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Cover Design by: Arnold A. Villar
Printed & Produced by: PHIVOLCS Publication
Copyright: DOST – PHIVOLCS 2003
Highlights
Two volcanoes, Kanlaon
and Mayon showed signs of
unrest in 2003 prompting
PHIVOLCS to raise their Alert
Level status. Both volcanoes
produced ash explosions although no damage was inflicted on the surrounding settlements. A major earthquake
with magnitude 6.2 occurred
at Masbate and caused damage to structures in the province.
Kanlaon
Volcano
in
Negros Island exhibited episodes of unrest throughout
the year. The initial activity
started on 20-22 January
2003 with increase in the
number of volcanic earthquakes. This activity was
short-lived that by 23 January,
the earthquake count dropped
to zero level. However, on 7
March, Kanlaon began exhibiting small phreatic explosions
characterized by emission of
steam with minor ash content.
This was again followed by
another explosion that produced a grayish steam column on 17 March, which suggested that Kanlaon has entered a low-level episode of
unrest. Because of this, the
Alert Level was raised from 0
to 1 and the public was reminded not to venture inside
the 4-km Permanent Danger
Zone. The
mild unrest
continued for months that a
total of forty-six (46) minor
ash ejections occurred from 7
March to 23 July 2003. These
explosions were characterized
by steam emission with minor
amounts of ash that rose from
100 to 1,500 meters above
the active crater. The Alert
Level status remained until
the end of the year as volcanic earthquakes conti-nued
to occasionally occur which
still signify the possibility of
sudden steam and ash explosions.
The 2003 activity of Mayon
began on 30 January when a
brief episode of volcanic
tremor occurred. This event
was followed by a small
steam ejection in the afternoon of 31 January.
No
marked increase in the volcano’s activity was observed
until an explosion again occurred from the crater on 17
March 2003. The explosion
produced an ash and steam
column that rose to about one
kilometer above the summit.
Alert Level 1 was raised on
the same day to remind the
public of ongoing activity and
to reiterate the restriction of
entry into the 6-km Permanent
Danger Zone around the volcano. Three more episodes of
ash explosions occurred on
05 April and 06 & 14 May.
The ash ejection on 05 April
rose to 1.5 km and deposited
traces of ash in the downwind
areas near the crater. On 7
October, a faint crater glow,
which can be seen only with
the use of a telescope or night
vision camera, was observed.
On 09 October, sulfur dioxide
emission rates rose to 2,386
tonnes per day (t/d) from the
previous measurement on 01
October of 1,616 t/d. Because
of
these
observations,
PHIVOLCS raised the volcano’s status to Alert Level 2
on 11 October 2003. This
alert status, which indicates
that the activity is of magmatic
origin that could eventually
lead to an eruption, was
hoisted throughout the remainder of the year.
A relatively strong earthquake, with magnitude of 6.2,
struck the southern part of
Masbate Island on February
15, 2003. The epicenter of the
earthquake was about 28 km
southeast of Masbate City. It
was felt at Intensity VII in the
Masbate towns of Dimasalang, Palanas and Uson, Intensity VI in Batuan and
Cataingan, Masbate, Intensity
V in Masbate City, Irosin in
Sorsogon and Legaspi City,
Intensity IV in Palo, Leyte,
Naga City and Roxas City, Intensity III in Cebu, Intensity II
in Anini-y, Antique and Intensity I in Lezo, Aklan. A Quick
Response Team (QRT) was
deployed to Masbate Island
on 18 February to evaluate
the extent of the earthquake-
induced related damage in the
province. The earthquake was
associated with an 18-km long
ground rupture onland, which
transected several barangays
of Dimasalang, Palanas and
Cataingan. The team verified
the reported ground rupture,
conducted intensity survey,
disseminated correct information regarding the event and
installed additional seismographs to monitor the aftershocks of the M 6.2 earthquake. Some school buildings, roads, bridges and river
flood control structures sustained damages estimated to
be about nine million pesos. A
comprehensive QRT Report
of Investigation with recommendations to the local government of Masbate was
submitted by PHIVOLCS to
the Province of Masbate after
the 10-day investigation.
For the year, the Philippines’ 34-station network recorded a total of 8,915 earthquakes, for an average of 24
earthquakes recorded per
day. The parameters (epicenter, magnitude and depth) of
1,001 detected earthquakes
were determined.
While Mayon and Kanlaon
were spewing ash, and a
magnitude 6.2 earthquake
with minimal but significant
damage occurred in Masbate,
PHIVOLCS was also busy installing new observation stations under the project “Improvement of Earthquake and
Volcano Monitoring Network
of the Philippines” under a
grant-aid of the Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA). The said JICA project
is now in its Phase II of implementation. For volcano
monitoring, it involves installation of radio telemetered
seismic monitoring system in
8 active volcanoes. In addition to the regularly monitored
6 active volcanoes (Pinatubo,
Taal,
Mayon,
Bulusan,
Kanlaon and Hibok-Hibok),
new seismic stations were installed in Mt. Parker in South
Cotabato and Mt. Matutum in
Saranggani.
For earthquake monitoring, the JICA Phase II involves the establishment of
remote
seismic
stations
whose data will be transmitted
to the Data Receiving Center
at the Main Office in very near
real-time using satellite communication.
This type of
setup is the most efficient
method to conduct seismic
monitoring since it will allow
PHIVOLCS to implement its
mandate of issuing earthquake information at a much
faster time thereby enabling
the Institute to serve the public better. At the same time, it
allows PHIVOLCS to upgrade
its instrumentation setup to
levels at par with more developed countries minus the expensive manpower and operating and maintenance costs
required for this kind of endeavor. In addition, broadband seismographs were also
established
in
several
manned seismic stations. To
ensure continuity of providing
basic S & T services should
the PHIVOLCS main office
operation be disrupted in the
future, a mirror station has
been established in the Tagaytay seismic station. This
will house all equipment and
software required to record
and process earthquake data
during such emergency.
PHIVOLCS implemented
12 internally-funded and 9 externally-funded and collaborative research projects. In its
information
dissemination
campaign, PHIVOLCS actively organized 6 seminarworkshops and trainings for
teachers, local government
and barangay officials in
Metro Manila, Infanta, Batangas City, Lingayen and Bacolod City.
Volcano Monitoring
The year 2003 was a very busy and
fruitful year for PHIVOLCS. Timely volcano
alerts were hoisted over Kanlaon in Negros
and Mayon Volcano in Albay. Both volcanoes produced ash explosions although no
damage was inflicted partly because of diligent monitoring and enhanced awareness to
avoid the danger areas. While Mayon and
Kanlaon were spewing ash, PHIVOLCS was
also busy outfitting new radio-telemetered
seismic stations in 8 active volcanoes. In
addition to the regularly monitored 6 active
volcanoes, new seismic stations were emplaced at Mt. Parker in South Cotabato and
Mt. Matutum in Saranggani as part of the
improvement of earthquake and volcano
monitoring system (Phase II) project assisted by JICA.
Volcanic Activities
Mayon Volcano
The 2003 activity of Mayon began on
30 January when a brief episode of volcanic
tremor occurred. This event was followed by
a small steam ejection in the afternoon of 31
January. No marked increase in the volcano’s activity was observed until an explosion again occurred on 17 March 2003. The
explosion produced an ash and steam column that rose to about one kilometer above
the summit (Figure 1). This event was recorded as a high-frequency type seismic
signal signifying a sudden release of pressure. No significant increase in the volcano’s seismicity level was noted prior to the
explosion although the sulfur dioxide emission rate was measured at 890 tonnes per
day – a value above the normal level. Alert
Level 1 was raised on the same day to remind the public of ongoing activity and reiterated the 6-km Permanent Danger Zone
around the volcano.
Three more episodes of ash explosions
occurred on 5 April and 6 & 14 May. The
ash ejection on 5 April rose to 1.5 km. On
the other hand, the 14 May event was very
brief and small, the ash column rose only to
less than 100 m. above the crater rim. Only
trace ash deposits were observed along
downwind areas NW & SW of the crater.
Table 1. Kanlaon Volcano’s Activities in 2003
Chronology of Events
On 7 October, faint crater glow seen
only with telescope or night vision camera
was observed (Figure 2). The glow was persistent and appeared to be sourced from
lava deposits inside the crater. Sulfur Dioxide emission rates on 9 October rose to
2,386 tonnes per day (t/d) from the previous
measurement of 1,616 t/d of 1 October
(Figure 3). As a result of these observations,
PHIVOLCS raised the volcano’s status to
Alert Level 2 on 11 October 2003.
Electronic tiltmeter readings at both
Buang Junction (elevation 250 m and 7.5
km NNW of crater) and Mayon Rest House
(elevation. 790 m) showed slow and mild inflationary trends. Seismic activity was
slightly above normal. However, volcanic
earthquakes and tremors rarely occurred
towards the yearend.
07 March
2003
17 March
2003
1250H – 1300H
HEIGHT
(m)
500 - 1000
0400H – 0600H
300
23 May 2003
01 June 2003
03 June 2003
04 June 2003
07 June 2003
08 June 2003
1351H – 1405H
0846H – 0858H
1002H - 1015H
0515H – 0600H
0519H – 0530H
0601H – 0605H
0637H – 0645H
300 – 500
500
500 – 700
300 – 700
500 – 1000
500 – 1000
09 June 2003
0604H – 0605H
0637H – 0645H
0843H – 0854H
0607H – 0612H
0705H – 0710H
1421H – 1435
0551H – 0600H
1804H – 1825H
0730H, 0750H,
0900H,
1754H – 1805H
2109H – 2130H
0519H – 0530H
0647H – 0756H
500 – 1000
Dirty white steam
Dirty white steam drifting SE-NW
Dirty white steam drifting NW
Dirty white steam drifting NW
Ash ejection; drift SE
Ash ejection; drift: SE;
traces of ash at Canlaon City
proper, Upper Mananawin, Masulog, Linothangan, Alebabay & Lucap
Dirty white steam drifting SE
500 – 1000
Dirty white steam drifting SE
1000
500 – 1000
500 – 1000
Dirty white steam drifting SSE
Dirty white steam drifting SE
Dirty white steam drifting SE
500 – 1000
500
100 – 150
Ash ejection; drift: SE
Ash ejection; drift: SSE, ESE;
traces of ash SW of Canlaon Volcano, Masulog (8 km from the
crater), Biaknabatao (7 km), Cabagnaan (11 km), Old Fabrica (6
km), Upper Mansalanao (7 km) &
Sag-ang (10 km)
Ash ejection; drift: SE
300
100 – 200
Dirty white steam drifting SSE
Ash ejection; drift: NNE
100 – 200
Ash ejection; drift: NE;
reflected as LFVQ (SX) with 4
mm MDA
Dirty white steam drifting SW
Dirty white steam drifting SE-SW
Dirty white steam drifting SW
Ash ejection; drift: NW
Ash ejection; drift: SW-NE, NW
Dirty white steam drifting SW
DATE
Fig. 1. January 2001 ash
explosion at Mayon Volcano. A similar event occurred last 17 March 2003
10 June 2003
11 June 2003
Fig. 2. Mayon Volcano’s
crater glow in March 2003
as taken by a night vision
camera
12 June 2003
13 June 2003
14 June 2003
17 June 2003
Kanlaon Volcano
On 7 March 2003, a mild ash and
steam emission occurred at Kanlaon. The
steam clouds rose up to 1,000 meters above
its summit (Figure 4). Traces of ash were
observed at Cabagnaan located 5.5 kilometers south of the crater. PHIVOLCS issued
an advisory the following day notifying the
public of the volcano’s growing unrest. Another small ash ejection followed on 17
March 2003.
These developments
prompted the raising of the alert status of
Kanlaon Volcano to Level 1. After a brief
lull, a minor ash explosion again occurred
on 23 May. This was followed by a series of
mild explosions in June and July (Table 1).
Some of these ash explosions produced
Fig. 3. 2003 Sulfur Dioxide Emission Rate, Mayon Volcano
18 June 2003
01 July 2003
03 July 2003*
04 July 2003*
10 July 2003
11 July 2003
13 July 2003
14 July 2003
19 July 2003
20 July 2003
23 July 2003
TIME
0733H – 0740H
0751H – 0758H
0601H – 0607
0820H – 0835H
1115H – 1130H
0701H – 0712H
0743H
1420H – 1430H
0641H – 0650H
1543H – 1548H
1549H – 1557H
0515H – 0522H
1735H – 1748H
0620H – 0624H
0658H – 0705H
0555H – 0604H
0613H – 0650H
0506H – 0510H
0615H – 0622H
0803H – 0810H
1515H – 1525H
1526H – 1540H
1418H - 1425
100 – 400
100 - 150
700 - 1000
500 - 700
700 – 900
1000
1000 –1300
600 - 800
1300-1500
600 - 800
800 – 1100
600 - 800
500 - 800
800 - 1000
500 - 700
600 - 800
OBSERVATIONS
Mild ash ejection; drift: SW;
traces of ash at Cabagnaan
Ash ejection; drift: SE
Traces of ash at Cabagnaan
ACTION
TAKEN/REMARKS
Advisory issued on 08
March 2003
Advisory issued (0800H)
Alert Level 1 raised
(1400H)
Alert Level 1 reiterated
Alert Level 1 reiterated
Ash ejection; drift: NW, SW
Ash ejection: drift: NW
Ash ejection; drift: SW
Dirty white steam drifting SE &
NE
Ash ejection; drifting SE & NE
Ash ejection; drifting SE & NE
Ash ejection; drift: NW & SE
*Moderate dirty white steam rising 700-900 m & drifting NW was observed from 1513H (03 July) – 0520H (04 July)
at Cabagnaan station.
vertical ash-laden steam columns as high as
1,500 meters above the volcano’s summit.
The volcano’s latest explosion on 23 July
also produced a similar-sized ash column.
This event was followed by a decline in the
volcano’s activity.
Seismic activity remained slightly
above normal, dominated by low frequencytype earthquakes. An increase in the daily
occurrence of volcanic earthquake counts
was noticed from mid January to July 2003.
Epicenters of some high frequency type
events were located near the active crater
and occurred from shallow depths to 18
kilometers. From June to July, an increase
in the number of recorded low frequencytype volcanic earthquakes and low frequency short duration tremor dominated the
seismic activity of the volcano. This marked
increase coincided with the episodes of
phreatic explosions from 01 June to 23 July
2003. After the 23 July ash explosion, seismic and steaming activities returned to low
levels.
In summary, forty-six (46) minor ash
ejections occurred in 2003. These explosions were characterized by steam emission
with minor amounts of ash that rose from
100 to 1,500 meters above the active crater.
The prevailing wind dispersed traces of ash
mainly to the southwest and southeast sectors and settled predominantly over the middle and upper slopes of the volcano. Only
traces of ashes were
observed
at
Kanlaon
City proper, Masulog, Upper
Mananawin, Alibabay, Lucap, Biak-na-bato,
Cabacungan, Sitio Old Fabrica, Cabagnaan,
Upper Mansalanao, Sag-ang, Guinpanaan,
Manghagnoy, Guintubdan, and Linothangan
(Figure 5).
Throughout the end of the year, the
alert status of Kanlaon Volcano remained at
Level 1. Although seismic activity had declined to low levels since October, low frequency volcanic earthquakes occasionally
occurred which signify the possibility of sudden explosions.
Fig. 4. Ash explosion at Kanlaon Volcano on 07 March 2003. The ash column rose to
as high as 1000 m above the summit.
Pinatubo Volcano
Pinatubo Volcano was quiet throughout
2003. Volcanic earthquakes rarely occurred
and steaming was not observed. Also, no
significant lahar flow event was also detected or reported.
Bulusan Volcano
Bulusan Volcano remained quiet during
the entire 2003. Steaming activity varied
from wispy to weak and temperature readings of hotsprings were within baseline level.
Seismic activity was also unremarkable as
no significant volcanic earthquake occurred
and very low seismicity prevailed.
Taal Volcano
Taal Volcano was quiet and normal all
throughout the year. Monitoring data indicated that Taal Volcano’s level of activity
remained low. These were shown by low
levels of local seismicity and stable thermal
values of the Main Crater Lake and Mount
Tabaro Eruption Site. Other monitored parameters also did not show any significant
changes.
Temperatures from the Main Crater
Lake were constantly within the baseline
level, usually from 29 to 300C. The color of
the Crater Lake did not change indicating
the absence of agitation at the lake’s floor or
turnover. Only minor bubbling was observed along the northern shore. Thermal
activity at the 1999 reactivated vent, located
at the NE sector of the Main Crater Lake,
was unremarkable as only very weak steam
emission was observed. Thermal values obtained from ground probe holes #1 to #6 at
Mt Tabaro eruption site were also within the
usual values measured during quiet and
normal periods (260C to 300C).
Hibok-Hibok Volcano
Hibok-Hibok Volcano in Camiguin Island, Northern Mindanao was also very
quiet. As in previous years, the volcano observatory seismograph rarely detected volcanic earthquakes. No unusual volcanorelated activity was also observed or reported. Steam emission at the volcano's upper southeast slope and at Kanangkaan
Lava Flow was generally weak to nil.
Fig. 5. Extent of areas affected by ashfalls from Kanlaon Volcano in June 2003
Earthquake Monitoring
For the year 2003, the 34-station
seismic network of PHIVOLCS recorded a
total of 8,915 earthquakes for an average of
24 earthquakes recorded per day.
The year also marked the installation of
remote seismic stations and provision of
broadband sensors in selected mannedseismic stations as part of the JICA assisted
project.
M 6.8 Earthquake SW Cotabato, 26
May 2003
The biggest earthquake in terms of size
for the year was on May 26. This event had
a surface magnitude (Ms) of 6.8 and its epicentral location was at about 114 km SW of
Cotabato City. Its depth was 562 km and
hence, was felt only at a maximum of Intensity III in the town of Sulu in Jolo province.
Seismicity for 2003 and Significant
Earthquakes
The network recorded a total of 8,915
earthquakes for an average of 24 earthquakes recorded per day. The parameters
(epicenter,magnitude and depth) of approximately 11% of this number were determined. Figure 6 shows the seismicity of
the Philippines for the year 2003 as determined by the PHIVOLCS seismic network.
147 earthquake bulletins were also issued to
the public. The three strongest earthquakes
(with magnitude 6 and above) for 2003 occurred in Masbate, southwest Cotabato and
Samar.
M 6.6 Can-Avid Eastern Samar, 19
November 2003
The second biggest earthquake happened on November 19. This damaged the
town of Can-Avid in Eastern Samar. Its epicenter was about 69 km NE of Borongan,
Samar. Its depth was shallow-seated at 45
km. Its magnitude (Ms) was 6.6. It was also
felt at Intensity VII in Can-Avid, Samar, Intensity VI in Borongan, Samar, Intensity V in
Catbalogan and Calbayog, also in Samar island, Intensity IV in Catarman, Samar and in
Palo, Leyte, Intensity II in Legaspi and Lapulapu Cities. According to the OCD, one person died and 17 others were injured. OCD
also estimated its damage cost to be about
23 million pesos.
Masbate Earthquake
QRT Investigation
A Ms 6.2 earthquake struck Masbate
province at 7:01 PM of 15 Feburary 2003.
The earthquake was located offshore at
Magcaraguit Island (12.2N, 123.8E), approximately 28 km east of Masbate City with
depth of 28 kilometers. The quake was felt
all over the island of Masbate including the
nearby provinces of Bicol, Leyte, Panay,
Cebu, Negros and Romblon.
Dimasalang, Palanas and Cataingan. Some
school buildings, roads, bridges and river
flood control structures sustained damages
estimated to be about nine million pesos.
With the initial report of damages submitted by Masbate Seismic Station, a Quick
Response Team (QRT) was deployed to
Masbate Island on 18 February to evaluate
the extent of earthquake-related damages in
the province. The team verified and mapped
the reported ground rupture, conducted intensity survey, disseminated correct information regarding the event and installed additional seismographs to monitor aftershocks of the Ms 6.2 earthquake.
Some of the recommendations in the
report are the following:
The earthquake was associated with
an 18-km long ground rupture onland, which
transected
several
barangays
of
•
M 6.2 Masbate Earthquake, 15 February 2003
A magnitude (Ms) 6.2 earthquake
struck the southern part of Masbate Island
on February 15. It was associated with a 18km long ground rupture onland. The epicenter was about 27 km SE of Masbate, Masbate. It was felt at Intensity VII in the Masbate town of Dimasalang, Intensity VI in the
towns of Masbate, Intensity V in Irosin, Sorsogon and Legaspi City, Intensity IV in Palo,
Naga, Intensity III in Cebu, Intensity II in Anini-y, Antique and Intensity I in Lezo, Aklan.
The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) estimated
damage cost of about nine million pesos
(see inset report on Masbate QRT).
Fig. 6. 2003 seimicity and signicant earthquakes
Epicenter of the main shock
•
quake similar to the 15 February 2003;
Identification of evacuation sites and
evacuation routes so that local inhabitants would know where to go in case
of major earthquakes or whenever the
need arises that they have to evacuate
their residence.
A comprehensive QRT Report of Investigation was submitted by the team to the
Province of Masbate after the 10-day investigation.
•
•
Detailed mapping of the whole February 2003 ground rupture and continuous measurements of the horizontal
and vertical displacements to monitor
possible post earthquake deformation;
Installation of permanent benchmarks
along the Masbate Segment where future movement will be measured more
extensively;
Encourage the local populace to mark
the location of the ground rupture as a
reminder of the active fault location and
prevent future inhabitants in constructing houses within the 5mbuffer zone from the active fault
or from the deformation caused
by the ground rupture;
• More intensive information campaign in Masbate Island to allay
fears of future large magnitude
earthquakes;
• Establish links with local barangay officials in noting time and
date of felt earthquakes in their
localities;
• Immediate and thorough study
on the structural soundness of all
structures, both engineered and
non-engineered, by the concerned authorities;
• Active participation of the Disaster Coordinating Councils from all
levels in terms of disaster preparedness prior to large events
and rapid damage assessment
after a large magnitude earth-
Displaced coconut tree found in Bgy. Matugnaw, Palanas (above photo, looking SE). Also
manifested along the ground rupture in this
area were mole tracks (below photo)
Operation and Maintenance of the
Digital Seismic Telemetry Network of
Metro Manila
Metro Manila, as the country's premier
political and economic capital, is also prone
to earthquake hazards. At present, the
population of Metro Manila is 10 million and
this continues to rise. An active fault, the
Valley Fault System (VFS), cuts it in an almost northerly fashion. Other earthquake
source zones that caused past damages
surround the metropolis, too. Thus, a radiotelemetered seismic network in Metro Manila was established in 1992 and is being
maintained by PHIVOLCS. With this telemetered network for Metro Manila, it is hoped
that PHIVOLCS will be able to detect possible foreshocks that may originate from any
of the nearby earthquake source zones
around Metro Manila. Hopefully, before any
of these earthquake source zones especially
the VFS move in the future, the stations will
be able to detect these foreshocks and
PHIVOLCS can use this information to give
sound advise and warning to the public.
The remote stations are located at Norzagaray, Bulacan, Mt. Natib, Puerto Azul, Los
Banos with a central receiving station at the
Main Office. For the year, the network data
were also used in the parameter determination to augment the data of the national
seismic network.
Operation and maintenance of Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
(CTBTO) Auxilliary Station
For the year 2003, PHIVOLCS operated and maintained the 2 seismic stations
and 1 radio-relayed station for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBTO) to which
the Philippines is a signatory. The Tagaytay
Seismic Station maintains the STS-2 broadband seismograph and a VSAT antenna
from CTBTO.
PHIVOLCS-JICA – Project on the Improvement
of the Earthquake and Volcano Monitoring Network of the Philippines (PHASE II)
The Phase II of the JICA-supported project “Improvement of the Earthquake and
Volcano Monitoring Network of the Philippines” continued this year. This project aims
to upgrade the seismic and volcano monitoring network of the Philippines. Unlike
Phase I, which concentrated on the improvement of the regional seismic network,
Phase II includes a major augmentation of the country’s volcano monitoring systems.
Earthquake Monitoring
This project directly benefits the seismic monitoring network as it will increase
significantly the number of seismic stations within one year’s time. From 1990 to
2000, the number of manned station rose only from 12 to 34. With the JICA Phase II
project, the total number would almost double from 34 to 64. Aside from this, no additional manpower would be needed as the new seismic stations will be unmanned
and data will be sent out automatically via satellite communications. To ensure
safety of the instruments, memoranda of agreement between PHIVOLCS and the
appropriate lot owners were prepared and finalized in the early part of the year. By
end of 2003, 26 remote stations had been installed and had started to transmit seismic data to the Data Receiving Center (DRC) of the Main Office. The JICA project
also established additional broadband stations. By end of 2003, new broadband instruments had been established in seven, manned seismic stations (Pasuquin, Tagbilaran, Puerto Princesa, Bislig, Palo, Cagayan de Oro and Roxas City). Several
trainings were held in various aspects of seismology, data processing, management
and analysis and in instrumentation operation and maintenance. More importantly, to
ensure that PHIVOLCS will continue to deliver its mandates to the public even if the
Main Office building is damaged by any disaster in the future, a mirror station was
developed at Tagaytay Seismic Station that shall contain seismic equipment and
software similar to the setup at the Data Receiving Center.
Volcano Monitoring
Project Phase IIA was highlighted by the delivery of a package comprised by
thirty sets of 3-component short-period seismometers, 10 electronic tiltmeters and 10
dual-frequency GPS receivers. Included in this project phase was the outfitting of one
seismic observation point each for the active volcanoes Mt. Parker and Mt. Matutum
in Mindanao. However, the major activity for Phase IIB was the establishment of a
basic three-seismic station monitoring system for Taal, Pinatubo, Mayon, Bulusan,
Kanlaon and Hibok-Hibok. Each new monitoring network is complemented by a complete data acquisition, reduction and processing system in the respective volcano observatories. Among the many new features of this sophisticated volcano data processing system is the employment of spread spectrum radio-telemetry effectively configured as a wireless Local Area Network. Each volcano observatory has modern
computer facilities designed to be reliable, automated, energy-saving and environmentally-friendly.
JICA Phase II seismic monitoring system at El Nido,
Palawan
JICA Phase II volcano monitoring system at Kanlaon
Volcano
S&T Services
PHIVOLCS continued to provide service to the public by continuing with its
seismic data management. For 2003, 147
earthquake bulletins and 89 volcano bulletins were issued. A total of 32 request lectures were attended to by PHIVOLCS technical personnel.
Seismic Data Processing and Management and Volcano and Earthquake Hazards Assessment
PHIVOLCS continued with its management and processing of seismic data
with the following aims: (1) determine earthquake parameters (epicenter, depth and
magnitude) using data from the Philippine
seismic network; (2) maintain an updated
earthquake catalog; (3) attend to earthquake
data requests and maintain seismic data exchange with international seismological institutions. This acitivity ensures the systematic
and efficient processing and management of
the data generated by the PHIVOLCS seismic monitoring network. The processed
data are stored in a systematically formatted
earthquake catalog for easy sorting and retrieval by future users.
For 2003, PHIVOLCS attended to 134
data requests. Ninety one percent (91%) of
the data requests were for seismicity maps
and catalogs while 19% were for certifications of earthquake occurrences. In terms
of clientele, 52% came from the private
companies, 25% were from students and
23% were from government agencies (Figure 7). The project also produced a hardbound compilation of earthquake data which
includes phase readings, earthquake locations and solutions, seismicity maps and focal mechanism solutions for the Philippines.
A CD-ROM of seismic waveforms has also
been compiled for use of future researchers.
In addition, PHIVOLCS also attended
to 148 requests for earthquake catalogue
and maps, as well as 24 earthquake
Seminars/Trainings/ Workshops on Disaster Preparedness: Seminar-Workshop
for Teachers
occurrence certifications. Furthermore, a total of 301 certifications related to lahar and
active faults were issued.
Promotion of Geologic Hazards
Awareness and Preparedness
The year 2003 is another active year
for the promotion of hazards awareness and
preparedness. PHIVOLCS continued with its
thrust and mandates on public education
through various activities that include the
organization of one internally-funded seminar-workshop for teachers, production of six
(6) new printed materials and reprinting of
various previously produced PHIVOLCS
materials. In addition, four new sets of exhibits about earthquakes and volcanoes
were put up.
A Seminar-Workshop for School
Teachers: Understanding Natural Hazards
was held at the PHIVOLCS Receiving Room
on May 22-23, 2003. Twenty eight (28) high
school teachers from Metro Manila and one
science teacher from Pangasinan participated in the seminar-workshop. The workshop was organized to (1) help strengthen
the role of teachers in the promotion of disaster awareness, preparedness and mitigation among students, (2) familiarize participants on the concepts of natural hazards,
disaster, disaster awareness, preparedness
and mitigation; (3) familiarize the participants with basic underlying concepts and
theories about geologic and meteorologic
hazards; and (4) to develop strategies and
ways of teaching natural hazards (Figure 8).
Lectures/ Film showing on Disaster Preparedness
The PHIVOLCS main office hosted 114
in-house lectures, attended by a total of
7,484 students and teachers from various
schools in and outside Metro Manila. In addition, PHIVOLCS Staff from the main office
attended to 22 requests for lectures on volcano and earthquake preparedness. Meanwhile, 187 requests for lectures were attended to by our personnel from various
field stations (Table 2).
Fig. 8. Teachers’ seminar on Natural Hazards.
Exhibits
For the year 2003, the following exhibits were put up:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fig. 7. Distribution of SOEPD clientele for 2003.
Regions
Field Stations
National Capital Region
Main Office, UP Campus Diliman Q.C.
No. of
lectures
attended/S
tation
136
Region I Ilocos
Pasuquin Seismic Station
Santa Seismic Station
12
2
14
Region II Cagayan Valley
Callao Seismic Station
Basco Seismic Station
1
0
1
CAR Cordillera Administrative Region
Baguio Seismic Station
23
23
Region III Central Luzon
Palayan Seismic Station
7
7
Region IV Southern Tagalog
Guinyangan Seismic Station
Lucban Seismic Station
Puerto Princesa Seismic Station
Tagaytay Seismic Station
Puerto Galera Seismic Station
4
3
0
4
1
12
Region V Bicol
Masbate Seismic Station
12
12
Region VI Western Visayas
Antique Seismic Station
Kalibo Seismic Station
Roxas Seismic Station
13
3
9
Region VII Central Visayas
Lapu-Lapu Seismic Station
Sibulan Seismic Station
Tagbilaran Seismic Station
1
0
5
6
Region VIII Eastern Visayas
Palo Seismic Station
11
11
Region IX Western Mindanao
Dipolog Seismic Station
Zamboanga Seismic Station
4
7
11
Region X Northern Mindanao
Davao City Seismic Station
Cagayan Seismic Station
27
18
45
Region XI Southern Mindanao
General Santos City Seismic Station
10
10
Region XII Central Mindanao
Kidapawan Seismic Station
5
5
Region XIII Caraga
Bislig Seismic Station
Surigao Seismic Station
0
5
5
0
0
323
323
ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao
Cotabato Seismic Station
TOTAL
Total
no. of
lectures/R
egion
136
25
The PHIVOLCS Publication group produced and printed the following new materials: (1) Taal Volcano Flyer (500 copies); (2)
Earthquake! What to do before, during and
after an earthquake flyer (5,000 copies); (3)
Safeguard Life and Investments by Understanding Geologic Hazards (5,000 copies);
(4) Kanlaon Profile (500 copies); (5) Monitoring Philippine Active Volcanoes: Kanlaon
Volcano (500 copies) and (6) Volcanic Hazards at Kanlaon Volcano (500 copies). The
production of information materials for
Kanlaon was supported by the Grant from
National Disaster Coordinating Council
(NDCC) (Figure 10).
Aside from these, the following materials were reprinted: (1) Earthquake and
Earthquake Hazards (3,000 copies); (2)
PHIVOLCS Flyer (3,000 copies); (3) Philippines’ Six most active Volcanoes (2,000
copies). As a regular undertaking, the publication group also produced the PHIVOLCS
Annual Report 2003 (50 copies) and
PHIVOLCS Observer Volume 14 no. 1 (300
copies), Vol 14 no. 2 is for final printing. In
addition the PHIVOLCS publication group
was tapped to produce the Program and
Abstracts Volume for the Geological Society
of the Philippines (GSP) GEOCON 2003.
PHIVOLCS also provided technical support
for this activity.
Library Services and documentation and
reproduction of information materials
The PHIVOLCS S&T Library continued
to provide information needs to various researches. In the year 2003, the library entertained 505 researchers. Only subscriptions
to two international journals on volcanology
and seismology were made. To enrich the
databank of the Institute, books and journals
were catalogued and database of the library
collection was encoded.
National Science and Technology
Week Exhibit (NSTW) (Philippine Trade
Training Center, 14-18 July)
Permanent Exhibit at the Masbate Station (Figure 9)
Mini-exhibit at Palo, Leyte Station
Davao-DOST Exhibit
The exhibit group refurbished the display set at Taal Volcano Buco Station and
participated in NSTW Fair Exhibit for Mindanao Cluster (October 2003). In addition,
PHIVOLCS attended to six (6) requests to
borrow our mobile exhibit set for school science fairs and other institutions or agencies
such as United Nations Development Programme among others.
Publications
Table 2. PHIVOLCS LECTURES FOR 2003
For the year, PHIVOLCS attended to
346 requests mostly from students who are
doing projects for their school, for duplication of significant photographs on earthquake impacts and volcanic eruptions, and
video features on volcanoes and earthquakes.
Fig. 9. PHIVOLCS exhibit at Masbate Station
sible due to peace and order situation in
Mindanao.
R&D Projects
a
INTERNALLY-FUNDED
RESEARCH PROJECTS
f
d
e
For the year 2003, PHIVOLCS carried
out 12 internally-funded research projects
on volcano, earthquakes and disaster mitigation.
Gas Geochemistry studies on volcanoes
Fig. 10. Various flyers produced by PHIVOLCS in 2003 include (a) Taal Volcano Profile; (b)
Safeguarding Life and Investments by Understanding Geologic Hazards; (c) Kanlaon Profile;
(d) Monitoring Philippine Active Volcanoes: Kanlaon Volcano; (e) Volcanic Hazards at
Kanlaon Volcano and (f) Earthquake! Don’t Panic… You must know What to do BEFORE,
DURING and AFTER an earthquake.
PHILIPPINE
b INSTITUTE OF
GIS Laboratory Development and
Maintenance for Disaster Mitigation
Applications
Under this program, the project, “Modeling Lake Breakout Using TOPSAR DEM: a
case study of Parker Crater Lake” was proposed for the PCASTRD- Project. Full implementation of the project is expected in
2004.
The collaboration with the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP),
University of Hawaii at Manoa resulted to
the acquisition of available satellite data
from HIGP in July and November and utilization of these data for various research involvement at PHIVOLCS. Some areas were
pre-processed using ENVI and cartographically enhanced using Adobe Photoshop.
Printouts of image files were made and analyzed. The data was archived in CDs. Likewise, an assessment of the usefulness of
the satellite data provided by HIGP was initiated in 2003. It is hoped that the satellite
data will be useful for volcano- and earthquake-related activities planned for 2004.
c
Development and Operation of Management Information System
The Management Information System
Group (MIS Group) was formally reorganized this year. The improvement of the
PHIVOLCS web site was the priority activity
of the group. The website was designed according to the specifications of DOST for all
DOST-attached agencies. The first uploading of improved web site was done in the
middle of the year. The web site address is
www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph and it contains
much useful information about felt earthquakes, Philippine volcanoes, programs and
outputs of the Institute.
The Internet protocol (IP) addresses of
the computers of the institute were changed
to private IP’s because of the installation of
a proxy server. Instead of all the client computers accessing the Internet together, the
proxy server will act as’storage’ of frequently
accessed web sites, so that it will not be
necessary for the client computers to connect to the real origin servers. Since it is
more time consuming to connect to the real
servers, the presence of a proxy server will
improve much of the speed of Internet access. A proxy server is defined as a server
that sits between a client application, such
as a web browser, and a real server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if
it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the real server.
As a replacement of dial up Internet
connection, the Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL) was used. The DSL is cheaper, more
reliable and faster. This service no longer
required expensive equipment or a second
phone line. The DSL is "always on" service
that provide instant access and do not require a connection to be established for
each session. This gives greater reliability
and flexibility, and has led to the ease of
Internet connection sharing by office network. This DSL connection will act as a back
up in case the PREGINET connection is
down. In order for the DSL to be shared to
many computers, a DSL proxy server was
configured.
The frequency of measurements of S02
emission rate using Correlation Spectrometer or COSPEC was intensified at Mayon
Volcano after its status was assessed to be
at Alert Level 1 on 17 March 2003. Sulfur
Dioxide (SO2) flux output increased to 890
tonnes per day (t/d). Since then SO2 emission rate further increased and persistently
remained at high levels with values of up to
more than 3,000 t/d in May. Sulfur Dioxide
(SO2) flux output showed values of >2,000
t/d until early December then decreased to
636 t/d by 29 December 2003.
Studies on water wells and springs
around Mayon Volcano
both volcanoes were closely monitored and
evaluated all throughout the year.
Ground Deformation Studies of Active Volcanoes
Ground deformation studies were
mainly centered on Mayon Volcano. Electronic tiltmeters and precise level instruments were used to monitor a growing unrest. The electronic tiltmeter located at the
northwest upper slope (Buang) and at
MHRO reported mild and slow changes in
ground tilts, probably related to new magma
intrusion. Precise leveling survey also indicated slight inflation. However, precise leveling survey conducted from 03 - 14 December indicated slight deflationary trend based
on previous reading.
Hazards Mapping of Active Volcanoes in the Philippines
The long-term objective of the program
is to generate hazard maps for all the active
volcanoes in the Philippines. For 2003, the
two main output of the program were: 1)
generation of GIS-based database for Taal
with proper input of the existing hazards in
the event of an eruption, and 2) the revision
of the hazard map of Parker Volcano.
A spot survey of the geologic condition,
examination of the water chemistry and interviews were made to determine the cause
of hot water discharge in some wells at
Barangay Tabon, Talim Island located inside
the Laguna caldera. QRT investigation was
also conducted to determine the nature and
possible cause of the observed damages to
some of the school buildings at Balon Elementary School, Balon Anito, Mariveles,
Bataan. Technical paper in the form of ROI
were written for the QRT investigations.
Identification and Characterization of
Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in the Philippines
On the long-term, the program aims to
generate volcano-geologic maps, not only
for active volcanoes in the Philippines but
also for the 22 potentially active volcanoes
in the Philippines. Eleven geologic maps out
of the 22 active volcanoes and 9 out of the
22 potentially active volcanoes have been
generated since the start of the program.
For 2003, Suiro (Biliran) and Banahaw volcanoes were selected as the focus of activities since preliminary mapping activities
were conducted in 2002.
Spot Seismic Monitoring at unmonitored active and inactive volcanoes
The Taal database project produced
four preliminary maps showing the elements
at risks and lifeline data (Figs. 11 a-d). Once
completed, the database will facilitate quick
identification and assessment of risks involved around Taal and vicinity. It will also
be used in disaster mitigation and management planning down to the barangay level.
The revision of the geologic map of
Banahaw Volcano was completed in 2003
(Fig. 12). This map was based on topographic map and SAR image interpretations,
review of published literatures and field investigation. The map generated shall be the
basis for future mapping activities including
sampling, and for initial hazard assessment
in the event of any volcanic unrest in the future. The field mapping activities for Suiro
(Biliran) was cancelled due to budgetary
constraints that prompted streamlining and
prioritization of projects to be carried out.
The project was focused on seismic
monitoring of active volcanoes showing
signs of unusual activity. Outputs are in the
form of Reports of Investigation and Data
Reduction Reports. Because of the activities
manifested by both Kanlaon and Mayon, for
year 2003, project activities were centered
on the seismic monitoring at Kanlaon and
Mayon volcanoes. The seismic activities of
The geospatial data and statistical information used were gathered from municipal and provincial governments of Cavite
and Batangas. Graphical and tabular data
were processed using ArcInfo and MapInfo
software to form a GIS relational database
system. Final revision of the existing hazard
map for Parker Volcano will be completed in
2004 because field verification was not pos-
In spite of the restrictions posed by the
scarcity of financial resources and the peace
and order situation in the field areas selected for 2003, accomplishments were
still generated. A preliminary deposit map of
Kitanglad Volcano was generated using
1:50,000 topographic map and SAR images
in response to the current seismic swarms
being recorded in Cagayan de Oro which
PHIVOLCS continued with its regular
monitoring of water wells around Mayon.
The water level and/or flow rate of reference
wells and water springs located around
Mayon Volcano were periodically measured,
but data revealed no considerable relationship between the on-going volcanic activity
to the ground water.
Field surveys were conducted in June
and December 2003 at selected river systems draining from Pinatubo Volcano in order to reassess lahar and related hydrologic
hazards with the intention of revising the
lahar and flood hazards maps. Three river
systems were investigated namely PasigPotrero, Sacobia-Bamban, and Sto-TomasMarella. One of the most significant geomorphic change noted along the PasigPotrero River was the migration of the apex
of the alluvial fan 5 km downstream as reckoned from the June 2003 field survey. This
information is important in assessing the
rate and degree of stabilization of the river’s
gradient. No significant changes were observed along the Sacobia and Sto. TomasMarella river systems except of continuing
heavy siltation along the river channels. Additional investigations will be conducted
along the Bucao River during the 1st quarter
of 2004 in order to finalize reassessment
and revision of the lahar anf flood hazards
maps, as well as to conduct more detailed
mapping of the deposits from the crater lake
breakout.
Fig. 12. Banahao geological map
was related to movement along the Cabanglasan Fault. With the potential for triggering volcanic unrest of the nearby Kitanglad Volcano, a potentially active volcano,
there was a need to identify volcanic hazards and possible extent of these hazards.
National Lahar Mapping Program
Fig. 11. Elements at risks maps of Taal Volcano
In the past, death, destruction of structures, and disruption of lifelines resulted
from major lahar events during and after
major eruptions of some of the active volcanoes in the Philippines. Moreover, with
rainfall occurring in varying degrees
throughout the year, low- to large-magnitude
lahars are expected to pose threat to communities adjacent to affected river channels
during each eruptive activity. Identification
and assessment of lahar-prone areas done
through detailed field mapping can graphically be represented by lahar and flood hazards maps. These hazards maps "...strives
to present severe but reasonable predictions
[of areas that may be affected] for planning
purposes" (Pierson and others, 1992).
Lahars at Pinatubo and Mayon brought
about by the recent eruptions in 1991 and
2000-2001, respectively, resulted in devastations. These events were generally triggered mainly by intense rainfall brought by
monsoon rains and passing typhoons. To
this day, the PHIVOLCS lahar team is compelled to conduct investigations and reassessment of the threat of lahar occurrences
and flooding in these volcanoes.
Another important research in 2003
was the evaluation of lahar hazards on two
adjacent but hydrologically distinct watersheds in Mayon Volcano. The research was
aimed at understanding how lahars at
Mayon can be initiated and where they are
likely to flow by studying two adjacent river
channels, Mabinit-New Bonga and Buyuan.
The conclusion drawn was that erosion of
source sediments (mainly pyroclastic flow
deposits) is faster in Buyuan due to the following conditions, as validated by evidence
in the field: 1) variability in depositional conditions (e.g. emplacement of eruptive products) played a significant role in the process
and rates of initiation; 2) Buyuan has
steeper slope (both pyroclastic flow surface
and active channel) than Mabinit-New
Bonga; 3) the Mabinit pyroclastic deposits
had poorer sorting and greater mean grain
size than those at Buyuan; and 4) the deposits at Mabinit had faster infiltration rates
than in Buyuan. The results of the research
could be crucial information for the evaluation of short- and long-term lahar hazards
and risks of areas adjacent to Mayon. In the
future, the same factors tested for the study
could be applied to the other river channels
at Mayon or in other volcanoes. Further infil-
tration tests and period geodetic surveys
along these two channels could be done in
order to validate the results of the study.
Coordination and continuing dialogue
with local government units (LGUs), and
non-government organization (NGOs) were
also an important function of the program. A
dialogue with Bacolor municipal officials and
businessmen on the current and projected
lahar hazard status of Bacolor, Pampanga
was conducted upon the invitation of the
Mayor.
Seismic Hazards Identification Program
The program is aimed at identifying
and evaluating earthquake-related hazards.
Two projects were conducted for 2003,
mapping and assessment of liquefaction
hazards and tsunami hazards mapping and
assessment. The main objectives of the liquefaction project include: 1) identifying the
direct and potentially damaging consequences of earthquakes on the ground, particularly those due to liquefaction, and generate a digital liquefaction hazard map for
the Philippines; 2) establishment of a database of borehole and water-well information
that will be used to map the distribution of
various soil cover and their geotechnical
characteristics; and 3) summary report of
the results.
Important accomplishments for the project are: 1) preliminary Liquefaction hazard
map for General Santos City, including digital geologic map; 2) digitized geologic maps
of Cebu City, Laoag City, Davao City, Cotabato City for REDAS; 3) digitized stratigraphic logs of MMEIRS borehole and interpretation of depositional environment.
For the tsunami hazards mapping and
assessment, the main accomplishments for
2003 were: 1) an update of the tsunami
hazard map for Eastern Mindanao, 2) technical paper on the Davao del Sur Tsunami
of 1991 that was revised for publication, 3)
technical paper entitled Tsunami Simulation
that was accepted for publication in a refereed journal, the Journal of the Geological
Society of the Philppines, 4) production and
distribution of tsunami posters at various
field stations for information dissemination,
and 5) as resource persons in various local
and international fora.
Hazard Mapping of Active Faults
The main objective of this program is to
delineate the active fault systems in the
country. The main output will be an updated
active faults map of the Philippines with corresponding paleoseismic database.
For 2003, the activities undertaken included: 1) mapping of the Philippine Fault
Zone (PFZ) (central Luzon/Masbate), 2) paleoseismic study for the Valley Fault System
(VFS), 3) preparation of technical papers
showcasing results of the mapping done,
and 4) participation in local and international
conferences. The new mapping data generated for the PFZ in central Luzon and Masbate will be incorporated in the existing active faults map of the Philippines while the
new set of dates for the VFS will help improve our understanding of the behavior of
this active fault. All of these data are valuable in seismic hazards and risk assessment efforts of the Institute. On the other
hand, participation in local and international
conferences and similar venues enable researchers to interact with other geoscientists
and promote international collaborative projects.
As part of the PHIVOLCS-Kyoto University Collaborative Project on Mapping of
the Philippine Fault Zone in Luzon Island,
Philippines, airphoto interpretation and field
mapping were conducted in August and December 2003. One of the significant output
was the mapping and documention of previously unrecognized evidence for the fault
extensions between the Digdig and San
Jose Faults and between the San Jose and
San Manuel Faults. Two trenching sites
were identified, 1) north and south of Rizal,
Nueva Ecija along the Digdig Fault and 2)
southern extension of the San Jose Fault.
Mapping of the on land extension of the
Philippine Fault Zone in Masbate island was
documented and completed in 2003.
Under the VFS Mapping Project, external funding of the C14 processing of 10
samples from the trenching site along the
West Valley Fault in Rodriguez, Rizal was
successfully negotiated, thus saving
PHIVOLCS more than P300,000 in fund
cost. A technical report is currently in progress and will be completed in 2004.
Program for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage Sites
This project is a collaborative project
between PHIVOLCS and the National Cultural Center for the Arts (NCCA). The project aims to evaluate the seismic hazards of
the four UNESCO heritage sites in the Philippines (San Agustin Church, Paoay
Church, Santa Maria Churchand Miag-ao
Church) as well as of the 26 Philippine colonial churches in the country. Aside from the
site evaluation, the project also taps
PHIVOLCS to conduct ambient vibration of
these structures to evaluate integrity of
these valuable and sometimes, fragile structures. For 2003, a strong motion instrument
was installed at San Agustin Church and a
review of historical earthquakes that affected these structures was conducted.
Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment of Laoag City
The project “Seismic Hazard and Risk
Assessment of Laoag City” is a collaborative
project between the University of Hongkong
(UHK), Mines and Geosciences Bureau
(MGB) and PHIVOLCS. This project aims to
conduct seismic hazard and risk assessment of Laoag City. Laoag City was selected as it is one of the more seismically
active regions in northern Luzon, has been
affected by damaging earthquakes several
times in the past, and it is proximal to several active earthquake source zones. To
study possible site response, three strong
motion accelerographs were installed at
Laoag Elementary School, Barangay Zamboanga and in the Ilocos Norte Water District office. The stations recorded 17 events,
five of which had felt intensities.
Geotechnical boring were also conducted for seven sites in the city to know the
thickness of sediments necessary for conducting site response and liquefaction studies.
Tsunami Hazards Awareness and
Preparedness
The project aims to determine the level
of awareness on earthquake-related hazards of key officials as well as residents of
identified tsunami vulnerable areas in Metro
Manila. For the year, collection of available
socio-economic information was undertaken and a key informant survey was conducted at the coastal areas of Las Pinas,
Paranaque and Pasay. A total of 10 key informants, mostly social welfare officers, city
engineers and health officers were interviewed using a prepared set of questionnaires. All the disaster coordinating councils
revealed that typhoons and floods are the
primary hazards that they are more familiar
with in terms of experience because of its
more common occurrence in their area. Although earthquake hazards are included in
the their actions plans and preparedness
measures, the awareness of residents and
official,ls need to be determined. Detailed
survey will be conducted in year 2004.
possible seismic hazards and the severity of
the impacts to population, buildings, lifelines, road networks and other elements at
risks, which is highly needed to generate
necessary information for guiding civil defense officials and disaster managers in
making quick, timely and reliable decisions
for deploying rescue and relief operations.
The second objective is the minimization of
seismic risk by
convincing land use
planners, policy makers and city planners
to consider hazards in their planning and
development efforts. The provision of this
simple and easy to use simulation tool will
give them a deeper understanding and appreciation of the earthquake hazards and
risks and will thus motivate them to prepare
and do more serious planning and intensive
formulation of effective disaster prevention
policies such as serious land use regulation,
strict enforcement of the building code and
retrofitting of critical structures. To realize
the above objectives, the simulation tool
should be developed in such a way that it
will be simple and easy to use. For this year,
the modeling of four seismic hazards were
continued as well as the building up of the
risk database was conducted. Figure 13
shows REDAS ground shaking results for a
July 16, 1990 scenario earthquake.
PCASTRD-funded Project: “Establishment of a GPS Ground control
Network and a Continuous Base Reference Station for Monitoring Ground
Deformation at Mayon Volcano
As part of an effort to establish state-ofthe-art monitoring capabilities for Mayon, a
EXTERNALLY-FUNDED and
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH
PROJECTS
PHIVOLCS-Indiana UniversityUNAVCO Taal Global Positioning
System
The GPS monitoring network at Taal is
a continuing collaborative project between
PHIVOLCS, Indiana University and
UNAVCO. There are 12 GPS stations on
Taal Volcano Island and a master GPS station in Tagaytay. This fruitful collaboration
has already generated one major research
publication on the magma dynamics and
ground deformation published last October
in the Journal of Geophysical Research.
Establishment of a Rapid Earthquake
Damage Assessment of the Philippines (REDAS)
A DOST-GIA project called “Establishment of a Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment System” (REDAS) continued to be
implemented. REDAS aims to develop a
system that can give rapid estimate of the
Fig. 13. REDAS ground shaking results for a July 16, 1990 earthquake scenario.
Grants-In-Aid (GIA) project is presently
under implementation by PHIVOLCS. The
project is entitled “Establishment of a GPS
Ground control Network and a Continuous
Base Reference Station for Monitoring
Ground Deformation at Mayon Volcano,
Philippines” and is funded by the Philippine
Council for Advanced Science and Technology R&D, Department of Science and Technology (DOST). The project mainly supplies
logistical support for setting up GPS stations
and requisite data retrieval. Equipment for
the project already exists in PHIVOLCS,
courtesy of the JICA-PHIVOLCS project.
The objective is to surround Mayon with a
dense network of GPS receivers to accurately detect ground deformation which may
accompany volcanic unrest. Traditional
geodetic methods, mainly by manual measurements are painstaking and tedious. The
use of GPS provides a distinct advantage by
providing three-dimensional (X-Y-Heights)
positions of predetermined points with great
precision and accuracy. Each site need not
be in line of sight of each other which provides flexibility in layout of the stations. At
present, the network layout is nearly complete and 9 of about 11 stations are already
logging position data. Temporal changes in
position of these predetermined points
around the volcano, in combination with
other geodetic and geophysical data should
provide scientists with a better picture of
what is happening beneath the volcano.
This information shall be used to make improved assessments of the ongoing Mayon
unrest. A downstream benefit to the community from this project is to provide local
governments accurate ground control points
for their municipal/city planning. In addition,
with one station to be made permanent, researchers will be able to make differential
GPS corrections by accessing the
PHIVOLCS GPS reference data. This data
should be useful to researchers involved in
mapping and remote sensing.
Collective Strengthening of Community Awareness for Natural Disasters
(CSCAND)
The project Crustal Stress and Community Awareness Network (CSCAN) is a
collaborative project between PHIVOLCS,
selected local government units and the
United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP). The project has twofold aims: one
is to study possible correlation between
variations in crustal stress values and occurrences of earthquake. This aim is considered to be in the research stage. The second aim is to tap community participation in
earthquake observation. To achieve the first
aim, PHIVOLCS and the Chinese scientists
from the United Nations Global Programme
for the Integration of Public Administration
for the Science of Disasters (UNGP-IPASD)
installed in ten communities in Luzon Island
in 2000 a crustal stress monitoring setup
consisting of sensors and recorders
(PHIVOLCS Annual Report, 2000). Instead
of scientists doing the daily crustal stress
readings, local volunteers were tapped and
trained on how to conduct the readings
themselves. They were also taught how to
relate possible changes in their environment
with occurrence of earthquakes. The first
two years of the project, from 2000 to 2002,
was concentrated on imparting the crustal
stress technology, specifically how earthquake parameters are determined from the
crustal stress data, through the holding of a
series of technology transfer workshops
among PHIVOLCS and local volunteer observers by the Chinese scientists.
This year, the CSCAN has evolved into
a new phase through a project called “Collective Strengthening of Community for
Natural Disasters (CSCAND)”. The main
development is that CSCAND is now involved in harnessing community awareness
for all kinds of natural disasters. To institutionalize this, the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) made CSCAND a
subcommittee of the Preparedness Committee of the NDCC through order no. 25 dated
September 30, 2003. Under the newlyevolved CSCAND, PHIVOLCS continued
the operation and maintenance of the
crustal stress network. Data were sent by
local volunteers and continuously analyzed.
For the community awareness part, a series
of community awareness activities were
conducted. The first was the production of a
movie/TV plug on earthquake preparedness
inside a crowded place such as a shopping
mall. The aim is to create a public education
module that will inform mallgoers on the
proper steps to take once earthquake shaking occurs. Since the purpose of a typical
Filipino family or group of friends when they
visit a mall is to eat, shop or watch a movie,
the proper response to earthquake
shaking while in a grocery, fast food and
movie houses had to be addressed by this
module. The project thought of a TV/movie
plug to accomplish this task. The script was
conceptualized by the PHIVOLCS staff and
this went through a series of editing together
with the Philippine Information Agency
(PIA). Film shooting was done using the
earthquake simulator located inside the
PHIVOLCS compound. The simulator was
designed to look like the background of the
three scenarios presented in the plug. The
TV/movie plug was shown for several
months for more than 220 movie houses nationwide and in three government TV channels.
replicate these workshops were among the
most suggested follow up activities. Table 3
shows the seminars conducted on the
CSCAND project.
The CSCAND project also conducted
four earthquake awareness and preparedness workshops for schools in the National
Capital Region (NCR) and three CSCAN
communities. The target audience for the
NCR consisted of school superintendents
and disaster action officers of the Department of Education school superintendents
from the NCR. Unlike other earthquake
preparedness workshops, the workshop for
the DepEd school superintendents was
conducted to encourage them to conduct
earthquake drills more regularly by teaching
them how simple and doable the procedure
actually is (Figure 14). The venue of the
workshop and which was also the target of
the earthquake drill was the Bago Bantay
Elementary School in Bago Bantay, Quezon
City.
Three other community awareness
workshops were held in three CSCAN sites:
Batangas City, Lingayen, Pangasinan and
Infanta, Quezon. The target audience
consisted of city/municipal officials, disaster
coordinating council members, barangay officials and local school heads. The workshops were designed in such a way that it
will both give information lectures about
earthquakes but at the same time, teach
them simple steps on how to observe their
environment for possible changes before
earthquakes, how to identify hazardous
places in the their communities and identify
possible solutions through an embedded activity called “town watching activity” (Figure
15). For Batangas City, volcano-related topics especially related to Taal Volcano were
included in the lecture list. Activities that will
Fig. 15. Participants of the Earthquake Awareness Seminar-Workshop for
Local and Barangay Officials of Lingayen are shown assessing one of
the buildings during the town watching exercise.
Fig. 14. Mr. Narag demonstrates to the student the
proper way of protecting
herself during an earthquake. This is called the
“duck and cover” technique.
Table 3. Seminars conducted on the CSCAND project
Title of Seminar
Earthquake Awareness SeminarWorkshop for Local and Barangay
Officials of Infanta
Earthquake and Volcano Awareness
Seminar-Workshop for Local and
Barangay Officials of Batangas City
Earthquake Awareness SeminarWorkshop for Local and Barangay
Officials of Lingayen
Preparing our School Children for
Earthquake: Workshop
Location, Date
Number of Participants
Villa Elena Resort, Infanta Quezon,
September 17-18, 2003
National Teachers Conference Center, Batangas City,
October 27-28, 2003
Gulf Restaurant at Bodjie’s. Lingayen, Pangasinan November 17-18,
2003
Bago Bantay Elementary
School, Quezon City November 25, 2003
86 - Barangay leaders, city disaster coordinating council members (CDCC) and
school heads
168 - Barangay leaders, city disaster coordinating council members (CDCC) and
school heads
99 - Barangay leaders, city disaster coordinating council members (CDCC) and
school heads
134 - superintendents and officials in the
NCR region
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Project on the Development of Earthquake and Tsunami Mitigation Technologies and Their Integration in the
Asia-Pacific Region (EdM-EqTAP)
The project “Development of Earthquake and Tsunami Mitigation Technologies
and Their Integration in the Asia-Pacific Region (EqTAP) is being implemented through
a collaborative project with the Earthquake
Disaster Mitigation Research Center (EdM),
a research center of the National Research
Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) of Japan. The main aim of
EqTAP is to develop disaster reduction
technologies for the Asia-Pacific regions and
to integrate them into “Master Plan for
Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation
appropriate to the Asia-Pacific Region”.
EdM has chosen Metro Manila as a case
study for using EqTAP technologies in a
project aptly called the Metro Manila Case
Study (MMCS). Since Metro Manila is a
large area, three cities have so far been the
focus of EqTAP studies. These are Manila,
Marikina and Muntinlupa.
events were recorded by the 12-station network for the year. This is the highest
number of data gathered during the network’s six year operation which started in
1998. This brings the total number of earthquake events to 55 and the number of
waveform records to 159.
Seismic Vulnerability of Manila
Studies conducted in Manila are seismic vulnerability using remote sensing, microtremor observations of Intramuros and
San Agustin Church, ground motion modeling near active faults, seismic vulnerability of
school buildings and development of digital
strong motion database in Metro Manila.
Since, risk management framework being
adopted by EqTAP follows a procedure that
necessitates the need to communicate and
consult with stakeholders of a given area,
two workshops were held in March and September 2003 that aimed to inform and consult with local government officials, school
teachers and other important stakeholders
of the city of Manila about the studies being
done for making their city safe from the
negative effects of future earthquakes. The
workshops also gathered from them other
studies they think are important and culled
suggestions on how these results can be
better be used by the city and its various
stakeholders. Figure 16 shows the participants of the September 9, 2003 workshop.
Development of a Space-Time GIS system for the city of Makati.
Another EqTAP study is the development of a Space-Time GIS system for the
city of Makati. This study aims to develop a
GIS system that adds time as an added
component in its analysis. The software
called DIMSIS, which was developed by the
Kakumoto Laboratory of EdM, can be used
to conduct seismic hazard and risk assessment. The software will include risk element
data available at different time period
thereby providing the fourth element to the
GIS system. In 2003, Makati cadastral
maps were digitized and made available to
the GIS system. Building footprints using
QuickBird remote sensing technology will
also be included soon after. Aside from
PHIVOLCS, the city government of Makati
and the Office of Civil Defense are provided
the software and similar sets of data.
Marikina Risk Perception Study
In the middle of year 2002, a collaborative study entitled “Risk Perception Study
on Earthquake Hazards Among Marikina
City Residents” was initiated by the EDMEqTAP, UP Department of Geography-UP
NDCC-CALAMITY FUND-sponsored
activities for Kanlaon and Mayon
Volcanoes and Masbate
Fig. 16. EDM-EqTAP Stakeholders Workshop participants (photo by P Reniva)
(UP Geography) and PHIVOLCS. The
first draft of survey questionnaire was finished and presented in
September 2002 during the EDM-EqTAP
meeting held at the Mandarin Hotel, Makati.
As initial activity prior to the survey, a
workshop for the student-enumerators was
conducted on 10-11 April 2003 at
PHIVOLCS in order to orient the 20 student
enumerators to the objectives of the project,
its expected outcomes, as well as give important points on how to administer the
questionnaire to get the desirable results.
Coordination by the UP Geography with local government and barangay officials
helped in the conduct of the survey. The actual survey was conducted starting May until
June 2003 with 1,000 target samples from
12 chosen barangays in Marikina. The responses from the 1,000 samples were immediately encoded by enumerators as soon
as each were completed. A group from the
Philippine counterparts composed of 2 from
PHIVOLCS and 2 from the Department of
Geography-UP visited the EDM office at
Kobe, Japan on 22-30 June to discuss the
data analysis with EDM-EqTAP counterparts.
Earthquake Impact Reduction Study
of Metro Manila (MMEIRS)
The Earthquake Impact Reduction
Study of Metro Manila (MMEIRS) is a JICAsupported development study that aims to
formulate a master plan for earthquake impact reduction of Metro Manila and to
carry out technology transfer to Philippine
counterpart personnel of PHIVOLCS and
the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA). MMDA is the co-implementor
of this project. PHIVOLCS participated actively in various activities of this project specifically in the development of the ground
shaking model, site response study, damage assessment, GIS-development and
community-based disaster management efforts.
Most of the activities of the Community
Based Disaster Management (CBDM) under
the MMEIRS project, performed during the
last quarter of 2003, focused mainly on
measures undertaken by participants that
would develop or enhance their capability
for earthquake disaster management planning. These activities consisted of the following: 1) General assembly; 2) Community
watching and resource mapping; and 3)
Disaster imagination game (DIG). The
CBDM component of the JICA-MMEIRS
project is being implemented in three study
areas, namely: Barangay 741 (Manila City);
Nofuente Compound at Barangay Cupang
(Muntinlupa City); and Barangay Ugong
(Pasig City) (Figure 17).
Raising the Earthquake Awareness
and Preparedness of Residents of
Multi-storey mass housing residents
A collaborative project with the National
Housing Authority (NHA) was initiated this
year that aims to increase the level of
earthquake awareness and preparedness of
residents of multi-storey mass housing projects in the National Capital Region. The
project will conduct seismic hazard
evaluation, risk perception survey and finally
Fig. 17. Ms. Lynn Melosantos of PHIVOLCS lectured community participants at Nofuente Compound at
Bry. Cupang, Muntinlupa City
implement activities such as earthquake drill
that could raise earthquake awareness and
ensure that these residents will respond appropriately when earthquakes occur.
Proper action when earthquakes occur may
save lives. Figure 18 shows one of the
multi-storey mass housing buildings being
planned to be studied and taught proper
earthquake response. To formalize the collaborative undertaking, a Memorandum of
Agreement
was
signed
between
PHIVOLCS and NHA.
some areas are more frequently damaged
that other places. In order to obtain the inherent characteristics of these frequently
damaged sites and compare them with more
stable areas, 12 instruments were installed
and have been operating in the metropolis
for the last five years in cooperation with the
Tokyo Institute of Technology (TITECH).
Fifty-four waveform data from 15 earthquake
Frequent ash explosions in Mayon Volcano starting January 2003 prompted
PHIVOLCS to intensify monitoring activities,
and deploy more instruments and experts.
These activities were quickly followed by a
magnitude 6.2 earthquake in Masbate. To
augment its limited operational budget,
PHIVOLCS sought the assistance of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC)
for a calamity fund to finance not only the
required expenditure to properly monitor the
volcanic situation and issue timely warning
to the concerned public in Mayon and
Kanlaon but also the cost of the needed
documentation and public awareness campaign. The project could be subdivided into
smaller activities as presented below:
Strong Motion Accelerograph Network in Metro Manila (MM-STAR)
This project “Operation of a Strong Motion
Accelerograph Network in Metro Manila
(MM-STAR)” aims to generate a strong
ground motion database by operating a
network of digital accelerographs in Metro
Manila. The output can be used for realistic
ground motion hazard modeling/simulation.
The results can serve as inputs to proper
planning and development of an earthquake
safe Metro Manila. The database will also
be made available to researchers doing
earthquake engineering-related studies.
Metro Manila is an interesting study area
because it is underlain by differing lithologic
units. Records show that places underlain
by differing lithologies and varying thickness
of soft deposits have had varying levels of
earthquake damages in the past. Historical
damages to Metro Manila have shown that
Fig. 18. This multi-storey mass housing project in Mandaluyong City was being planned as one of the
buildings where a project on determining the level of awareness and preparedness of residents of multistorey mass housing projects can be conducted.
the Leyte network, and (3) the smaller Tongonan network, which covers the transfer
zone where the Philippine Fault separates
into three individual sub-parallel faults.
These networks were repeatedly measured
between 1991 and 2002: 5 times for Masbate, 6 times for Leyte and 7 times for Tongonan.
Kanlaon and Mayon Volcanoes
Seismic network augmentation, ground
deformation studies and other monitoring activities at Kanlaon Volcano
Before Kanlaon’s unrest, there were
only three seismographs monitoring the
seismic activity. These are Kanlaon Volcano
Observatory, Cabagnaan and Guintubdan
stations. Ground deformation monitoring includes measuring tilt using an electronic
tiltmeter and GPS for accurate position of
control points to be monitored. To better
understand the nature of unrest and explosions, additional seismographs and tiltmeters are needed so that appropriate alert
level can be emphasized and proper warnings can be issued.
Increasing seismic activity observed at
Kanlaon beginning January 2003 and the
ash explosion it exhibited starting 7 March
2003 had obliged PHIVOLCS to rapidly
conduct repair and maintenance works of
Kanlaon’s existing seismic network. Site negotiations were facilitated and the three
spread spectrum radio-telemetry seismic
monitoring stations were installed, with the
aim of using the new set up in monitoring
Kanlaon’s ongoing unrest. The La Calota
City College “Power House” building was
repaired and used to temporarily serve as
Kanlaon Volcano’s receiving and processing
station until the new Kanlaon Volcano Observatory will be constructed. In addition,
appropriate sites for installing the electronic
tiltmeters were selected.
Seismic network augmentation, ground
deformation studies and other monitoring activities at Mayon Volcano
Before the 2003 unrest, Mayon is monitored by a small network of seismometers
and two tiltmeters installed to help determine occurrences of magmatic intrusions
(Figure 19a-b). The said monitoring configuration involved sensors that are installed at
fairly low elevations, thus the lower detection sensitivity. To optimize the monitoring
network at Mayon, two digital seismic telemetry were installed at (a) Upper Masarawag (W, elevation 415 m ASL) and (b)
Upper Mayon Resthouse (NW, elevation
1500 m ASL). In addition, the following precise levelling benchmarks were recon-
Fig. 20. Participants on the Forum on Kanlaon Volcano held at Kundutel Hotel, Bacolod City, 15 October 2003.
Fig. 19 a. EDM instrument at LHO
structed: (a) Buang precise leveling line, (b)
Lidong precise leveling line; and (c) Anoling
precise leveling line.
Risk Assessment for Mayon Volcano
Data were collected from the municipal
and provincial government of Albay. Spatial
and statistical data were extracted mostly
from the socio-economic profile of each municipality. Most of the data are in paper form,
although some GIS files were also gathered
from the Provincial Planning and development Office and Legaspi City Planning and
Development Office. Included in the output
of the project are digital file of available hazard maps/boundaries and tables of socioeconomic profile/data, including municipality
and barangay boundary maps and lifeline
data.
Ashfall characterization for Kanlaon and
Mayon Volcanoes
As part of the campaign to characterize
the volcanic products and better understand
the eruptions from Mayon and Kanlaon Volcanoes, materials for ash sampling were
prepared. Pans wherein ash can be collected in case of future eruptions from
Kanlaon and Mayon Volcanoes were distributed around the two volcanoes in October. Most of the pans were given to barangay captains or councilors around the area.
They were also given sample bags
Fig. 19 b. Electronic tilt station at Lower Anoling
and were oriented on how to collect the ash
from the pans.
Forum on Kanlaon Volcano
A one-day forum-seminar sponsored
by the National Disaster Coordinating Council, was organized and conducted by
PHIVOLCS on October 15, 2003 at Kundutel Hotel, Bacolod City (Figure 20). Sixty
five (65) participants mostly disaster action
officers, barangay officials, social workers,
police officers, from La Castellana, Canlaon
City, San Carlos City, La Carlota, Moises
Padilla, Bago City, Murcia, Hinigaran, Pontevedra, Bacolod City, provincial disaster officers from Negros Occidental and Oriental,
representatives from various NGOs, including PHIVOLCS Staff attended the forum. The forum was organized in order to
have a venue for PHIVOLCS to present and
highlight the recent studies on Kanlaon Volcano that are deemed necessary in updating
the Provincial and Municipal Disaster Plan,
and to help the local disaster planners in the
concerned municipalities within the hazard
zone to enhance its respective disaster
plans in order to take the necessary action
on specific issues and concerns on disaster
management.
Different concerns of local officials
were raised during the open forum, and
some of the major issues identified were as
follows: (1) The need to reactivate the
Municipal/City Disaster Coordinating Council; (2) The need to make the MDCC/CDCC
proactive in updating their current plans and
encourage the key actors to participate in
various disaster-related seminars/trainings;
(3) Continued public information campaigns
to be carried out by PHIVOLCS so that the
public is always aware of PHIVOLCS monitoring activities and updated status of the
volcano; and (4) Continued provincial-level
support to the undertakings of identified vulnerable and affected municipalities down to
barangay level in order to develop a sound
and effective disaster preparedness plan or
strengthen the existing plans.
Participants of the forum consisted of
disaster action officers, social workers, police officers and local officials in the provincial, municipal/city and barangay levels.
Representatives from non-government organizations
also
attended.
Eleven
PHIVOLCS staff and technical personnel
were present led by the Director, Dr. Renato
U. Solidum.
During the forum, the following information materials were distributed to the participants: (1) Kanlaon Profile Flyer; (2) Monitoring Philippine Volcanoes: A general view of
Surveillance technique and (3) Volcanic
Hazards at Kanlaon Volcano.
Masbate Activities
Detailed Fault Mapping and Trenching
The 15 February 2003 Earthquake
along the Masbate Segment of the PFZ
opened an opportunity for PHIVOLCS to
undertake a detailed field mapping when the
event produced a ground rupture of at least
20 kilometers long. The mapping activity resulted to (1) detailed map of the Masbate
segment of the Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ);
(2) updated the active faults map of the Philippines and (3) updated paleoseismic database of active faults.
GPS campaign at Masbate
Under the Calamity Fund Program, the
Masbate Global Positioning System (GPS)
Project was undertaken in 2003. The project
was aimed at estimating the post-seismic
slip rate of the PFZ Masbate segment. The
GPS campaign was conducted in October
2003. Processing of data is still ongoing and
will be completed in 2004 with corresponding technical report. Another GPS campaign
in relation to the PHIVOLCS-Kyoto University Collaborative Project was conducted in
November 2003.
Another important focal area for the active faults program was the estimation of the
slip rate of the Philippine Fault in the
Visayas Region, including characterization
of the mechanical behaviour of the fault and
understanding deformational mechanisms
associated with the fault. Three GPS networks were installed in the Central Philippines, with the objective of analyzing the
kinematics of the Philippine Fault in this region, namely (1) the Masbate network, installed in the transfer zone between the Philippine Fault and the Sibuyan Sea Fault, (2)
In Masbate, displacement vectors
showed that the Philippine Fault in Masbate
has an average slip rate of 2.3 + 0.2 cm/yr
measured in 11 years. The fault on this region has an intermediate mechanical behavior, with a part of its movement absorbed
through creeping (≈ 60%) and a part absorbed during 6-magnitude earthquakes (≈
40%), whose recurrence is from 15-20
years. This intermediate behavior characterizes a transition zone between the creeping
zone in Leyte in the south and the locked
zone in Bondoc Peninsula and Ragay Gulf
in the north, whose movement is released
only during large seismic events (Ms> 7).
The GPS results also revealed the existence
of a rigid or semi-rigid block SW of Masbate
Island. It appears also that the Sibuyan Sea
Fault is active and has a slip rate of 2.3 +
0.2 cm/yr. A 2.5+ 0.6 cm/yr has also been
calculated in the Legazpi Lineament.
In North of Leyte, results showed that
the bulk of the 3.6 + 0.2 cm/yr slip rate
(10 years) is absorbed just along the fault.
This movement is essentially through creeping since no important seismic activity was
recorded during the GPS campaigns.
On the other hand, the results in Tongonan network showed that the movement
in this transfer zone is partitioned along the
3 branches sub-parallel to the Philippine
Fault. In 10 years of measurement, 20% is
absorbed by the SW branch (0.7 + 0.2
cm/yr) and 30% along the NE branch (1.2 +
0.2 cm/yr). The remaining 50% is absorbed
by the external eastern branch (2.0 + 0.5
cm/yr), measured in 5 years. One of the
most important results in this study showed
that what appears to be a creeping movement in Leyte, if viewed in a more detailed
scale in Tongonan, is only a succession of
periods in which the Philippine Fault in this
region is either blocked or slipping with varying displacement rates.
chance to undergo a process of selfexamination, self visualization and analysis
of realities and truths.
Human Resources
PHIVOLCS continued to provide opportunities for its personnel to attend foreign
and local seminars and trainings to meet the
demand for technical expertise and keep
abreast of latest development in the field of
volcanology and seismology. Tables 4 and 5
are the list of trainings and seminars availed
of by PHIVOLCS officials and staff for the
year 2003. Tables 6 and 7 are the listings of
PHIVOLCS personnel with advanced degrees, while Table 8 are those who are pursuing advanced degrees.
In line with PHIVOLCS’ program to
develop and strengthen its human resources, two (2) in-house activities were
conducted for main office personnel. First,
was a series of Values Orientation Workshop (VOW) held on March 12-14,
March 19-21, March 26-29 and April 2-4.
This activity was undertaken in coordination
with the Civil Service Commission (CSC).
Second, was a Gender Sensitivity
Training (GST) which was held last August
27-28, and was attended by 29 personnel
including the GAD focal point. All the divisions were equally represented.
The VOW is a program designed by
CSC which focuses on developing, enhancing and reinforcing the values of an individual. This program gives an opportunity for
the employees to review their values and
how these values could blend with those of
others to reach common goals
and aspirations. It was hoped that through
the program, the participants will have the
On the otherhand, the GST was undertaken 1) To raise the level of awareness of
the participants on gender issues and concerns and be able to address them accordingly, 2) For the participants to know and
understand the different manifestations of
gender inequalities and to understand the
GAD program of the government, and 3) To
train the participants to become gender sensitive planners in formulating the Institute’s
project, programs and activities (PPAs). The
training is a basic step that will serve as a
vehicle to a systematic force to effect the
gender mainstreaming in the Institute. The
next step will be GAD planning and proper
budgeting that will totally promote gender
equality with its laws and legal policies in
the workplace, family, religion and in our
daily lives.
Table 4. Foreign Trainings 2003
Title Of Activity
Training on Management of Seismological and Volcanological Observation System of the Republic of the Philippines
Joint research work with Japanese Scientist in the NIED
Name of Participant/s
Rudy A. Lacson, Jr.
Alejandro A. Martinez
Florenette B. Garcia
Evelyn B. Serenado
Ramil B. Atando
Jose Eucel L. Talisic
Allan R. Labayog
Myra P. Dolina
Bartolome C. Bautista
Venue
Japan
Miki, Japan
Table 4. Continued…
Title Of Activity
Venue
Duration
Arturo S. Daag
Jessie A. Daligdig
Kathleen L. Papiona
Rowena B. Quiambao
Julianita S. Rañola
Benjamin H. Santos
Hawaii, USA
July 11-18
Outreach and Education
Workshop and the Cities on
Volcanoes III (COV3) Conference
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Hawaii, USA
July 13-19
Workshop on Development of Vulnerability Assessment
Methods Applicable to the Asian Pacific Region
Ma. Leonila P. Bautiesta
Hawaii, USA
July 27- Aug. 2
Sea Floor Geodesy Tsunami Hazards Mitigation Program
Glenda M. Besana
Nagoya, Japan
July 27 – Aug. 2
GTC on Seismology
Joan C. Salcedo
Tokyo, Japan
Aug. 26 – July 18
Workshop on Strategy of Volcanic Disaster Mitigation
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Tsukuba, Japan
Sept.. 24-27
Third East Asia Cluster Cities Meeting
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Kobe, Japan
Oct. 6-7
Second Int’l Conference on Early Warning (EWC III)
Norman M. Tungol
Bonn, Germany
Oct. 16-18
JICA Counterpart Training Program on Seismology (Seismic
Data Processing)
Vilma C. Hernandez
Japan
Oct. 14, 2003 –
March 13, 2004
International Training Program for Seismic Design of Structures
Angelito G. Lanuza
Taipei, Taiwan
Oct. 13-17
30th Remote Sensing of Environment
Ronaldoa A. Arboleda
Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos
Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno
Honolulu, Hawaii
Nov. 10-14
2nd International Training Course on Earthquake Disaster and
Disaster Mitigation for Developing Countries
Rhommel N. Grutas
Beijing, China
Nov. 3-15
24th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing and 2003 International Symposium on Remote Sensing
Rowena B. Quiambao
Busan, North Korea
Nov. 2-8
6th Multi-Lateral Workshop on Development of Earthquake
and Tsunami Disaster Technologies and their Integration for
the Asia Pacific Region
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Bartolome C. Bautista
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista
Angelito G. Lanuza
Ishmael C. Narag
Ma. Mylene M. Villegas
Ise-Kashikojima, Japan
Dec. 1-2
Remote Sensing Workshop and
the Cities on Volcanoes III (CVO3)
Conference.
Duration
Jan 7 to March 21
Name of Participant/s
Jan. 26- Feb. 16
International Symposium on Mitigation of Earthquake and
Tsunami Hazards in Western Pacific Region
Bartolome C. Bautista
Japan
March 15-17
Study & Management of Geological Risks
Raymond Patrick R Maximo
Switzerland
April 28 to June 19
CSAV International Course in Volcano Hazards Monitoring
Maricel P. Lendio
Hawaii, USA
June 9 to July 18
Bartolome C. Bautista
Bangkok, Thailand
Dec. 7-8
International Training Course on Total Disaster Risk Management
Third International Workshop on Seismic Risk Management
for Countries of the Asia Pacific Region
Ernesto G. Corpuz
Japan
June 10-13
Raymond R. Maximo
San Francisco, California
Dec. 8-12
Training of data analysis methodology and usage of data
software.
Sheila I. Insauriga
Regina B. Quiambao
Meeting on Future Activities of the Working Group on Subduction Zones located in the developing Counties
Kobe, Japan
Bartolome C. Bautista
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista
Rhommel N. Grutas
Ishmael C. Narag
Baby Jane T. Punongbayan
Raymond Patrick R. Maximo
Japan
XXIII General Assembly of the International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics. (IUGG)
June 22-30
June 30 to July 11
Table 5. Local Trainings 2003
Title of Activity
EMSEV Workshop for Initiating Seismic &
Volcanic Electromagnetic Monitoring in Asian
Countries
Name of Participants
Emmanuel G. Ramos
Nanette V.A. Melosantos
Bartolome C. Bautista
Ma. Leonila P.Bautista
Baby Jane T. Punongbayan
Esmeralda L. Banganan
Myleen E. Carlos
Janila B. Deocampo
Mechor P. Lasala
Ishmael C. Narag
Edmund F. Olaveria
Henremagne C. Penarubia
Joan C. Salcedo
Dante S. Soneja
Maricel R. Lendio
Allan R. Loza
Alejandro F. Ramos
Julio P. Sabit
Teodorico A.Sandoval
Edgardo U. Villacorte
Rene A. Arante
Arturo S. Daag
Dindo V. Javier
Paolo D. Reniva
Celestino S. Saquilon
Arnold A. Villar
Mylene M. Villegas
Glenda M. Besana
Jessie A. Daligdig
Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos
Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Norman M. Tungol
Table 5 continued…
Venue
PHIVOLCS Auditorium
Duration
Benjamin H. Santos
PhilRice Munoz,
Nueva,Ecija
February 3-7
Information System Strategic Plan
Anabelle F. Ringor
DOST, Bicutan, Taguig
March 4-7
EdM-EqTAP Metro Manila Case Study Workshop
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista*
Bartolome C. Bautista
Norman M. Tungol
Mylene M. Villegas
Arturo S. Daag
Ishmael C. Narag
Sheila I. Insauriga
Ma Lyn P. Melosantos
Esmeralda L.Banganan
Joan C. Salcedo
Regina B. Quiambao
Paolo Reniva
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Manila Pavilion Hotel, Manila
March 5
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista
Bartolome C. Bautista
Norman M. Tungol
Mylene M. Villegas
Glenda Besana*
Jessie Daligdig*
Sheila I. Insauriga
Angelito Lanuza
Ishmael C. Narag
Baby Jane Punongbayan
Rolly Rimando
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Makati Shangri-la Hotel,
Makati City
March 7
Name of Participants
Workshop on the Development and Integration of a Module on the Protection of Human
Rights of Children During Emergencies –
UNICEF-NDCC-OCD
Ma. Mylene Villegas
Celestino Saquilon
Earthquake Impact Reduction Study for Metro
Manila (MMEIRS) 2nd Workshop
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista*
Glenda Besana*
Jessie Daligdig*
Bartolome Bautista
Norman Tungol
Mylene Villegas
Janila DeOcampo
Narciso Diongzon
Myla Panol
Ishmael Narag
Angelito Lanuza
Baby Jane Punongbayan
Esmeralda Banganan
Venue
Duration
Angels Hill Retreat
House, Tagaytay
August 19-21
Erlinton Olavere
Robert Tiglao
Imelda Guanio
Ma. Lynn Melosantos
Julianita Rañolal
Ma. Hanna Mirabueno
Arturo Daag
Sheila Insauriga
Regina Quiambao
Celestino Saquilon
Rolly Rimando
Paolo Reniva
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
EDSA Plaza Shangri-la Hotel, Mandaluyong City
August 26
Gender Sensitivity Training
Mylene M. Villegas
Regina B. Quiambao
Ma. Isabel T. Abigania]
Benjamin H.Santos
Maricel R. Lendio
Janila B. Deocampo
Ishmael C. Narag
Corazon D. Abadilla
Ma. Rosmarie J.Bautista
Narciso F. Diongzon
Sheila I. Insauriga
Leah M. Pinca
Baby Jane T Punongbayan
Reynaldo Macaspac
Vilma C. Hernandez
Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos
Renato J. Garduque
Rolly E. Rimando
Lowella A. De Guzman
Dindo V. Javier
Celestino S. Saquilon
Edgardo U. Villacorte
Esfeca Del T. Mundo
Nora R. Campita
Shirley I. Masangkay
Geraldine A. Gelido
Manolo L. Gelido
Eleanor E. Manuel
Myla D. Panol
Marilou V. Del Rosario
PHIVOLCS, Q.C.
Aug. 27-28
EDM-EqTAP Stakeholders’ Workshop for
Earthquake-Safe City of Manila: Learning
About Hazard and Elements at Risks in my
Community
Mylene M. Martinez
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista
Angelito G. Lanuza
Ishmael C. Narag
Arturo S. Daag
Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos
Esmeralda L. Banganan
Bartolome C. Bautista
Raymond R. Maximo
Regina B. Quiambao
Janila B. Deocampo
Imelda V. Guanio
Kathleen L. Papiona
Sheila I. Insauriga
Renato A. Arante
Melcario D. Pagtalunan
Paolo D. Reniva
Celestino S. Saquilon
Narciso F. Diongzon
Myla D. Panol
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Manila Pavillon Hotel, Manila
Sept. 09
Earthquake Awareness Workshop for Local &
Barangay Officials of Infanta
Bartolome C. Bautista
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista*
Ma. Mylene M. Villegas
Teresito C. Bacolcol
Ishmael C. Narag
Ester B. Garrido
Felomina F. Cayabyab
Dindo V. Javier
Myleen E.Carlos
Rhommel N. Grutas
Villa Elena Beach
Resort, Infanta, Quezon
Sept. 17-18
Jan. 13-17
Potential and Application of Microwave Remote Sensing
EdM-EqTAP Stakeholders' for
an Earthquake-Safe City of
Manila.
Title of Activity
Computerization in records management
Rosalia U. Santos
DOST
Bicutan, Taguig.
March 13-14
Making E-Procurement Work for good Governance
Charlita L. Mariano
Edgardo S. Balbuena
Manila Galeria
Manila
April 28
Arnold A. Villar
Edgardo S. Balbuena
College of Sci.
U.P.Diliman,
Q.C.
May 12-16
Local Community Level Disaster Risk Management Courses
Glenda M.Besana
City Garden Hotel, Makati
March 17-18
Supervisory Development Course 2: Powerful
Coaching Technique
Bartolome C. Bautista
Norman M. Tungol
Mylene M. Villegas
MIRDC, Bicutan
June 3-4
Government Website Development Workshop
Dante S. Soneja
NCC Bldg. Diliman, Q.C.
July 30
Instructional Briefing on the preparation of the
GSIS Electronic Remittance
Ma. Rosemarie J. Bautista
Marlon R. Lumanog
Teatro ng GSIS,
Pasay City
Sept. 18
Kick-Off Activity Community-Based disaster
Management JICA-MMEIRS
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista
Mylene M. Villegas
Sheila Insauriga
Charlita L. Mariano
Edgardo S. Balbuena
NIA Convention Hall,
EDSA, Q.C.
Sept. 29
August 5
Seminar on the Implementing Rules and
Regulation of R.A. 9184-Government Procurement Reform Act
2003 Philippine ESRI-GSIS Conference
Julianita S. Ranola
Benjamin H. Santos
Manila Galeria
Suites
Oct. 15
5th Cooperation on the Exchange of Information on Science & Technology in South East
Asia
Leah M. Pinca
FNRI Training
Room, FNRI Bldg.,
Bicutan, MM
Oct. 16-17
PREGINET 1st network/system Administration Luzon Leg
Regina B. Quiambao
Dindo V. Javier
Paolo Reniva
Rey Javier
Manila Pavillion
Table 5 continued…
Table 7. PHIVOLCS Personnel with MS Degree
Title of Activity
Name of Participants
Earthquake and Volcano Awareness Seminar-Workshop for Local & Barangay Officials
of Batangas City
Bartolome C. Bautista
Ma. Mylene M. Villegas
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista
Julio P.Sabit
Norman M. Tungol
Ishmael C. Narag
Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos
Ester B. Garrido
Venue
Myla D. Panol
Arnold A. Villar
Felomina F. Cayabyab
Madonna L. Ramos
Dindo V. Javier
Rhommel N. Grutas
Myleen E. Carlos
Duration
Teachers’ Conference Hall, Batangas
City
Oct. 28-29
Sample Preparation by Fusion for Analysis by
XRF, ICP and AAS
Nora R. Campita
Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno
Raymond Patrick R.Maximo
Galeria Suites, Ortigas, Pasig City
Oct. 21
Training Course for Finance and Property Officers
Alfredito D. Aguilar
Charlita L. Mariano
DOST Exec.
Lounge, Bicutan,
MM
Nov. 11
Success and Motivation Training-Workshop
Ma. Rosemarie J. Bautista
Lowella A. De Guzman
DOST Exec.
Lounge, Bicutan,
MM
Nov. 14
Earthquake Awareness Workshop for Local
and School Officials of Lingayen
Ma. Mylene M. Villegas
Ma. Leonila P. Bautista
Ishmael C. Narag
Angelito G. Lanuza
Baby Jane T. Punongbayan
Gulf Restaurant,
Lingayen, Pangasinan
Nov. 19-20
Myla D. Panol
Arnold A. Villar
Felomina F. Cayabyab
Angelito C. De Guzman
Myleen E. Carlos
Norman M. Tungol
Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno
Ma. Isabel T. Abigania
1st National Congress on Lakes (LakeCon
2003)
2003 Geological Convention (GEOCON ’03)
Consultation on Guidelines and Tools for Sustainability in Community-based Disaster
Management UNCRD-PNRC
Ma. Isabel T. Abigania
Renato A. Arante
Teresito C. Bacolcol
Jessie A. Daligdig
Ma. Hannah Mirebueno
Melcario Pagtalunan
Myla D. Panol
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Ma. Mylene Villegas
Bureau of Soils Convention Hall, Quezon
City
Bayview Hotel, Manila
Nov. 25-26
Dec. 08-10
December 17
Table 6. PHIVOLCS Personnel with PhD Degree
Name
Degree/Course
Year Obtained
Degree/Course
School Attended
Year Obtained
School Attended
Ma. Mylene M. Villegas
MS in Geology
1997
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
Rowena B. Quiambao
MS in Integrated Map and Geo-information Production.
1997
International Aerospace Survey and Geophysics Sci.
Enschede, The Netherlands
Esmeralda L. Banganan
MS in Materials Science Eng'ng
1997
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman,
Q.C.
Nemesio M. Canete
MS in Management
1996
Leyte Normal Univesity, Leyte
Sheila I. Insauriga
MS in Public Administration
1999
University of Sto. Tomas, Espana, Manila
Ramil B. Atando
MS in Public Management
1999
University of the Philippines, Visayas, Iloilo City
Nanette V.A. Melosantos
MS in Public Management
2001
University of Sto. Tomas, Espana, Manila
Rebecca E. Valenzuela
MS in Public Administration
2002
Wesleyan University, Taft Avenue, Manila
Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno
MS in Geology
2002
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Table 8. PHIVOLCS Personnel who are currently pursuing Advanced Degree
Name
Dev’t Academy of
the Phils., Tagaytay
City
Kathleen L. Paniona
Baby Jane Punongbayan
Regina B. Quiambao
Emmanuel G. Ramos
Norman M. Tungol
Arnold Villar
Ma. Mylene Villegas
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Name
Degree/Course
School Attended
Teodorico A. Sandoval
MS in Geology
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City
Dante S. Soneja
MS in Computer Science
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City
Felomina F. Cayabyab
MS in Community Development
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City
Janette S. Manahan
MS in Seismology
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Winchelle Ian G. Sevilla
MS in Geophysics
Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
Perla J. Delos Reyes
MS in Geology
University of the Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealland
Jeffrey F. Perez
MS in Environmental Management and Infrastructure
Dev't. Eng'ng.
Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
Ma. Carmencita A. Arpa
MS in Geological Science
Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
Ma. Antonia V. Bornas
MS in Earth and Planetary Sciences
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Mon Pierre Menguito
MS in Remote Sensing
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City
Ma. Isabel Abigania
MS in Geology
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City
Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Ph D in Earth Sciences
2002
University of California, San Diego, California, USA
Marilou V. Del Rosario
MS in Public Administration.
Polytechnic Universtity of the Phils., Sta. Mesa, Manila
Emmanuel G. Ramos
Ph D in Geophysics
1994
Indiana University, Indiana, USA
Rornaldo A. Arboleda
MS in Environmental Science
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City
Ernesto G. Corpuz
Ph D in Geology
1992
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Bartolome C. Bautista
DSc in Earth and Planetary Sciences
1999
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Celestino Saquilon
MS in Environmental Science
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City
Babyjane T. Punongbayan
Ph D in Geophysics
2001
Louis Pasteur University, Strasbourg, France
Regina B. Quiambao
MS in Women and Development
University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City
Rolly E. Rimando
Ph D in Geology
2001
State University of New York, Binghamton, USA
Arnold A. Villar
MS in Information Technology
STI College, Cubao, Quezon City
Norman M. Tungol
Ph D in Engineering Geology
2002
University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand
Teresito C. Bacolcol
Ph D in Geology
2003
Perrie et Marie Curie, Universite, Paris, France
Arturo S. Daag
Ph D in Applied Geomorphology
2003
Utrecht University, ITC, The Netherlands
Financial Resources
PHIVOLCS 2003 Budget
Percent Distribution of Expenditures by S&T Activity
(In Thousand Pesos)
For FY 2003, the PHIVOLCS was
given a total operating budget of P159 M
from the GAA and GIA sources. Of this total
allotment, P152M was obligated consisting
of 36% which went to Personal Services,
53% to MOOE, and 11% to Equipment Outlay. In terms of S&T activity, the following
are the distribution of expenditures: 74% for
S&T Services, 7% for R&D, 0.31% for S&T
Education and Training and 19% for GASS.
The budget expenditure breakdown is
shown in the table below.
R&D
GASS
6.84%
19.04%
S&T Educ.
.31%
73.82%
Total: P 152,380.0
By S&T Activity, Source of Funds and
Expenses Classification
S&T Serv ices
Table 9. Distribution of PHIVOLCS Expenditures, CY 2003
Expenditure by Source of Funds
Total Expenditure
Total (Regular +Other Sources)
S&T Activity
Regular Appropriation (GAA)
Other Sources
Total
P.S.
M.O.O.E.
C.O.
Total
P.S.
M.O.O.E.
C.O.
Total
P.S.
M.O.O.E.
C.O.
Total
152,380.00
56,036.00
80,276.00
16,068.00
147,882.00
55,910.00
77,841.00
14,131.00
4,498.00
126.00
2,435.00
1,937.00
1. Research and
Development
10,419.00
5,450.00
3,962.00
1,007.00
6,881.00
5,324.00
1,557.00
-
3,538.00
126.00
2,405.00
1,007.00
a. Information
Services
6,805.00
4,793.00
1,082.00
930.00
5,845.00
4,793.00
1,052.00
960.00
-
30.00
930.00
b. Technical Services
105,677.00
29,504.00
62,042.00
14,131.00
105,677.00
29,504.00
62,042.00
14,131.00
-
-
-
-
4. S&T Education
& Training
465.00
265.00
200.00
-
465.00
265.00
200.00
-
-
-
-
-
29,014.00
16,024.00
12,990.00
-
29,014.00
16,024.00
12,990.00
-
-
-
-
-
2. Technology
Delivery
3. S&T Services
5. Development,
Integration & Coordination of the
National Research or S&T
System
6. General Administration and
Support Services
*TAPI
(In Thousand pesos)
KEY OFFICIALS 2003
RENATO U. SOLIDUM, JR
Director
USEC. FLORENTINO O. TESORO
OIC, Office of the Director
(January 2003)
EMMANUEL G. RAMOS
Deputy Director
ERNESTO G. CORPUZ
Chief, Volcano Monitoring and
Eruption Prediction Division
(VMEPD)
BARTOLOME C. BAUTISTA
Chief, Seismological Observation
and Earthquake Prediction Division
(SOEPD)
NORMAN M. TUÑGOL
OIC, Geology and Geophysics
Research and Development Division
(GGRDD)
MA. MYLENE M. VILLEGAS
Chief, Geologic Disaster Awareness
and Preparedness Division
(GDAPD)
NANETTE V.A. MELOSANTOS
Chief, Finance and Administrative
Division (FAD)