Energy for the City of the Future

Transcription

June 2012
Ljubljana is not only the most beautiful city in the
world, it is also the safest city in this part of Europe
and estimated to be the fifth most idyllic city to
live in. A large team of colleagues is striving daily
to create better conditions for the quality of life of
its inhabitants and to make our visitors feel more
comfortable.
Ljubljana develops in accordance with its
sustainable vision, focusing on the concern
for a clean and healthy environment. Public
transportation is becoming more user-friendly with
the introduction of new, environmentally-friendly
buses and by closing the city centre to traffic; the
pedestrian zones have been further expanded with
new promenades and cycling paths and the green
lungs of our city enriched with numerous new
parks, relaxation and recreation areas.
Energy for the City
of the Future
Presentation of the Sustainable Energy
Action Plan of the City of Ljubljana
Zoran Janković
Mayor of Ljubljana
GRB (uporaba pri velikosti pod 20mm)
Special attention is paid to efficient use of energy
and renewable energy sources. The first step
towards an energy-efficient society was the
adoption of the Sustainable energy action plan of
the City of Ljubljana, which provides the bases for
further activities in the field of sustainable energy
management. Energy management will definitely
require active work in the future, and we will have
to find adequate solutions and ensure co-operation
and connections between the people who help
create the city, plan and implement new projects
for the benefit of all our inhabitants.
I have no doubt that the foundations we are
building will help us pursue the vision of
sustainable energy management. The Sustainable
energy action plan of the City of Ljubljana is just a
piece of the mosaic which proves that Ljubljana is a
modern European capital.
June 2012
Energy for the City
of the Future
Published by
City of Ljubljana
Department for Environmental Protection
Zarnikova 3, Ljubljana
The Department for Environmental Protection
is headed by
Alenka Loose, Head
Steering Group
Alenka Loose, Nataša Jazbinšek Seršen
(Department for Environmental Protection of
the City of Ljubljana), Ivan Stanič (Department
for Spatial Management of the City of
Ljubljana), Ljuba Ciuha (Office of the Mayor of
the City of Ljubljana), Zdenka Grozde (Javni
Holding Ljubljana), Janko Kramžar (Snaga),
Hrvoje Drašković (Energetika Ljubljana), Stojan
Smolnikar (Energetika Ljubljana), Blaž Košorok
(Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana), Dr Marko
Notar (Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana),
Roman Jesenko (Elektro Ljubljana), Iztok Lesjak
(Ljubljana Technology Park) and Cveto Kosec
(Ministry of the Economy of the Republic of
Slovenia)
Contractor
BOSON, trajnostno načrtovanje, d.o.o. (Aljoša
Jasim Tahir, Matija Matičič and Nina Vehovec)
Subcontractor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (Prof. dr.
Sašo Medved, Boris Vidrih and Suzana Domjan)
Photographs
Branko Čeak, Oskar Karel Dolenc, Janez Sušin,
Luka Pintar, D. Wedam, B. Cvetkovič, J. Skok,
M. Tančič, S. Rančov, E. Kaše, U. Hočevar,
B. Brecelj, B. Kladnik, B. Jakše, S. Jeršič, Bobo,
Archive of the Department for Environmental
Protection, Archive of Ljubljana Tourism
Text processing and layout
Rdeči oblak 2012
Circulation: 500 copies
Contents
Energy: a key challenge for every successful society . . . . . . . . 6
PART ONE: STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Process of drafting the Sustainable Energy Action Plan . . 10
Key characteristics of the City of Ljubljana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Analysis of energy use and consumption
of energy carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Energy supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
State of the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Weak points of energy use and supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Energy efficiency potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Renewables potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Analysis of expected future use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
PART TWO: ACTION PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Measures of the Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Effects of the Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Priority measures – reliable and efficient energy supply . . 51
Priority measures – efficient use of
energy and renewable energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Guidelines for the implementation of the
Sustainable Energy Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Target values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Energy: a key
challenge for
every successful
society
Energy is vitally important to every modern
society, so energy planning is one of the
central challenges for local communities.
Ljubljana is no exception. As a dynamic
European capital it is developing approaches
and formulating strategies to successfully
detect problems and realise opportunities.
The City of Ljubljana is systematically creating conditions
for safe and efficient energy supply. To this end it initiated
the lengthy and complex process of preparing a Sustainable
Energy Action Plan, setting out a clear vision of the city’s
energy policy for the next 10 years. The Plan was formulated
under the aegis of a special Steering Group which, together
with the city administration and external consultants,
produced the contents presented in this document.
The first phase of elaboration of the Sustainable Energy
Action Plan was an analysis of the existing situation with
regard to energy use and energy supply. Preparation of
the Plan also took into account the energy balance of the
City of Ljubljana, the renewable energies potential and
the potential to increase energy efficiency. The process
concluded with the formulation of energy planning
objectives and the definition of concrete measures for the
implementation of these objectives in the form of an Action
Plan.
The formulation of energy policy followed national
guidelines and European directives in the field of sustainable
development and energy planning.
The aim of the City of Ljubljana is to establish a modern
energy system. A system that will take into account the need
to increase energy efficiency and the use of local renewable
energy sources. Measures are aimed on the one hand at the
public sector and business and services sector, and on the
other at households and enterprises in the City of Ljubljana.
Energy: a key challenge for every successful society
The sustainable development of the city is vitally dependent
on the well-coordinated efforts of all stakeholders.
The successful realisation of this vision will require a general
consensus.
The first step on this journey was the adoption of the
document at a session of the City Council of the City of
Ljubljana in November 2011. Approval of the document is
followed by the formulation of the broad-based endeavours
that are necessary if Slovenia’s capital city is to become, in
the field of energy, a self-sufficient, efficient and clean city.
7
8
Sustainable Energy Action Plan
of the City of Ljubljana
Part one:
Strategic
framework
10
Legislation,
programmes and
other regulations
referred to
The Sustainable Energy Action Plan brings
a long-term vision in the field of provision
of the energy that the capital needs for its
development. This vision is, among other
things, justified on the basis of a series of
national and European documents and other
adopted plans, commitments and agreements.
• The Energy Act (UL RS 27/07 – consolidated version, 70/08,
22/10 and 37/11 – Const. Ct Decision) provides that municipalities shall ensure their compliance with the National
Energy Programme, plan their energy use and mode of
energy supply, ensure the safe and reliable supply of users
with energy services according to market principles and the
principles of sustainable development, taking into account
efficient use, the economic exploitation of renewable sources and environmental protection conditions.
• The Resolution on the National Energy Programme
(UL RS 57/04), which contains the long-term strategy of
the Republic of Slovenia in the field of energy, defines the
local sustainable energy action plan as the fundamental
planning document in this field in the local community.
The National Energy Programme also defines targets for the
use of renewable energy sources, which are coordinated
with Slovenia’s greenhouse gas emissions target in
accordance with the Kyoto Protocol.
• National framework of departure and resolutions:
Environment Protection Act (UL RS 39/06 – consolidated
version, 49/06 – ZMetD, 66/06 – Const. Ct Decision, 33/07
– ZPNačrt, 57/08 – ZFO-1A, 70/08 and 108/09), Spatial
Planning Act (UL RS 110/02, 8/03 – revised, 58/03 – ZZK1, 33/07 – ZPNačrt, 108/09 – ZGO-1C, 80/10 – ZUPUDPP
and 106/10 – revised ZPUDPP), Resolution on the National
Environmental Protection Programme 2005–2012 (UL RS
2/06) and relevant secondary legislation.
• European regulations, which define a 20 % share of
renewable energy sources in energy consumption by 2020
and a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, are
Directive 2009/28/EC, Directive 2009/29/EC and Directive
2009/33/EC.
Sustainable Energy Action Plan of the City of Ljubljana
Legislation, programmes and other regulations referred to
• The National Energy Programme Green Paper
(2009) promotes discussion of strategic issues of the
development of energy in Slovenia up to 2030 for the
purpose of formulating a quality basis for the new national
energy programme.
It is considered that in order to achieve targets it will
be necessary not only to promote renewable energy
sources but to slow the growth in energy use. In order
to achieve the targets to which Slovenia has committed
itself in the international sphere, numerous measures are
envisaged, including some in the City of Ljubljana. These
are the refurbishment and upgrading of existing thermal
power plants and increasing the use of hydro potential. In
the field of natural gas transmission, the construction of
transmission networks is also being planned.
• The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008–2016
(Action Plan – energy efficiency), drawn up on the basis
of directives of the European Parliament and Council,
envisages a final energy saving of 9%.
• The Renewable Energy Sources Action Plan 2010–2020
contains these targets: ensure a 25% share of renewable
energy sources in final energy consumption and a 10%
share of renewable energy sources in transport by 2020;
halt the growth in final energy consumption; and increase
the share of renewable energy sources in the long term.
• The Operational Programme for the Reduction of
Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2012, which serves
for the implementation of obligations under the Kyoto
Protocol and defines key instruments, the obligations of
individual sectors in introduction of these instruments, and
the adaptation of instruments.
• The Decree on guaranteeing end-use energy savings
(UL RS 114/09, 22/10 – EZ-D and 57/11), which defines the
minimum level of energy savings to be achieved, types
of energy services and energy efficiency improvement
measures to achieve energy savings, the scope and
compulsory elements of programmes to improve energy
efficiency, time limits and scope of reporting on the
implementation of programmes to improve energy
efficiency, the amount of the contribution for the purpose
of increasing efficient electricity use and the amount of
the supplement on heating prices or fuel prices for the
purpose of increasing energy efficiency.
• The Rules on modes of heating in the City of Ljubljana
(UL RS 131/03 and 84/05), which set out modes of heating
in the City of Ljubljana.
11
• The Environmental Protection Programme for the
City of Ljubljana 2007–2013, through which the City
of Ljubljana has committed itself to prepare and adopt
a Sustainable Energy Action Plan and in this way define
future energy supply methods and measures for efficient
energy use, heat and electricity cogeneration and the use
of renewable energy sources.
• The Ordinance on the Municipal Spatial Plan of
the City of Ljubljana – strategic part (UL RS 78/10
and 10/11 – DPN) sets out the concept and focuses of
energy supply in the municipality with regard to heat
and electricity, the district heating and cooling system,
the connection of areas of the municipality to the gas
pipeline system in individual areas, the electricity system
and reserves of energy carriers.
• The Ordinance on the Municipal Spatial Plan of
the City of Ljubljana – executive part (UL RS 78/10,
10/11 – DPN, 22/11 – revised and 43/11 – ZKZ-C)
defines permitted structures and activities within a
spatial planning unit. Changes to the purpose of use of
structures in activities not tied to energy infrastructure are
not permitted.
• The Operational programme for the protection of
ambient air from PM10 pollution, adopted in 2009 by
the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, sets out the
basis for the preparation, adoption and implementation
of programmes to improve ambient air quality in areas
that as a result of exceedance of limit values will be
defined as areas of environmental degradation.
• Other technical documents taken into account in
the preparation of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan
of the City of Ljubljana include: figures on energy use
in the industrial sector and street lighting in the City of
Ljubljana (»Jožef Stefan« Institute – Energy Efficiency
Centre), analysis of the situation regarding the energy
use in public buildings of the City of Ljubljana (Gradbeni
inštitut ZRMK d.o.o.), the energy balance of the City
of Ljubljana in 2008 and a calculation of emissions of
hazardous pollutants (Energis), basis for the elaboration of
the energy plan of the City of Ljubljana and background
documentation on energy supply as part of the
elaboration of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan of the
City of Ljubljana (Eco Consulting d.o.o.) and Directive
2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of
buildings.
Key characteristics
of the City of
Ljubljana
Ljubljana is a medium-sized European city
with advantageous position that provides
a good living and working conditions for its
inhabitants. It is therefore no surprise that the
Ljubljana urban region accounts for as much as
a quarter of the entire population Slovenia.
The City of Ljubljana covers an area of 275 km2 variously
divided into 38 settlements, 1,599 spatial planning units,
57 cadastral municipalities, 17 districts and 44,862 house
numbers.
Districts of the City of Ljubljana
šmarna gora
šentvid
posavje
dravlje
ČRNUČE
bežigrad
šiška
rožnik
jarše
center
polje
moste
golovec
vič
trnovo
sostro
rudnik
Source: Ljubljana Statistical Yearbook, 2009.
POPULATION
In the years following the Second World War, the
population of the City of Ljubljana grew very rapidly,
significantly exceeding the national average. A peculiarity
of demographic change is high population growth until
the 1980s followed by stagnation or even negative growth.
In other municipalities of the Ljubljana Urban Region, the
process has been the exact opposite: population growth
was originally negative or stagnant, while today numbers
are growing strongly, above all as a result of migration from
Ljubljana.
13
Key characteristics of the City of Ljubljana
The population has been growing in recent years. The
census of 1 January 2009 gave a figure of 276,091. Natural
increase has been positive since 2005. In comparison to the
inhabitants of other regions of Slovenia, the inhabitants of
the City of Ljubljana have the highest life expectancy at birth,
while the infant mortality rate is below the national average.
Since 2008 inward migration from other municipalities has
been greater than outward migration from the City of Ljubljana to other municipalities of Slovenia. Similarly, in recent
years more people have immigrated to Ljubljana from abroad
than the other way round. Taking into account those commuting daily to work or school, temporary inhabitants of the municipality and tourists, people attending events and shoppers,
the number of people in the City of Ljubljana is actually far
greater than the number shown by the census. The population grows considerably particularly on working days.
The rapid growth in the population of the City of Ljubljana
halted in the mid-1980s, when the population stood at
slightly over quarter of a million inhabitants. The results of
strong inward migration in the past are apparent today in
the above-average share of elderly citizens, while the ageing
process is further reinforced by the emigration of young,
highly qualified citizens.
Population by activity
the economic strength of the municipality is increasing, while its demographic strength is waning.
The gap between the distribution of jobs and places of
residence is increasing the scale of daily commuting to and
from work, which is becoming one of the biggest problems
in the City of Ljubljana and the Ljubljana Urban Region.
The economic situation of the region as a whole, although
relatively favourable, is worsening, above all because of
the difficulties faced by some large enterprises. The City of
Ljubljana is, in fact, characterised by economic activities of
a monopoly nature such as: the financial and public sectors,
the manufacturing industry and commerce.
Despite slightly poorer economic growth, the average
monthly wage still increased in the 2008–2010 period.
CLIMATE
For the last decade average monthly air temperatures
in Ljubljana have been characterised by relatively small
fluctuations. The years 2003 and 2006 stand out in terms
of summer and winter extremes, while the winters of
2000/2001 and 2006/2007 stand out for their mildness.
Average monthly air temperatures,
Ljubljana Bežigrad meteorological station (°C)
Situation at 2002 census
All
Active population (inc. unemployed)
Dependent persons
Persons with own means
Share of active population (%)
Share of dependent persons (%)
Share of persons with own means (%)
265,881
130,122
70,031
65,728
48
27.5
24.5
Source: SURS, 2010.
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Two characteristics of the City of Ljubljana are a concentration of jobs and, on the other hand, depopulation. This trend is
expected to continue in the future. In the last 20 years more
than 20,000 people are thought to have moved from the City
of Ljubljana to the surrounding municipalities of the Ljubljana
Urban Region. This trend creates great difficulties in terms of
economic development, spatial planning and guaranteeing
adequate living conditions for the population. In this sense
0
–5
1997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
average monthly
average maximum
Source: ARSO, 2010.
average annual
average minimum
14
» The gap between the distribution of jobs and
places of residence is increasing the scale of
daily commuting to and from work, which is
becoming one of the biggest problems.
In the last 15 years a clear downward trend in temperature
deficit has been observable, leading to the conclusion that
at existing capacities of municipal energy supply systems
(district heating and gas network) it will be possible to
increase the number of customers simply as the result of
changes in the local climate. Efficient energy use in buildings
and industry would, of course, enable significantly greater
possibilities.
Temperature excess, which is a criterion for the use of energy
to cool buildings, shows a similar but inverted trend. In the
last 30 years temperature excess has approximately doubled.
In view of the fact that average summer temperatures are
practically unchanged, this is evidently a case of an increase
in extreme weather phenomena in summer. It is expected
that the use of electricity for cooling will increase even more
in the future.
Values for other influential meteorological parameters do
not show significant deviations from the long-term average.
The City of Ljubljana has the highest life expectancy at birth in Slovenia.
15
Analysis of
energy use and
consumption of
energy carriers
Consumption of final energy in the City of
Ljubljana increased by 10% between 2004 in
2008. Liquid fossil fuels, with a share of 46%,
are the most important energy carrier in final
energy consumption. These are followed
by electricity (21%) and gas fuels (16%).
The share of district heating is 16%. Final
energy consumption per capita in the City of
Ljubljana was 29.5 MWh in 2008.
Residential buildings
Age structure of residential buildings in the City of Ljubljana
16,562
28,613
6,424
7,378
11,661
10,924
11,140
27,217
up to 1918
1919–1945
1946–1960
1960–1970
1971–1980
1981–1990
1991+
2002+
Source: City of Ljubljana.
46.5% of dwellings were built between 1960 and 1980,
and 11.5% have been built since 1991. Main refurbishment
began in the early 1990s and by 2002 29% of dwellings
had been refurbished. In 2002 up to 12% of dwellings were
unoccupied (2002 census).
For heating purposes, residential buildings use heat from the
district heating system, gas, extra light heating oil, wood and
wood waste, liquefied petroleum gas and, to a lesser extent,
brown coal. In addition to these sources households also use
electricity. Since 2005 lignite has no longer been present in
the final energy balance for households.
» Just 10% of the total heated area in public
buildings corresponds to criteria for efficient
use of energy in buildings, while up to 44% of
areas have a use that is two times greater.
16
Household final energy use
Final energy unit
2003
Electricity
MWh
369,089 392,302 387,779 386,297 433,425 402,551
Lignite
tonnes
27
Brown coal
Wood and
wood waste
Liquefied
petroleum
gas
Extra light
heating oil
Natural gas
District
heating
2004
19
2005
16
2006
0
2007
0
2008
0
approximately 15.8%, wood and wood waste for 7.3%, and
liquefied petroleum gas for 3.9%. Household energy use
for heating reached approximately 1,450 GWh in 2008,
representing an increase of approximately 0.5% compared
to 2003.
tonnes
692
696
808
632
641
426
tonnes
38,375
37,874
38,015
31,762
32,391
31,975
tonnes
4,012
4,136
4,562
4,623
4,381
4,551
Use of final energy per capita in the period 2003–2008
fluctuated at around 5,500 kWh and is comparable with the
national average.
tonnes
20,370
21,499
22,293
18,157
18,555
19,741
Household electricity use in the City of Ljubljana (GWh)
MSm
45,576
46,921
48,305
47,776
44,397
46,977
1,942
2,045
2,064
1,927
1,800
2,001
3
TJ
500
450
Source: Energis, 2009.
400
Use of electricity has on average grown over time and in
2008 was 9.07% higher than in 2003. Use of wood and wood
waste has fallen, while the use of natural gas and district
heat is constantly growing.
350
300
250
200
150
Household energy use for heating reached approximately
1,450 GWh in 2008, representing an increase of
approximately 0.5% compared to 2003.
100
50
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Household heat use in the City of Ljubljana (GWh, 2008)
district
heating
Household electricity use is increasing by approximately
2% per year. Specific electricity use per capita is likewise
increasing on average by 2% a year, while specific use per
square metre of floor space is on average increasing by 1%
per year.
natural gas
extra light
heating oil
liquefied
petroleum gas
wood and
wood waste
Total greenhouse gas emissions from household energy use
amounted to 452,152 tonnes of CO2 in 2008, or 1.64 tonnes
per capita. If all electricity consumed in households is taken
into account, the total quantity was 1.69 tonnes per capita.
brown coal
electricity
100
200
300
400
500
600
Over two thirds of dwellings are heated by district heating
systems and gas, which together account for approximately
67.8% of energy use for heating. The use of electricity for
heating is estimated at 5%, while heating oil accounts for
The costs of household energy use for 2008 are roughly
estimated to be €72,685,000, of which the cost of gas
accounts for approximately 32% and the cost of district
heating for 28%. Electricity use accounts for approximately
a tenth of the cost (~10%). Interestingly, owing to extremely
high prices in 2008, the cost of extra light heating oil was
approximately 26%.
Analysis of energy use and consumption of energy carriers
17
Greenhouse gas emissions from household energy use in the City of Ljubljana
(CO2 tonnes)
600,000
500,000
three or more times over. The most wasteful buildings in
terms of energy use are sports facilities. These are followed
by kindergartens, primary schools and health centres,
which together represent the majority of public buildings
managed by the City of Ljubljana.
Heat use in public buildings managed by the City of Ljubljana by energy carriers
(MWh/a)
400,000
300,000
kindergartens
elementary schools
200,000
sports facilities
district offices
City of Ljubljana
administrative buildings
100,000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
cultural institutions
libraries
(Ljubljana City Library)
health centres
pharmacies
20%
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
30%
60%
80%
100%
46%
Energy use figures are only known for buildings owned
or managed by the City of Ljubljana. For other public
buildings, amounting to two thirds of public buildings, no
systematically collected data are available.
In public buildings belonging to the municipality, district
heating is the prevailing source of heat supply, with a share
of 46%. This is followed by natural gas (30%) and extra light
heating oil (10%).
40%
10%
0%
14%
district heating
natural gas
extra light heating oil
LPG
no data
Source: ZRMK, 2009.
Total heat use in public buildings is 84,085 MWh/a, which
represents 1.3% of the total consumption of final thermal
energy in the City of Ljubljana. Total electricity use represents
a 1.3% share of electricity use in the City of Ljubljana. No
public building is fitted with individual systems to supply
heat from renewable energy sources. Average specific heat
consumption in these buildings is 158 kWh/m2a, while
electricity consumption is 51 kWh/m2a.
Just 10 % of the total heated area in public buildings
corresponds to criteria for efficient use of energy in
buildings, while up to 44 % of areas have a use that is
two times greater. Just under half exceed these criteria
Electricity consumption in these buildings is acceptable,
with specific consumption at approximately
20 kWh/m2a. Some groups of buildings are specific, but
electricity consumption in them should be reduced. Since
figures on electricity consumption for cooling buildings are
not known, the only conclusion possible is that electricity
consumption in these buildings (pharmacies, health centres)
is also influenced by cooling.
A total of 145,747 MWh/a of primary energy is required,
with 74% of the total primary energy required to supply
kindergartens, primary schools and sports facilities.
» On an average working day 1.3 million
journeys are made within the City of
Ljubljana.
18
1,072 advertising billboards with installed power of
254 kW and 181 signal-controlled junctions, with installed
power of 272 kW. The public lighting network is linked by
a 1,580 km cable network, 300 km of overhead cables and
700 lighting points.
Structure of primary energy requirement in public buildings managed by the City
of Ljubljana (MWh/a)
kindergartens
elementary schools
sports facilities
Structure of total electricity consumption for public lighting (%)
district offices
City of Ljubljana
administrative buildings
1%
libraries
(Ljubljana City Library)
0%
11%
60%
6%
health centres
pharmacies
10,000
36%
4%
20,000
30,000
40,000
heating
50,000
60,000
electricity
6%
18%
12%
3%
8%
2%
7%
20%
2%
4%
pharmacies
health centres
libraries (Ljubljana City Library)
City of Ljubljana administrative buildings
district offices
sports facilities
elementary schools
kindergartens
Source: ZRMK, 2009.
In terms of the quantity of primary energy, electricity is the
predominant energy carrier (with a share of 44%). This is
followed by district heating (26%) and natural gas (19%).
Extra light heating oil has a 12% share.
The specific annual primary energy requirement for energy
supply in buildings managed by the City of Ljubljana is 528
kWh, which causes 0.14 tonnes of CO2 emissions per capita
in the City of Ljubljana.
The costs of energy supply for buildings are estimated at
approximately €7,500,000 for 2008, or 2.5% of the total
realised expenditure of the City of Ljubljana.
Public lighting
In 2008 public lighting in the City of Ljubljana included
28,675 street lights with installed power of 3,900 kW,
street lighting on municipal roads
street lighting on national roads
(built-up areas)
street lighting on national roads
(outside built-up areas)
street lighting on bypasses
and motorways
signal-controlled junctions
on municipal roads
signal-controlled junctions
and crossings on national roads
(outside built-up areas)
advertising billboards on municipal roads
advertising billboards on national roads
(built-up areas)
Source: »Jožef Stefan« Institute, 2009.
Electricity use in 2008 was equal to 25.4 GWh and the
installed power of lamps was 4.97 MW. Compared to 2004,
electricity consumption and the installed power of lamps
for public lighting fell by 25.6%. The share of electricity
consumption for public lighting in 2008 was 1.5% of the
total electricity consumption of the City of Ljubljana or
0.6% of the total primary energy requirement.
The primary energy requirement for public lighting as
a whole in 2008 was 230 kWh per capita, which caused
0.049 t/capita of CO2 emissions.
The budget of the City of Ljubljana for 2010 envisaged
a maintenance cost of €4,653,045 and an electricity and
network charge cost of €2,896,660.
IndustrY
The largest number of industrial enterprises belong to
the food production and metal products group. The
highest use of energy carriers is typically in paper and
paper products manufacturing (24.4%), production of
pharmaceutical raw materials and products (20.2%) and
the production of chemicals and chemical products
(16.6%). These three groups of the manufacturing industry
consume nearly 61.2% of total final energy.
Annual use of energy carriers in manufacturing in the City of Ljubljana (GWh/a)
19
Final energy consumption in the business and services sector (GWh, 2008)
district
heating
1,600
natural gas
1,400
extra light
heating oil
liquefied
petroleum gas
1,200
brown coal
electricity
1,000
100
800
600
400
200
2006
2007
2008
brown coal
wood and wood waste
liquefied petroleum gas
heating oil with sulphur
content below 1%
thermal energy (purchased
hot water, steam)
natural gas
paraffin
diesel fuel
(for machinery)
waste animal fats
electricity (purchased)
Source: SURS, 2010.
The use of energy carriers in industry has been increasing in
recent years, as has the structure of energy carriers. In 2008
total final energy consumption was 1,478 GWh. Natural gas
is the most important energy carrier, with an almost 50 %
share. It is followed by electricity (32.5%) and district heat
(13%). Industry provides 95% of all final energy with these
energy carriers. Since 2007 brown coal is no longer used but
the share of renewable energy sources in final energy use is
small (1.9%).
The primary energy requirement in 2008 was 2,290 GWh,
which represents a 22% share of the primary energy
requirement in the City of Ljubljana. Energy use produced
493,029 tonnes of CO2 emissions. The specific annual
primary energy requirement in the industrial sector in
the City of Ljubljana was 8,290 kWh, which produced
1.79 tonnes of CO2 emissions per capita in the City of
Ljubljana.
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
According to figures from 2008, electricity has a 40% share
in final energy consumption. The energy carriers most
used for heating purposes are district heating (27.3% of
final energy use) and extra light heating oil (23.8% of final
energy consumption). The use of gas in the business and
services sector accounts for just a 3.6% share of final energy
consumption.
Between 2003 and 2008 the specific final energy
consumption of the sector in per capita terms increased
by an average of 1.5% per year. The use of electricity in the
business and services sector is generally growing, by on
average 3.5%.
The primary energy requirement in the business and services
sector in 2008 was equal to 2,784 GWh. Total emissions are
2.46 tonnes of CO2 emissions per capita. A rough estimate
for 2008 puts the costs of energy use in the business and
services sector, together with public buildings managed by
state bodies within the City of Ljubljana, at approximately
€92,245,000, of which the principal cost is electricity
(~ 75%). The cost for the use of district heat is under 20%.
TRANSPORT
Car use predominates in the City of Ljubljana, which is
one of the main problems for the city, above all in terms
20
of accessibility (traffic jams, congestion) and protection
of the environment (air pollution). The City of Ljubljana is
characterised by a highly developed road network, in which
1,072 km of municipal roads predominate. The total length
of national roads in the municipality is 115.4 km, with the
motorway the longest, at 34.9 km. The total density of the
roads network is 4,246 m/km2.
Pan-European railway corridors V (east–west) and X (north–
south) intersect in the section between Ljubljana and Zidani
Most. The total length of the railway network in the City
of Ljubljana is almost 60 km – the density of the railway
network is therefore significantly lower than the density
of the road network. There are 26 railway stations on the
railway network within the municipality.
The total length of cycle paths is 130 km (in 2009), while
in the wider urban region there are currently 25 marked
cycle routes with a total length of 800 km. Cycle paths
predominate in the city centre and connect to cycle routes
towards the periphery.
Traffic is growing denser as a consequence of the process
of suburbanisation, which has become increasingly marked
since the construction of the Ljubljana bypass. The number
of people commuting daily to work is growing, as is the
number of visitors to shopping centres and events of
various kinds. There is also constant growth of transit traffic
of goods vehicles on trans-European corridors. Due to the
green wedges (Golovec, Rožnik and Grad) running into the
city, transversal connections that would take the burden
off the centre are impossible to realise. Railway lines are
also a problem because for the most part they are at the
same level as roads, which means numerous crossings with
barriers.
In 2000 the number of people commuting to work in
Ljubljana from other municipalities was 70,660. In 2009
this number had risen to 106,582. Taking into account
those commuting to the city for school and university
(approximately 50,000) the number is significantly higher still.
On an average working day 1.3 million journeys are made
within the City of Ljubljana (2008). Journeys to work,
shopping and free-time journeys predominate, with the
» Electricity use in 2008 showed an increase of
approximately 32% compared to 2000, with
an average increase of 3.6% per year.
largest number of traffic flows beginning or ending in the
Center and Bežigrad districts, closely followed by the Šiška
and Jarše districts.
With regard to choice of means of transport, private cars
predominate, with the combined share of other means
of transport together not amounting even to 40% of all
journeys. Average journey time for car journeys within the
Ljubljana Urban Region is 20 minutes, compared to 32
minutes for journeys by public transport, 17.5 for journeys by
bicycle and 15 minutes for pedestrian journeys. The average
speed of city buses is 17 km/h. Average speed of private cars
is 10 km/h higher even during rush hours.
Journeys in terms of purpose – whole-day traffic (%)
24%
24%
18%
23%
11%
shopping
free time
work
education
other
Source: Omega consult, 2009.
City public transport is only attractive in cases where the
origin or destination of a journey is in the city centre. In all
other cases, public transport is not a serious alternative to
using a car.
A total of 212,000 citizens – 79% of the population – live
within 300 metres (or five minutes) of a bus stop. Urban
passenger transport consists of 21 lines covering a total
length of 263 kilometres and carries 82,847,233 passengers
(2009 figures).
Rail transport is one of the most energy-efficient means
of motorised land transport. The busiest railway line is the
line between Ljubljana and Litija, with at least 100 trains
per day, carrying 9,400 passengers. Also very busy is the
Ljubljana–Domžale line, with roughly 40 passenger trains
per day carrying 4,800 passengers. Each day 45 trains carry
2,500 passengers between Medvode and Ljubljana. Other
21
important lines are the Borovnica–Ljubljana line, with an
average of 1,400 passengers per day and around 52 trains,
and the Ljubljana–Škofljica line, with 2,200 passengers and
41 trains.
Despite modernisation of the vehicle fleet, increasing
annual consumption of motor fuels and increasing pollutant
emissions are noted in the transport sector, in part because
of the significant increase in transit goods traffic across the
area of the municipality.
Use of final energy in transport has since 2003 shown a rapid
growth in the use of liquid fuels, while the use of electricity
in transport is fairly stagnant. Total final energy use in the
transport sector was 2,812 GWh in 2008, with liquid fuels
accounting for a 99.07% share.
Use of motor fuels is 235,400 tonnes (2008), of which 36.3%
is petrol and 63.7% gas oil.
Owing to the low rate of electricity use, the primary energy
requirement in the sector does not differ significantly from
final energy use, and in 2008 was 3,131 GWh. Over the
course of the year, transport contributed a total of almost
850,000 tonnes of CO2, or 3.1 tonnes per capita.
Electricity use
The number of daily commuters in the City of Ljubljana is growing every year,
as is the number of visitors to shopping centres and events.
Electricity use in 2008 showed an increase of approximately
32% compared to 2000, with an average increase of 3.6% per
year.
Total electricity use was 6,504 kWh/capita in 2008 compared
to 5,424 kWh/capita in 2003, which means an increase of just
under 20%. Per capita electricity use is 2.1% greater than the
national average.
In 2008 67.2% of electricity was imported.
Electricity use in the City of Ljubljana (GWh)
Use of electricity is greatest in the commercial sector
(~47.5%), which includes the consumption of all legal
entities excluding industry (manufacturing). This is followed
by use of electricity in industry (manufacturing and mining),
which in 2008 reached 27.8%. Household use of electricity
accounts for 23.1% of total use. Use of electricity in transport
accounts for just 1.7% of the total.
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
2000
2001 2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
The use of electricity is relatively uniform throughout the
year, particularly in households. It is slightly higher in winter
(5–8%). In summer months, electricity use is uniform, which
indicates that electricity use for cooling in households is
low. In other segments electricity use is 8–10% higher in July
compared to the winter months, which is the consequence
of cooling in buildings.
» CO2 emissions in the City of Ljubljana have
grown moderately in the last years.
22
energy CARRIERS and emissions
Energy balance of the City of Ljubljana
Between 2004 and 2008 final energy consumption increased
by 10% to 8,149 GWh per year. Liquid fossil fuels are the
most important source of energy (46%). These are followed
by electricity (21%) and gas fuels (16% of final energy
consumption). The share of district heating is 16%. Final
energy consumption per capita in the City of Ljubljana was
29.5 MWh in 2008.
Final energy consumption in the City of Ljubljana and shares (GWh/a, 2008)
and district heat plant Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana,
a larger share of electricity generated by hydropower
in Slovenia, and significantly larger areas of installed
photovoltaic systems.
The primary energy requirement in 2008 was 10,801 GWh.
The predominant sources of primary energy are liquid fuels
(39%) and energy carriers used for electricity generation
(33%). Converted to a per capita figure, the primary energy
requirement in 2008 was 39.1 MWh.
Overview of the primary energy requirement in 2008 by segments of consumers
and CO2 emissions
9,000
135
8,000
127
142
7,000
127
127
1282
1221
1593
1634
1615
1330
1280
1199
3435
3464
3475
1551
4,000
1008
1298
3,000
2,000
3373
Public buildings
Public lighting
Industry
Business
Transport
TOTAL
2,385
150
63
2,289
2,784
3,130
10,801
22.1
1.4
0.6
21.2
25.7
29
100
1119
1741
5,000
Share of total
primary energy
CO2 emissions
requirement
[t/capita/a]
in the City of
Ljubljana [%]
1263
1223
6,000
Sector
Primary
energy
requirement
[GWh/a]
3710
2.12
0.14
0.05
1.79
2.46
3.09
9.65
1,000
4
4
2004
3
2005
2006
3
2007
2
2008
21%
46%
liquid fuels
electricity
gas fuels
district heat
biomass
solar energy
solid fuels
0%
15%
0%
2%
16%
0%
The quantity of final energy from renewable sources was
740 GWh in 2008, which represents 9% of total final energy
consumption. In 2009 this share increased as a result of
the larger quantity of biomass consumed at the power
Emissions of pollutants
CO2 emissions in the City of Ljubljana have grown
moderately in the last 5 years to reach 7.68 t/capita/year
(2008). Adding emissions from electricity generation outside
the City of Ljubljana (2.34 t/capita/year), total emissions
are 10.18 t/capita/year, which is slightly below the national
average.
The largest contribution to the slight growth comes from
transport. Slightly lower emissions in the Energy Converters
segment are the consequence of the lower temperature
deficit, while the reduction in the Other Use segment is
probably the consequence of greater public awareness and
the success of financial incentives.
Among energy carriers, the biggest sources of emissions
are liquid fossil fuels used in transport. Among individual
emitters of CO2, six polluters (Energetika Ljubljana,
Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana, Papirnica Vevče d.o.o.,
23
Belinka Perkemija d.o.o., Koto d.d., Pivovarna Union d.d.,
TAČ d.o.o., Bituma d.o.o.) together caused 46% of all
emissions in the municipality (not including emissions
from electricity generation outside the City of Ljubljana).
Estimated CO2 emissions by sectors of energy use and type of energy
carriers (t 000s)
2,500
2,000
257
276
773
773
272
328
360
306
852
864
317
1,500
803
819
926
Among energy carriers, the biggest sources of emissions are liquid fossil fuels
used in transport.
1,000
500
872
840
2002
2003
893
2004
910
2005
852
2006
gas fuels
850
2007
liquid fuels
866
2008
solid fuels
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
909
826
866
889
348
361
364
549
545
567
599
149
177
372
867
868
333
343
634
149
2002
148
2003
2004
2005
energy converters
661
230
2006
other use
148
2007
transport
882
352
711
164
2008
industry
segment may be expected to contribute to a reduction of
CO2 emissions.
Burning coal, despite the improved quality of this energy
carrier, remained the principal cause of SO2 emissions.
Despite an increase of just 2% in the consumption of coal,
SO2 emissions have increased by 27%. This is probably the
consequence of modified emissions coefficients. More
efficient energy use in buildings and a reduction in the use
of extra light heating oil have probably lead to reduced
emissions in the Other Use segment.
Nitrogen oxides are pollutants that are connected with
the formation of ground-level ozone, acidification of
precipitation and a reduction in the quantity of stratospheric
ozone. Emissions have been relatively constant in recent
years. The largest share is contributed by the use of fuels in
transport (56%, 2008). Emissions are increasing slightly in the
Other Use segment. This is a consequence of an increase in
the consumption of natural gas.
Because the share of vehicles with diesel engines and
better combustion technologies is growing, CO2 emissions
are falling despite the increased consumption of liquid
fossil fuels. Other segments and energy carriers are less
important for CO2 emissions. Even so, directives on quality
control of heating plants in buildings in the Other Use
Emissions of particulate matter fell in the period 2002–2006.
While better technology for the filtration of particulate
matter means that emissions resulting from the conversion
of solid fuels are falling, solid particle emissions are
increasing in the transport segment – by more than a
quarter since 2002. The reason for this is more motor
vehicles with diesel engines and greater use of fuels.
Energy supply
District heating system
Each year Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana produces
on average 1,088 GWh of heat, 405 GWh of electricity and
135,000 tonnes of technological steam. In this way the City
of Ljubljana covers more than 90% of its heat needs in the
district heating system. This production represents almost
half of the national production of heat in district heating
systems and 3% of national electricity production.
The total quantity of all forms of energy provided by
Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana was relatively constant
between 2004 and 2008. Given the constant increase in the
length of the hot water supply network, this is evidence of
the effects of the energy-efficient refurbishment of buildings.
Production of heat and electricity at Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana
(GWh/a)
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1157
1209
1123
1079
1169
116
116
110
111
109
491
480
464
485
481
1,000
1120
800
600
400
200
2004
2005
Source: Energetika Ljubljana, 2010.
2006
heat for heating
2007
2008
technological steam
112
417
2009
electricity
The primary fuel used at Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana
is coal. Since 2002 the plant has exclusively used Indonesian
coal, the only suitable fuel in terms of environmental requirements, due to its low sulphur content. In October 2008 the
plant began co-incineration of wood chips and coal in Unit 3.
In 2009 co-incineration of wood and waste wood produced
186 GWh of energy, or approximately 12% of all energy produced that year.
The Šiška heating plant,s (Toplarna Šiška) mainly function is
to cover peak heat needs for the district heating system and
to supply technological steam to the Šiška industrial zone.
25
Energy supply
The heat plant operates within the permitted values for NOx
emissions. Since the limit values are due to be reduced in
2015, preparations are under way to replace the boilers and
burners in the heating plant. The primary fuel in the Šiška
heating plant is natural gas, with a minimal share of fuel oil
and extra light heating oil.
Production of heat and electricity at Toplarna Šiška (GWh/a)
250
200
70
69
70
150
100
33
75
73
109
96
100
106
73
68
50
48
2004
38
2005
47
2006
heat for heating
48
2007
42
2008
technological steam
44
2009
electricity
Source: Energetika Ljubljana, 2010.
Hot water supply network
The district heating system covers almost the entire area
within the Ljubljana ring road and supplies almost all the
city’s densely populated areas with the exception of the Vič
district, where the high groundwater level makes network
construction impossible. Outside the ring road, the hot
water supply network covers Stožice, Stegne, Dravlje and
part of Šentvid. The length of the network is increasing by on
average 5 km per year and in 2009 reached 247 km. Along
with the length of the network, the total installed power and
the number of heat stations are also increasing. In 2009 there
were 3,457 heat stations connected to the network, with a
total power of 1,177 MW.
The largest amount of heat is consumed in residential
buildings (45%). This is followed by heat for heating business
premises in the industrial sector and other office buildings
(32%), technological heat (14%) and public buildings (9%).
As much as 30% of the hot water supply network is more
than 30 years old.
Steam supply network
Technological steam is supplied by two separate steam
supply systems. The steam supply network in the Moste
district is supplied with heat from Termoelektrarna Toplarna
Ljubljana and extends in the direction of the Center district
to supply the hospital complex along Zaloška Cesta and in
Zelena Jama, and along Letališka Cesta to supply industrial
customers. The steam supply network in the Šiška district is
supplied with heat from Toplarna Šiška and supplies steam
to industrial customers along Verovškova Ulica. Sixty-six per
cent of the network is more than 30 years old. There are
currently 25 steam stations connected to the steam supply
network. Of these, 19 use steam for technological needs,
while six steam stations use steam for heating.
Communal boiler plants
Communal boiler plants mainly use liquid fuels and natural
gas and, to a lesser extent, solid fuels. The 33 communal
boiler plants in the City of Ljubljana have a heat generation
capacity of more than 250 kW and are not connected either
to the district heating system or the gas pipeline network.
For the most part they are located in residential areas
outside the city centre and supply buildings via local heating
systems. The area of the buildings heated by these boiler
plants is estimated to be 550,000 m2, while the estimated
final heat use is 90 GWh.
Natural gas
The gas pipeline network extends from the area of the
City of Ljubljana into a number of suburban municipalities:
Medvode, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dol pri Ljubljani, Ig and
Škofljica.
As with the hot water supply, the length of the gas network
is increasing by tens of kilometres each year. The number of
connections is growing accordingly, as are sales of natural
gas, which are showing a moderate increase. In 2009 the
total length of the gas network including connections was
953 km and there were 56,800 active offtake points with a
total gas consumption of 909,035 MWh.
The biggest natural gas customers are residential buildings,
with a share of more than 60%. They are followed
by industry and the business sector, with a share of
approximately 35%. The most widespread heating systems
» As much as 30% of the hot water supply
network is more than 30 years old.
26
are in multi-dwelling buildings and individual buildings
with their own gas generator. In these buildings natural gas
consumption is measured individually. More than half of
offtake points are in the area covered by the district heating
system, where natural gas is used for cooking and domestic
hot water.
Quantity of natural gas sold by sectors (Sm3 millions)
80
than 25 years old. Owing to the excessive load on the
stations feeding the city centre, and in view of anticipated
new loads, it will be necessary to construct two new
distribution transformer stations in the centre of the city. For
several years into the future the main source of supply for
Ljubljana and the surrounding area will be RTP Kleče and
RTP Beričevo, which requires a connection that will enable
offtake from these two sides and ensure the long-term
reliable supply of the city centre.
Electricity use and number of active meters (MWh)
70
25
24
27
25
24
50
2
2
2
40
2
2
30
20
44
43
45
1,650,000
140,000
1,600,000
135,000
1,550,000
130,000
1,500,000
125,000
1,450,000
125,000
1,400,000
120,000
45
39
10
2003
2004
2005
industry and office buildings
2006
2007
public buildings
dwellings
Source: Eco Consulting, 2009.
2004
2005
2006
2007
number of active meters
Number of active meters
60
2008
electricity use (MWh)
ELECtRICItY
Source: Statistical Yearbook, 2009.
The use of electricity in the City of Ljubljana is growing at
the same rate as GDP – 4% per year. This is significantly more
than the use of heat, in part because more than 4,500 new
customers request connection to the network each year.
The long-term development of loads dictates the construction of a direct transformer to the south of Ljubljana – RTP
Lavrica (400/110 kV). The long-term strategic direction of
development of the medium-voltage network of the City
of Ljubljana includes a transition to 20 kV. This will ensure a
high-quality network with greater transmission capacity and
reliability of supply.
The City of Ljubljana is supplied via a 110 kV network from
two distribution transformer stations: RTP Kleče
(220/110/35 kV) and RTP Beričevo (400/220/110 kV).
The City of Ljubljana is supplied by 8 distribution transformer
stations – Center (110/10 kV), Šiška (110/10 kV), Polje
(110/10 kV), Vič (110/10 kV), Bežigrad (110/10 kV), Žale
(110/10 kV), Črnuče (110/20 kV) and Litostroj (110/20 kV).
The 35 kV offtake of Litostroj, ENP Zalog and Papirnica Vevče
is supplied by RTP Kleče (110/35 kV).
Approximately 70% (540 km) of the cable network is more
Strategic focuses
The municipal spatial plan of the City of Ljubljana defines
the following energy infrastructure planning objectives:
• ensure high-quality, reliable supply throughout the area of
the City of Ljubljana,
Energy supply
• priority use of renewable energy sources for heating and
cooling and electricity generation,
• electricity generation from renewable sources such as
hydropower from the Sava and solar power, and the
installation of as many small combined heat and power
units and tri-generation units as possible,
• use renewable energy sources in public areas in order to
raise consumer awareness,
• exploit potential for energy supply from wood biomass (e.g.
in the eastern part of the City of Ljubljana),
• ensure the long-term, high-quality supply of energy,
• incorporate energy efficiency measures in the construction
of new public buildings and subsequently introduce them
in existing public buildings and other visible public areas in
the city,
• incorporate energy efficiency measures in all other new
buildings,
• systematically use different sources of energy and ensure
sufficient reserves,
• promote efficient use of primary energy through combined
heat and power generation and the use of thermal energy
for cooling (tri-generation),
• use local and renewable sources of energy,
• reduce environmental impact by promoting the use of
renewable energy sources and connecting buildings to
the centralised systems of the City of Ljubljana: the district
heating system and the natural gas distribution system,
• promote rational use of space and the coordinated
implementation of energy installations and networks,
• ensure earthquake safety and other aspects of the safety
of energy facilities and activities as part of the critical
infrastructure of the city, and ensure uninterrupted
operation and a high level of readiness to re-establish
operation in the case of interruptions of supply.
27
Renewable energy sources are strategically selected priorities for heating and
cooling and electricity generation.
State of the
environment
Pollutants in the atmosphere associated
with energy conversions are a measure
of the quality of the living environment.
Primary pollutants are created during energy
conversions and spread and dissipate in
the atmosphere through the action of air
currents. Secondary pollutants are part of
chemical or photochemical processes, which
are an additional impact on the environment.
Such phenomena include acidification of
precipitation and the formation of groundlevel (tropospheric) ozone.
Average annual air pollutant levels (µg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7 0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
SO2 (µg/m2)
50
45
45
40
38
35
33
33
30
34
27
25
21
20
15
15
10
10
11
9
8
5
5
1992
11
1994
Source: ARSO, 2010.
1996
1998
2000
2002
average annual value
4
3
2
4
2004
2006
2008
permitted average annual value
29
State of the environment
Immission trends in the City of Ljubljana show considerable
variation. While the SO2 level in the atmosphere has been
falling for more than a decade as a result of the use of
unleaded petrols, solid fossil fuels with a lower sulphur
content and greater use of natural gas, and is already
significantly lower than the limit value, the level of nitrogen
dioxide and particulate matter, while falling, are quite close
to limit values.
Average annual air pollutant levels (µg/m3)
NOx (µg/m3)
80
69
70
64
60
50
47
52
49
46
45
43
45
40
30
20
10
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
NO2 (µg/m3)
70
60
50
49
49
47
41
40
42
39
38
38
36
36
32
29
30
29
29
27
29
28
31
20
10
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Increased levels of ground-level (tropospheric) ozone cause
irreparable damage to plant tissues which is reflected above
all in reddening of leaves, premature ageing and necrosis on
plants and consequently in smaller harvests.
2008
O3 (µg/m3)
60
48
50
40
40
40
38
36
34
30
42
40
44
42
41
44
At the city-centre measuring station, which shows direct
pollution from traffic, daily exceedances of PM10 limit values
are particularly noticeable. In 2009 these limit values were
exceeded in 118 cases (under European Union regulations
the daily limit must not be exceeded on more than 35 days
in a calendar year). Also problematic are average annual
immissions of total nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ground-level
ozone, which in the last decade have been relatively uniform
but which exceed limit values. Nitrogen oxide immissions
are almost double the limit value. Both pollutants are
connected above all to motor vehicle exhausts.
45
42
42
Number of hospital admissions of children (0–15) because of respiratory illnesses
40
36
27
1,200
20
10
800
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2008 2010
PM10 (µg/m3)
961
973
805
786
706
600
400
60
200
54
50
40
1.020
1,000
46
43
41
36
36
42
41
37
2002
36
32
30
30
26
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Source: ARSO, 2010.
20
10
1992
1994
Source: ARSO, 2010.
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
average annual value
permitted average annual value
Ecosystems and the sustainability of the built environment
are also affected by acid rain, which means rain with a pH
value lower than 5.6. A review of the number of samples
that meet this classification shows that the number has
grown strongly in the last decade. Acidification can be the
30
» While the SO2 level in the atmosphere has
been falling for more than a decade, the level
of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are
quite close to limit values.
consequence of emissions outside the local community,
but may also be caused by locally increased emissions of
nitrogen oxides.
Although no unambiguous data exist to connect the level
of air pollutants in the atmosphere with human health, there
are indications and forecasts. The number of respiratory
illnesses diagnosed in children increased by almost 20%
between 2003 and 2007, in other words in the period that
coincides with exceedances of the annual limit values of NOx
and O3, and also with increased levels of particulate matter
(PM10). According to figures from the European Environment
Agency, susceptibility to excessive PM10 levels in ambient
air in Slovenia has caused 1,700 early deaths. This indicates
the urgent need for systemic solutions in energy supply and
conversion, above all in the development of transport and
the introduction of cleaner fossil fuels, and also the need for
the controlled introduction of biomass-fired plants.
Measuring station in the city centre is intended to measure pollution from
traffic.
31
Weak points of
energy use and
supply
Critical points have been identified on the
basis of analysis of data on the energy
supply and use on the basis of an analysis
of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats by individual sectors of energy use and
supply. The weak points indicate evaluated
weaknesses or significant deviations from the
expected or desired situation.
1. Specific electricity use per capita and per area is increasing.
2. The number of dwellings built since the updating of
regulations on efficient energy use (2008) is just 2.6%,
while since 2002 the number of new buildings has been
lower than expected.
3. There is still a relatively large share of extra light heating
oil in final energy use and a relatively large number of
communal boiler plants using extra light heating oil.
4. A reduction in the use of biomass in final energy
consumption.
5. A negligible share of other renewable energy sources.
6. Too little activity by managers of multi-dwelling buildings
in the direction of energy efficiency and renewable energy
sources.
Public buildings managed by the City of Ljubljana
1. Just 10% of public buildings meet general energy
efficiency criteria, while 44% of buildings have
consumption that is double this value.
2. Average specific electricity use is 51 kWh/m2a, while an
acceptable figure would be up to 20 kWh/m2a.
3. The City of Ljubljana does not have a uniform energy use
monitoring system.
4. The City of Ljubljana does not keep chronological data on
energy use and energy efficiency measures introduced.
5. The City of Ljubljana does not have an inventory of all
public buildings.
6. The share of renewable energy sources is small.
7. The share of extra light heating oil is large, while boiler
plants using this fuel also represent a potential risk of
groundwater pollution.
32
Public lighting
1. Despite the reduction in the use of electricity for public
lighting, this still exceeds the annual target value of
44.5 KWh per capita.
2. The public lighting system includes approximately 90
different types of lamps, which consequently means a
larger quantity of stocks.
3. Of the most commonly used types of lamps, only one
type is fully compliant, and another partially compliant,
with the requirements of the Decree on limit values of
light pollution of the environment.
Industry
1. The share of renewable energy sources is low, with only
hydropower being exploited.
2. Combined generation of heat and power produced 28.1
GWh of energy per year, which is a small share.
3. There is no integrated energy management and more
than half of enterprises have not carried out energy audits
or appointed an energy manager. Approximately 15%
of enterprises do not have a strategy for the selection of
energy efficiency measures.
4. Electricity supply is unreliable.
5. Industry is not interested in introducing combined heat
and power generation or using renewable energy sources.
Just 20% of the sector is planning to install combined
heat and power generation or to use renewable energy
sources.
Business sector
1. Very high electricity use, which continues to increase.
2. Specific final energy consumption per capita is increasing
by on average 1.5% per year.
3. A large share of extra light heating oil in energy use, while
boiler plants using this fuel also represent a potential risk
of groundwater pollution. The use of gas in the business
and services sector accounts for just a 3.6% share of final
energy consumption.
4. A relatively large number of communal boiler plants using
extra light heating oil.
5. Small share of renewable energy sources. Use of final
energy from wood and wood waste in the business
and services sector is non-existent while use of other
renewable energy sources is negligible.
» The share of renewable energy sources is low,
with only wood biomass being exploited and
partly hydropower in the industry.
6. Excessive lighting of buildings outside operating hours
and at night, inadequate control of lighting.
7. Inadequate monitoring of energy use, energy cost for the
most part not deemed important, no energy accounting.
Transport
1. Large suburban hinterland contributes more than 100,000
daily commuters.
2. Priority is given to private motorised road transport.
3. Public passenger transport is uncompetitive.
4. Private motorised traffic is increasing, passenger numbers
on urban passenger transport are falling by approximately
2.5% per year, and the average speed of public transport is
also falling.
5. General increase in energy consumption in private and
public transport.
6. Increase in greenhouse gas emissions and noise because
of transport.
7. Increase in traffic jams and road accidents.
8. Conception of the car as a status symbol and poor
environmental awareness.
Energy supply
1. High energy dependence.
2. Part of the combined heat and power generating
installations at Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana
are nearing the end of their economic lifetime. Major
investments will be needed in order to adapt to the
announced reduction of permitted emissions.
3. The district heating system is poorly exploited in summer
and is loss-making.
4. There are currently no major free capacities in the gas
pipeline system.
5. The demarcation between the natural gas transmission
system and distribution system is inadequate.
6. Supervision of local boiler plants is poor. The number
of communal boiler plants using extra light heating oil
that could pass over to district heating or natural gas is
relatively large.
7. There is a lack of free capacities in the electricity network,
short-circuit loads are increasing.
8. Waste with high heating value is not exploited, the share
of renewable energy sources in energy supply is low.
33
Energy efficiency
potential
Databases on energy use in the City of
Ljubljana differ significantly from sector
to sector. In the residential building sector
the data are partial; in the public buildings
sector energy use data is only available for
buildings owned or managed by the City of
Ljubljana; data on energy use in the industrial
and services sectors are inadequate; in the
transport sector data on use of energy carriers
includes transit traffic.
Heating
The most effective measures to reduce final energy
consumption for heating include:
• improving the thermal insulation of the building envelope
(potential effect: 100% and more),
• installing mechanical ventilation systems with high heat
recovery effect (potential effect: up to 90%),
• low-energy heating systems (potential effect: up to 20%),
• thermal protection of pipe systems and reservoirs
(potential effect: up to 10%),
• regulation of heating systems (installation of thermostatic
valves and central regulation on the basis of weather
conditions) (potential effect: up to 30%),
• hydraulic balancing of heating systems (potential effect:
up to 5%),
• measuring heat by consumption (potential effect: 10–
30%).
In view of established energy efficient techniques for
heating buildings, it may be expected that all new
buildings will be placed in the category of low-energy
and passive standards with heat consumption for heating
between 10 and 30 kWh/m2a.
34
» Substitution of light bulbs with fluorescent
lamps enables up to 70% reduction in
electricity consumption for lighting.
Lighting
The most effective measures to reduce final electricity
consumption for lighting include:
• substitution of light bulbs with fluorescent lamps (potential
effect: up to 70%),
• better natural lighting (potential effect: 25–40%),
• managed operation of electric lighting (potential effect:
10–40%),
• maintenance of lights (potential effect: up to 10%).
Cooling
The most effective measures to reduce final electricity
consumption for cooling include:
• optimal protection from solar radiation (potential effect:
up to 50%),
• thermal insulation of the non-transparent building
envelope (potential effect: up to 10%),
• green structures (potential effect: up to 10%),
• active natural cooling through ventilation (potential effect:
25–90%),
• active natural cooling through evaporation cooling
(potential effect: 25–50%),
• substitution of older systems with compressor cooling
systems (potential effect: up to 30%),
• absorption/adsorption cooling (potential effect: 100%).
Replacing incandescent light bulbs with fluorescent ones is one of the most
effective ways to reduce energy consumption.
35
Renewables
potential
Analysis indicates the most significant local
capacities of renewable energy sources.
It separates theoretical and exploitable
potential, while also taking into account
spatial, environmental and technological
limitations.
Solar energy
The total energy of solar radiation in the area of the City
of Ljubljana is approximately 281,000 GWh per year. With
the best-available technology of solar heating systems,
the municipality would be able to exploit 126,500 GWh of
heat per year, and, with the best-available technology of
photovoltaic systems, 42,000 GWh of electricity per year.
Solar radiation energy across the total surface of all roofs
in the City of Ljubljana amounts to 5,000 GWh/a. Given the
orientation of the buildings, the exploitable potential of solar
radiation in buildings in the City of Ljubljana is 2,500 GWh/a.
In the case of conversion of solar radiation into electricity
using photovoltaic systems, the theoretically exploitable
potential would be 1,655 GWh or, taking into account the
orientation of roofs, approximately 830 GWh of electricity
per year.
Hydropower
The largest watercourses in the municipality are the Sava
and the Ljubljanica. Other watercourses have less potential
because of their torrential character.
Primary energy potential in these watercourses is 470 GWh
per year while the estimated technically exploitable
potential is 402 GWh of electricity per year.
The greater part of the potential is on the Sava.
Development of other watercourses is more demanding
from the environmental and spatial planning points of view
and therefore full exploitation of watercourses is not to be
expected.
» Hydroelectric plants on the middle Sava will
connect the structures on the upper and
lower Sava into a continuous chain.
36
Watercourses in the City of Ljubljana
City of Ljubljana
boundary
Watercourses
The theoretically exploitable potential of green biomass
can be estimated at 229 GWh per year. It should be pointed
out that such production would be questionable from the
environmental and social points of view because the use of
maize and other food crops for the production of energy is,
despite adequate crop rotation, unacceptable from the point
of view of sustainable development and self-sufficiency in
food supply.
The energy potential of all biodegradable waste is 175 GWh
per year. Assuming that 25% of energy is lost during
conversion, exploitable potential is 131 GWh per year.
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in the City of Ljubljana can only be
exploited through the use of heat pumps.
Source: ARSO, 2010.
Technical guidelines have already been laid down for
the exploitation of hydropower potential on the Sava,
and projects have been incorporated into strategic
documents. Hydroelectric plants on the middle Sava
will connect the structures on the upper and lower Sava
into a continuous chain. Conditions for exploiting the
energy potential of the middle Sava are laid down by the
acts regulating the granting of the concession that was
granted to Holding Slovenske Elektrarne. Construction of
the chain on the middle Sava is expected to take 20 years
and will end with the completion of the entire energy
chain in 2030.
The theoretically available potential of geothermal energy
when using heat pumps for space heating alone and
geothermal energy capture in unbuilt areas of building
land is 2,127 GWh of heat per year. On the basis of the
present state of the technology, this potential enables the
production of 3,000 GWh of heat with a consumption of
850 GWh of electricity per year.
Theoretically exploitable geothermal energy potential
City of Ljubljana boundary
Geothermal
energy
potential for
heat pumps
kWh/m2/a
biomasS
The energy potential of wood biomass in the City of
Ljubljana is 108 GWh per year. Wood biomass potential can
be exploited above all to heat households with communal
systems at the level of individual neighbourhoods and to
produce heat and electricity in manufacturing processes.
Experts estimate that in the case of conversion of wood
biomass into heat, the exploitable potential of wood
biomass in the City of Ljubljana is 81 GWh per year.
104
69
52
Renewables potential
37
WIND energY
Annual wind energy potential for the installation of small wind farm (kWh/a)
City of
Ljubljana
boundary
Wind energy
kWh/a
0,81
21,94
101,56
Given the low average annual wind speed, wind energy
could only be exploited using micro wind plants. Assuming
that such wind plants were installed on all buildings in the
municipality, the technically exploitable potential, taking
into account the distance between installations, would allow
the generation of 2.5 GWh of electricity per year.
Total theoretically exploitable potential of
renewable energy sources
The City of Ljubljana has a high theoretical potential of
renewable energy sources. According to estimates, there is
potential to generate 8,440 GWh of heat and 404 GWh of
electricity per year. With alternative conversion of primary
energies, the potential would be slightly lower.
In view of this potential, it can be stated that the possibility
exists for a significant reduction in dependence on fossil
fuels in the City of Ljubljana, through the use of locally
available renewable energy sources.
The share of forest in the City of Ljubljana is 42%.
Estimated exploitable potential of renewable energy sources in the City of
Ljubljana
Type of renewable
energy sources
Solar
Wind power
Hydropower
Biomass energy*
Geothermal energy
TOTAL
Estimated exploitable
potential (GWh/a)
2,500 (thermal energy) or
830 (electricity)
3
402
440
710
4,055
Type of energy
thermal energy and
electricity
electricity
electricity
heat
heat
* The figure also takes into account the potential of energy crops grown on agricultural land,
which is controversial from the sustainability and social points of view.
38
Analysis of
expected future
use
In case of the worst-case scenario that
envisages continued growth in energy use, in
2020 the primary energy requirement would
have increased by 25.5%. Such a forecast is
unrealistic, since a significant improvement in
global energy technologies can be expected.
Analysis shows that there should be 1,674,000 m2 of new
residential floor space in Ljubljana by 2020. Prescribed norms
for new buildings envisage a specific heat consumption of
50 kWh/m2 and specific electricity consumption of
40 kWh/m2. In accordance with current trends, expected
final energy consumption with this growth in residential
floor space would be 1,871 GWh, which means an increase
of 3.7% in energy use. Taking into account the starting
points of the executive part of the Spatial Plan of the City
of Ljubljana, expected consumption of final energy in 2020
would reach 1,956 GWh, representing a 7.7% increase in final
energy consumption.
Comparison of household final energy consumption (GWh)
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
district heat
natural gas
LPG
wood and wood waste
brown coal
electricity
800
600
400
200
final energy
consumption
2008
final energy
consumption
2020 – trend
final energy
consumption
2020 – Spatial Plan
39
Analysis of expected future use
The upper ceiling of final energy consumption is indicated
at approximately 2,000 GWh. Use of primary energy, with
the above development (as per the Spatial Plan) would
reach 2,637 GWh in 2020, representing an increase of
9.6% compared to 2008. With unchanged development,
greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 would have increased by
11 % compared to 2008.
(the Decree only takes into account street lights) will be
reduced by approximately 30% by 2016, after which it will
start to grow again.
Growth trend of the number of lamps in public lighting (in 1000s)
40
35
30
Public buildings
25
20
15
The estimated population of the City of Ljubljana is
expected to be 250,000 in 2017, which means that there
are no significant needs to expand public infrastructure.
Use of heat for space heating in the segment represented
by public buildings managed by the City of Ljubljana will
not change in coming years without measures to improve
energy performance. In view of the very high current use
of electricity in these buildings, which are probably to a
large extent already cooled, it will be possible to maintain
electricity consumption at today’s values by means of
relatively simple measures.
Taking into account the construction of five new
kindergartens by 2020 – in accordance with the currently
valid technical norms for modern construction – energy use
in kindergartens will increase by approximately 1%.
Growth trend in energy use in the industrial sector (GWh)
New construction is not planned in the elementary schools
segment. Construction is planned of a network of sports
centres that will be accessible to citizens in every district.
Increasing sports areas by 76,000 m2 would mean a 25%
increase in heat consumption and a 30% increase in
electricity consumption. This means an 8% increase in final
energy consumption in the total energy consumption for all
public buildings.
10
5
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
actual number of lamps
projected increase in the number of lamps (0.8% growth)
IndustrY
If no measures are taken, final energy consumption in the
manufacturing sector will be somewhere between 1,900
and 2,600 GWh in 2020.
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
actual final energy consumption projected final energy consumption (5% growth)
projected final energy consumption (2% growth)
Public lighting
Expansion of urban infrastructure also means an expansion
of public lighting.
Business sector
Because of the Decree on limit values of light pollution of
the environment, the total installed power of public lighting
In view of the overview of energy use for the last few
years and potential GDP growth up to 2015, it is possible
» Increasing sports areas in public buildings
by 76,000 m2 would mean a 25% increase in
heat consumption.
40
to predict that if no measures are taken final energy
consumption in the business and services sector will
be between 1,900 and 2,300 GWh in 2020. The upper
limit of final energy consumption is determined on the
basis of the trend in the period 2003–2008. Electricity
consumption is expected to exceed 1,000 Gwh, while
energy from natural gas will exceed 200 GWh. Use of
energy from heating oil is expected to fall below 400 GWh,
while the use of energy from brown coal should already by
zero by 2020. With unchanged development, greenhouse
gas emissions in 2020 would have increased by 24%
compared to 2008.
Growth trend in final energy consumption in the business and
services sector (GWh)
The forecast of transport flows for 2027 shows that
without additional measures the number of journeys
using public transport in the period 2008–2027 on an
average working day will increase by 8.5%, while the
number of journeys made using private motor vehicles
will increase by 22.5%.
The current trend of fuel consumption in the transport
sector also points to a continuation of growth. The estimate
is based on a continuation of the existing trend with
an increase in the energy efficiency of the vehicle fleet.
Estimates show that final energy consumption in 2020 will
be approximately 31% higher than in 2010 and will reach
3,689 GWh.
Projected primary energy requirement, final energy consumption and CO2
emissions in the case of realisation of the worst-case scenario
3,000
2,500
2,000
Primary energy by energy carriers (GWh/year)
1,500
16,000
1,000
14,000
500
12,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
district heat
natural gas
liquefied petroleum gas
10,000
motor fuel
district heat
gas
wood
coal
electricity
8,000
brown coal
electricity
6,000
4,000
2,000
Transport
Forecast of final energy consumption in transport (GWh)
4,000
2008
Primary energy by sectors (GWh/year)
16,000
3,800
14,000
3,600
12,000
3,400
10,000
3,200
3,000
2,800
2020
8,000
6,000
2,600
4,000
2,400
2,000
2,200
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2008
2020
industry
transport
office buildings
lighting
public buildings
residential buildings
Analysis of expected future use
41
Projected primary energy requirement, final energy consumption and CO2
emissions in the case of realisation of the worst-case scenario
Final energy by energy carriers (GWh/year)
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2008
2020
motor fuel
district heat
gas
wood
coal
electricity
Final energy by sectors (GWh/year)
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2008
2020
industry
transport
office buildings
lighting
public buildings
CO2 by energy carriers (000s tonnes/year)
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
2008
2020
motor fuel
district heat
gas
wood
coal
electricity
CO2 by sectors (000s tonnes/year)
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
2008
2020
industry
transport
office buildings
lighting
public buildings
Energy planning objectives
While considering measures, the City of Ljubljana took into
account the key objectives of energy planning as indicated
by national regulations and international commitments. The
city will have achieve those objectives while ensuring longterm availability of energy sources and reliable and stable
energy supply.
The key strategic objectives of energy planning are:
• 25% share of renewable energy sources in final energy
consumption in 2020 (European Union – climate and
energy package);
• 20% improvement in energy efficiency by 2020 compared
to expected consumption (European Union – climate and
energy package);
• 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 or
30% reduction by 2020 if an international agreement on
the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is concluded
(European Union – climate and energy package);
• 9% saving of final energy in the period 2008–2016
(European Union Directive, national Action Plan);
• energy-efficient planning at the local community level.
42
Part two:
Action Plan
44
Measures of the
Action Plan
Modern concepts of the planning of
energy supply and use are based on giving
balanced treatment to measures to replace
environmentally less acceptable fossil fuels
with environmentally more acceptable energy
carriers, improve the efficiency of energy
conversions, reduce energy use in all segments
of consumption and intensively introduce
technologies for the exploitation of renewable
energy sources.
As a modern world capital and signatory to the Covenant of
Mayors, the City of Ljubljana wishes to go beyond existing
environmental and energy standards. Following the model
of comparable cities, through the organisation and inclusion
of public utilities in a constant process of improving
environmental and energy standards, in cooperation with
and with the support of civil society, through constant
education and awareness-raising among employees in the
city administration and citizens, including in the field of
energy supply, the City of Ljubljana wishes to confirm its
status of a citizen-friendly city. The proposed measures are
based on these issues .
Measures of the Action Plan
MEASURE
45
TIMETABLE
RESPONSIBILITY
SO1 – 25% share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption in 2020
ENERGY
EFFECTS
GWh/a compared
to 2008
EMISSIONS
EFFECTS
CO2 t/a
compared to
2008
+706 GWh/a
–242.700 t/a
BUILDINGS (RESIDENTIAL, PUBLIC, OFFICES)
UI-1
Installation of solar collectors on all new buildings
UI-2
Installation of solar collectors on existing buildings
UI-3
Installation of photovoltaic modules on existing buildings
UI-4
Provision of biomass-fired district heating in 3 suburban settlements
where extra light heating oil use predominates
UI-5
Installation of heat pumps to heat buildings in areas supplied with
UI-6
Purchase of electricity from renewable energy sources for the needs of
the City of Ljubljana
UI-7
Measures at the national level that affect the target of the City of
Ljubljana (Renewable Energy Sources Action Plan 2010–2020)
2012–2020
City of Ljubljana, developers
+45 GWh/a
–9.000 t/a
2012–2020
+31 GWh/a
–6.200 t/a
2011–2020
+17 GWh/a (EE)
–8.800 t/a
2011–2016
+30 GWh/a
–7.700 t/a
2012–2020
+43 GWh/a
–11.300 t/a
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
+21 GWh/a
–11.300 t/a
2011–2020
State
indirect
indirect
2012–2020
Owners
+17 GWh (EE)
–9.000 t/a
2012–2020
Liquid fuel suppliers
+ 5 GWh/a
–1.400 t/a
2013–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2012–2020
City of Ljubljana
+0,02 GWh/a
–11 t/a
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
+0,3 GWh/a
–87 t/a
2011–2020
State, liquid fuel suppliers
+239 GWh/a
–76.100 t/a
2011-2020
Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana
+101 GWh/a (TE)
+34 GWh/a (EE)
- 50.600 t/a
(po letu 2020) Hidroelektrarna Sava
(after 2020)
(after 2020)
2013–2016
Private investor, City of Ljubljana
+29 GWh/a
–15.400 t/a
2011–2015
Snaga
+15 GWh/a
–8.000 t/a
UI-18
Waste-to-energy
2012–2017
City of Ljubljana, Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana,
Snaga, Energetika Ljubljana, Vodovod-Kanalizacija, +58 GWh/a (TE)
+8 GWh/a (EE)
Ministry of Infrastructure and Spatial Planning,
Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment
–24.800 t/a
UI-19
Inclusion of biogas in the natural gas network
2013–2020
Energetika Ljubljana and other suppliers
–3.000 t/a
INDUSTRY
UI-8
Installation of photovoltaic and solar heating and cooling systems in
industry
TRANSPORT
UI-9
Establishment of a biofuels filling station
UI-10
Free parking for vehicles that use only alternative fuels
UI-11
Establishment of five charging stations for electric vehicles with
self-sufficient supply for the needs of the City of Ljubljana
UI-12
Low-emissions vehicles in the city administration
UI-13
Measures at the national level that affect the targets of the City of
Ljubljana (Renewable Energy Sources Action Plan 2010–2020)
SUPPLY
UI-14
Increased use of biomass at Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana
UI-15
Construction of a hydroelectric plant on the middle Sava (Ježica,
Šentjakob, Zalog)
UI-16
Construction of a small hydroelectric plant on the Ljubljanica
UI-17
Combined heat and power generation from biogas – Barje landfill
+15 GWh/a
» As a modern world capital and signatory to
the Covenant of Mayors, the City of Ljubljana
wishes to go beyond existing environmental
and energy standards.
46
MEASURE
TIMETABLE
RESPONSIBILITY
SO2 – 20% improvement in energy efficiency by 2020 (EU – climate and energy package)
ENERGY
EFFECTS
GWh/a compared
to 2008
EMISSIONS
EFFECTS
CO2 t/a
compared to
2008
–1.309 GWh/a
–677.750 t/a
BUILDINGS (RESIDENTIAL, PUBLIC, OFFICES)
UII-1
Introduction of payment for heat by actual consumption
UII-2
Energy-efficient refurbishment of public buildings managed by the
City of Ljubljana
UII-3
Change of energy carrier for heating public buildings managed by the
City of Ljubljana to natural gas
UII-4
Change of energy carrier for heating public buildings managed by the
City of Ljubljana to district heating
UII-5
Cooling of new buildings and buildings that have undergone energyefficient refurbishment using heat from the district system in areas
with district heating; cooling power of 250 kW and more
UII-6
Installation of compact combined heat and power units in public
buildings managed by the City of Ljubljana with a ground plan of over
1,000 m2
UII-7
Energy-efficient refurbishment of residential buildings
UII-8
Energy-efficient refurbishment of office buildings
UII-9
Installation of heat pumps in areas supplied with extra light heating oil
UII-10
Installation of 1,000 natural-gas-fired micro-combined heat and power
units in residential buildings supplied with extra light heating oil
UII-11
Promotion and introduction of gas engine heat pumps
2011–2015
Administrators and owners
–127 GWh/a
–47.500 t/a
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
–17 GWh/a
–5.100 t/a
2012–2015
City of Ljubljana
–0,48 GWh/a
–217 t/a
2012–2015
City of Ljubljana
–0,13 GWh/a
–18 t/a
2012–2020
State, administrators and owners, Energetika
Ljubljana
–6GWh/a (EE)
+22 GWh/a (TE)
(see page 56)
2012–2020
City of Ljubljana,
Energetika Ljubljana
–1,5 GWh/a
–900 t/a
2012–2020
City of Ljubljana, owner
–294 GWh/a
–116.000 t/a
2012–2020
City of Ljubljana, owner
–225 GWh/a
–88.200 t/a
2011–2020
Private investors
–33 GWh/a (TE)
+14 GWh/a (EE)
–200 t/a
2011–2020
Private
developers
–5 GWh/a (EE)
+ 0,5 GWh/a (TE)
–3.000 t/a
2012–2020
Energetika Ljubljana, owners
–9 GWh/a
–3.000 t/a
2011–2016
Public lighting
–7 GWh/a
–3.700 t/a
2011–2020
Public lighting
–5 GWh/a
–2.700 t/a
2011–2020
Owners
–74 GWh/a
–22.200 t/a
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, owners
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, LPP, State
–95 GWh/a
–27.700 t/a
2012–2013
City of Ljubljana
–1 GWh/a
–300 t/a
2011–2020
State,
City of Ljubljana
–112 GWh/a
–29.800 t/a
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
PUBLIC LIGHTING
UII-12
Replacement of unsuitable lamps with energy-efficient lamps
UII-13
Control of switch-on and switch-off of lamps
INDUSTRY
UII-14
Increasing energy efficiency in manufacturing processes –
soft measures
UII-15
Promotion of energy and environmental efficiency in enterprises
TRANSPORT
UII-16
Establishment of an efficient public transport system
UII-17
Establishment of a logistic model for Ljubljana
UII-18
Establishment of adequate infrastructure for cyclists
UII-19
Management of parking in the city centre
Measures of the Action Plan
MEASURE
UII-20
Installation of charging stations for electric vehicles
UII-21
Installation of compressed natural gas filling stations for private motor
vehicles
UII-22
Mobility planning − routes to and from school/work
UII-23
Digitalisation of administrative procedures
UII-24
Congestion charging for use of motor vehicles in city centre
UII-25
Substitution of diesel with compressed natural gas in all vehicles of city
public transport operator LPP
UII-26
Promotion and introduction of compressed natural gas for vehicles of
public utilities and broader commercial use
UII-27
Abolition of free parking places for those working in the city centre
SUPPLY
47
RESPONSIBILITY
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, private investors
–281 GWh/a (fuels)
–10.300 t/a
+122 Gwh/a (EE)
2011–2015
–14 GWh/a
–5.000 t/a
2011–2020
Large enterprises and educational institutions
indirect
indirect
2011–2014
Administrative units, City of Ljubljana, public utilities indirect
indirect
2012–2013
Connection of 1,000 individual furnaces burning extra light heating oil
to the district heating system
UII-29
Reduction of heat losses in the district heating system and reduction
of electricity used to operate the system
UII-30
Gas-steam unit at Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana
UII-31
Installation of combined heat and power (gas-fired, phase 2) for district
heating system
UII-32
Connection of 19 communal boiler plants to the natural gas supply
system
UII-33
Connection of 6 communal boiler plants to the district heating system
UII-34
Replacement or modernisation of peak boilers at Toplarna Šiška
UII-35
Combined heat and power feasibility study for buildings with a ground
plan of more than 1,000 m2 located within the natural gas supply
network area
UII-36
Reduction of the amount of electricity used to operate the water
supply and sewerage system
–42 GWh/a
–11.000 t/a
2011–2013
LPP
–15 GWh/a
–7.200 t/a
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, State, Energetika Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, State, large enterprises
indirect
indirect
indirect
indirect
–79 GWh/a
–30.000 t/a
owners
–9 GWh/a
–2.300 t/a
2011–2020
–8 GWh/a
–3.000 t/a
2011–2014
Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana
–
–232.000 t/a
po letu 2020
no data
after 2020
after 2020
2011–2015
City of Ljubljana, owners, administrators
–16 GWh/a (TE)
+14 GWh/a (EE)
–14.600 t/a
2012–2015
City of Ljubljana, owners, administrators
–3 GWh/a
–0,45 t/a
2011–2013
–3 GWh/a
–1.100 t/a
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
Vodovod-kanalizacija
no data
no data
2011-2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
UII-28
Expansion of the district heating and natural gas networks and
promotion of increased use of capacities of energy infrastructure
systems
Connection of 10,000 individual furnaces burning extra light heating
oil to the gas network
State and City of Ljubljana
ENERGY
EFFECTS
GWh/a compared
to 2008
EMISSIONS
EFFECTS
CO2 t/a
compared to
2008
TIMETABLE
2011–2020
2011
City of Ljubljana and owners
SO3 – Energy-efficient planning
City of Ljubljana
UIII-1
Appointment of an energy manager of the City of Ljubljana
» Following the model of comparable cities the
City of Ljubljana wishes to confirm its status
of a citizen-friendly city.
48
MEASURE
UIII-2
Creation of an internal organisational unit responsible for energy
within the City Administration of the City of Ljubljana
UIII-3
Promotion of measures for efficient use of energy and renewable
energy sources in all segments of energy use
UIII-4
Guaranteeing energy supply in accordance with the Municipal Spatial
Plan (executive part, Articles 45 and 46, points f, g, and h), Map 3.1 and
the Rules on methods of heating in the City of Ljubljana
UIII-5
Implementation of energy monitoring in all public buildings and
establishment of a network of public building energy managers
UIII-6
Establishment of partnership with stakeholders in the energy field
UIII-7
Implementation of the Decree on guaranteeing end-use energy
savings
UIII-8
Green public procurement and the purchase of products with
environmental certification in the City of Ljubljana and organisations
founded by the City of Ljubljana
UIII-9
Preparation of guidelines on requirements relating to the effects of
energy-efficient refurbishment of existing buildings
UIII-10
Regulation on the compulsory implementation of energy-efficient
refurbishment of multi-dwelling buildings
UIII-11
Preparation of annual plans and reports on the activities of the public
utilities of the City of Ljubljana in the field of efficient energy use and
renewable energy sources
UIII-12
Establishment of a fund to finance energy-efficient refurbishment of
buildings
UIII-13
Establishment of an innovative approach to financing energy-efficient
refurbishment of buildings – energy contracting
UIII-14
Guaranteeing energy efficiency in spatial planning
UIII-15
Coordination of municipal policies with national policies
UIII-16
Construction of an eco-park for enterprises with environmentally
friendly products and energy-efficient products
UIII-17
Rewarding good practices
UIII-18
Preparation of a long-term promotional campaign
UIII-19
Energy performance certificates in City of Ljubljana buildings
UIII-20
Introduction of methods for green certification of buildings
SO4 – Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020
TIMETABLE
RESPONSIBILITY
ENERGY
EFFECTS
GWh/a compared
to 2008
EMISSIONS
EFFECTS
CO2 t/a
compared to
2008
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, Energetika Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, managers of public buildings
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana,
State
no data
no data
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, organisations founded by the City
indirect
of Ljubljana
indirect
2012
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011
State, City of Ljubljana,
building managers
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, public utilities
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
City of Ljubljana, managers of multi-dwelling
buildings
indirect
indirect
2011–2013
City of Ljubljana
indirect
indirect
2011–2020
State
no data
no data
The target effect will be achieved
through the implementation of
other measures.
Effects of the
Action Plan
The biggest effect in terms of reduction of final
energy consumption will be achieved in the
case of the use of heat in buildings and fuels
in transport. Reducing electricity consumption
will only be possible through the intensive
implementation of energy efficiency measures
because, as a result of an increase in use
(electric vehicles, heat pumps), electricity use in
2020 is expected to be at the 2008 level.
A realistic scenario, with implementation
of the Action Plan measures, is for total
consumption of final energy to fall by 16%.
Effects of measures to reduce final energy consumption for type of energy carrier
and sector (GWh)
800
700
104
600
44
supply
transport
industry
public lighting
buildings (increased
consumption)
buildings (reduced
consumption)
500
400
300
589
200
100
0
–14
–100
–200
560
30
12
107
–122
heat
electricity
fuels
Increase in the use of renewable energy sources for type of energy carrier and
sector (GWh)
350
300
250
174
200
150
243
100
86
149
50
17
38
heat
electricity
fuels
supply
transport
industry
buildings
» The largest increase of renewable energy
sources will be achieved through the use of
biofuels in transport and biomass in the heat
and electricity supply segment.
50
The largest increase of renewable energy sources will be
achieved through the use of biofuels in transport and
biomass in the heat and electricity supply segment. Their
share will also increase in the supply of heat to buildings.
The measures will contribute to increasing final energy from
renewable energy sources to 706 GWh per year, while under
the Action Plan the share of renewables will be 21% in 2020.
Through implementation of the proposed measures, CO2
emissions will be reduced by 918,800 tonnes per year, which
represents a 34.5% reduction. Per capita emissions in the City
of Ljubljana will be 6.3 tonnes per year.
Reduction of CO2 emissions (t/a)
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
energy efficiency
biofuels
geothermal
solar
biomass
hydropower
300,000
200,000
100,000
heat
electricity
fuels
Total effect of Action Plan measures (GWh)
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2008
2008 RES
(9 %)
EU climate
2020
and energy (Sustainable
package
Energy Action
(target 2020)
Plan)
electricity
coal
wood
gas
district heat
Priority measures –
reliable and
efficient energy
supply
MEASURE CONTENT
INVESTMENT (€)
UII-30
Gas-steam unit at Termoelektrarna
Toplarna Ljubljana
134,000,000
UII-31
Installation of combined heat and
power (gas-fired, phase 2) for the
district heating system
after 2020
UI-18
Waste-to-energy
80,000,000
UII-34
Replacement or modernisation of peak
boilers at Toplarna Šiška
12,500,000
UII-29
Reduction of heat losses in the district
heating system and reduction of
electricity used to operate the system
12,700,000
Expansion of the district heating and
natural gas networks and promotion of
increased use of capacities of energy
infrastructure systems
UII-28
Connection of 10,000 individual
furnaces burning extra light heating oil
to the gas pipeline system
82,500,000
furnaces burning extra light heating oil
to the district heating system
Energy-efficient refurbishment and
change of energy carrier for heating
public buildings managed by the City
of Ljubljana to natural gas and change
of energy carrier for heating public
buildings managed by the City of
Ljubljana to district heating
47,090,000
Connection of 19 communal boiler
plants to the natural gas supply system
and connection of 6 communal boiler
plants to the district heating system
11,220,000
UII-5
Cooling of new buildings and
buildings that have undergone
energy-efficient refurbishment using
heat from the district heating system
21,000,000
UIII-3
Promotion of measures for efficient
use of energy and renewable energy
sources in all segments of energy use
400,000
UII-2
UII-3
UII-4
UII-32
UII-33
52
PM1.
Gas-steam unit at Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana
The measure envisages the upgrading of the gas turbine
up to 75 MW along with a generator and a transformer
with steam utiliser that will be connected via a steam pipe
to a new 44 MW steam turbine located on the site of the
existing Turbine 2. The main fuel is natural gas but coal-fired
operation of Unit 1 or Unit 2 is planned up to 2020 to cover
longer interruptions of the natural gas supply. The location
of the facility is the site of the former above-ground 110 kV
substation, which has been substituted by a new gasinsulated substation. The plant will be capable of covering
heat consumption in the summer period on its own.
With the same quantity of heat generated (1,225 GWh/a),
the quantity of electricity generated from coal will be
reduced to 327 GWh/a and the quantity of heat to
1,000 GWh/a. The total quantity of electricity generated will
therefore be 911 GWh/a. Total CO2 emissions will increase
from the present 763,000 t/a to 784,690 t/a. Taking into
account the increased quantity of electricity generated and
the partial substitution of fuel, the environmental effect
will be a 39,400 t/a reduction in CO2 emissions from heat
generation and a 192,700 t/a reduction in emissions from
electricity consumption in the City of Ljubljana.
Expected results
• diversification of primary fuels in the district heating
system;
• reduction of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of
production and reduction of emissions of NOx, dust and
SO2;
• achievement of levels of efficiency that satisfy
cogeneration requirements from regulations and
directives.
Duration
2011–2015
Phase
Preparation of necessary documentation and construction
of facility
» A waste-to-energy facility allows electricity
generation, which increases the efficiency of
the entire process.
PM2.
Installation of combined heat and power (gas-fired,
phase 2) for the district heating system
In this phase it is not possible to define the details of the
measure in more concrete terms as the project has not yet
been defined in technological and chronological terms or is
dependent on more thorough preliminary research.
The role of combined heat and power generation (gas-fired,
phase 2) is apparent as a possible further replacement of
part of existing coal-based technology at Termoelektrarna
Toplarna Ljubljana or a partial replacement of existing
peak boilers at Toplarna Šiška or the total replacement of
both these projects. The location for installation of gasfired combined heat and power plants will be determined
during the phase of preparation of technical and investment
documentation.
53
Priority measures – reliable and efficient energy supply
PM3.
Waste-to-energy
A waste-to-energy facility uses individual fractions from the
waste management or waste treatment process to produce
electricity. The measures include the planning of a 30 MWt
plant, corresponding to the quantity and structure of waste
residue from the planned Barje Regional Waste Management
Centre in Ljubljana and including dried sludge from the
biological waste water treatment plant at the Zalog central
waste water treatment plant.
The share of renewable energy sources in the structure of
waste is almost 40%, which means that the facility will also
have a positive effect on the share of renewable energy
sources in the energy balance of the City of Ljubljana.
Connection of the plant to the district heating system of the
city of Ljubljana is planned. This will partially substitute the
use of fossil fuels in the existing system. At the same time the
waste-to-energy facility also allows electricity generation,
which increases the efficiency of the entire process.
The volume of electricity generated will be approximately
20 GWh/a, with 145 GWh/a of heat.
Expected results
• increased share of renewable energy sources;
• reduced atmospheric emissions;
• reduced use of fossil fuels;
• increased energy efficiency;
• increased energy self-sufficiency.
Duration
2011–2017
Phases
• Preparation of detailed municipal spatial plan
• Decision on investment and selection of equipment
supplier
• Preparation of project and obtaining of all consents and
permits
• Construction
• Start of operation
PM4.
Replacement or modernisation of peak boilers at
Toplarna Šiška
With the exception of a newer 116 MW hot water boiler and
a new steam boiler, all other boilers are old and in need of
replacement. In view of commitments made and because of
exceedance of specific NOx emissions, Energetika Ljubljana
is supposed to stop operating them by 2016. It is also
expected to abandon use of fuel oil, the existing secondary
fuel, and move over to the use of extra light heating oil.
Natural gas is the primary fuel.
Under the priority measures, the reconstruction of Toplarna
Šiška will include conversion of existing fuel oil storage
reservoirs to reservoirs for the storage of extra light heating
oil and the creation of all necessary connections, pumping
stations and fuel transfer facilities, which is an essential
condition for the further replacement of energy carriers. The
following phases are envisaged: phase 1 (replacement of
steam boiler BKG1 with a new steam boiler with a capacity of
16 t/h and replacement of hot water boilers GVL1 and GVL2,
both rated at 58 MW), phase 2 (connection of steam boiler
PK2 for operation with extra light heating oil as secondary
fuel, conversion/replacement of burners in hot water boiler
VKLM5, rated 116 MW, to allow use of natural gas and extra
light heating oil) and phase 3 (removal of steam boiler BKG3
and replacement of hot water boilers VKLM3 and VKLM4,
both rated 58 MW).
Expected results
• more reliable supply for customers;
• reduced emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.
Duration
2011–2013
Phase
Implementation of the measure
54
PM5.
Reduction of heat losses in the district heating system
and reduction of electricity used to operate the system
In the context of the priority measures, Energetika
Ljubljana will implement an extensive programme of
refurbishment and modernisation of the management
of distribution systems. The main task as regards the hot
water supply system is the reduction of the losses and
leaks – continuation of comprehensive overhauling of the
main supply branch (Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana–
Center–Vič), local overhauling of the system with regard
to statistically most frequent problems, refurbishment of
the system and modification of short links by establishing
operating checks.
It will also be necessary to gradually renew the oldest hot
water and steam pipes, since they are reaching the end of
their useful life.
Refurbishment of the ‘backbone’ of the hot water system
(Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana–Linhartova–Center–Vič)
is of key importance. The purpose of the refurbishment
is to reduce the costs of district heating and optimise
management of the system. Through this and other
measures heat losses in the system are expected to be
reduced by between 3% and 5%.
Expected results
• reduction of losses in the distribution system;
• reduction of system operating costs;
• increased energy efficiency of the system;
• reduced consumption of fossil fuels.
Duration
2011–2020
Phase
» The share of renewable energy sources in the
structure of waste is almost 40%.
PM6.
Expansion of the district heating and natural gas
networks and promotion of increased use of capacities
of energy infrastructure systems
The hot water supply system and gas pipeline network
still permit a large number of additional buildings to be
connected without additional investments in the network
and it is therefore logical to exploit the network as much as
possible within the context of the priority measures. Specific
operating costs will be reduced and, with them, the price of
supply for all customers connected to the district systems.
In the City of Ljubljana there are approximately 8,000
connecting pipelines at the working pressure of natural gas.
These end with a main shut-off valve which is usually built
into the facade of a building. Despite this, heating oil is still
used to provide heat in these buildings, in most of which
outdated boilers are installed. Many of these buildings are
in areas in which the gas pipeline network and hot water
system are due to expand in the period 2011–2020.
Replacement of outdated boilers with new natural-gas-fired
boilers or connection to the district heating system has a
series of positive effects and is one of the measures with
the lowest investment cost in terms of the effect obtained.
This is also a measure that reduces energy consumption
between 25% and 35%.
Expected results
• reduced energy consumption;
• reduced CO2 emissions;
• reduced emission of dust particles;
•prevention of potential spills of extra light heating oil and
groundwater pollution;
• abolition of transport of fuel by road;
•greater exploitation of gas pipeline and hot water supply
networks and consequently lower network use costs.
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
• Preparation of draft regulation
•Transition to system of supply based on natural gas and
district heating
Priority measures – reliable and efficient energy supply
55
PM7.
Energy-efficient refurbishment and change of energy
carrier for heating public buildings managed by the
City of Ljubljana
PM8.
Connection of 19 communal boiler plants to the
natural gas supply system and connection of 6
communal boiler plants to the district heating system
Measures include refurbishment of the envelope of
buildings, modernisation of energy systems in buildings, the
introduction of systems to exploit renewable energy sources
(particularly solar energy) and substitution of energy carriers,
which also includes substituting outdated boilers with
newer natural-gas-fired boilers or connection to the district
heating network.
Replacement of outdated boilers with newer naturalgas-fired boilers or combined heat and power plants or
connection to a district heating system has a series of
positive effects. These are measures that require the lowest
investment costs in terms of the effect obtained. In the first
place this is a measure that reduces energy consumption.
Substitution of the source of heat is one of the measures
with the lowest costs of investment in terms of the effect
obtained. The fact is, the majority of existing installations
are outdated in terms of technology and have low rates
of primary energy efficiency. Energy use savings can also
be achieved through ‘soft measures’ such as raising staff
awareness and introducing energy accounting. The possible
savings of soft measures are estimated at up to 10%.
Substitution of outdated boilers can reduce energy use by
15–30%, while energy-efficient refurbishment can reduce
energy use by 50% and more.
Expected results
• prevention of potential spills of extra light heating oil and
• greater exploitation of gas pipeline and hot water supply
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
• Energy-efficient refurbishment of buildings
• Transition to system of supply based on natural gas and
district heating
The measure also includes the elaboration of a study that
will enable an additional improvement in the efficiency of
primary energy use.
By replacing outdated boilers it is possible to reduce energy
consumption by between 25% and 35%.
Expected results
• prevention of potential spills of extra light heating oil and
• greater exploitation of gas pipeline and hot water supply
networks and consequently lower network use costs;
• reduced losses from transport of electricity (local
cogeneration).
Duration
2011–2015
Phases
Transition to system of supply based on natural gas and
district heating
56
PM9.
Cooling using heat from the district heating system
At present part of the heat generated during production of
electricity in the main source of heat for the district heating
system is discharged into the river Ljubljanica as waste heat.
Installation of district cooling systems will allow this heat to
be used to provide cooling and simultaneously reduce the
consumption of electricity for cooling purposes. Existing
district heating infrastructure enables the simple use of heat
for the needs of local cooling systems.
The connection of cooling systems using thermal energy
from the 33 MW district heating system to produce cold
air is envisaged by 2020 as a priority measure. This will be
achieved by connecting 30 buildings that will use thermal
energy for cooling and the construction of five local district
cooling systems. Expected annual consumption of heat for
cooling is 30 GWh.
In order to achieve the objectives set, the use of heat to
produce cold air in local cooling systems is expected to be
prescribed, along with the stipulation of the compulsory
construction of district cooling systems in areas with larger
buildings and compulsory connection to existing district
cooling systems for new buildings and buildings where
major reconstruction is planned. The measure also covers
the inclusion of cooling infrastructure in public utilities
connections.
Expected results
•increased use of heat from the district heating system in
summer;
•use of heat from a waste-to-energy facility;
•reduced use of electricity for cooling purposes;
•reduced primary energy consumption;
•reduced CO2 emissions;
•more efficient production of cold air.
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
• Promotional campaigns
• Implementation
» Substitution of the source of heat is one of the
measures with the lowest costs of investment
in terms of the effect obtained.
PM10.
Promotion of measures for efficient use of energy and
renewable energy sources in all segments of energy
use
The City of Ljubljana can have an indirect influence, via
regulations and measures, on the realisation of efficient
consumption and renewable energy sources targets. Such
measures include the definition of priority energy carriers,
a timetable for the replacement of combustion plants
and ordinances leading to greater exploitation of the
district heating system. The City of Ljubljana can indirectly
influence implementation of measures through promotional
campaigns and calls for tenders for the promotion of
examples of good practice.
Expected results
•progressing towards the targets defined in the Action
Plans for efficient use of energy and renewable energy
sources.
Duration
2011–2020
Phase
Promotion of efficient use of energy and renewable energy
sources Priority measures –
efficient use of
energy and
renewable energy
sources
MEA- CONTENT
SURE
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
SOURCES
EFFECT
Energy-efficient refurbishment of
Measures at the national level
UI-13 that affect the targets of the City 239 GWh/a
of Ljubljana
Energy-efficient refurbishment of
UII-8
office buildings
UII-7
Installation of charging stations
UII-20
for electric vehicles
Increased use of biomass at
101 GWh/a
(TE)
UI-14 Termoelektrarna Toplarna
Ljubljana
34 GWh/a (EE)
Introduction of payment for heat
UII-1
by actual consumption
Establishment of adequate
UII-18
infrastructure for cycling
Establishment of an efficient
UII-16
public transport system
Expansion of the district heating
and natural gas networks
and promotion of increased
use of capacities of energy
infrastructure systems
UII-28 Connection of 10,000 individual
furnaces to the gas pipeline
system
furnaces to the district heating
system
Increasing energy efficiency in
UII-14
manufacturing processes
58 GWh/a (TE)
UI-18 Waste-to-energy
8 GWh/a (EE)
Installation of solar collectors on
UI-1
45 GWh/a
all new buildings
Installation of heat pumps to
UI-5 heat buildings in areas supplied 43 GWh/a
with extra light heating oil
Congestion charging for use of
UII-24
42 GWh/a
motor vehicles in city centre
Installation of solar collectors on
31 GWh/a
UI-2
existing buildings
EFFICIENT
USE OF
ENERGY
EFFECT
–294 GWh/a
–225 GWh/a
–281 GWh/a
(fuel)
+122 GWh/a
(EE)
–127 GWh/a
–112 GWh/a
–95 GWh/a
–88 GWh/a
–74 GWh/a
–19 GWh/a
58
PM1.
Energy-efficient refurbishment of residential buildings
Average specific heat consumption for space heating
in residential buildings is significantly higher than
is characteristic for low-energy and, in particular,
passive buildings. Groups of measures for the energyefficient refurbishment of residential buildings include
comprehensive modernisation of heating systems,
improvement of the thermal characteristics of the envelope
(thermal insulation of the structure, fitting modern windows
with effective external shades) and the fitting of energyefficient lighting.
With the gradual introduction of the above measures,
energy consumption for heating will fall for at least 20% in
the period up to 2020.
The City of Ljubljana will actively involve public utilities in
the implementation of energy-efficient refurbishment. As
part of the commitment to an annual reduction in energy
consumption, public utilities will also prepare specific
promotional campaigns and action plans. The municipality
can also impose a similar obligation on all managers of
buildings.
Expected results
•increased energy efficiency;
•reduced emissions;
•reduced use of fossil fuels.
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
•Formulation of requirements for public utilities and
managers
•Promotional campaigns
•Implementation
» With an adequate range of electric cars, 10%
of all private vehicles in the City of Ljubljana
could be electric by 2020.
PM2.
Measures at the national level that affect the targets of
the City of Ljubljana, in the transport sector
A minimum annual biofuels quota will be specified for
motor fuel distributors. The annual quota of biofuels which
a distributor will be required to place on the market in the
target year of 2020, calculated in terms of the energy value
of the fuels, is 10% of all motor fuels sold. In the case of
failure on the part of motor fuels distributors to meet this
obligation, fines for administrative offences in connection
with the need for annual quotas will be amended in such a
way that a sanction will be imposed for the part of the quota
not reached.
Definition of the compulsory share of biofuels is regulated
by an amendment to the Energy Act, while the sustainable
aspects of biofuels are regulated in the Environment
Protection Act.
Expected results
•increased share of renewable energy sources in
transport;
• reduced atmospheric emissions in the City of Ljubljana.
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
• Adoption of relevant legislation
• Inclusion of biofuels in motor fuels
Priority measures – efficient use of energy and renewable energy sources
59
PM3.
Energy-efficient refurbishment of office buildings
PM4.
Installation of charging stations for electric vehicles
Measures for the efficient use of energy include measures
for the energy-efficient refurbishment of the building
envelope such as: increased airtightness, thermal insulation
of the envelope, fitting of windows with lower thermal
transmittance and energy transmittance and exterior
shades, substitution of heat generators with condensation
generators or heat pumps, separation of heat generators
for space heating and water heating, introduction of
evaporation cooling, fitting of absorption cooling devices
or cooling devices with a variable speed compressor, fitting
of variable-flow air-conditioning devices, construction of
cooling towers to exploit the energy of cold water and
fitting of centralised control systems. When substituting
systems in buildings, the power of fitted installations must
be checked, since old installations are generally too big.
The pipe system must be adequately thermally insulated.
In view of the high consumption of energy for lighting, a
suitable system of regulation is necessary, in addition to
the use of energy-efficient lights, so as to enable effective
natural lighting and the operation of electric lighting in the
presence of users.
The priority measures envisage that by 2020 an adequate
number of charging stations will be in place at charging
stations and in car parks within the City of Ljubljana to
enable the charging of electric vehicles away from the
home. With an adequate range of electric cars available on
the market, 10% of all private vehicles in the City of Ljubljana
could be electric by 2020. It would be necessary to provide
1,400 charging stations to support the vehicle fleet.
In terms of the energy balance of the City of Ljubljana,
energy consumption in office buildings has been
determined indirectly. Estimates suggest that through
relatively simple measures and the adequate motivation
of owners it would be possible to reduce heat for heating
purposes by at least 15% and electricity by 10% by 2020.
Expected results
• reduced emissions;
• reduced use of fossil fuels.
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
• Implementation
Among the more innovative charging possibilities is
contactless charging by means of induction loops. Car parks
fitted with such a system would enable automatic charging
of batteries, although there are losses of approximately 10%
in the case of wireless transmission of electricity.
Expected results
• reduced atmospheric emissions in the City of Ljubljana;
• reduced noise in the City of Ljubljana.
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
• Definition of areas suitable for charging stations
• Gradual installation of charging stations
60
» Estimates suggest that through relatively
simple measures it would be possible to
reduce heat for heating purposes by at least
15% by 2020.
PM5.
Increased use of biomass at Termoelektrarna Toplarna
Ljubljana
PM6.
Introduction of payment for heat by actual
consumption
Existing technical capacities at Termoelektrarna Toplarna
Ljubljana allow an increase in the use of biomass. Such
an increase, which can be achieved without additional
investment, is included in the priority measures because it is
one of the cheaper ways to increase the share of renewable
energy sources in the energy balance of the City of Ljubljana.
The installed power of the biomass grid is 63 MWt, although
in the long term it is possible to exploit up to 45 MWt.
Exploiting this potential would be enabled by a financial
incentive, since energy from biomass is more expensive than
energy from coal.
Experiences with introducing meters for separate
measurement of consumed heat indicate the effectiveness
of this measure, since heat consumption falls by between
10% and 30%. Taking into account a 15% reduction in heat
consumption and the number of dwellings heated by a
district heating system or communal boiler plants, the
anticipated reduction in heat consumption is 127 GWh per
year with a reduction in CO2 emissions of 47,500 t/a.
In this way the production of energy from renewable sources
would be, in annual terms, 135 GWh/a of heat energy and
45 GWh/a of electricity. Compared to 2008, Termoelektrarna
Toplarna Ljubljana would produce an additional 101 GWh/a
of heat energy and 34 GWh/a of electricity.
Expected results
•increased use of biomass (share of renewable energy
sources);
• indirect reduction of CO2 emissions (neutral emissions);
• reduced energy dependence (use of domestic wood).
Duration
2011–2020
Phase
Additional incineration of biomass in Unit 3
Expected results
Duration
2011–2015
Phases
•Installation of dividers in the heating system
•Installation of dividers in central domestic hot water
supply systems
61
PM7.
Establishment of adequate infrastructure for cyclists
PM8.
Establishment of an efficient public transport system
The priority measures include the development of cycling
infrastructure, which is based on continuous cycleways and
an inner ring route for cyclists (five-minute access by bicycle
from the city centre). This would enable faster transit of
cyclists around the ring instead of through the city centre.
Within the inner ring route the development of a regular
structure of cycle path connections is envisaged. An outer
ring route for cyclists is also planned. This will be reachable
by bicycle from the city centre within 15 minutes and is
primarily intended for long-distance bicycle traffic. A parallel
structure of cycle path connections and short primary cycle
paths, which are then connected to routes on the national
cycle route network, is also envisaged. New bicycle racks/
sheds will also need to be provided in parallel with the
development of cycle routes.
After implementation of the priority measures the public
passenger transport system will connect the nine parkand-ride car parks by means of an express bus service. The
planned route of the express bus service uses existing roads.
There are also spatial limitations regarding the connection
of transfer points of the express bus service with the
Ljubljana Passenger Centre project, which is a limitation in
the establishment of integrated public passenger transport.
The use of underground technology for a system of express
routes in the city centre would further reduce the burden on
the centre of Ljubljana and enable traffic areas to be turned
into areas for citizens and green forms of transport.
The existing concept for establishing cycling infrastructure
is based on cycle routes within existing roads infrastructure,
which is not satisfactory. The concept will need to be
supplemented by cycleways that link the periphery to the
city centre separately from roads infrastructure. Cycle routes
should be connected to junctions of different types of public
passenger transport infrastructure and non-motorised
transport at local and regional levels. Support infrastructure
such as bicycle parking, bicycle servicing and cleaning
facilities and safe long-term storage facilities also need to be
planned.
Expected results
•increased energy efficiency in transport;
•reduced use of fossil fuels in transport;
•reduced atmospheric emissions in the City of Ljubljana;
•reduced noise.
Duration
2011–2020
Phase
Construction of relevant cycling infrastructure
Intercity bus routes will connect to transfer points at parkand-ride car parks. In the initial stage of operation the first
phase of the system, which uses as transfer points the
park-and-ride car parks defined in the executive part of the
Spatial Plan of the City of Ljubljana, is achieving satisfactory
efficiency in terms of both passenger-kilometres travelled
and passenger load factor.
Within the public passenger transport system, modern
express routes will be operated using a yellow-lane system
in existing corridors, which will be widened if necessary.
Traffic signalling will be put in place to give priority to public
passenger transport. The vehicle fleet will be expanded with
cleaner and more efficient vehicles.
Expected results
•reduced use of fuels in transport and increased energy
efficiency;
•reduced atmospheric emissions;
•less private motorised traffic;
•fewer road accidents.
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
•Construction of park-and-ride stops
•Creation of yellow lanes on main corridors
•Purchase of high-efficiency buses
62
PM9.
Expansion of the district heating and natural gas networks and promotion of increased use of capacities of
energy infrastructure systems
The hot water supply system and gas pipeline network
still permit a large number of additional buildings to be
connected without additional investment in the network
and it is therefore logical to exploit the network as much as
possible within the context of the priority measures. Specific
operating costs will be reduced and, with them, the price of
supply for all customers connected to the district systems.
Replacement of outdated boilers with new natural-gas-fired
boilers or connection to the district heating system has a
series of positive effects and is one of the measures with
the lowest investment cost in terms of the effect obtained.
This is also a measure that reduces energy consumption,
since existing plants use outdated technology and have low
efficiency levels. By replacing outdated boilers it is possible
to reduce energy consumption by between 25% and 35%.
» Traffic signalling will be put in place to give
priority to public passenger transport.
PM10.
Increasing energy efficiency in manufacturing
processes
Through organisational measures and with minimal costs, it
is possible to reduce energy consumption in manufacturing
processes by up to 10%. Measures include categories such as
optimisation of technological processes, optimal operating
time, analysis of possibilities of minor technological changes
for the purpose of reducing energy consumption, timeoptimised operation of production for the purpose of
continuous operation, adaptation of operation of production
to tariff systems for energy carriers, elimination of leaks of
compressed air and steam, and measures relating to the
energy performance of buildings.
Smaller investment measures include a control system
for peak electricity consumption, reactive energy
compensation, optimisation of compressor stations,
optimisation of condensate recovery systems and frequency
regulation.
Expected results
•reduced energy consumption;
•reduced CO2 emissions;
•reduced emission of dust particles;
•prevention of potential spills of extra light heating oil and
•abolition of transport of fuel by road;
•greater exploitation of gas pipeline and hot water supply
In terms of estimated energy consumption in the industrial
sector, the expected reduction of energy consumption by
2020 through the implementation of these measures is
74 Gwh/a.
Duration
2011–2020
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
•Preparation of draft regulation
•Transition to system of supply based on natural gas and
district heating
Phase
Implementation of measures
Expected results
PM11.
Waste-to-energy
A waste-to-energy facility uses individual fractions from the
waste management or waste treatment process to produce
electricity. The measures include the planning of a 30 MWt
plant, corresponding to the quantity and structure of waste
residue from the planned Barje Regional Waste Management
Centre in Ljubljana and including dried sludge from the
biological waste water treatment plant at the Zalog central
waste water treatment plant.
The share of renewable energy sources in the structure of
waste is almost 40%, which means that the facility will also
have a positive effect on the share of renewable energy
sources in the energy balance of the City of Ljubljana.
Connection of the plant to the district heating system of the
city of Ljubljana is planned. This will partially substitute the
use of fossil fuels in the existing system. At the same time the
waste-to-energy facility also allows electricity generation,
which increases the efficiency of the entire process.
Expected results
•increased share of renewable energy sources;
•reduced use of fossil fuels;
•increased energy self-sufficiency.
Duration
2011–2017
Phases
•Preparation of detailed municipal spatial plan
•Decision on investment and selection of equipment
supplier
•Preparation of project and obtaining of all consents and
permits
•Construction
•Start of operation
63
PM 12 and 15.
Installation of solar heating systems in all new
buildings and existing buildings
Modern solar heating systems produce 500–600 kWh of heat
from 1 m2 of solar energy collectors per year. Solar heating
systems are more economical in the case of large systems
that can also be used for the solar cooling of buildings.
Under the municipal spatial plan, the City of Ljubljana
expects to build 18,000 new dwellings by 2020. Taking into
account the minimum area of solar collectors defined by the
priority measures, this would mean installing 100,000 m2 of
collectors on new buildings.
The City of Ljubljana is planning to install solar collectors
with a total area of 70,000 m2 on existing buildings. This
means 0.25 m2/capita in the City of Ljubljana. The effect
of installing solar collectors on new buildings will be, in
2020, the production of 45 Gwh of heat, while the effect
of installing solar collectors on existing buildings will be
31 GWh of heat.
Expected results
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
• Implementation
64
PM13.
Installation of heat pumps
Among the measures to reduce CO2 emissions and
emissions of particulate matter is the substitution of
heat generators burning extra light heating oil with heat
pumps. Good thermal insulation of buildings and modern
technologies enable low-temperature heating with a
consequently high coefficient of performance, which is
achieved by transmitting heat from groundwater and with
ground heat exchangers. In summer, heat pumps can be
used to provide domestic hot water and to cool buildings.
The installation of 5,000 heat pumps to heat buildings in
areas where extra light heating oil is used as fuel would,
following energy-efficient refurbishment, increase the share
of heat obtained from renewable energy sources by 43 GWh
per year. The total reduction in CO2 emissions is estimated at
19,500 t/a.
Expected results
Duration
2011–2020
Phases
• Implementation
» The City of Ljubljana is planning to install
solar collectors with a total area of 70,000 m2
on existing buildings.
PM14.
Congestion charge for use of motor vehicles in city
centre
The congestion charge is one of the measures to reduce
motorised traffic, which is among the biggest factors of
environmental pollution in cities and, consequently, poorer
quality of life. By introducing the tax the City of Ljubljana will
influence the generation, distribution, timing and mode of
journeys, and the choice of routes.
The charge will be introduced for vehicles entering the
city centre following reinforcement of public passenger
transport and improved conditions for other modes of
mobility. The purpose is the internalisation of the external
costs caused by traffic in accordance with the ‘polluter pays’
environmental principles. Effects will include a reduction
of environmental pollution, limitation of the density of
road traffic and traffic jams, the collection of dedicated
funds for the development of public transport and other
environmentally more acceptable means of transport, better
road safety, and a friendlier living environment for those
living in city centres.
Four basic models of congestion charge are possible: a
cordon system (charge for entering a defined zone at a
marked entry point), charge zone (charge for movement
within a zone), toll ring (charge for movement around the
ring) and corridor (charge to use a corridor).
Expected results
•reduced noise;
•reduced consumption of fossil fuels;
•reduced density of traffic and traffic jams;
•increased road safety.
Duration
2015–2020
Phase
Guidelines for the
implementation
of the Sustainable
Energy Action Plan
For the implementation of the Sustainable
Energy Action Plan will be responsible a new,
internal organisational unit within the city
administration of the City of Ljubljana.
The new organisational unit will be
responsible for realising the municipality’s
vision in the field of energy while
also supervising and promoting the
implementation of measures not under the
direct influence of the City of Ljubljana.
The competent body will be responsible for managing
all measures that are directly implemented by the City of
Ljubljana. It will head a partnership group for energy supply,
efficient use of energy and renewable sources of energy,
and coordinate cooperation with public utilities and other
external partners.
It will monitor measures, prepare calls for tenders for the
implementation of measures by external contractors,
prepare applications for co-financing with state funds
and EU funds, ensure participation in the project groups
of national and EU projects, and monitor the effects of
measures and provide information to the public.
Representatives of the competent body will attend sessions
of the City Council of the City of Ljubljana to report on the
implementation of Sustainable Energy Action Plan measures,
the achievement of objectives and any problems and
obstacles to their achievement.
Financing the measures
The total value of the measures up to 2020 is €1,729 million.
Not all these measures, however, are financial obligations
66
of the City of Ljubljana. For this reason, only financial
obligations for priority investments, programmes and
measures deriving from the strategic focuses of the City
of Ljubljana and public utilities are included here. Other
measures will be implemented in conjunction with other
actors such as state bodies and private sector investments.
The total value likewise includes numerous measures from
other (non-energy) sectors that indirectly affect the energy
balance of the municipality (e.g. construction of transport
infrastructure).
Measures of the Action Plan that are directly implemented
by the City of Ljubljana will be financed from various sources.
Measures that are not directly implemented by the City
of Ljubljana are the responsibility of contractors, while the
competent body will advise them with regard to possibilities
of financing from national and EU funds.
Additional resources for the implementation of measures
are the EU structural funds and Community programmes. It
will also be possible to finance the implementation of some
measures in the form of public-private partnerships and with
resources from the Eco Fund (the Public Environmental Fund
of the Republic of Slovenia).
» The total value of the measures up to 2020 is
€1,729 million.
Guidelines for the implementation of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan
67
68
Appendices
Target values
1. Final energy consumption in the local community
Year of SEAP
kWh
%
[kWh]/[%]
1. Heating and cooling
3.60E + 09
44
2012
kWh
2014
kWh
%
3.45E + 09
44
3.30E + 09
%
43
2016
kWh
3.15E +09
%
43
2018
kWh
3.01E +09
%
42
2020
kWh
2.86E +09
%
42
2. Electricity
1.74E + 09
21
1.74E + 09
22
1.74E +09
23
1.74E +09
23
1.73E +09
25
1.73E +09
25
3. Transport pursuant to Article 3(4)a
2.81E + 09
35
2.70E + 09
34
2.59E +09
34
2.48E+ 09
34
2.36E +09
33
2.25E +09
33
4. Gross final energy consumption
8.15E + 09
100
7.89E + 09
100
7.63E + 09
100
7.37E + 09
100
7.10E + 09
100
6.84E +09
100
2. Target shares of RES for 2020, estimated shares of RES and minimum required shares of RES for 2010–2020 for heating and cooling, electricity and transport
[%]
Year of SEAP
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
3.8
32.8
1.2
9.1
5.2
33.6
3.1
10.7
6.6
34.4
4
12.1
8
36.3
5.7
13.9
15
39.5
7.9
18.6
16
41.2
10.8
20.7
RES - Heating and cooling
RES - Electricity
RES - Transport
Overall RES share
3. Target shares of RES for 2020 for Slovenia
Year of SEAP
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
24.4
32.3
3.1
18.7
26.3
33.5
4
20.1
28
36
5.6
21.8
29.4
38.1
7.7
23.6
30.8
39.3
10.5
25.3
4. Estimated shares of RES in buildings (total energy consumption in buildings alone)
Year of SEAP
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Residential sector
6.5
7.9
9.2
10.6
11.9
13.3
Commercial sector
Public sector
Industry
Total
3
0.3
2.9
12.7
3.6
0.4
3.5
15.3
4.2
0.4
4.1
18
4.9
0.5
4.7
20.6
5.5
0.5
5.3
23.3
6.1
0.6
5.9
25.9
[%]
5. Energy savings and GHG reduction
Indicators
Target effects of planned
measures up to 2020
Reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions (%)
34.5
Final energy saving (kWh)
1.31E
71
Target values
6. Electricity generation from RES in local community
Year of SEAP
2012
MW GWh
MW GWh
Hydro
< 1 MW
1 MW-10 MW
> 10 MW
Geothermal
Solar
Photovoltaic
Concentrated
Tide & wave
Wind
Onshore
Offshore
Biomass
Solid
Biogas
Liquid biofuels
3.5
3.5
–
–
–
0.1
0.1
–
–
–
–
–
115.7
113
2.7
–
20.1
3.5
20.1
3.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.1
7.5
0.1
7.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
29.2 117.7
8.7
115
20.5
2.7
–
–
TOTALS
119.3
49.4 128.7
of which CHP
113
8.7
115
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
MW GWh
MW GWh
MW GWh
MW GWh
MW GWh
MW GWh
MW GWh
MW GWh
20.1
3.5
20.1
3.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.5 11.5
7.5
11.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
33.2 119.3
12.7 116.6
20.5
2.7
–
–
20.1
4
20.1
4
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.5 14.5
11.5
14.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
36.9 120.9
16.4 118.3
20.5
4.7
–
–
23
6
23
6
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.5
19
14.5
19
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
40.7 124.7
20.2
120
35.5
4.7
–
–
35
7.5
35
7.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
19
24
19
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
59.5 126.2
24 121.5
35.5
4.7
–
–
49.1
7.5
49.1
7.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
24
27
24
27
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
63.2 157.8
27.7 153.1
35.5
4.7
–
–
60.8 134.4
68.5 139.4
78.2 149.7 113.5 157.7 136.3 192.3 151.6 195.9 157.8 199.6 163.6 203.2 169.4
12.7 116.6 16.4 118.2 20.2 124.7 59.5 126.2 63.2
157.8
49.1
7.5
49.1
7.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
27.5
29
27.5
29
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
75 159.4
39.5 154.7
35.5
4.7
–
–
75
49.1
7.5
49.1
7.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
30
31
30
31
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
78.7 161.1
43.2 156.4
35.5
4.7
–
–
49.1
7.5
49.1
7.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
32
33
32
33
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
82.5 162.7
47
158
35.5
4.7
–
–
49.1
49.1
–
–
–
34.1
34.1
–
–
–
–
–
86.2
50.7
35.5
–
159.4 78.7 161.1 82.5 162.7 86.2
7. Heating and cooling technologies
estimate of total contribution to binding RES targets for 2020 and indicative values for 2010–2020
(GWh)
Geothermal
Solar
Biomass
Solid
Biogas
Liquid biofuels
Renewable energy from heat pumps
Aerothermal
Geothermal
Hydrothermal
TOTAL
Other sources
District heating and cooling
Year of SEAP
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
3.8
166.0
132.0
34.0
-
5.0
223.1
148.6
74.5
3.0
1.5
0.8
0.8
10.0
286.2
171.2
115.0
5.0
2.5
1.3
1.3
22.0
349.3
193.8
155.5
12.0
6.0
3.0
3.0
46.0
454.4
243.4
15.0
196.0
24.0
12.0
6.0
6.0
63.0
569.5
318.0
15.0
236.5
36.0
18.0
9.0
9.0
76.0
638.0
346.0
15.0
277.0
43.0
21.5
10.8
10.8
169.8
231.1
301.2
383.3
524.4
668.5
757.0
24.0
30.0
42.0
70.0
102.0
138.0
169.0
References
•Agencija RS za okolje, kartografski podatki, http://www.
arso.gov.si (2009).
•Agencija RS za okolje, Kazalci okolja v Sloveniji, http//
www.arso.gov.si (October 2010).
•Analiza stanja na področju rabe energije v javnih stavbah
MOL, Gradbeni inštitut – ZRMK d.o.o., Ljubljana, 2009.
•AURE, Sektor za aktivnosti učinkovite rabe in obnovljivih
virov energije, spletne publikacije, http://www.aure.gov.si
(2008, 2009).
•Bajt, M., Mobilnost v Ljubljani – Izzivi in priložnosti, Cestni
promet in okolje v mestu Ljubljana, zbornik prispevkov z
mednarodnega posveta, Ljubljana, 2006.
•Daniels, K., Hammann, R.E., Energy Design for Tomorrow,
2008.
•Energetska bilanca Mestne občine Ljubljana v letu 2008
in izračun emisij škodljivih snovi, Inštitut za energetiko
Energis, Ljubljana, 2009.
•Geotermična karta Slovenije, Geološki zavod Slovenije,
Ljubljana, 2008.
•GURS, kartografski podatki, 2010.
•Inštitut za energetiko – Energis, http//www.ie-energis.si
(October 2010).
•Konzultacije s predstavniki javnih podjetij Elektro
Ljubljana, d. d., Energetika Ljubljana, d. o. o., Snaga,
d. o. o., TE-TOL, d. o. o., Ljubljana.
•Kralj, P., Geotermalna energija – islandske in slovenske
izkušnje, Ministrstvo za znanost in tehnologijo, Ljubljana,
1999, 173 pages.
•Kryžanowski, A., et al., Hidroelektrarne na srednji Savi,
MVD, Univerza v Ljubljani, FGG, Ljubljana, 2006.
•Langerholc, N., Primerjava geotermalnega potenciala
in rabe geotermalne energije v Sloveniji in na Islandiji,
Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za geografijo, 2008, 106
pages.
•Leskovec, B., Organiziranje trga z lesno biomaso za
trajnostno zadovoljevanje energetskih potreb: doktorska
disertacija, Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta,
Ljubljana, 2008, 211 pages.
•Letno poročilo 2007, Javno podjetje Ljubljanski potniški
promet d.o.o., Ljubljana, 2008.
•Letno poročilo 2009, Javno podjetje Ljubljanski potniški
promet d.o.o., Ljubljana, 2010.
•Letno poročilo za leto 2009, Snaga d.o.o., Ljubljana, 2009,
2010.
•Ljubljana v številkah 2003–2008, Mestna občina
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, May 2010.
•Marot, N., Analiza stanja energetike v Ljubljanski urbani
regiji, UL-FGG, postgraduate seminar paper, supervisor:
Sašo Medved, Ljubljana, 2008.
•Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Metodologija izvedbe
energetskega pregleda, Ljubljana, 2008.
•Mravljak, J., Hidroenergetski potencial,
Elektrogospodarstvo Slovenije d.d., www.powerlab.unimb.si/Predavanja/Download/Voda, 2000 (cited 2008).
•Občinski prostorski načrt Mestne občine Ljubljana –
strateški del, Mestna občina Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 2010.
•Okoljsko poročilo za Strateški prostorski načrt Mestne
občine Ljubljana, Oikos, svetovanje za razvoj d.o.o.,
commissioned by: City of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, April 2007.
•Ostapowicz, K., Solar Energy Modelling, Department
of GIS, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Institute
of Geography and Spatial Management Jagiellonian
University, 2009, 23 pages.
•Pogačnik, N., Ocena stanja potenciala lesne biomase
s stališča gozdarskega sektorja – strokovno mnenje,
Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1999, 5 pages.
•Pravilnik o energijski učinkovitosti stavb, Ministrstvo za
okolje in prostor RS, Ljubljana, 2010.
•Spletna stran projekta Civitas Elan, dokumenti, http://
www.civitasljubljana.si/dokumenti (presentations, cited:
27 January 2010)
•Website of the City of Ljubljana, http://www.ljubljana.si
(cited 2010).
•Statistični letopis Ljubljane, Mestna občina Ljubljana,
Mestna uprava, Sekretariat mestne uprave, Odsek za
splošne zadeve, Referat za statistiko, analize in knjižnico,
Ljubljana, December 2009.
•Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. SI-Stat
podatkovni portal, Strategija razvoja 2008–2020,
Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana, Ljubljana, May 2008.
•Strokovna izhodišča za izdelavo energetskega koncepta
MOL (POR/08-19), Eco Consulting, commissioned by:
Mestna občina Ljubljana, Ljubljana, April 2008.
•Strokovna izhodišča za izdelavo energetskega koncepta
MOL. Eco Consulting d.o.o., Ljubljana, April 2008.
•Strokovne podlage oskrbe z energijo v okviru izdelave
Lokalnega energetskega koncepta MOL, Eco Consulting
d.o.o., June 2009.
References
•Strokovne podlage oskrbe z energijo v okviru izdelave
lokalnega energetskega koncepta MOL (POR/09-035),
Eco Consulting, commissioned by: Termoelektrarna
Toplarna Ljubljana, Ljubljana, June 2009.
•Strokovne podlage urejanja javnega prometa v regiji –
končno poročilo, Omega consult d.o.o., Ljubljana, 2009.
•SURS, SI-STAT information portal, http://www.stat.si/
(2010), http//www.surs.si (October 2010).
•Tahir, A. J., Model trajnostnega potenciala obnovljivih
virov energije in trajnostne oskrbe na primeru občine
Lukovica: magistrsko delo, Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek
za geografijo, 2009, p. 131.
•Twidell, J., Weir, T., Renewable Energy Resources – Second
edition, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006, p. 601.
•Urad RS za makroekonomske analize in razvoj, http//
www. umar.gov.si (October 2010).
•Zbiranje in pregled podatkov o stanju rabe energije
v sektorju industrije in na področju javne razsvetljave
v MOL, Institut Jožef Stefan – Center za energetsko
učinkovitost, Ljubljana, November 2009.
•ZGS – Zavod za gozdove Slovenije, Lesna biomasa –
potenciali po občinah, http://www.biomasa.zgs.gov.si
(2010).
73
June 2012
Ljubljana is not only the most beautiful city in the
world, it is also the safest city in this part of Europe
and estimated to be the fifth most idyllic city to
live in. A large team of colleagues is striving daily
to create better conditions for the quality of life of
its inhabitants and to make our visitors feel more
comfortable.
Ljubljana develops in accordance with its
sustainable vision, focusing on the concern
for a clean and healthy environment. Public
transportation is becoming more user-friendly with
the introduction of new, environmentally-friendly
buses and by closing the city centre to traffic; the
pedestrian zones have been further expanded with
new promenades and cycling paths and the green
lungs of our city enriched with numerous new
parks, relaxation and recreation areas.
Energy for the City
of the Future
Zoran Janković
Mayor of Ljubljana
GRB (uporaba pri velikosti pod 20mm)
Special attention is paid to efficient use of energy
and renewable energy sources. The first step
towards an energy-efficient society was the
adoption of the Sustainable energy action plan of
the City of Ljubljana, which provides the bases for
further activities in the field of sustainable energy
management. Energy management will definitely
require active work in the future, and we will have
to find adequate solutions and ensure co-operation
and connections between the people who help
create the city, plan and implement new projects
for the benefit of all our inhabitants.
I have no doubt that the foundations we are
building will help us pursue the vision of
sustainable energy management. The Sustainable
energy action plan of the City of Ljubljana is just a
piece of the mosaic which proves that Ljubljana is a
modern European capital.
June 2012

Energy for the City of the Future

Transcription

Similar documents

On our way to sustainable society

case study - Eurorazvitie

Open-ended Possibilites

Initial Announcement

environmental awareness in slovenia through residents

Welcome package for Academic Year 2008/2009 ERASMUS

Thomas Malmstedt - svezia

May 2016 Events

Presentation for Investors

Associated_cities_Eindhoven_and_Maastricht_Oct_2008_