid.
interzooidal growth (BRYO: Phylactolaemata) Growth of a
intracoelomic muscle see external muscle
intracristal space Space enclosed by cristae in the mitochondrion.
Gymnolaemata)
In
intracuticular
skeleton
(BRYO:
Cheilostomata, skeletal layers between noncellular organic
sheets or within organic networks of cuticles of the exterior
walls.
intrados n. [L. intra, within; F. dos, the back] The interior
curve of an arch. see extrados.
485
intrahemocoelic a. [L. intra, within; Gr. haima, blood; koilos,
hollow] Within the hemocoel or perivisceral cavity of an invertebrate.
intralecithal cleavage Cleavage where the nuclei undergo several divisions within the yolk without concurrent cytokinesis; common in arthropods.
intraparies n.; pl. intraparietes [L. intra, within; paries, wall]
(ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Lepadomorpha, the secondary lateral margin of the carina.
intrapetalous a. [L. intra, within; Gr. petalon, leaf] (ECHINOD)
Within the area of the tube feet.
intrapulmonary respiration Type of respiration that does not
involve movements of the outer body wall and is confined
to the respiratory organs.
intrasegmental a. [L. intra, within; segmen, piece] Within a
segment.
intraspicular a. [L. intra, within; spicula, little point] (PORIF)
Pertains to spicules completely embedded in spongin.
intratentacular budding (CNID: Anthozoa) A zoantharian colony growing by asexual reproduction, through the formation of new mouths on the oral disk, resulting in branching,
or in linear groups of polyps bearing tentacles mainly on
the outer edges of the row.
intrauterine a. [L. intra, within; uterus, womb] 1. Within the
uterus. 2. Applied to developing offspring hatching within
the uterus of the mother. see matricidal hatching.
intra vitam Applied to certain stains having the property of
tinting cells of living organisms without killing them.
intrazooidal budding (BRYO: Stenolaemata) Budding within
the living chamber of a single zooid.
intrazooidal polymorphism (BRYO: Stenolaemata) Two different types of zooids developed in the same living chamber.
intrinsic a. [L. intrinsecus, inward] 1. Inherent or within. 2.
Cycles of species in a population. 3. Rate of natural increase in a stabilized population. see extrinsic.
intrinsic articulation A type of articulation where sclerotic
486
prolongations within the articular membrane make contact.
see extrinsic articulation.
intrinsic body wall muscles (BRYO) Circular and longitudinal
muscle layers in the body walls.
intrinsic muscles Muscles which move an organ (leg, etc.)
that originate within the segment. see extrinsic muscles.
introduced a. [L. intro, within; ducere, to lead] Not native but
brought into an area by man.
introitus n. [L. introitus, entered] Opening or orifice.
intromittent a. [L. intro, within; mettere, to send] Designed
for entering or inserting.
intromittent organ A male organ for transfer of seminal fluid
into the female.
introrse a. [L. intro, within; versus, turn] Facing or directed
inward toward the axis. see extrorse.
introvert n. [L. intro, within; versus, turn] (BRYO/SIPUN) A
cavity which accepts retractable appendages, e.g., the anterior cavity that accepts the anterior tentacles.
intumescent n. [L. in, in; tumescere, to swell up] A swelling;
being swollen or expanded.
intussusception n. [L. intus, within; suscipere, to take up]
Deposition of new particles of formative material among
those already present in a tissue or structure. see apposition, accretion.
invagination n. [L. in, into; vagina, sheath] An infolding, or
ingrowth of a sheet or layer of cells forming a pouch or sac,
especially in embryos. see emboly.
invalid a. [L. invalidus, not strong] Dismissing; without standing in zoological nomenclature.
inverse eyes Eyes in which the distal ends of the retinal cells
face the interior of the cup or vesicle. see converse eyes.
invertase n. [L. invertere, to turn around; -asis, ending signifying an enzyme] An enzyme found in many plants and
animal intestines that causes the hydrolysis of sucrose and
converts it into a mixture of glucose and fructose.
invertebrate n. [L. in, not; vertebrata, with backbones] Any
487
animal without a backbone or vertebral column.
investment n. [L. investire, to clothe] An outer covering of a
cell, part, or organism.
in vitro [L. in, in; vitrum, glass] In the test tube or other artificial environment.
in vivo [L. in, in; vivere, to live] Occurring within a living organism.
involucrum n. [L. involucrum, sheath] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A
sheath of cerumen around the brood chamber of stingless
bees.
involute a. [L. in, in; volute, spiral] 1. Rolled inwards at margins or edges. 2. (MOLL) The last whorl of a shell enveloping earlier ones and concealing, or nearly so, the axis or
earlier volutions. see convolute, revolute.
488
isauxesis n. [Gr. isos, equal; auxesis, growth] Equality in
growth; isometry. see bradyauxesis, heterauxesis,
tachyauxesis.
ischia pl. of ischium
ischiocerite n. [Gr. ischion, hip; keras, horn] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Third segment of an antennal peduncle.
ischiomerus a. [Gr. ischion, hip; meros, part] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Refers to the third (ischium) and fourth (merus)
segments of subchelate anterior appendages.
ischiopod(ite) n. [Gr. ischion, hip; pous, foot] (ARTHRO) The
third segment of a generalized limb; the second trochanter,
or second segment of the telopodite; prefemur. see ischium.
involution n. [L. in, in; volute, spiral] 1. Act of involving or
infolding. 2. Deterioration or retrograde evolution.
ischium n.; pl. ischia [Gr. ischion, hip] (ARTHRO: Crustacea)
The third segment of a pereopod, or first segment of an
endopod articulating with the basis; an ischiopodite.
ipsilateral a. [L. ipse, same; latus, side] Pertaining to or situated on the same side. see contralateral.
islet n. [L. dim. insula, an island] A spot in a plaga differing in
color.
iridescence n. [L. iris, rainbow] A rainbow-like display of interference colors that change with variations of the angle of
view, due to diffraction of light reflected from ribbed or
finely striated surfaces. iridescent a.
isoallele n. [Gr. isos, equal; allelon, one another] An allele
whose effect can only be distinguished from that of a normal allele by special techniques.
iridophore n. [L. iris, rainbow; Gr. phoreus, bearer] An iridescent chromatophore; an iridocyte.
iris n.; pl. irises, irides [L. iris, rainbow] Dark pigment surrounding the compound eyes of arthropods and the camera-type eyes of cephalopods.
irregular n. [L. in, not; regularis, according to rule] Unequal,
curved, bent; not regular.
irreversibility rule see Dollo's rule
irritability n. [L. irritare, to provoke] Ability to receive external
impressions and the power to react to them.
irritant n. [L. irritare, to provoke] Any external stimulus that
can provoke a response.
irrorate a. [L. in, not; roris, dew] Covered with minute marks,
colors, or minute grains or specks of color.
isobilateral a. [Gr. isos, equal; L. bis, twice; latus, side] Having bilateral symmetry where a structure can be divisible in
two planes at right angles.
isobrachial a. [Gr. isos, equal; brachion, arm] A chromosome
in which the centromere occupies the median position.
isochela n. [Gr. isos, equal; chele, claw] 1. A chela with two
like parts. 2. (PORIF) A diactinal microsclere with like recurved hooks, plates, flukes or anchor shaped at each end.
see anisochela.
isochromosome a. [Gr. isos, equal; chromos, color; soma,
body] Monocentric or dicentric chromosome with equal and
genetically identical arms which are mirror images.
isocies n.pl. [Gr. isos, equal; L. socius, companion] A group of
associated organisms with differing taxonomic affinities, at
times used merely in the sense of habitat groups. see associes, consocies, subsocies.
489
isocytous a. [Gr. isos, equal; kytos, container] Having cells of
equal size or height.
isodactylous a. [Gr. isos, equal; daktylos, finger] Bearing digits of equal size.
490
isomerases n.pl. [Gr. isos, equal; meros, part; -asis, enzyme]
Enzymes which convert one chemical compound to another; said to be isomeric compounds.
isomeric a. [Gr. isos, equal; meros, part] Equivalent genes
which can each produce the same phenotype.
isodiametric a. [Gr. isos, equal; dia, through; metron, measure] Having equal diameters or axes.
isomerogamy see isogamy
isodictyal a. [Gr. isos, equal; dictyon, net] (PORIF) Pertaining
to a type of skeletal construction with spicules and/or fibers
interlocking in a regular triangular pattern.
isomerous a. [Gr. isos, equal; meros, part] Having equal
number of parts, ridges or markings; homoeomerous. see
heteromerous.
isodont a. [Gr. isos, equal; odous, tooth] (MOLL: Bivalvia) With
hinge teeth arranged symmetrically; homodont.
isometry n. [Gr. isos, equal; metron, measure] Growth of two
body parts remaining constant relative to each other as
body size increases.
isoenzyme n. [Gr. isos, equal; en, in; zyme, yeast] An enzyme
differing in polymorphic states and isoelectric point, but
having the same function; an isozyme.
isomorphic a. [Gr. isos, equal; morphe, form] Alike or identical in appearance; isomorphous. see anisomorphic.
isogametes n. [Gr. isos, equal; gamete, spouse] Outwardly
similar male and female gametes.
isomorphism n. [Gr. isos, equal; morphe, form] Similarity of
organisms of different ancestry. see heteromorphic.
isogamy n. [Gr. isos, equal; gamos, union] The mutual fertilization process of isogametes.
isomyarian condition (MOLL: Bivalvia) Having adductor muscles equal or subequal in size; homomyarian.
isogenes n. [Gr. isos, equal; genos, race] Lines on a gene map
that connect points of identical gene frequency.
isonym n. [Gr. isos, equal; onyma, name] The new name of a
species, or higher classification being based upon the older
name or basinym.
isogenic a. [Gr. isos, equal; genos, race] A group of individuals that have the same genotype.
isoglottid a. [Gr. isos, equal; glottis, mouth of the windpipe]
(NEMATA) Having metarhabdions situated at the same level.
see anisoglottid.
isograft n. [Gr. isos, equal; graphion, stylus] Tissue graft between animals of the same genotype.
isolate n. [L. insula, island] A breeding population or group of
populations isolated from other populations by physiological, behavioral, or geographic barriers.
isolation n. [L. insula, island] Separation from similar forms.
isolecithal egg An ova with yolk granules randomly distributed
through the cell; a small amount of yolk; an oligolecithal
egg. see centrolecithal egg.
isomer n. [Gr. isos, equal; meros, part] Compounds of the
same chemical composition but with different structures.
isopalpi n.pl.; sing. -us [Gr. isos, equal; L. palpus, feeler]
Palpi with the same number of joints.
isophene, isophane n. [Gr. isos, equal; phainein, to show] 1.
A line connecting points of equal expression of a clinally
varying character. 2. A line connecting areas in a region at
which a phenological phenomenon occurs simultaneously.
3. Lines at right angles to a cline on a map.
isophenon n.; pl. isophena [Gr. isos, equal; phainein, to
show] Maintaining the same form, except sometimes in
size, after a growing- or repetition-molt.
isophenous a. [Gr. isos, equal; phainein, to show] Showing
characteristics of a phenotype.
isopodus a. [Gr. isos, equal; pous, foot] Having the legs alike
and equal.
isopycnosis n. [Gr. isos, equal; pyknos, thick] Chromosome or
491
chromosome regions which do not differ greatly from each
other.
J
isopygous a. [Gr. isos, equal; pyge, rump] Having pygidium
and cephalon equal in size.
isorhiza n. [Gr. isos, equal; rhiza, root] (CNID) A form of
nematocyst in which the tube is open and the same diameter along the tube, responding to mechanical stimuli,
and is used in anchoring the animal when it walks on its
tentacles. see atrichous isorhiza, holotrichous isorhiza,
basitrichous isorhiza.
isostrophic a. [Gr. isos, equal; strophe, turn] (MOLL: Gastropoda) Having two faces of the shell symmetrical with respect to a median plane perpendicular to axis.
isotomy a. [Gr. isos, equal; temnein, to cut] The process of
regularly repeated bifurcation as in crinoid branchia.
isotrophic a. [Gr. isos, equal; tropein, to turn] Singly refracting, as the light stripes of voluntary muscle fibers. see anisotropic.
isotype n. [Gr. isos, equal; typus, image] 1. An animal, plant
or group frequently found in two or more countries or life
regions. 2. A specimen collected from the type locale or
habitat at the same time as the holotype.
isotypical genus A description from more than one congeneric
species.
isozyme see isoenzyme
isthmiate a. [Gr. isthmos, neck] Connected by an isthmus-like
part.
isthmus n. [L. fr. Gr. isthmos, neck, narrow place] (MOLL: Bivalvia) Part of the mantle that secretes the horny uncalcified material (conchiolin) of the ligament. 2. (NEMATA) The
middle part of a muscular esophagus, often constricted; a
narrow section of the esophagus.
iteroparous a. [L. iterare, to repeat; parere, to bear] Having
the capability to reproduce two or more times during a lifetime. iteroparity n.
jacket cells (MESO: Orthonectida) The ciliated somatoderm;
the number of body rings and their arrangement is of taxonomic importance.
jaculatory duct A region of the vas deferens through which
sperm is emitted. see ejaculatory duct.
Johnston's organ (ARTHRO: Insecta) A chordotonal organ located in the second segment of the antenna and functioning in sound perception, flight speed indicator or water
wave perception.
joint n. [L. jungere, to join] An articulation of two successive
segments or parts.
Jonstonian organ see Johnston's organ
jordanon see microspecies
Jordan's organ see chaetosemata
jubate a. [L. jubatus, crested] Fringed with long, mane-like
hairs.
juga pl. of jugum
jugal angle (MOLL: Polyplacophora) The angle formed by the
two halves of an intermediate valve.
jugal area/tract (MOLL: Polyplacophora) The upper surface of
a valve immediately adjacent to the jugum, sometimes
sculptured differently from the rest of the surface; dorsal
area.
jugal bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) Bristles located on the edge
of the jugal lobe.
jugal coverage see valve coverage
jugal fold see plica jugalis
jugal lobe (ARTHRO: Insecta) A lobe at the base of the fore
wing that makes contact with the hind wing to prevent the
wings from moving out of phase.
jugal muscles (MOLL) Thick longitudinal muscles at the base of
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the radular mass.
jugal region 1. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, the anterolateral part on the ventral surface, located on opposite
sides of the buccal cavity; pterygostomial region. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The posterior basal lobe or area of a wing
demarcated from the vannal region by the jugal fold (plica
jugalis).
jugal sinus (MOLL: Polyplacophora) A depression between the
sutural laminae of chitins.
jugal tract (MOLL: Polyplacophora) The tegmentum surface,
adjacent to the jugum.
jugo-frenate wing coupling (ARTHRO: Insecta) Lepidoptera,
wing coupling where the jugum is folded under the fore
wings and holds the frenular bristles.
jugular a. [L. jugulum, collar bone, throat] Of or pertaining to
the throat.
jugular sclerites see cervical sclerite
jugulum n. [L. jugulum, collar bone, throat] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
1. The median ventral plate of the head. see gula. 2. The
jugum of the wing.
jugum n.; pl. -ga [L. jugum, yoke] 1. (BRACHIO) The medial
connection of the secondary shell between 2 primary lamellae of the spiralia. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In Lepidoptera, a lobe-like process at the base of the fore wings,
overlapping the hind wings. b. Two lateral lobes on the
head of certain Heteroptera, bordering the tylus. 3. (MOLL:
Polyplacophora) Longitudinal ridge of some intermediate
chiton valves that may be sharp or rounded.
Julien's organ see corema
juliform a. [ Julus, generic name; L. forma, shape] (ARTHRO:
Diplopoda) Having a cylindrical trunk and fused tergites,
pleurites, and sternites as in the order Julida.
junctional complex Specialized area of adhesive contact between cells.
junior homonym The more currently published of two or more
identical names for the same or different taxa. see homonym, senior homonym.
494
junior synonym The more currently published of two or more
available names for the same taxon. see synonyms, senior synonym.
juvenile a. [L. juvenilis, young] 1. A nonscientific colloquial
term used to denote any stage of development prior to
adulthood. 2. Often restricted to that stage immediately
preceding the sexually mature adult stage. 3. In general,
the immature stages resemble the adult in general morphology except for gonadal development.
juvenile hormone (ARTHRO: Insecta) A hormone of larvae
produced by the corpora allata that controls the way the
larval cells differentiate at each molt.
juxta n. [L. juxta, near] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. In Diptera, an
eversible membranous distal section of the male intromittent organ. 2. In male Lepidoptera, a sclerotized plate at
the base of the aedeagus; sometimes connected to the
anellus by a thin median process that is often forked so as
to surround the aedeagus; has been used as a synonym of
the anellus of the aedeagal fulcrum.
juxtacardo n. [L. juxta, near; cardo, hinge] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
An extension of the cardo from cardo proper toward the
submentum.
juxtacoxal carina (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Ichneumonidae, an
arched carina cutting off a lenticular area of the lower part
of the metapleura; when complete, the carina arches between the bases of the hind and middle coxae.
juxtaposition n. [L. juxta, near; positus, place] A placing or
being placed side by side.
juxtastipes n. [L. juxta, near; stipes, stalk] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
An extension of the stipes toward the mentum.
496
K
kairomone n. [Gr. kairos, fit; hormaein, to exite] A chemical
substance, produced or acquired by an organism, that upon
contact with an individual of another species evokes a behaviorial or physiological reaction favorable to the receiver
and not to the emitter. see allelochemic.
kalymma n. [Gr. kalymma, hood] Matrix material which is
thought by some authors to surround the components of
chromosomes.
karyochylema see nucleoplasm
karyoclastic a. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; klastos, broken in
pieces] Agents that inhibit mitosis without killing the cell.
karyogamy n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; gamos, marriage] The
union of male and female nuclei during the process of syngamy.
karyokinesis n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; kinesis, movement] Nuclear division as opposed to cytokinesis.
karyolymph see nucleoplasm
karyolysis n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; lysis, a loosing] Disappearance of the interphase nucleus at the beginning of karyokinesis; dissolution of the nucleus.
karyomere n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; meros, part] Any of a series of micronuclei formed in cells in which the chromosomes diverge at anaphase.
karyon n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus] The cell nucleus.
karyoplasm n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; plasma, formed or
molded] The protoplasm of the nucleus; nucleoplasm.
karyorhexis n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; rhexis, rupture] Nuclear
degeneration by nuclear fragmentation.
karyosome n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; soma, body] Irregular
clump of chromatin dispersed in the chromatin cell network.
karyotheca n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; theke, a box] Nuclear
membrane.
karyotin n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus] Chromatin.
karyotype n. [Gr. karyon, nucleus; typos, image] The particular chromosome complement of an individual or species, as
defined by both number and morphology of the chromosomes, usually in mitotic metaphase.
katabolism see catabolism
katagenesis n. [Gr. kata, down; genesis, beginning] Retrogressive evolution.
katakinesis see catakinesis
kataplexy see cataplexy
katatrepsis n. [Gr. kata, down; trepein, to turn] 1. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) In blastokinesis, the movement of the embryo inside the egg from one pole to another. 2. Refers to different activities in different groups of insects, i.e., dorsal to
ventral, ventral to dorsal. 3. Decrease of movement during
blastokinesis. see anatrepsis.
katepimeron see infraepimeron
katepisternum see infraepisternum
katharobic a. [Gr. katharos, pure; bios, life] Pertains to living
in clean water.
kation see cation
Keber's valve (MOLL: Bivalvia) Pericardinal gland, connecting
the pedal and visceral hemocoels.
keel n. [A.S. ceol, ship] 1. A prominent ridge or carina. 2.
(BRYO) a. In Stenolaemata, a flat median portion of the zooidal wall between sinuses in recumbent part of endozone
or as a synonym of carina. b. In Phylactolaemata, a median
longitudinal ridge along recumbent tubular colony parts. 3.
(MOLL: Gastropoda) A spiral ridge usually marking a change
of slope in the outline of the shell.
Keferstein bodies (SIPUN) Small oval bodies on the inner or
coelomic surface of the body wall.
kenozooid n. [Gr. kenos, empty; zoon, animal; eidos, like]
(BRYO) 1. In Stenolaemata, a polymorph without a lopho-
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phore, gut, muscles, and orifice. 2. In Gymnolaemata, a
polymorph without an orificial wall or equivalent, lophophore, alimentary canal, and usually muscles.
kentrogon n. [Gr. kentor, piercer; gone, that which generates]
(ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Rhizocephala, undifferentiated cells
formed after the cyprid larval molts and its appendages
and carapace are discarded, that penetrates the integument of a Decapoda host.
kentromorphism n. [Gr. kentor, piercer; morphe, form] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A change brought about by environmental
stimuli (high or low population density) in phasmatids, locusts, the larva of Lepidoptera and a few other insects, that
cause coloration and pattern differences, anatomical proportions, physiology and behavioral differences. see gregaria, solitaria.
kentron n. [Gr. kentor, piercer] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Rhizocephala, a hollow stylet in the anterior body of a kentrogon
that invades the antennule and pierces the integument of
its host.
keratin n. [Gr. keras, horn] A sulfur-containing nitrogenous
compound found in animal tissues such as horn, hair and
nails.
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an acceptor; named for acceptor; enzyme which activates a
zymogen.
kinesis n. [Gr. kinesis, movement] Responses not directed to a
variation in the stimulus or orientation of the body axis to
the source of stimulation; movement resulting from a kinesis is random. see taxis, tropism.
kinesodic a. [Gr. kinesis, movement; hodos, way] Conveying
motor impulses.
kinetoblast n. [Gr. kinetos, move; blastos, bud] Outer covering of aquatic larvae equipped with locomotory cilia.
kinetochore see centromere
kinetogenesis n. [Gr. kinetos, move; genesis, beginning] The
theory that animal structure evolution was produced by
animal movements. kinetogenetic a.
kinetomere n. [Gr. kinetos, move; meros, part] Chromomere;
bead-like chromatin concentrations along a chromosome.
kinetonema see centromere
king n. [A.S. cyng] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In social Hymenoptera
and Isoptera, a primary reproductive male that along with
the queen loses its wings after founding the colony.
keratinization n. [Gr. keras, horn] Conversion of tissues into
keratin or keratin-like tissue. see cornification.
kingdom n. [A.S. cyngdom] The largest primary taxonomic division; organisms usually divided into three kingdoms,
plants, animals and Protista.
keratose a. [Gr. keras, horn] Having horny fibers in the
skeletal structure, as in certain Porifera.
kinomere see centromere
kermes (Generic name) A red dye made from the dried bodies
of female coccids of kermococcus ilicis; granum tinctorium.
key n. [ME. key] A tabulation of diagnostic characters of organisms most often in dichotomous couplets facilitating
rapid identification.
kidney shaped Shaped like a kidney; reniform.
kinaesthesis, kinesthesis n. [Gr. kinein, to move; aisthesis,
perception] Perception of movement by internal stimulation; proprioceptors.
kinase n. [Gr. kinein, to move; -asis, enzyme] Enzymes that
catalyse the transfer of high energy groups from a donor to
kinoplasm n. [Gr. kinein, to move; plasma, formed or molded]
A former name for a distinct type of protoplasm which
tends to form fibrillar structures and is mechanically active.
Kinorhyncha, kinorhynchs n., n.pl. [Gr. kinein, to move;
rhynchos, snout] A phylum of free-living marine invertebrates, with joined segments and spines; sometimes called
the Echinoderida or considered a class of Aschelminthes or
Nemathelminthes.
kitchen midden n. [Dan. kjokkenmodding; kitchen leavings]
The kitchen refuse heap of sea shells and bones of ancient
dwellings along the coast of northern Europe, eastern and
western United States, and many parts of the world.
499
klinokinesis n. [Gr. klinein, to bend; kinesis, movement] A
non-directional response in which the rate of turning depends on the intensity of stimulation; trial-and-error reaction. see orthokinesis.
klinotaxis n. [Gr. klinein, to bend; taxis, arrangement] Orientation and movement toward a stimulus by an organism by
moving its head or whole body from side to side symmetrically. see telotaxis, tropotaxis.
knee-segment (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) Segment of the legs
between ascending and descending part; called genu in
mites and patella in other chelicerates.
Koelliker's canal (MOLL: Cephalopoda) In Incirrata, a small
blind tube that opens into the endolymph sac of the statocyst; function unknown.
Koelliker's tufts or organs (MOLL: Cephalophoda) Groups of
stiff bristles on the skin of most embryos and hatching octopods.
kolytic a. [Gr. kolytikos, hindering] Inhibiting or inhibitory.
koriogamy n. [Gr. koreios, youthful or maiden; gamos, marriage] The impregnation of a female possessing a fully developed vagina and uterus but an immature ovary; coryogamy.
Koshevnikov or Koshewnikow gland (ARTHRO: Insecta) A
gland consisting of or corresponding to Leydig cells and the
sting of numerous bees, that produce an attractant pheromone in honey bee queens.
Krause's membrane see Z-band or disc
Krebs' cycle Energy cycle; stepwise enzymatic oxydation of
simple sugars to give high energy phosphate bonds (ATP).
K-strategist Any species of organism using a survival and reproductive strategy characterized by low fecundity, low
mortality, longer life, and having populations approaching
the carrying capacity of the environment, controlled by
density-dependent factors. see R-stratigist.
kyphorhabd n. [Gr. kyphos, humpbacked; rhabdo, rod] (PORIF) A strongyle with a row of tubercles along one side.
L
labella pl. of labellum
labellar abductor apodeme (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a
small cuticular process below the inner basal margin of
each labellum, where the labellar abductor muscle attaches.
labellar basal sclerites (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, ventral
sclerites in the membranous articulation between the
prementum and the labella of the labium; basal sclerite.
labellar mesial sclerite (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, two
narrow sclerotized strips on the inner surface of each labellum; mesial sclerite.
labellar sclerite (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, one of several
cuticular plates of each labellum; the prominent basal
sclerite; the furca of the labellum.
labellum n.; pl. -la [L. dim. labrum, lip] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
One of variously expanded apexes of the labium; the bouton or flabellum of bees.
labial a. [L. dim. labrum, lip] Pertaining to lip or labium.
labial area (MOLL: Gastropoda) The flattened or callus-coated
surface extending from inner lip of the shell.
labial disc (NEMATA) A circular elevation of cuticle surrounding
the oral opening; perioral disc.
labial glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) Salivary glands in the majority of insects, situated below the anterior part of the alimentary canal; ducts originating from these glands unite
into a common duct (salivary canal) which opens near the
base of the labium or hypopharynx.
labial gutter see premental gutter
labial kidneys see labial nephridia
labial lumen see premental gutter
labial mask (ARTHRO: Insecta) A modification of the labium of
dragonfly larvae in which the pre- and post-mentum are
501
elongated and the palps modified into grasping organs for
catching prey.
labial nephridia (ARTHRO: Insecta) Tubules in the head of
Collembola and Thysanura, whose terminal sac may play
some excretory role.
labial palp/palpus pl. -pi 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) One of a pair
of small feelerlike structures borne on the labium. see
maxillary palp. 2. (MOLL: Bivalvia) One of 4 structures (2
on each side of the mouth) derived from the velum by
which the larva swims and collects food.
labial plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) A sclerotized, serrated plate
derived from the labium of larvae of aquatic Diptera;
mental plate.
labial stipes see labiostipes
labial suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) Suture on the labium between
the postmentum and the prementum.
labial veil see oral lappets
labiate a. [L. labium, lip] Having lips or lip-like parts or thickened margins.
labidophorous a. [Gr. labis, forcepts; pherein, to carry] Having pincer-like organs.
labiella n.pl.; sing. labiellum [L. dim. labium, lip] 1. (ARTHRO:
Chilopoda) A mouth part of a myriapod. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The hypopharynx; the median mouthpart.
labile a. [L. labilis, slipping] Readily changeable; unstable.
labiostipes n.pl. [L. dim. labium, lip; stipes, stem] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) A portion of the basal part of the labium.
labis see socii
labium n.; pl. -bia [L. labium, lip] 1. A lip. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Araneae, the lower lip, forming the floor of the
mouth cavity. 3. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The metastoma. 4.
(ARTHRO: Insecta) One of the mouth-part structures, the
lower lip, composed of fused second maxillae; has been
referred to as the tongue at a certain phase of development. 5. (MOLL) The inner lip of a univalve shell, the inner
side of the aperture or columellar lip extending from the
origin at the lip of the labrum and resting on the columella.
502
see inner lip.
labral a. [L. labrum, lip] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertaining to the
upper lip. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda) Pertaining to the outer lip
of a shell.
labropalatum n. [L. labrum, lip; palatum, roof of mouth] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the oral surface of the labrum of
mosquitoes; a division of the palatum. see clypeopalatum.
labrum n.; pl. -bra [L. labrum, lip] 1. A lip or edge. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Araneae, has been incorrectly used
for the labium. 3. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The unpaired outgrowth arising in front of the mouth and often covering it;
upper lip. 4. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The upper lip located below
the clypeus and in front of the other mouth parts. 5. (ARTHRO: Trilobita) The hypostoma of a trilobite fossil. 6.
(ECHINOD: Echinoidea) A flap of the interambulacrum which
projects over the ventral peristome.
labrum-epipharynx (ARTHRO: Insecta) The mouth part representing the labrum and epipharynx.
lac n. [Skr. laksa] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A yellowish or reddishbrown resinous substance secreted by a homopterous scale
insect in the family Kerridae (=Tachardiidae, Lacciferidae),
important commercially as lac or shellac for varnishes, as
sealing wax, and as insulating material in electrical work,
cultivated in India, Ceylon and Burma; also has a medicinal
use in Mexico.
lacerated a. [L. lacer, torn] Having edges jagged or irregular.
lacinia, lacinea n.; pl. laciniae [L. lacinia, flap] 1. (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) The inner distal spiny lobe of the second segment of the maxillula. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In many, the
inner lobe (elongate jaw-like structure) of the maxilla, located at the apex of the stipes. b. In Psocidae, represented
by a hard elongate rod, slightly bifurcated at its free end
and ensheathed by the galea, sometimes called the pick;
similar modification to a stylet-like shape in Mallophaga.
lacinia mandibulae see lacinia mobilis
lacinia mobilis 1. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) A small, generally
toothed process articulated with the incisor process of the
503
mandible. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) A small movable lobe-like
process near the extremity of the mandible; a prostheca.
laciniate a. [L. lacer, torn] Slashed or cut into irregularly narrow lobes or deep segments.
lacteous a. [L. lac, milk] Of white or milky color.
lactescent a. [L. lactescere, to turn to milk] Like milk in appearance; yielding or secreting a milky fluid.
lactic acid Organic acid formed in tissues of two molecules for
every molecule of glucose used where oxygen is in short
supply.
lacuna n.; pl. -ae [L. lacuna, cavity] 1. A space, gap, cavity or
channel. 2. (ACANTHO) Channels making up the lacunar
system. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In wing development, canals
that contain nerves, tracheae, and hemolymph. 4.
(BRACHIO:Articulata) The large open space surrounding the
lophophore. 5. (BRYO) Open space between tubular porechambers. 6. (MOLL: Bivalvia) Irregular, blood-filled spaces
between various organs in the mantle and visceral mass.
504
leaflike structure. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) A triangular
plate on the promargin of the cheliceral fang furrow in
some spiders. 3. (MOLL: Gastropoda) Flared axial projection
of the outer lip of the shell.
lamellar ligament (MOLL: Bivalvia) That part of the ligament
secreted by the mantle edge that is lamellar in structure
and contains no calcium carbonate; elastic to both compression and tension.
lamellate a. [L. lamella, small plate] Composed of or covered
by thin scales, plates or layers.
lamellate antennae (ARTHRO: Insecta) Antennae with an
asymmetrical 3- to 7-segmented club of more or less flattened segments.
Lamellibranchia see Class Bivalvia, Phylum Mollusca
lamellibranchiate a. [L. lamella, small plate; Gr. branchia,
gills] (MOLL) With plate-like gills that are bilaterally symmetrical; bilaterally compressed, symmetrical body.
lacunar system (ACANTHO) The circulatory system.
lamellicorn a. [L. lamella, small plate; cornu, horn] Having the
joints of the antenna expanded into flattened plates.
lacunose a. [L. lacuna, cavity] Marked by shallow, scattered
depressions; pitted.
lamelliform a. [L. lamella, small plate; forma, shape] Having
the form of scales, thin plates or layers.
lacustrine a. [L. lacus, lake] Of or pertaining to living in or
near a lake.
lamellocyte see plasmatocyte
laeotorma n; pl. -ae [Gr. laios, left; torma, socket] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) In beetle larvae, transverse sclerite extending inward from the left hind angle of the epipharynx, usually
with a projection.
laeotropic a. [Gr. laios, left; tropos, turn] Of or pertaining to
the left; sinistral; opposed to dexiotropic.
lagena n. [L. lagaena, flask] 1. Bottle-shaped; dilated below
and tapering to a narrow neck above; lageniform. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, the smaller lobe of the
spermatheca; may be fused into one organ. see utriculus.
Lamarckism A theory espoused by Lamarck, that evolution is
brought about by volition or by environmental induction;
Geoffroyism.
lamella n.; pl. -ae [L. lamella, small plate] 1. A thin plate or
lamello-fibrous (MOLL) Referring to shells with one portion
composed of fibers and another of laminae.
lamellose a. [L. lamella, small plate] Composed of lamella.
lamina n.; pl. -nae, -nas [L. lamina, a plate] 1. A thin plate,
scale or layer. 2. (ARTHRO) A distal synaptic region in the
optic lobes. 3. (NEMATA) The main body of the male spicule; the blade.
lamina lingualis pl. laminae linguales (ARTHRO: Diplopoda)
One of two median distal plates in the gnathochilarium.
lamina of insertion see insertion plate
lamina phalli (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Caelifera, endophallic
membrane sclerotizations restricting the spermatophore
sac.
laminar a. [L. lamina, plate] Arranged in thin plates or layers;
505
laminiform.
laminate a. [L. lamina, plate] Composed of leaf-like, overlapping plates or scales.
laminiform a. [L. lamina, plate; forma, shape] Laminar.
lampbrush chromosomes Very large chromosomes with fine
lateral projections; found in invertebrates and vertebrates.
lanate a. [L. lana, wool] Covered with long, very fine or wooly
hairlike filaments.
506
invertebrates after hatching from the egg, lacking adult
features, usually active and feeding. larval a.
larval-pupal apolysis (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the interim before the cryptocephalic pupa. see pupal-adult
apolysis.
larval shell (MOLL: Gastropoda) The hard parts of a pelagic
larva before it settles down and undergoes metamorphosis.
larval stages The period of growth between molts.
lanceolate a. [L. lanceola, little lance] Tapering to a point at
the apex, or sometimes at both ends; lance-shaped.
larval stem nematogen (MESO: Rhombozoa) In Dicyemida, an
early stage in development.
lancet n. [L. lancea, light spear] 1. Any piercing structure. 2.
(ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In Hymentoptera, the first valvulae.
b. The first gonapophyses of Apis. 3. [NEMATA] Small teeth
in the buccal cavity of some nematodes.
larvarium n. [L. larva, mask; -arium, place of a thing] A nest
or case made by a larva as a shelter.
lancinate v.t. [L. lancinare, to tear to pieces] To tear, lacerate,
pierce or stab.
Lang's vesicle (PLATY: Turbellaria) A blind extension of the
female canal of certain Acotylea, proximal to where the
oviducts join.
lantern n. [L. lanterna, lantern] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The light
organs of fireflies and certain beetles. 2. (MOLL: Cephalopoda) The photophore. see Aristotle's lantern.
lanuginous a. [L. lanugo, down] Covered with very fine soft
hair.
lapidicolous a. [L. lapis, stone; colere, to inhabit] Living under
stones.
lapidrous a. [L. lapis, stone] Of the nature of a stone.
lappet n. [A.S. laeppa, a loose hanging part] 1. A fold, small
flap, lobe or loose hanging portion. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea)
In Mysidacea, a ventrally projecting subdivision of the
pleura. 3. (CNID: Scyphozoa) A flaplike projection on the
bell margin. 4. (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) A movable plate on
the margin of an ambulacral groove. 5. (ECHI) In Bonellidae, the shortened arms of the proboscis. 6. (PLATY: Turbellaria) In Tricladida, earlike process on the head.
larva n.; pl. -ae [L. larva, mask] The preadult stage in some
larvate see pupa larvata
larviform a. [L. larva, mask; forma, shape] Shaped like a
larva.
larviparous a. [L. larva, mask; parere, to produce] Producing
by bringing forth living larvae; viviparous. see oviparous.
larvipositor n. [L. larva, mask; ponare, to place] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A modified ovipositor.
larvivorous a. [L. larva, mask; vorare, to devour] Larvae eating.
lasiopod n. [Gr. lasios, wooly; pous, foot] (ARTHRO: Crustacea)
A cirral appendage of barnacles, with a transverse row of
setae at each articulation. see acanthopod, ctenopod.
lasso n. [L. laqueus, snare, noose] 1. (CNID) Fibrils, thought to
be contractile, extending down the stalk of a cnidoblast securing the nematocyst. 2. (NEMATA) Circular traps; a threecelled ring of predacious fungi that constrict around a
nematode, penetrating the cuticle and ramifying inside the
tissue.
lasso cell see coloblast
last whorl (MOLL: Gastropoda) In coiled shells, last-formed
complete volution of a helicocone.
latera pl. of latus
laterad adv. [L. latus, side; ad, toward] Toward the side, directed away from the midline of the body.
507
lateral a. [L. latus, side] 1. Of or pertaining to the side; situated at, coming from, or directed towards. 2. (ARTHRO:
Crustacea) In Cirripedia, one of a pair of compartmental
plates, typically located between the carinolateral and rostrum; latus or median latus.
lateral abdominal gills (ARTHRO: Insecta) In a few genera of
Odonata, filamentous (or true abdominal appendages) on
either side of the 2nd to 7th or 8th abdominal segments.
lateral ala (NEMATA) Lateral longitudinal expansions or incisures.
lateral apodeme see endopleurite
lateral bar (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Acrothoracica, one of a pair
of external chitinous thickenings, extending from the apertural thickenings medially down each side of the mantle
sac.
lateral carina (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Conchostraca, a narrow
ridge on the side margin of the carapace.
lateral cilia (MOLL: Polyplacophora) Cilia on the flat surfaces of
the leaflets of the ctenidia.
lateral comb (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, lateral spines or
scales on the eighth abdominal segment of mosquito larvae.
lateral commissures 1. (ANN) Commissural blood vessels. 2.
(NEMATA) Dorso- or ventro-lateral nerves connecting ganglia and major dorsal or ventral nerves.
lateral cups (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Paired elements of the nauplius eye; absent in malacostracans.
lateral denticle (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Stomatopoda, small
projection at the base of each lateral tooth on the terminal
abdominal segment.
lateral facials (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, one or more bristles on each side of the face below and toward the eye.
lateral field see lateral line, lateral ridge
lateral filaments (ARTHRO: Insecta) Cerci on the margins of
the abdomen in some aquatic larvae.
lateral frontal organs (ARTHRO: Insecta) In most Apterygota,
508
separate capsules containing the median neurosecretory
cells on the dorsal side of the brain.
lateral gonapophyses (ARTHRO: Insecta) In female Odonata,
a pair of chitinous processes of the ovipositor on the 9th
abdominal segment.
lateral hearts see commissural vessels
lateral hinge system (MOLL: Bivalvia) Hinges in some prodissoconchs both anterior and posterior to the provinculum.
lateralia n. [L. latus, side] 1. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Lateral
plates, variable in number, of lepadomorphs and balanomorphs. 2. (GNATHO) Lateral paired sensory bristles on the
head.
lateral line 1. (ANN: Oligochaeta) In aquatic forms, the line
formed by the nuclei of the fibers of the circular muscles.
2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In eruciform Trichoptera, finely
haired, longitudinal cuticular fold on each side of the abdomen. see supraspiracular line. 3. (NEMATA) In some
nematodes, lateral, longitudinal cuticular incisures beneath
which the lateral nuclei of the hypodermis are found; lateral field lines. see lateral ridge.
lateral lips 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, lateroventral
protuberances anterior to the mouth; joined to the labrum
usually, and the labium when present. 2. (NEMATA) Lateral
lobes of the hexaradiate labial region.
lateral longitudinal carina (ARTHRO: Insecta) In ichneumonid
Hymenoptera, the longitudinal carina of the propodium on
each side laying between the median and pleural carinae.
lateral mesentaries (CNID: Anthozoa) In Zoantharia, the
mesentaries, excluding directive or dorsal and ventral
pairs.
lateral ocelli see stemma
lateral organs 1. (ANN: Polychaeta) Ciliated sensory structures
located between the notopodium and neuropodium of each
parapodium. see dorsal organ. 2. (NEMATA) The amphids.
lateral oviduct (ARTHRO: Insecta) Paired canals of the female
system, leading from ovaries, frequently mesodermal, and
joining the common (median) oviduct.
509
lateral penellipse (ARTHRO: Insecta) In lepidopterous larvae,
an almost complete circle of crochets, open or incomplete,
toward the meson. see penellipse.
lateral ridge (NEMATA) The ridge formed by two contiguous
lateral lines, when seen in cross-section or with SEM; lateral field ridges.
lateral skeletal projections (BRYO: Stenolaemata) Skeletal
structures in living chambers opposite the feeding organs;
including hemisepta, hemiphragms, ring septa, mural
spines, and skeletal cystiphragms.
lateral teeth (MOLL: Bivalvia) Interlocking teeth, not functioning as a hinge, but serving to prevent valves from sliding
upon each other when closed.
laterigrade a. [L. latus, side; gradus, step] Walking sideways,
as some spiders and crabs.
lateris see pygidial fringe
laterocranium n. [L. latus, side; LL. cranium, skull] (ARTHRO:
Insecta) The region of the head comprised of the genae
and postgenae.
laterofrontal a. [L. latus, side; frons, front] Situated on the
side but towards the front.
lateromarginal expansion (ARTHRO: Insecta) The median
part of the marginal region of the phallobase of scarabaeoid beetles, characterized by an expansion of the margin into the lateral membrane.
lateropleural area (MOLL: Polyplacophora) The upper portion
of the side slopes of an intermediate valve; denoting
sculpture of a valve, lacking demarcation between the lateral and pleural areas.
lateroproximal marginal region (ARTHRO: Insecta) A lateral
marginal region of the phallobase of scarabaeoid beetles,
extending from the articulation with the tectum to where
the margin and rugula intersect.
510
THRO) A lateral or dorsolateral tergal sclerite.
lateroventral a. [L. latus, side; venter, belly] To the side
(away from the midline of the body) and below.
lateroverted a. [L. latus, side; vertere, to turn] Displaced toward the side of the body; laterally displaced.
laticorn trumpet (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a respiratory
structure of mosquito pupae bearing the longest axis transverse to the stem, frequently with a secondary cleft in the
pinna opposite the meatal cleft, less wide-mouthed than
the angusticorn type, but with an elaborate lobe (tragus)
on the rim of the pinna. see angusticorn trumpet.
laticostate a. [L. latus, broad; costatus, ribbed] Broad-ribbed.
latigastric a. [L. latus, broad; Gr. gaster, stomach] (ARTHRO:
Chelicerata) Pertaining to those of the subphylum that are
broadly joined between prosoma and opisthosoma. see
cauligastric.
latirostrate a. [L. latus, broad; rostrum, beak] Having a broad
rostrum. see angustirostrate.
latrodectism n. [ Latrodectus sp.; L. latro, brigand; Gr. dektes, biter; L. -ism, condition] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In
Arachnida, envenomation of humans by Latrodectus (black
widow) spiders.
latticed a. [Gr. latte, lath] To cross or interlace; cancellated.
latus n.; pl. latera [L. latus, side] (ARTHRO) 1. The side of the
body. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia, any of the
capitular plates except paired scuta and terga and unpaired
rostrum, carina, subrostrum and subcarina of certain Lepadomorpha. see carinal, inframedian, lower lateral
plates, rostral and upper latus.
Laurer's canal (PLATY: Trematoda) In Digenea, a tubular canal
extending from the base of the seminal receptacle; sometimes opening dorsally to the exterior; Laurer-Stieda canal.
laterosternite n. [L. latus, side; Gr. sternon, breast; -ites,
part] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Lateral plates at the sides of the
eusternum in Isoptera, Dermaptera, and Blattaria.
leaflets n.pl. [A.S. dim. leaf] (MOLL: Bivalvia) A double row of
flat, triangular, ciliated processes on the ctenidia of Protobranchia that project into the mantle cavity for clearing
particulate matter from the gills.
laterotergite n. [L. latus, side; tergum, back; -ites, part] (AR-
leberidocytes n.pl. [Gr. leberis, shed skin; kytos, container]
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(ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Arachnida, glycogen containing
cells that develop from and back to leucocytes during
molting.
lecithin n. [Gr. lekithos, egg yolk; -in, ending for fats, etc.] A
very common, widely dispersed phospholipid, found in
many kinds of cells.
lecithotrophic a. [Gr. lekithos, egg yolk; trophe, food] Obtaining nourishment from a large quantity of stored yolk, as
in various invertebrates.
lecithotrophic development (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) Production of brooding larvae lacking a digestive tract.
lectoallotype n. [Gr. lektos, choose; allos, other; typos, type]
A subsequent specimen of the opposite sex of the lectotype
chosen from the original material.
lectotype n. [Gr. lektos, choose; typos, type] A specimen selected from a syntypic series that, subsequent to the publication of the original description, is selected and designated through publication to serve as the type.
left valve (MOLL: Bivalvia) While holding the bivalve shell with
the hinge up and the apex or umbo pointed away from the
pallial sinus toward the holder, the left valve is to the left.
lek n. [Sw. lika, to play] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A communal display
area where males congregate for the purpose of attracting
and courting females, and to which females come for mating; sometimes called an arena.
lemniscate, lemniscata n. [Gr. lemniskos, ribbon] A clubshaped organ.
lemniscus n.; lemnisci pl. [Gr. lemniskos, ribbon] (ACANTHO)
One of a pair of elongate structures attached to the neck
region and extending into the trunk cavity; may act as a
reservoir for the fluid of the neck region when the proboscis is invaginated.
lemnoblast see Schwann cell
length n. [A.S. lang, long] (MOLL: Bivalvia) Greatest dimension
by a projection of the shell extremities onto the cardinal
axis.
lens n.; pl. lenses [L. lens, lentil] Transparent covering of the
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eye, serving to focus the rays of light.
lentic, lenitic a. [L. lentus, slow, viscous] Living in still water;
applied to organisms that inhabit swamps, ponds or lakes.
see lotic.
lenticular a. [L. lenticularis, lentil-shaped] Having the form of
a biconvex lens.
lentigerous a. [L. lens, lentil; gerere, to bear] Having a lens.
lepidopterism a. [Gr. lepis, scale; pteron, wing; -ismos, denoting condition] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Any pathological condition caused by the Lepidoptera. see erucism, paraerucism, cryptotoxic, phanerotoxic, metaerucism, pseudoerucism.
lepocyte n. [Gr. lepis, scale; kytos, container] A nucleated cell
with a cell wall. see gymnocyte.
leprous a. [L. lepra, scaly] Having loose irregular scales; scalelike; covered with scales.
leptiform see campodeiform larva
leptoblast n. [Gr. leptos, thin; blastos, bud] (BRYO) A floatoblast that quickly germinates after release from the parent
colony.
leptoderan a. [Gr. leptos, thin; deras, hide, leather] (NEMATA)
With caudal alae restricted to two sides of the body and not
surrounding or meeting posterior to the tail tip. see peloderan.
leptonema n. [Gr. leptos, thin; nema, thread] A chromatin
thread or chromosome at leptotene stage of prophase I in
meiosis; sometimes used as a synonym of leptotene stage.
see leptotene.
leptopelagic a. [Gr. leptos, thin; pelagos, sea] Extremely fine
living or non-living material floating in sea water.
leptophragmata n.pl. [Gr. leptos, thin; phragma, hedge,
fence] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In cryptonephridial forms, specialized cells at points of attachment of Malpighian tubules
to the rectal peritrophic membranes.
leptostraterate a. [Gr. leptos, thin; stratos, covered] (ECHINOD: Asteroidea) Having the ambulacral plates narrow and
crowded together.
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leptotene n. [Gr. leptos, thin; tainia, ribbon] Early stage of
prophase I in meiosis with chromosomes appearing as fine
threads, although made up of two chromatids which are
not apparent until the pachytene stage. see leptonema,
pachynema.
leptotrombicula n. [Gr. leptos, thin; It. tromba, trumpet]
(ARTHRO: Chelicerata) The slender larva of the thrombiculid
mite that transmits Tsutsugamushi disease, also known as
Japanese flood fever or scrub typhus.
leptus n. [Gr. leptos, small] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari,
larval form of mites with 6 legs.
lerp n. [Native name, lit., sweet] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In australian jumping plantlice, a scale or test on leaves or small
twigs under which sedentary nymphs of Spondyliaspinae
shelter.
lesion n. [L. laedere, to injure] In plants or animals, a wound
or injury causing circumscribed pathological change in tissues, including a change or loss of function.
lestobiosis n. [Gr. lestes, robber; biosis, manner of life] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a type of symbiosis in
which a group of 'thief ants' of small size nest in or near
the chambers of termites and larger ants, eating their
stored food, larvae, and pupae unnoticed by their benefactors. see cleptobiosis.
lethal factor see balanced lethals
lethargy n.; pl. -gies [Gr. lethargios, drowsy] A state of inaction.
letisimulation n. [L. lethum, death; similis, like] Feigning
death; thanatosis.
leucine n. [Gr. leukos, white] An amino acid, x-amino isocaproic acid found in tissues of various invertebrates.
leucoblast n. [Gr. leukos, white; blastos, bud] The developing
leucocyte; a precursor of a leucocyte; a proleucocyte; a
prohemocyte; leukoblast.
leucocyte see plasmatocyte
leucon see leuconoid grade or type
leuconoid grade or type (PORIF) A grade of construction of
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sponges in which the choanocyte chambers are small, and
distributed through the interior tissues. see asconoid
grade, synconoid grade.
leucopterine see pterine (pteridine) pigments
levation n. [L. levare, to raise] The raising of the leg or a part
of the leg; part of protraction.
levator n. [L. levare, to raise] Any muscle serving to raise an
organ or part.
levels of integration Levels of complexity in structures, patterns, or associations when new properties emerge that
could not have been predicted from the properties of the
component parts.
levigate a. [L. levigare, to make smooth] Smooth surfaced;
polished.
Leydig cells 1. Secretory cells of various glands. 2. (ARTHRO:
Insecta) In Hymenoptera, produces an attractant pheronome in Apis; mandibular gland and Koshevnikov gland.
3. (MOLL: Gastropoda) In Prosobranchia, cells in the mantle, foot and around the digestive tract.
life cycle The complete series of successive forms through
which any particular kind of organism passes in the course
of its development to maturity.
ligament n. [L. ligare, to bind] 1. A band or sheet of tough,
fibrous tissue between parts or segments. 2. (BRYO) Muscle
fibers embedded in collagen with a tubular peritoneal envelope. 3. (MOLL: Bivalvia) A horny, elastic band located
above the hinge, causing the valves to open when the adductor muscles relax.
ligamental area (MOLL: Bivalvia) An area between the umbo
and ligament that shows the growth track of the ligament.
ligament fulcrum see nympha
ligament groove (MOLL: Bivalvia) A narrow depression in the
cardinal area for attachment of ligament fibers.
ligament pit (MOLL: Bivalvia) A broad depression in the cardinal area for ligament attachment.
ligament sac 1. (ACANTHO) Encloses the genital apparatus of
male and female; separates immature eggs from mature in
515
females. 2. (MOLL) The sac housing the ligaments attached
to the base of the teeth.
516
Acari, the border of an element of the exoskeleton, such as
a tectum. 2. (BRACHIO) The flattened inner margin of the
inarticulate valve.
ligament strand (ACANTHO) The nucleated, syncytial band of
tissue lying between the ligament sacs or along the ventral
face of the single ligament sac.
limicolous a. [L. limus, mud; colus, dwelling in] Living in mud
or shore dwelling.
ligament suture Elongate space behind the umbones, apparent after the ligament is gone.
liminal a. [L. limen, threshold] Pertaining to threshold. see
subliminal.
ligneous a. [L. lignum, wood] Of or like wood; woody.
limited chromosome May be eliminated or diminished in
cleavage, thus producing clones of differing functional
karyotypes.
lignicolous a. [L. lignum, wood; cola, inhabitant] Living in
wood.
lignivorous a. [L. lignum, wood; vorare, to devour] Eating
wood or woody tissue.
ligula n.; pl. -lae [L. ligula, little tongue] 1. (ANN: Polychaeta)
Lobe of the parapodium. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The terminal lobe or lobes of the labium; the glossae and paraglossae collectively. b. In adult dipteran mosquitoes, the
sharp-pointed lobe on the midline of the labium between
the labella; ligular lobe. c. In male Odonata, the strongly
curved process over the stem of the prophallus. 3. (BRYO)
A calcareous projection from the cross-bar of an avicularium. 4. (MOLL: Cephalopoda) In octopods, a specialized
terminal area of the hectocotylus.
ligular lobe see ligula
ligulate a. [L. ligula, little tongue] Strap shaped.
ligule n. [L. ligula, little tongue] (ANN: Polychaeta) A parapodial lobe covering the anus dorsally.
limacel n.; pl. -le [F., fr. L. limax, slug] (MOLL: Gastropoda)
The concealed vestigial shell of slugs.
limaciform a. [L. limax, slug; forma, shape] Shaped like a
slug.
limb n. [A.S. lim, limb] The leg or wing of an animal.
limb n. [L. limbus, an edge] The border, rim or edge.
limbate a. [L. limbus, an edge] 1. Having a margin or limb of
another color. 2. (ANN) Term used to describe seta with a
flattened margin to the blade.
limbus n. [L. limbus, an edge] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In
limiting factor Essential factor in the environment that is in
short supply; thus limiting growth, some life process or
population size.
limivorous a. [L. limus, mud; vorare, to devour] (ANN) Mud
eating to obtain the organic matter.
limnic, limnetic a. [Gr. limne, marsh, lake, pool] 1. Living in
standing fresh water. 2. Inhabiting the pelagic zone in a
body of fresh water; limnicolous.
limnium n. [Gr. limne, marsh, lake, pool] A lake community.
limnobios n. [Gr. limne, marsh, lake, pool; bios, life] All life in
fresh water.
limnology n. [Gr. limne, pond; logos, discourse] The study of
fresh waters, in physical, chemical, meteorological and
biological conditions.
limophagous see limivorous
limpid a. [L. limpidus, clear] Characterized by being clear or
transparent.
linea n.; pl. lineae [L. linea, line] Linear markings or structures.
linear-ensate Somewhere between linear and ensiform in
shape.
lineate a. [L. linea, line] Marked longitudinally with depressed
parallel lines or striae.
lineola n. [L. dim. linea, line] Marked with minute lines.
lineolate a.
lingua n. [L. lingua, tongue] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The tongue;
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maxillary appendages; the hypopharynx, or organ of;
glossa.
lingual a. [L. lingua, tongue] Of or pertaining to the tongue.
lingual ribbon [L. lingua, tongue] (MOLL) The radula or odontophore.
lingual sclerites (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Psocidae, two oval
sclerites, each connected to a median sitophore sclerite by
a fine filament.
linguiform a. [L. lingua, tongue; forma, shape] Tongueshaped; lingulate.
lingula n. [L. dim. lingua, tongue] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Aleyrodidae, a tongue or strap-shaped organ in the vasiform
orifice with the anal opening at the base where honeydew
accumulates.
lingulid larvae (BRACHIO) Free swimming bivalve larvae of the
order Lingula with elongate valves. see discinid.
linkage n. [ME. linke] The association in heredity of genes located in the same chromosome; the more tightly they are
linked, the less likely they will be separated by crossing
over.
linkage group A group of gene loci placed in a linear order on
a chromosome.
linkage map A chromosome map.
linker gene A small piece of synthetic DNA with a restriction
site used to splice genes together.
linneon n. [Linne, Swedish naturalist] A taxon distinguished on
morphological grounds, generally applies to one of the
large species described by early naturalists.
liocyte see chromophile
lip n. [A.S. lippa, lip] Any liplike part or structure.
lipase n. [Gr. lipos, fat; -ase, enzyme] An enzyme that hydrolyses fats.
lip cap (NEMATA) A disc-like, anterior-most cuticular annulation, circumoral and usually thicker than adjacent head annuli.
lip gland (SIPUN) A glandular organ with a ciliated groove run-
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ning from pore to tip of lip.
lipids n.pl. [Gr. lipos, fat] Organic compounds soluble in various organic liquids and insoluable in water; including carbon and hydrogen with a small proportion of oxygen and/or
other elements, i.e., fats, phospholipids, sterols, etc.
lipin n. [Gr. lipos, fat] Complex lipids such as phospholipids,
glycolipids, and cerebrocides.
liplets [A.S. dim. lippa, lip] (NEMATA) Small, reduced lips restricted to the apex of the head; pseudolips.
Lipocephala see Bivalvia Class, Mollusca
lipochromes n. [Gr. lipos, fat; chroma, color] Fat soluble pigments.
lipogastry n. [Gr. leipo, to be lacking; gaster, stomach] Temporary obliteration of gastral cavity as occurs in sponges
and some other organisms.
lipoid a. [Gr. lipos, fat; eidos, like] Of fatty nature.
lipoid membrane see fertilization membrane
lipolysis n. [Gr. lipos, fat; lysis, loosen] Decomposition of fat
by lipase. lipolytic a.
lipomerism n. [Gr. leipo, to be lacking; meros, part; ismos,
denoting condition] Coalescence or suppression of segmentation.
lipomicrons n. [Gr. lipos, fat; mikros, little] (ARTHRO: Insecta)
Minute fat particles found in the blood.
lipopalingenesis n. [Gr. leipo, to be lacking; palin, anew;
genesis, beginning] The omission of a stage or series of
stages in phylogeny.
lipopolysaccharide n. [Gr. lipos, fat; polys, many; sakcharon,
sugar] Molecule with a lipid attached to a polysaccharide.
lipoprotein n. [Gr. lipos, fat; proteios, primary] Molecule with
a lipid joined to a protein.
lipostomous a. [Gr. leipo, to be lacking; stoma, mouth] (PORIF) Having no apertures visible to the naked eye.
lipotrophic n. [Gr. lipos, fat; trephein, to eat] A compound
with an affinity for lipids; influencing fat metabolism.
519
lip ring (NEMATA) A ring at or near the oral aperture formed by
fused, separate or subdivided cheilorhabdions.
lira n., pl. lirae [L. lira, ridge] 1. Fine grooves or thread-like
sculpture or ridge. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda) Fine linear elevation on a shell surface or within outer lip. lirate a.
520
vertebrates. see hepatopancreas.
livid a. [L. lividus, to be black and blue] Pale purplish-brown;
lead-colored; ashy-pale.
living chamber (BRYO: Stenolaemata) Outer part of the zooid
body cavity that contains the major organs.
list n. [A.S. liste, ridge] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Ostracoda, a
ridge inside the selvage on the sealing margin of the shell.
lobar a. [Gr. lobos, lobe] Of or pertaining to a lobe or lobes.
listrium n. [Gr. listrion, small shovel] (BRACHIO:Inarticulata) In
some Discinidae, a plate closing the anterior end of the
pedicle opening.
lobe n. [Gr. lobos, lobe] A generally rounded part or projection
of a part or organ.
lithistid n. [Gr. lithos, stone] (PORIF) A reticulated skeleton.
lithite see statolith
lobate a. [Gr. lobos, lobe] Provided with lobes; lobed.
lobiform a. [Gr. lobos, lobe; L. forma, shape] Shaped like a
lobe or rounded process.
lithocyst see lithocyte
lobopods n.pl. [Gr. lobos, lobe; pous, foot] (ONYCHO) Annulate, sacklike legs with internal musculature.
lithocyte n. [Gr. lithos, stone; kytos, container] Cell within a
statocyst that contains the movable concretion or statolith;
lithocyst.
lobula n. [Gr. dim. lobos, lobe] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The proximal synaptic area in the optic lobes. see lobular complex.
lithodesma n. [Gr. lithos, stone; desma, bond] (MOLL: Bivalvia) 1. A calcareous reinforcement of the internal ligament.
2. A small shelly plate; ossiculum.
lithodomous a. [Gr. lithos, stone; domos, house] Living in or
burrowing in rock.
lobular complex (ARTHRO: Insecta) Lobula and lobular plate of
the interior synaptic region of the optic lobes. see medulla
interna, opticon.
lobulate a. [Gr. dim. lobos, lobe] Divided into small lobes or
lobules.
lithosere n. [Gr. lithos, stone; serere, to join] A sere originating on exposed rock surfaces. see xerosere, hydrosere.
lobulate glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Campodea, glands situated in the head and the anterior part of the prothorax
composed of cells arranged around a system of ducts
opening into the cephalic hemocoel; possibly functioning in
secreting some form of growth hormone.
lithostyle see rhopalium
lobule n. [F. dim. lobos, lobe] A small lobe.
lithotomous a. [Gr. lithos, stone; tomos, cut] Stone boring.
lobulus n.; pl. -li [F. dim. lobos, lobe] A lobe or lobule. see
alula.
lithophagous a. [Gr. lithos, stone; phagein, to eat] Burrowing
in rock.
littoral, litoral a. [L. litoralis, of the seashore] Of or pertaining
to a shore, coastline, or region between high and low water
marks.
local population see population
loci p. of locus
lituate a. [L. lituus, augur's staff] Being forked with prongs
outwardly curving.
lociation n. [L. locus, place] Local variations in the abundance
or proportion of dominant species in an association.
litura, liturate An obscure color spot with pale margins; appearing daubed or blotted.
lock and key theory Morphological theory of antibody-antigen, enzyme-substrate, and insect genitalia interactions;
fitting exactly for the interactions to take place.
liver-pancreas Digestive gland in crustaceans and other in-
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loco citato Place cited; abbr., l.c. and loc.cit.
locomotor rods see ambulatory setae, adhesion tubes
locotype see topotype
locular a. [L. loculus, cell] Having or containing small cavities
or chambers.
loculus n.; pl. loculi [L. loculus, cell] 1. A cavity, compartment
or chamber. 2. (CNID) Cavities between septa at the base
of some polyps. 3. (PLATY: Turbellaria) Shallow, sucker-like
depressions in the adhesive organ.
locus n.; pl. -ci [L. locus, place] The position of a gene in a
chromosome; may be occupied by any gene of a particular
allelic series.
lodix n. [L. lodix, blanket] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The ventral plate
of the seventh (7th) abdominal segment that covers the
genital plate in Lepidoptera.
logarithmic phase Geometric or exponential growth section of
the logistic curve characteristic of unrestrained population
growth.
logistic curve Growth of a population with time as described
by a sigmoid curve; begins slowly, increases rapidly, and
grows slowly or not at all as the population fills available
sites.
logotype n. [Gr. logos, word; typos, type] A type species of a
genus by subsequent designation, not originally described
as such.
longicorn a. [L. longus, long; cornu, horn] Having long antennae as in certain beetles.
longipennate a. [L. longus, long; penna, wing] Having longwings.
longirostral, longirostrate a. [L. longus, long; rostrum,
beak] Having a long beak or rostrum.
longitudinal a. [L. longus, long] 1. Lengthwise of the body or
an appendage. 2. The length of a shell or direction of the
longest diameter.
longitudinal canal see longitudinal tube
longitudinal muscle 1. (ECHI) Layer of longitudinal muscle of
522
the body wall sometimes thickened into bundles. 2.
(NEMATA) The somatic muscles of nematodes. 3. (SIPUN)
Innermost layers of muscle that make up the body wall of
the trunk.
longitudinal rugae (NEMATA) The cuticular fold projecting anteriorly from the stoma of diplogasterids supporting the circumoral membrane.
longitudinal section Section along or parallel to the longitudinal axis.
longitudinal septum (ARTHRO: Crustacea) An inner and outer
laminae partition of the compartmental plate in some balanomorph barnacles, resulting in longitudinal tubes; parietal
tubes.
longitudinal tube (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In some Balanamorpha, a canal between longitudinal septa and inner and
outer lamina in the compartmental plate; longitudinal canal; parietal tube; parietal pore.
loop n. [ME. loupe, loop] (BRACHIO) A support for the lophophore composed of secondary shell and variously placed,
usually ribbon-like with or without supporting septum from
floor of the brachial valve.
looper n. [Eng. looper, to crawl or slink] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1.
Caterpillars with two or more anterior prolegs reduced or
missing. 2. Crawl in a looping manner like the Geometridae
(inch worm).
lophobranchiate a. [Gr. lophos, crest; branchia, gills] Having
tufted gills.
lophocaltrops n. [Gr. lophos, crest; A.S. coltraeppe, type of
thistle] (PORIF) A sponge spicule with branched or crested
rays.
lophocytes n. [Gr. lophos, crest; kytos, container] (PORIF)
Mobile collagen-secreting cells that trail attached collagen
fibrils.
lophophoral fold (BRYO) Part of the vesicle of the polypide
from which the lophophore is formed.
lophophore n. [Gr. lophos, crest; pherein, to carry] A crown of
tentacles, found in Bryozoa, Brachiopoda and Phoronida.
523
lophophore neck (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) A long movable cylindrical structure formed by the everted tentacle sheath
that allows extension of the tentacles beyond the orifice.
lora pl. lorum
loral arm (ARTHRO: Insecta) A laterally extending process from
the middle of each suspensorium of the hypopharynx of
certain primitive pterygote insects.
524
lucid a. [L. lucidus, clear] Luminous; translucent; pellucid;
shining.
luciferase n. [L. lux, light; ferre, to bring; -ase, enzyme] An
enzyme of luminescent organisms involved in the oxidation
of luciferin and the production of light.
lore see lorum
luciferin n. [L. lux, light; ferre, to bring] A substance found in
luminescent organisms that, in the presence of the enzyme
luciferase, oxidizes and produces light.
lorica n.; pl. -ae [L. lorica, corselet] A hard shell or case on
Rotifera, Loricifera and Priapulida larvae. see cuirass.
lucifugous a. [L. lux, light; fugere, to flee] Avoiding the light,
or living in concealment. see photophobic, lucipetal.
loricate a. [L. lorica, corselet] To cover with a protective coating or crust.
lucinoid teeth (MOLL: Bivalvia) Having 2 cardinal teeth in each
valve; left valve anterior tooth is medial below the beak.
loricifera n. [L. lorica, corselet; fero, bear] A phylum of microscopic organisms with a flexible, retractable tube mouth, a
girdle of platelets and a crown of clawlike and club-shaped
spines.
lucipetal a. [L. lux, light; petere, to seek] Requiring light. see
lucifugous.
lorum n.; pl. lora [L. lorum, strap] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In
Arachnida, a protective dorsal plate on the pedicle. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The cheek. b. A sclerite on both sides of
the head of Homoptera and certain Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. c. In Apis, the submentum. d. In Homoptera, a
narrow lateral sclerite between the clypeus and the front
extending to the genae, that is an upward extension of the
hypopharynx.
lotic a. [L. lotus, washed] Living in rapidly flowing waters; applied to organisms that inhabit these waters. see lentic.
lower a. [ON. lagr, low] (MOLL) The abapical part of the shell.
lower latus plate (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia, a valve
near the basis of the shell.
loxometaneme n. [Gr. loxos, oblique; meta, behind; nema,
thread] (NEMATA) Metaneme that is at an angle of 10-30 o
to the longitudinal body line; found running diagonally
across the lateral hypodermal cords.
lozenge n. [OF. losenge, a square window pane] A parallelogram with four equal sides having two acute and two obtuse angles; lozenge-shaped; a rhombus form; diamondshaped.
lumbar ganglia (NEMATA) Large paired ganglia in the anal region which receive the lateral nerves and from which the
laterocaudal nerves pass posteriad in the tail.
lumbriciform a. [L. lumbricus, earthworm; forma, shape] Like
an earthworm in appearance; lumbricoid. see vermiform.
lumbricine a. [L. lumbricus, earthworm] (ANN: Oligochaeta)
Having 4 pairs of setae per segment as in earthworms of
the family Lumbricidae. see perichaetine.
lumen n. [L. lumen, light] Space within any tubular organ or
vessel.
lumenate a. [L. lumen, light] Having a lumen.
luminescent a. [L. lumen, light; escens, beginning of] Producing light. see bioluminescence.
luminescent organ 1. Specialized light emitting organs of
various invertebrates. see bioluminescence. 2. (MOLL:
Cephalopoda) Open ectodermal pockets filled with luminescent bacteria.
lunate a. [L. luna, moon] Semicircular; falcate; crescentshaped.
lunellarium see clausilium
lung books see book lung
lunula n.; pl. lunulae [L. dim. luna, moon] 1. A small lunate
525
mark or crescent-shaped object. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda) A
crescentic ridge on the selenizone, concave toward aperture. lunular a.
lunule n. [L. dim. luna, moon] 1. A crescent-shaped part or
marking. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Copepoda, small,
sucker-like adhesion disc on the anterior margin. 3. (ECHINOD: Echinoidea) One of several perforations in the test of
some sand dollars that may serve for passage of sand and
water while burrowing. 4. (MOLL: Bivalvia) Cordate shaped
depression anterior to the beaks.
lurid a. [L. luridus, pale yellow] A dirty yellowish color; dismal;
dingy.
luteous a. [L. luteus, golden yellow] Yellow in hue, especially
an orange or reddish yellow.
526
lyre n. [L. lyra, lyre] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In caterpillars, the border or upper wall of the spinning tube.
lyre-shaped Like a string musical instrument with two curved
arms and strings attached to a yolk between the curved
arms.
lyrifissure n. [L. lyra, lyre; fissura, crack] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) Small fissures or pores in the cuticle of the body or
appendages; sometimes with an internal channel; thought
to be stretch receptors.
lyriform organs (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In arachnids, a lyreshaped organ on the joints of the legs and other appendages, sterna of the cephalothorax and abdomen and on the
sting of Scorpiones; thought to be chemoreceptors; also
called slit sense organs.
lycophore n. [Gr. lykos, hook; pherein, to carry] (PLATY:
Cestoda) Ten-hooked first larval stage of a tapeworm; a
decacanth.
lyrule n. [L. dim. lyra, lyre] (BRYO) A median tooth on the
proximal edge of the orifice.
lygophil n. [Gr. lygaios, gloomy; philos, fond of] Shade or
darkness dwellers.
lysigenoma n. [Gr. lysis, loosen; gene, to produce; -oma, tumor] (NEMATA) The name given a group of giant cells or
syncytia denoting their origin from lysis or dissolution of
walls of normal cells, forming a tumor-like structure.
lymph gland 1. (ANN: Oligochaeta) Organs on the anterior
faces of septa associated with the dorsal blood vessel, in
the intestinal regions of some earthworms, possibly functioning in production of phagocytes. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta)
Organs that release free mesodermal cells into the hemolymph near pupation of Drosophila larvae.
lymphocyte see plasmatocyte
lyocytosis n. [Gr. lyein, to loose; kytos, hollow] The process of
histolysis by extracellular digestion.
Lyonnet's glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, paired
accessory glands opening by a separate duct into the silk
gland on its own side; Filippi's glands.
lyra n. [L. lyra, lyre] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) Stridulating organs
of arachnids found on various places of the male body;
they consist of a tooth (or teeth) that rubs against a series
of ridges.
lyrate a. [L. lyra, lyre] Lyre-shaped; spatulate and oblong with
small lobes toward the base.
lyse a. [Gr. lysis, loosen] To undergo lysis.
lysin n. [Gr. lysis, loosen] Any of a number of substances capable of dissolving cells, bacteria, or tissues.
lysis n. [Gr. lysis, loosen] 1. The decomposition of a substance.
2. The digestion of cells or tissues by enzymatic action.
lyssacine a. [Gr. lysis, loosen; akis, point] (PORIF: Hexactinellida) Skeletal framework formed by interlacing of the elongate rays of hexactines producing loose networks with irregular meshes in siliceous sponges; may be considered an
earlier stage of the dictyonine framework.
lytic a. [Gr. lysis, loosen] Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin.

Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: Complete Work

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