The Research - وزارة الصحة الإتحادية

‫رﳚﻶـﺧ!ـﺧﺆﳐﻠُـﺧﺆﳐﺿ‪‬ﻶ‬
‫ﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠشـ‬
‫‪The Research‬‬
‫إﺻﺪارة رﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺼﺪر ﻋﻦ اﻻﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ‪‬ﻠﺲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮدان ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد )‪ (٢٢‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪-‬ﻣﺎرس ‪٢٠٠٨‬م‬
‫اﻷﻣﲔ اﻟﻌﺎم‪:‬د‪.‬إﳝﺎن ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‪:‬د‪.‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ اﻟﻨﻮر ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‪:‬د‪.‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪه ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺳﻜﺮﺗﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‪:‬د‪.‬راﻧﻴﻪ ﺣﺴﲔ اﻷﻣﲔ‬
‫ــي‪‬ـًﳎﺧـﺧﺆﻬﲜﲜﲜﲜﳊﳉﺤ‬
‫ﺌﻻﻵ‪‬ـﺧﺆﻬﳊﳉ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻘﺪم إدارة اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﻨﺌﺔ اﳊﺎرة ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ و ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ و ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ و اﻷﻛﺎدﳝﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ أﻋﻴﺎد اﻷﺿﺤﻰ و اﻷﺳﺘﻘﻼل و اﻟﺴﻼم و أﻋﻴﺎد اﳌﻴﻼد‬
‫ا‪‬ﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻬﻨﺊ اﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺑﻘﺪوم اﻟﻌﺎم اﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ اﷲ ﻋﺰ‬
‫وﺟﻞ أن ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻋﺎم ﻋﻄﺎء و ﺳﻼم وﻣﺤﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺷﻚ أن ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺿﺮورة ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت و أﺳﺒﺎب‬
‫اﳌﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺤﻲ و ﺑﺮاﻣﺠﻪ ا‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺧﻄﻮة ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﳌﺴﺎر اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﳊﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﳌﺸﻜﻼت و‬
‫اﳌﻌﻮﻗﺎت ﺑﺄﻗﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ و اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬و ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أﻋﺘﻤﺪت وزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺧﻄﺘﻬﺎ اﳋﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ و اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﺪرات اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ و اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﳌﻨﻬﺠﻲ و ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﺎم ‪2000‬م ﻗﺎﻣﺖ إدارة اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﳌﻠﺨﺼﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻔﺬت ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ و اﳌﻨﺸﻮرة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺪورﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ )‪.(pub-Medline‬‬
‫و ﺣﺮﺻﺎ ﻣﻦ وزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ و اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﻮدان ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬا ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ إﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻪ اﻟﺬى إﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻦ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪2007‬م ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ و‬
‫ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻠﻬﺎ و ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳉﻬﺎت ا‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺮرت‬
‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ و اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻛﺨﻄﻮة أوﻟﻰ إﺻﺪار‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻮي ﻣﻠﺨﺼﺎت ﻟﻸﺑﺤﺎث و اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫و اﳌﺴﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻮزارة ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎم ‪2000‬م‪،‬‬
‫و ﻳﻬﺪف ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ و اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲟﻠﺨﺼﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮث و اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻬﻮر واﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺴﻴﺮ و ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ و اﳉﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‪ ،‬ﲡﻨﺒﺎ ً ﻟﺘﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﻢ و ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺈن اﻹدارة ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺄن ﻫﺬا ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺗﻌﺎون اﳉﻬﺎت اﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻓﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎت واﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ و اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻞ اﳌﺼﺎدر اﶈﻠﻴﺔ واﳋﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ‬
‫أﻣﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺄﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﳉﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮزارة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إدارة اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﳌﺮﺟﻮة ﻹﺻﺪار ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ و اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻴﲔ و ﻣﺼﺪرا ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻟﻸﻃﺒﺎء و اﻟﻄﻼب و ﻫﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ و اﻟﻘﻴﺎدات اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ و ا‪‬ﻄﻄﲔ‬
‫و ﻣﺘﺨﺬي اﻟﻘﺮار ‪.‬‬
‫أﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﺒﺤﻮث‪٢ ................................‬‬
‫أﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﻮث‪٣ ........................‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻮث ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪٥ ................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪٦ ...........................‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ رواد اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ‪٧ ..............‬‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺿﻴﻊ ﺗﻬﻤﻚ‪٨..............................‬‬
‫ورﺷﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ وﲢﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻤﻨﺎر اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺼﲔ اﳌﻮﺳﻊ‬
‫و اﷲ اﳌﻮﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠشـــﺛ‬
‫ﺦﲞﺮﺨﳏـﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠش‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫إﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻷﻟﻔﲔ و ﺳﺒﻌﺔ اﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ‪‬ﻠﺲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ اﻟﺰﺑﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﲤﺮات‪،‬و ﻛﺎن‬
‫اﳊﻀﻮر ﻣﻦ ﳑﺜﻠﲔ ﻣﻦ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎت ‪ ،‬اﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬وزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ و اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰎ ﻋﺮض اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻹﺻﺪار اﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ اﻻرﺷﺎدﻳﺔ اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮث)‪ (Technical and Ethical Guidelines‬اﻟﺘﻰ ﲡﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﺴﺎﻧﻮﻻﺋﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬و ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰎ ﻋﺮض‬
‫إﺳﺘﻤﺎرات اﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﺮأة اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ وإﻗﺮار ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﲔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﻲ ﲡﺮى ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ )‪ ،(informed Consent‬ﻧﺎﻗﺶ اﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬
‫ﺿﺮورة ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﳉﺎن ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت‪،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎت و اﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ و ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ و‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ و ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻠﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻰ اﳋﺘﺎم ﺧﺮج اﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬رﻓﻊ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ‪‬ﻠﺲ اﻟﻮزراء ﻟﺪﻋﻢ و ﲤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﳌﺎدي ﻣﻦ وزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮث ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻜﻮارث‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬إﻋﺪاد اﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ و ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫وﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ اﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪات اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﳉﺎن ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت‪ ،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎت و اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ و اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .‬أنﻳﻘﺪماﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚﻓﻰﻣﺠﺎلاﻟﺘﺠﺎرباﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔﻋﻦﺑﺤﺜﻪﻛﻞﺳﺘﺔ‬
‫أﺷﻬﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ﻓﻲ إﺟﺮاء‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮث‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺿﺮورة ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت ‪ ،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎت و‬
‫اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫إﻧﻌﻘﺪت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠٠٧\١١\٢٩-٢٨‬ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫و ﲢﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎرك ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ و اﻹدارات ا‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻮزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻻﲢﺎدﻳﺔ و اﻟﻮﻻﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ‬
‫د‪ .‬اﳝﺎن ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ‪ -‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ إدارة اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﺑﻮزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﲢﺎدﻳﺔ‪-‬‬
‫وﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذة‪ /‬إﻟﻬﺎم ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﺑﺸﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺔ أﻛﺎدﳝﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰎ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺎدرﻫﺎ و أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ و ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎم اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﺎش اﻟﺒﺆرﻳﺔ و‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬و ﻗﺪ أﺳﻔﺮت ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ ﻋﻦ إﺳﺘﻔﺎدة اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﲔ و زﻳﺎدة‬
‫إﳌﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﺤﻮث و أوﺟﻪ اﳌﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ و اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫أﻗﺎﻣﺖ إدارة اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﺳﻤﻨﺎرﻫﺎ اﻟﺸﻬﺮي ﻋﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪2007‬‬
‫و ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻳﻮم ‪ 2007/12/5‬و ﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ وزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﲢﺎدﻳﺔ ‪-‬اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺆﺷﺮات‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺪواء ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮدان ‪ ،2005 -‬ﻗﺪم ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ د‪ .‬ﻏﺎدة ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺔ‪ -‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺪواء‪ -‬وﻗﺪ ﺧﺮج اﳊﻀﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ‪ drug and Therapeutic committee‬ﻓﻰ اﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ وﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺪواء و إﺷﺮاك ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ دراﺳﺎت أوﺳﻊ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬا ا‪‬ﺎل وﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ و ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻛﺘﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫أﻗﺎﻣﺖ إدارة اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﲟﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ اﳋﺮﻃﻮم ﺑﺤﺮي ﻓﻰ ‪2007-11-11‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﻨﺎرا ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮح اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ .‬ﻗﺪم اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺎر‬
‫د‪.‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺧﻀﺮ اﻟﻨﻤﻴﺮي‪ -‬ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﺸﺎرك ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ -‬و‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﳊﻀﻮر ﻣﻦ اﻷﺧﺼﺎﺋﲔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻓﻰ اﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺎر ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ أﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ‪-12-10‬‬
‫‪2007‬م‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫أﻗﻴﻢ ﺳﻤﻨﺎر اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻋﻦ ﺷﻬﺮأﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ د‪.‬إﻗﺒﺎل أﺣﻤﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺸﻴﺮ‪ -‬أﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻃﺐ ا‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ -‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺤﺚ ‪IMCI Syndromic Approach‬‬
‫‪for the Management of Bloody Diarrhoea in Khartoum and Gezira‬‬
‫‪ States‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ‪.2006-2005‬‬
‫واﻟﺬى ﻫﺪف إﻟﻰ إﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻼج اﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻷﻣﺮاض‬
‫اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻼج اﻹﺳﻬﺎل اﻟﺪﻣﻮي ﻷﺟﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻼج اﻹﺳﻬﺎل اﻟﺪﻣﻮي ‪.‬‬
‫و ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻳﻀﺎ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ و ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎدات اﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻼج ﻫﺬا اﳌﺮض ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ وﺟﺪ أن ‪ %53.3‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل‬
‫ﺣﺪوث اﻹﺳﻬﺎﻻت ﺑﲔ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺳﻦ )‪( 5 -1‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ %2.4،‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺸﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻦ إﺳﻬﺎﻻت دﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪،‬أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أن ‪Ciprofloxacin‬أﻛﺜﺮ اﻷدوﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮا‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،%97.1‬ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ‪ Gentamycin‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %94.1‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﲔ أن ‪ %86.7‬ﻫﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ Nalidixic Acid‬و‪ %67.4‬ﻫﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪. Cotrimoxazole‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أﺟﻤﻊ اﳊﺎﺿﺮون ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺬى ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ا‪‬ﻄﻄﲔ و راﺳﻤﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻹﺗﺨﺎذ ﻗﺮارات ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠشـــﺜ‬
‫ﺦﲞﺮﺨﳏـﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠش‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم ﺳﻤﻨﺎر اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻟﺸﻬﺮ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺼﲔ اﳌﻮﺳﻊ ﲟﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺑﺤﺚ )ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﻲ ﳕﻂ )ب( وﺳﻂ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﺳﻨﻮات ( ﻓﻲ وﻻﻳﺔ اﳋﺮﻃﻮم‬
‫‪ ،٢٠٠٥ -٢٠٠٤‬ﻗﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ د‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ‪ -‬أﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻃﺐ ا‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ -‬وﺑﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﺼﲔ اﳌﻮﺳﻊ‪ ،‬أﻇﻬﺮت ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إرﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﺪل إﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫اﳌﺮض وﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻬﺠﺮة‪،‬اﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﳌﺮﺿﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺪم و ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﻋﺪة ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﻨﻬﺎ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ أﺧﺮى ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮدان ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫ﻫﺬا اﳌﺮض ﺑﲔ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ .‬أﻳﻀﺎ أﺷﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ إﻟﻰ أن اﺣﺪى‬
‫أﺳﺒﺎب دﻋﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت و إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا اﳌﺮض ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارت ﲟﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ إﺻﺪار وزﻳﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﲢﺎدي ﻟﻠﻘﺮار اﻟﻮزاري ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﳉﺎن‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎزة اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ و اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮث ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻻﺋﻲ ‪،‬اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت و اﳌﺮاﻛﺰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ و ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎت وزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎم وزﻳﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎرف‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺪ\ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ اﻟﺴﻴﺪ اﳋﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺈﺻﺪار ﻗﺮار ﻓﻰ اﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﳉﺎن اﻹﺟﺎزة اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ و اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎرف‪،‬ﺗﻨﻄﻮي‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎم و إﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎت اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ و ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎت اﻹﺟﺎزة اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪،‬اﻻﺿﻄﻼع ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎزة اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ و اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ و‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ إﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎت اﻟﻠﺠﺎن اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ و رﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﻨﻮي ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﲟﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ وزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ وﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎرف ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ اﻟﺴﻴﺪ \ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎرف رﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫أﻗﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ و اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ورﺷﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪،‬وﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺎرﻛﺖ إدارة اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﺑﻮزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻻﲢﺎدﻳﺔ ﲟﺮﺷﺤﲔ اﺛﻨﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫)‪ (٢٤‬ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺎ ً ﳝﺜﻠﻮن دول ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﺮق اﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪،‬ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﺖ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ ﺧﻼل )‪ (٥‬أﻳﺎم‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ‪،‬أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺟﻤﻊ وﲢﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ و ﺳﺒﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ و ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬه ﺧﻄﻮة ﻣﺘﻮاﺿﻌﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ٌﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إدارة‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻃﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ً ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ً ﺑﻬﺪف ﻏﺮزﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮدان‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎزت د‪ .‬ﻫﺒﺔ ﺻﻼح اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ ,‬اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ اﻷﻣﺮاض‬
‫اﳌﺘﻮﻃﻨﺔ ﺑﺠﺎﺋﺰة اﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Pfizer‬ﻷﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫ﻓﻰ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫و أﺧﺘﻴﺮت اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺸﺒﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﰎ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺤﻬﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬و ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﳉﺎﺋﺰة ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮا ﻟﻺﳒﺎز اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮرة ﻫﺒﺔ و دورﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ إﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺪور اﳉﻴﻨﻲ و اﻟﻮراﺛﻲ ﳌﺮض‬
‫اﻟﻠﺸﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﳊﺸﻮﻳﺔ و ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮض ﻃﻔﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺸﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮض اﳌﻼرﻳﺎ و ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻟﺴﻌﺎت اﳊﺸﺮات اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‪ ,‬و ﺗﻘﺪر أﻋﺪاد اﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻬﺬا اﳌﺮض ﺑﺤﻮاﻟﻲ ‪12‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﻓﻲ اﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﳌﺪارﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎك ‪ 350‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻮن ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻬﺬا اﳌﺮض‪ ،‬و ﻳﺆدي اﳌﺮض ﻟﻮﻓﺎة أﻋﺪاد ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﳌﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗﻄﻮره‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﳉﺎﺋﺰة ﲢﻔﻴﺰا ً ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ و اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻰ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ,‬و ﺗﻌﺪ اﳉﺎﺋﺰة ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮا ﻹﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ إﺛﺮاء اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ و ﻛﺸﻒ‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮض اﻟﻠﻴﺸﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻪ‬
‫و اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ و اﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮض‪.‬‬
‫و ﻣﻦ أﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎً‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫وﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺪم ) ‪ ( O‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ دﻓﺎﻋﻰ ﺿﺪ اﳌﻼرﻳﺎ‬
‫اﳋﺒﻴﺜﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ ‪ ٣٠‬أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎم ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ‪ Alex Rowe‬ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪،Edinburgh، United Kingdom‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت دم ﻣﻦ أﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮن ﲟﻼرﻳﺎ ﺧﺒﻴﺜﺔ و ﻣﻦ أﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮن ﲟﻼرﻳﺎ و‬
‫ﻣﻦ أﻃﻔﺎل أﺻﺤﺎء ﻓﻰ ‪.Bandiagara، Mali‬‬
‫و ﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ أن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ دﻣﻬﻢ )‪ (O‬أﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻼرﻳﺎ اﳋﺒﻴﺜﺔ ب ‪ ٪٦٦‬ﻣﻦ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺘﻬﻢ )‪ (A‬أو )‪ (B‬و ﻳﻌﺰى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ‬
‫إﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﺘﻼت ﻛﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء اﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﻔﻴﻞ اﳌﻼرﻳﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‪،‬‬
‫و ﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ إﻧﺴﺪاد ﻣﺠﺎري اﻟﺪم اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮر أﻋﺮاض اﳌﻼرﻳﺎ اﳋﺒﻴﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺧﻔﺎء اﻟﻄﻔﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ اﳉﻬﺎز‬
‫اﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬وﻳﻬﺪف اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻘﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﳌﻼرﻳﺎ اﳋﺒﻴﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ أﺟﺮاه ‪ Benjamin Chi‬اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻰ ‪Zambia's Centre for‬‬
‫‪ ، infectious Disease Research‬وﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ أن إﻋﻄﺎء اﳌﺮأة اﳊﺎﻣﻞ اﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ب ‪ HIV‬ﺟﺮﻋﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ‪ tenofovir‬و‪ emtricitabine‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﻳﺆدى إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻷم و أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ اﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﻟﻠﺪواء‬
‫‪.Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‬‬
‫‪Source: www.scidev.com‬‬
‫ﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠشـــﺚ‬
‫ﺨسـﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠش‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺦﲞ‬
Second episode
Guidelines for Etheical Conduct of Research Involving
Human Subjects
changes before it can start, or refuse approval altogether.
All research involving human subjects should be conducted in accordance
human subjects unless they are satisfied that the hazards involved are
with three basic ethical principles, namely respect for persons, beneficence
believed to be predictable. Physicians should cease any investigation if the
and non-maleficience and justice. It is generally agreed that these principles,
hazards are found to outweigh the potential benefits.
which in the abstract have equal moral force, guide the conscientious
6. Biomedical research involving human subjects should be conducted only
preparation of proposals for scientific studies (1.4).
by scientifically qualified persons and under the supervision of a clinically
• Respect for persons incorporates at least two fundamental ethical
competent medical person as decided by the relevant committee.
considerations, namely:
7. The responsibility for the human subject must always rest with a medically
a-Respect for autonomy which requires that those who are capable of
qualified person and never rest on the subject of the research, even though the
deliberation about their personal choices should be treated with respect for
subject has given his or her consent.
their capacity for self-determination.
8. The right of the research subject to safeguard his / her integrity must always be
b-Protection of persons with impaired or diminished autonomy, which
respected. Every precaution should be taken to respect the privacy of the subject
requires that those who are dependent or vulnerable be afforded full security
and to minimize the impact of the study on the subject’s physical and mental
against harm or abuse.
health and integrity and on the personality of the subject.
• Beneficence and non-maleficience refers to the ethical obligation to
9. In publication of the results of his or her research, the physician is obliged to
maximize benefits and to minimize harms. This gives rise to norms requiring
ensure the accuracy of the results.
that the risks of research to be reasonable in the light of the expected
10. In any research on human beings, each potential subject must be adequately
benefits, that the research design to be sound, and that the investigators to
informed of the aims, methods, anticipated benefits and potential hazards of the
be competent to conduct the research and to safeguard the welfare of the
study and the discomfort it may entail. He or she should be informed that he or
research subjects.
she is at liberty to abstain from participation in the study and that he or she is
• Justice refers to the ethical obligation to treat each person in accordance
free to withdraw her consent to participation at any time. The physician should
with what is morally right and proper; to give each person what is due to him
then obtain the subject’s freely given informed consent, preferably in writing.
or her. In the ethics of research involving human subjects the principle refers
11. In case of legal incompetence, informed consent should be obtained from
primarily to distributive justice, which requires equitable distribution of both
the legal guardian in accordance with national legislation. Where physical or
the burdens and the benefits of participation in research.
mental incapacity makes it impossible to obtain informed consent, or when the
2.1 The major principles:
2.2 Other principles:
1. Biomedical research involving human subjects must conform to generally
accepted scientific principles and should be based on adequately performed
laboratory and animal experimentation and on a knowledge of the related
scientific literature.
involving human subjects should be clearly formulated in an experimental
protocol, which should be transmitted for consideration, comment, guidance
and approval of the nationally-recognised research ethics committee.
2. Every proposal for health and medical research on human subjects must
be reviewed and approved by an independent nationally-recognised ethics
committee before it can proceed.
3. The ethics committee may approve the project as presented, require
4. The design and performance of each experimental procedure
5. Physicians should abstain from engaging in research projects involving
subject is a minor, permission from the legally responsible person/authority
replaces that of the subject in accordance with national legislation.
12. In any study, every patient- including those of a control group, if any- should
be assured of the best proven diagnostic and therapeutic method. This does
not exclude the use of inert placebo in studies where no proven diagnostic or
therapeutic method exists.
13. The refusal of the patient to participate in a study must never interfere with the
physician-patient relationship.
14. The physician can combine medical research with professional care, the
objective being the acquisition of new relevant knowledge, only to the extent
that medical research is justified by its potential diagnostic or therapeutic value
for the patient.
‫ﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠشـــث‬
To be cont’d
‫طﱠشـﻏﻻ‬
Survey to estimate hepatitis (B) markers among
children < 10 years in Khartoum State
By: Nisreen Musa widaa MBBS 1992, MD community medicine 2007.
National EPI deputy manager, Primary health directorate, Federal
ministry of health Khartoum, Sudan.
P. O . Box 3068- Khartoum , Republic of Sudan
Tel: +249(1)83 793332/34
Fax : +249 (1)83 793321/31
Intoduction :
Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in the Middle East in 2001 showed
that the prevalence in Sudan was between 16–20%. Community–based
surveys are recommended as they provide more accurate information
that can be generalized than hospital–based surveys. WHO estimated
that among children, new hepatitis B carrier will be reduced at least 80%
through integration of hepatitis B vaccine into national immunization
programmes. This study is intended to conduct a community–based
sero–epidemiologic survey to estimate hepatitis B markers among
children <10 years in Khartoum State. Such type of studies shall provide
baseline data that would be of priceless benefit for any further impact
studies in future in the country. It has been a perfect opportunity to
have this study being completed just before the introduction of hepatitis
B vaccine into EPI in the country.
Methodology:
Cross–sectional community based survey conducted in Khartoum State,
as a study area; more or less it represents the whole country with its
diverse demographic features. Five hundred Blood Samples were taken
from children aged 0–10 years old and tested for anti-HBc, HBsAg, antiHBs, HBeAg, and anti-HBe. Structured interview using a pre tested, pre
coded questionnaire about the risk factors contributing to the infection
was conducted.
Results:
The study showed that one hundred twenty four children 24.8% {95%CI,
24.84%–24.76%} were positive for Anti-HBc. 14 of them 11.3% {95% CI, 11.21
%-11.39%} were positive for HBsAg. No anti-HBs were detected for those
who were negative i.e. they were not immuned. Out of those 14 children
who were positive for HBsAg 11 (78.6%) were also found to be positive for
HBeAg. Anti-HBe was found positive in 1 (33.3%) out of the 3 negative.
As far as the risk factors are concerned, there is a statistically
significant relation between Anti- HBc positive marker and family tribe
(P=0.047). Refugees especially those from endemic areas (P=0.036).
Child history of blood or blood product transfusion
(P=0.017). Child history of chronic illness required regular
injection (P=0.023) and the type of chronic disease that required
regular injection (P=0.031).
No statistically significant relation between other HBV markers and the
other studied risk factors.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that the prevalence rate of current or past HB
infection among children under 10 years old in Khartoum States was
24.8%. The prevalence rate of chronic carriers was 11.3%. There were
statistically significant relation between presence of anti-HBc and
family tribe, refugees, history of blood or blood product transfusion
and chronic illness that required regular exposure to injections.
It was recommended that HB vaccine be included in the routine
immunization schedule in Sudan. Another impact study has to be
conducted after five to ten years.
References:
World Health Organization, (2002). Hepatitis B, Department of
Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. WHO/CDS/CSR/
LYO/2002.2: Hepatitis B, at http://www.who.int/emc
www.hon.ch/Hepatitis/HBV_Chap1-3.html, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Overview.
Stanley A. and Walter A. (2004). Hepatitis B Vaccine, Chapter 16 in:
Vaccines, 4th edition, Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, 299 – 337.
Park K. (2005). Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases, chapter 5,
in: Preventive and Social Medicine, 5th edition. Prem Nagar, Jabalpur,
India, 169 -172.
Mahoney F. (1999). Update on Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention
of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Vol. 12(2):
351-366, at http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/12/2/351
Jinlin H., Zhihua L., and Fan G., (2005). Epidemiology and Prevention of
Hepatitis B Virus Infection, International Journal of Medical Sciences,
2(1): 50-57 at www.medsci.org.
Qirbi N. and Hall AJ., (2001). Epidemiology of Hepatitis B virus Infection
in the Middle East, East Mediterranean Health Journal,7(6):1034-1045
www.emro.who.int/Publications/EMHJ/0706/epid.htm
Francis A., (2004). Hepatitis B :A comprehensive prevention,
diagnosis and treatment program-past, present and future, Journal
of gastroenterology and hematology 19,s1:s4 at www.blackwellsynergy.com.
American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Lab test online: 20012006, www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hepatitis
WWW.hivandhepatitis.com/index, Hepatitis B test.
‫ﺧﺆﺮﻀﱠشــﺟ‬
Research Methodology
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
The Study variables
What is a variable?
A variable is a characteristic of a person, object or phenomenon
that can take different values and which is measured. A simple
example of a variable is a person’s age. This can take different
values because a person can be 20 years old 35 years old, and
so on. Because the values of all these variables are expressed in
number. We call them numerical variables.Since the values of these
variables are expressed in categories we call them CATEGORICAL
VARIABLES.
Operationalizing variables by choosing appropriate indicators
Operationalizing variables means making them (measurable).
When defining variable, it is important to realize which variables are
measurable. And which ones need indicators.
Defining Variable & Indicator of Variable:
1. An operational definition must be formulated clearly defining
the variable in terms of objectively measurable facts, and stating
if necessary, how these facts are to be obtained. This will assure
that if a different investigator performed the study, or the same
investigator repeated the study, similar findings would be obtained.
2. Conceptual definition: it defines the variable as we conceive it.
This definition is often close to a dictionary definition. In effect, the
conceptual definition is a definition of the characteristic we would
like to measure.
3. Operational definition ( or working) defines the characteristic
we will actually measure. Variables are made operational with
one or more precise indicators. Operationalizing variable means
making them (Measurable)
Dependent and independent variables:
The variable that issued to describe or measure the problem under
study is called the dependent variable. While the variables that
are used to cause or at least to influence the problem are called
independent variables .
Confounding or interfering variable:
Is defined as a variable that is associated with the problem and
with a possible cause of the problem. A confounding variable may
either strengthen or weaken the apparent relationship between the
problem and a possible cause, so it may bias the findings therefore,
to give a true of cause and effect.
The confounding variable must be considered either at planning
stage or while doing data analysis. Confounding variable is
particularly important in case –control studies.
Family income is strongly related to malnutrition and strongly
related to mother’s education. Thus in studying the relation between
mother’s education and malnutrition family income acts as a
confounder
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Selection of Variables:
The variable to be studied is selected on the basis of their relevance
to the objectives of the study. If the study objectives have been
formulated, the key variables should be specified. The more specific
the formulation of the objectives, the greater the number o variables
to be included. But If too many variables are included, the study may
be quite difficult apart from variables with an obvious relevance to
the study objectives.
1. Universal Variable ( Background variable):
These are variables which are so often of relevance in investigation
of group or populations, that their inclusion should always be
considered. They should not be automatically included, but should be
automatically considered for inclusion.
Background variables are notorious cofounders
2. Measures of time:
In a follow – up survey or clinical trial may necessary to record the
dares on which the subject entered and left the study. This essential
information for analytical studies.
3.Variables that delineate the population or populations:
The characteristics of the study population may indicate the extent
to which generalization may be make from the findings if groups
are to be compared, their demographic and other similarities and
dissimilarities should be known their demographic and other
similarities and dissimilarities should be known If sample is
to be used, its characteristics should be compared with those
of the parent population If there are many non-respondent,
they (or a sample of them ) should be compared with respirets.
Measures of the attributes of the study population(s) should be
included for these purposes.
Data Collection Techniques
Data collection techniques allow us to systematically collect
information abut objects of our study (people, objects and
phenomenon) and about the setting on which they occur .In the
collection of data we have to be systematic. If data are collected
haphazardly, it will be difficult to answer our research questions in
a conclusive way. There are many different ways to collect data.
The approach selected depends on the study objectives, the study
design, and the availability of time money and personnel. It also
depends on whether the study is intended to produce relatively
precise quantitative findings or to produce qualitative descriptive
data.
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To be cont’d
‫ﻸُـﳏٍﺧﳉـﺧﺆﺮﻀﺶـﺧﺆﻬﻻﻵ‬
Dr.Ali Mohamed Idris
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: Ali Mohamed Idris
Nationality: Sudanese.
Marital Status: Married, father of 2 Boys and 2 Girls.
Title: Associate Professor.
Present Address: Department Of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, P.O.Box 102, Khartoum, the Sudan.
E-mail:[email protected]
QULIFICATIONS:
B.D.S.Univ.of Khartoum Sudan, 1972-76.
Cert.Immunol, Oral pathology and immunology, 1978-79.Univ.of London, UK.Chelsea College.
M.Sc.Univ. of London, UK, Oral Pathology, 1978-79.
Ph.D. Univ.of Khartoum, Univ.of Washington Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA, Oral Pathology Epidemiology &Biostatistics 1988-92.
UICC FELLOW: Intrenational Union against Cancer (UICC), Kings College, Univ. of London, UK, Genetics of Oncology 1997.
EXPERIENCES:
-Member of Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Univ. of Khartoum.
-Director of Toombak Research Centre and Oral Cancer Campaign, Khartoum.
–Membership of Sudan, Dental Federation, 1976-present.
–Membership of Association of Sudanese Pathologists.
–Secretary of the Faculty Research Board, since 1993.
–Chairman of the Master and Doctorate program Committee, since 1997.
-Membership of the National antismoking Action Group, Council for International Peoples Friendship, since 1997.
-Membership of the Editorial Board of Oral Disease, since 1995.
-Membership of Univ.of Khartoum and Univ. of Bergen, Norway, Collaboration Committee, since 1995.
-The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the (WHO),Principle Investigator for case control study of cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx and prevalence of Human Papiloma Virus in smears obtained from the cervix of a random sample of Women from the Sudan.
-Associate Professor, Fuculty of Dentistry, Univ of Khartoum, July 93-Date.
-Assistant Professor, Nov.79-July.93.-Post –graduate student, Aug.78-Nov.79.-Teaching Assistant, Aug.77-Aug78.-Dentist, Ministry of Health.Sep.76-Aug.77. PUBLICATUONS and ABSTRACTS:
Idris A. M. and Nilsen R.: Toombak history, social aspects, agriculture and other characteristics (Manuscript, in progress).
Idris A. M., Mohamed K. H., Ibrahim Y. E., Ghandour A. I., and Ahmed H. M.: Amultidisciplinary health survey in the Northern State of the Sudan:
model procedure for screening of high risk groups for cancer and precancer in developing countries, Int.J.Cancer (submitted).
Idris A.M, Ibrahim Y.E., and Nilsen R.: Prevalence of Toombak use and Cigarette Smoking in the Nile Province of the North of Sudan. Prev. Med.
(re-submitted).
Idris A.M and S.R.Prabhu: Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck’s Disease) in A Sudanese Boy .Report of Case and review of literature Odonto
Stomatol Trop.1983, VI 2, 85-90.
Idris A.M., Nilsen R. and Ibrahim Y. E. Behavioral characteristics of toombak users (Manuscript, in progress).
IDRIS AM WARANKULSURIYA KAAS.,NILSEN.,AND JOHNSON NW (HISTOPATHOLOGY OF ORAL MUCOSAL LEISONS IN TOOMBAK USERS
IN SUDAN) THE BRITISH SOCITY OF DENTAL RESEARCH, AT BRISTOL,UNITED KINGDOM,J DENT RES 75(5) 12 , 1996.
IDRIS AM, EL-Beshier, Kamal H, Mohamed Hm,Mukhtar B., Abass K., Shumu Ai, Wadatalla O, Mahyedin Ae, Mekawi, A., Eljundi O, Mahdi Am.,ElNeel Am, Bahaa E., Suliman A., Mursi M., Hakim I., Saed A.Me, Lameri I. and Abass Ahmed :Multi-Centre Study Of 27-Year Prevalence,Pattern, Risk
Factors And Response To Treatment Of Oral Cancer In The Sudan 1970-1996….Oral Disease,3(2),124,1997.
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‫ﻪـﺳٌﻵئ‬‫ﻸﱠﺧﲨ‬
Calls for proposals 2008
Sudan occupies the third place in the EM Region in relation to the incidence of TB. It accounts for 8-11% of the total TB burden.
The National Tuberculosis Control Program is pleased to announce its first call for proposals on Direct Treatment Strategy DOTS, operational
researches supported by the Global Fund in order to ensure generation of quality information and evidence for DOTS improvement. The call is
targeting 20 small grants not exceeding 8000 US$ for each.
The Priority AREAS FOR RESEARCH:
The proposals should address barriers to DOTS in Sudan including the following:
. DOTS Key components.
. Health system barriers to DOTS covering any or all functions and galls of the health system.
. DOTS accessibility barriers.
. Economical barriers to DOTS.
. Socio-cultural barriers.
Who can apply?
All the interested institutes/ researchers/ post graduate students in the medical and health sciences schools and sociologists with expertise
and adequate capacity in implementation of operational research are considered eligible for application.
Requirements:
All applications are expected to submit their proposals
1. A comprehensive proposal including the following:
. Title.
. Introduction including rationale.
. Research objectives.
. Research methodology: study design, study area, study population, methods of data collection and outlines of the research instrument,
sample size and sampling technique, plan for data analysis.
. Work plan.
. Budget.
2. Composition of the research team.
3. Detailed CV of the principal investigator.
4. Letter of approval from the institute of the applicant.
Closing date:
The proposal and all documents should be received by the Secretary of The Technical Review Panel, National Tuberculosis Control Program
not later than 31-1-2008.
Review process, finance and submission of the final report:
The proposals will be reviewed by a panel of expertise assigned by the NTP on Feb. 2008.
First patch of the reports (6) should be submitted on later than 15.6.2008.
The second patch of the reports (14) should be submitted not later than 15.12.2008.
Address:
Federal Ministry of Health
Directorate General of Preventive Medicine
National TB Control Program
Khartoum-P.O. Box 303
Fax: 8377182
Tel: 83774412-772182
Email: [email protected]
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