Cave Bear Hunting in the Hohle Fels, a Cave Site in the AchValley

Cave Bear Hunting in the Hohle Fels, a Cave Site in the AchValley

Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève (décembre 2004) 23 (2) : x-xx
ISSN 0253-6730
Cave Bear Hunting in the Hohle Fels, a Cave Site in the AchValley, Swabian
Jura
Susanne C. MÜNZEL1 & Nicholas J. CONARD1
Abstract
The Upper Pleistocene cave deposits of the Hohle Fels revealed several well preserved traces of human modifications on cave bear
bones, such as cut and blow marks. Beside these traces of man/bear interaction, a bear vertebra with an embedded flint projectile was
found recently. These finds stem from the Gravettian layers. The injury documents the hunting of cave bear and the cut and impact
marks provide evidence of all steps of the butchering process known from other game species. Thick layers of burned bone dating to
the Gravettian contain bones identified as cave bear. Thus at Hohle Fels, cave bears were used for both nourishment and fuel.
Key words
Cave Bear Hunting, Hohle Fels Cave, Gravettian, Upper Pleistocene, Ach Valley, Swabian Jura, Southwestern Germany.
Résumé
La chasse à lʼours des cavernes dans la grotte de Hohle Fels, vallée de lʼAch, Jura Souabe.- Plusieurs exemples de modifications
anthropiques sur des os dʼours des cavernes ont été mis en évidence dans les niveaux du Pleistocène supérieur de la grotte du Hohle
Fels, comme par exemple des traces de découpe et de fracturation. A côté de ces témoignages dʼune interaction homme-ours, une
vertèbre dʼours qui porte lʼinclusion dʼun projectile en silex a été récemment trouvée. Cette blessure prouve la pratique de la chasse à
lʼours et les traces de découpe et dʼimpact mettent en évidence toutes les étapes de boucherie telles quʼon les connaît pour les proies
ordinaires. Les couches épaisses dʼos brûlé dans les niveaux gravettiens contiennent de grands fragments qui pourraient appartenir à
des ours. Il semble donc que les ours au Hohle Fels ont été utilisés à la fois comme nourriture et comme combustible.
Mots-clés
Chasse à lʼours des cavernes, Grotte du Hohle Fels, Gravettien, Pleistocène supérieur, Vallée de lʼAch, Jura Souabe, sud-ouest de
lʼAllemagne.
1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF
RESEARCH : HOHLE FELS CAVE
The region of the Ach Valley in the Swabian Jura of
Southwestern Germany has a long history of research
conducted by the Institute of Prehistory and Archaeology
of the Middle Ages at the University of Tübingen.
In 1870/71 Oscar FRAAS, head of the « Königliche
Naturalienkabinett in Stuttgart », and Johannes
HARTMANN excavated the large hall of the Hohle Fels
searching for Pleistocene animal bones and human
artifacts (FRAAS, 1872 ; SAIER, 1994). Most of these finds
were lost in World War II. Following the work by Fraas,
R.R. Schmidt, the founder of the Tübingen Institute,
excavated Sirgenstein in 1906 (SCHMIDT, 1912 ; KOKEN
in SCHMIDT, 1912). During the following several decades
no archaeological work was conducted in the Ach Valley.
In the late 1950s, Gustav RIEK and Gertrud MATSCHAK
opened a sondage in the Hohle Fels (BLUMENTRITT &
1
HAHN, 1991). In the 1960s excavations in Brillenhöhle
(RIEK, 1973 ; BOESSNECK & VON DEN DRIESCH, 1973) and
in Grofle Grotte (WAGNER, 1983 ; WEINSTOCK, 1999)
followed.
In 1973 Joachim HAHN and colleagues resumed
field research in the Ach Valley with excavations at
Geiflenkösterle (HAHN et al., 1977), and later at Hohle
Fels (HAHN, 1977). HAHN developed modern excavation
techniques based on the French methods. After his death
in 1997, this research was continued by Nicholas CONARD
and Hans-Peter UERPMANN (CONARD & UERPMANN, 1999 ;
CONARD et al., 2000, 2001). During recent decades
research has focused on Geiflenklösterle and Hohle
Fels. MÜNZEL recently finished the faunal analysis for
Geiflenklösterle (MÜNZEL, 1997, 1999 ; MÜNZEL et
al., 1994), and the faunal analysis for Hohle Fels is
underway.
Hohle Fels cave (Fig. 1) is situated in the Ach Valley
between Blaubeuren and Schelklingen about 2 km
upstream from Geiflenklösterle. It is one of the largest
Institut für Ur-und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Universität Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen,
D-72070 Tübingen
p
S. C. MÜNZEL & N. J. CONARD
caves in the Swabian Alb with a size of 500 m2 and more
than 6000 m3 The entrance is 7 m above the valley bottom
(534 m above sea level) and exposed to the north.
Fig. 1 : View of Hohle Fels.
2. FAUNAL MATERIAL
The large mammal species from the caves of the Ach
Valley represent a diverse faunal spectrum indicative of
the «Mammoth steppe» environment (GUTHRIE, 1990). At
present the best data are available from Geiflenklösterle.
With the exception of the unique presence of roe deer
from archaeological horizon III, prior to the Last Glacial
Maximum there are no significant differences in species
composition or species representation between the layers
in the Geiflenklösterle (MÜNZEL, 1999).
The percentage of cave bear is high in all of the caves
of the Ach Valley. Age profiles of the cave bear death
assemblages were compared with age profiles of caves
without human occupation, such as Bärenhöhle near
Erpfingen in the Swabian Jura. These demographic
analyses show that cave bears at times hibernated in all
of these caves (MÜNZEL, 1997).
The faunal remains from Hohle Fels document the
presence of 20 mammalian species excluding microfauna
(Tab. 1). Besides cave bear, the most frequent game
animals are horse, mammoth and reindeer. We expect to
recover specimens of additional species when the finds
from all the sieved sediments have been analysed.
2.1. Human modifications on cave bear bones and
cave bear exploitation
The Paleolithic stratigraphy in Hohle Fels starts with
Magdalenian archaeological horizon (AH I), which is
dated around 13,000 BP, followed by two Gravettian
horizons (AH IIb, IIc) and a layer (IId), which documents
the transition between the Gravettian and Aurignacian.
The AH II complex dates between 25-30,000 BP. The
deepest layers excavated thus far contain as of yet
undated Aurignacian assemblages (AH III, IV, V).
Excavations between 1997-2001 recovered a limestone
fragment painted with a series of double rows of red dots
from the Magdalenian (CONARD & FLOSS, 1999). The
recent excavations have also yielded two small carved
ivory sculptures that appear to depict a horse head and
a bird of prey dated around 30,000 BP or more (CONARD
& UERPMANN, 2000). In addition to these and other
spectacular finds, rich faunal and lithic assemblages have
been recovered from the Augrignacien, Gravettian and
Magdalenian deposits.
During the analysis of the Geiflenklösterle fauna, cut
marks on some skull fragments of cave bear were
recognized. The skull fragments stem from cave bear
cubs of the age of 3-4 months, indicating an interaction
between humans and bears during the transition of
winter to spring (MÜNZEL, 1997). At Hohle Fels traces of
human modifications on cave bear bones are even more
frequent and better preserved. Cut marks are observable
on several elements of cave bear. Most commonly they
are on skull fragments, especially on Ossa parietalia
(Fig. 2), indicating the skinning of the animals. Skull
fragments of cave bear with cut marks were found in
two stratigraphically separated Gravettian strata (AH IIb,
IIc) and in a layer reflecting the transition between the
Gravettian and Aurignacian (IId). These finds document
the repeated procurement of cave bear over a period of at
least 5000 years.
Other cut marks like on a third metatarsus were probably
also the result of skinning and removing the feet (Fig.
3). The cut marks are located along the ventral and
dorsal shaft of the bone. Another cut mark was found
on the Dens of the Epistropheus (second neck vertebra),
documenting the disarticulation of the head from the
ventral direction (Fig. 4).
Cut marks were also found on meat bearing elements
like humerus (Fig. 5) or pelvis (Fig. 6). Their placement
reflect the defleshing of these elements
6
8
5
1
132
8
3
5
27
32
1
10
9
2
77
4
4
13
3
1
11
17
14
2
269
68
2
3
8
15
5
12
10
2
233
1
6
78
3
2
13
1
60
1
4
3
23
1
94
7
1
14
2
1
36
14
32
39
563
3
83
1
5
16
157
1
56
10
38
135
858
70
20
1
15
7
13
145
1
12
21
222
92
Gravettien
AH IIc
85
9
50
144
716
9
6
55
13
1
19
61
3
14
92
Gravettien
AH IIcf
Burnt bone
layer
155
9
3
10
16
209
5
27
6
2
28
1
7
84
11
2
6
18
10
138
9
3
1
41
3
2
16
1
4
19
1
2
Grav/Aurign Aurignacien
AH IId/e
AH III-V
* The cave bear material and the indet. bones in bear to horse size are not completly analysed yet, and also field seasons 2001-2002 are not included.
** The uppermost layer was probably mixed with Pleistocene cave sediments from the interior during the excavation of Oskar Fraas 1870/71.
Brown or Snow Hare (Lepus europaeus or timidus)
Beaver (Castor fiber)
Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)
Marmot (Marmota marmota)
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Red and Arctic fox (V. vulpes and A. lagopus
Cave Bear (Ursus spelaeus) *
Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)
Lion (Panthera leo spelaea)
Lynx (Lynx lynx)
Hyaena (Crocuta spelaea)
Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)
Wild Horse (Equus ferus)
Wooly Rhino (Coelodonta antiquitatis)
Wild Boar or Domestic Pig (Sus sp.)
Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
Ibex (Capra ibex)
Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)
Small Ruminants
Indet., no size class
Indet., smaller Hare to Fox size
Indet., Hare to Fox size
Indet., Ibex to Red Deer size
Indet., Bear to Horse size *
Indet., Mammoth to Rhino size
Total
Species
Gravettien
Holozän ** Magdalénien Magdalénien AH IIb with
AH 0
AH I
AH IIa
burnt bone
layer AH IIbf
16
25
9
57
1
Tabelle 1: Large Mammal Species in the Hohle Fels (NISP)
367
1
1
1
28
83
621
2
2
2
2
39
493
1
4
14
469
56
8
86
22
2
210
79
177
299
3119
Total
Cave Bear Hunting in the Hohle Fels, a Cave Site in the AchValley, Swabian Jura
i
p
S. C. MÜNZEL & N. J. CONARD
Fig. 2 : Cave bear skull fragment with cut marks from Hohle
Fels.
Fig. 4 : Dens of epistropheus with cut mark.
Fig. 5 : Humerus shaft fragment with cut marks.
Fig. 3 : Metatarsal with cut marks, ventral view.
Additionally impact marks on long bones are present,
indicating bone processing for marrow extraction.
Beyond this, the thick layers of burned bone ashes in the
Gravettian of the Hohle Fels contain large burned bone
pieces, that could be identified as cave bear (Fig. 7). Thus
after fragmentation the bear bones were also used as fuel,
as was the case for other game species.
The traces of human modification on the cave bear bones
give evidence of all steps of the butchering process as
known on « ordinary » game.
The cave bear bones from Hohle Fels also provide
evidence of having been used as tools. In two cases an
extraordinary polish was recognized. In the first case the
polish is placed around the crown of a canine still placed
in the jaw (Fig. 8). The second polish covers all sides of a
penis bone (Fig. 9). These kinds of polish can result from
leather working (SCHEER, 1995), for example on awls
or bone needles, or from contact between tooth pendants
and leather or hides.
During the excavation campaign in Hohle Fels in 2000,
a cave bear vertebra with an embedded fragment of a
flint was recovered (Fig. 10, 11) in the burnt bone layer
AH IIcf. This layer belongs to the Early Gravettian and
dates to 29.000 B.P. (MÜNZEL et al., 2001). The vertebra
Cave Bear Hunting in the Hohle Fels, a Cave Site in the AchValley, Swabian Jura
Fig. 6 : Pelvic bone with cut marks.
i
Fig. 8 : Polished canine in jaw, lingual view
Fig. 9 : Polished penis bone
Fig. 10 : Vertebra with embedded flint.
Fig. 7 : Femur shaft fragment, burned.
comes from a relatively small, but adult individual since
all epiphyses are closed. The vertebra is within the size
range of cave bear, but brown bear can not be excluded.
Morphological differences between cave and brown bear
are known for the neck but not for the thoracic vertebrae
(BÜRGL, 1934).
The flint projectile hit the lateral process (Processus
transversus) of the vertebra in the area between 4th-9th
thoracic vertebra. The raw material of the embedded flint
point, can be identified as «Jurahornstein», a local flint,
which makes up roughly 80 of the lithic raw material in
the Gravettian of the Hohle Fels. Based on the view of
the broken cross-section, retouch is not recognizable.
The vertebra was x-rayed conventionally and studied
using computer tomography. These studies determined
the shape of the artifact to be triangular with dimensions
of 5 mm in length, 2 mm in breath and 2 mm in thickness.
The angle of the flint armature has an inclination of 45°
(ventro-lateral) related to the axes of the vertebra column
(Fig. 12).
p
S. C. MÜNZEL & N. J. CONARD
Fig. 11 : Detail of vertebra with embedded flint.
Fig. 12 : Angle of inclination
20th century from all over the world. Her results show
that winter was generally the preferred season for bear
hunting. One of the hunting techniques often used was
to surprise the bears during hibernation. Other forms of
bear hunting are very risky for the hunters and not always
successful as documented in Grotte du Bichon (MOREL,
1993, 1998) in the Swiss Jura.
This small cave contained the skeletons of a brown bear
and one of a man dating into the Magdalenian. Several
years after the excavation, during his faunal studies,
Philippe MOREL detected an impact of a flint in the bears
neck vertebra. He concluded that the bear was injured
by people in front of the cave. The wounded bear was
followed by the hunter, then escaped into this very small
cave, where finally both bear and hunter died as a result
of a fight. The position of the hunter relative to his prey
was quite different from that documented in Hohle Fels.
In the case of the Grotte du Bichon, the attack came
from the front, and the bear was not asleep. Otherwise
it would not have been possible for the projectile to be
placed under the lateral process (Processus transversus).
Unfortunately there are no seasonal indications for this
spectacular hunting accident.
Faunal analyses from the Ach Valley, however, provides
information for the season of hunting. One faunal
specimen of a young cave bear gives direct seasonal
evidence of a man/bear interaction. This specimen is
a canine of a juvenile cave bear with heavy cut marks
(Fig. 13) found in the Gravettian layer AH IIc of the
Hohle Fels. The toothʼs crown is almost complete,
and the root is developing. The tooth
belongs to the age group of cave bears
in their second winter and may have
been taken out as a trophy.
Fig. 13 : Canine with cut marks.
2.2. Hunting method and hunting season
2.3. Season of occupation
Bow and arrow is not known for the Gravettian, and little
data about the methods used for hafting lithic artifacts
are available for this period. We assume that the weapon
was a spear or lance with a hafted flint tip. The projectile
hit the cave bear on his right flank, stuck in the bone and
broke off. This injury alone would not have killed the
bear, but cut marks on the spinal process of the vertebra
show that the hunt was successful. The position of the
wound in an area behind the scapula indicates a shoulder
shot intended injure the lungs. This kind of wound into
the tranversal process at this angle, would most likely
occur of the bear were attacked while in a lying position,
for example during a short sleep or during hibernation.
Martina PACHER (1997, 2000) systematically collected
ethnographic data on bear hunting from the 17th to
Until recently there was a consensus that the valleys
of the Swabian Alb were only visited during the warm
seasons of the year by the grazing game and their
hunters (HAHN, 1983). New archaeozoological results
in the Ach Valley, however, document repeated winter
and spring occupations. In several archaeological
layers at Geiflenklösterle, Hohle Fels, Sirgenstein and
Brillenhöhle, fetal horse bones were found, indicating
that Paleolithic people visited the Ach Valley during
winter (Table 2).
In Geiflenklösterle a metacarpal and a scapula of six
month old fetal horses were found (MÜNZEL, 1999). The
same situation has been documented at Brillenhöhle.
Here fetal horse bones were found in all three Gravettian
layers as well as in the Magdalenian (BOESSNECK & VON
Dryas I
12-13,000
43,000
(incl. ESR)
>45,000
38-40,000
(incl. TL)
29-33,000
33-35,000
33-36,000
27-30,000
>25 & >29,000
27-29,000
27,000
29,000
Hengelo ?
Denekamp ?
Glacial Maximum
14,000
Chronostratigraphy
C-14*
GH 17
IV-VIII
Brillenhöhle
Geißenklösterle
Geißenklösterle
Geißenklösterle
III-XI
XIV
III
Sirgenstein
Sirgenstein
Sirgenstein
Hohle Fels
Hohle Fels
Geißenklösterle
Große Grotte
III
IV-V
VI
III-IV
V
II
Hohle Fels
Brillenhöhle
Brillenhöhle
Brillenhöhle
Geißenklösterle
Sirgenstein
Hohle Fels
VIII/VII
II
II b
V
VI
VII
I
II
II c
Hohle Fels
Brillenhöhle
Sirgenstein
Hohle Fels
Kogelstein
Sirgenstein
Große Grotte
Io
Ia-c
IV
I
II a
Geißenklösterle
Layer
Cave sites
73 %
80 %
65 %
58 %
78 %
33 %
30 %
30 %
42 %
32 %
38 %
3%
% of
Bears
4%
Fetal Horse
Fetal Horse
& Foal
Fetal Horse
Tooth Eruption &
18/16
O Isotops
Fetal Horse
Fetal Horse
Fetal Horse
Fetal Horse
Fetal Horse
Fetal Horse
Winter
Large Hearth
3 layers of
burnt bone
Small Hearth
Large Hearth
Large Hearth
Large Hearth
Small Hearths
Small Hearths
Large Hearth
Small Hearth
Large Hearth
Burnt Bone Ash
Lenses
Cut marks ?
Cut mark
Cut marks
Cut marks
Cut marks
Cut marks
& Projectile
Cut marks**
Cut marks
Cut marks
Man/Bear
Interaction
* For further information on the chronostratigraphy see CONARD & BOLUS (in press) ** Penis bone with cut marks, used as a percoir (see RIEK 1973)
Middle
Palaeolithic
GH 17
Aurignacian
Gravettian
Hiatus
Magdalénian
Technokomplex
Table 2: Chronology and Seasonality in the Ach Valley
Juvenile
Mammoth
Mammoth Infant
Mammoth Infants
Mammoth Infants
Mammoth Infants
Juvenile Mammoth
Mammoth Infants
Spring/Early
Summer
Cave Bear Hunting in the Hohle Fels, a Cave Site in the AchValley, Swabian Jura
i
p
S. C. MÜNZEL & N. J. CONARD
DRIESCH, 1973), pointing to winter occupation of the
site. During a preliminary study of the faunal assemblage
of Sirgenstein (SCHMIDT, 1912), MÜNZEL found fetal horse
bones in the Aurignacian layers AH III and VI.
In Hohle Fels a fetal horse bone was found in the
Magdalenian, but evidence of winter occupation is also
documented during the Gravettian by tooth eruption
stages of horse.
Often these layers with fetal horse bones also contain
thick burnt bone ash lenses, which also point to winter
occupation (Table 2).
Remains of roughly two-month old mammoths, the
second most important prey species, occur in the
Gravettian and Aurignacian of Geiflenklösterle (MÜNZEL,
1997), and also in the Gravettian of the Hohle Fels. These
young mammoth must have been hunted together with
their mothers in spring/early summer.
Additionally, cut marks on cave bear bones document
an exploitation of this species. Some of the cave bear
remains with human modification give direct seasonal
evidence for winter/spring. Such finds include skull
fragments of 3-4 month old cubs or the above mentioned
permanent canine of a young cave bear with heavy cut
marks (Table 2 is summarizing all these observations).
DEN
3. CONCLUSION
During the beginning of systematic cave research in the
early 20th century, archaeologists thought most of the
thousands of cave bear bones, especially in the Alpine
cave sites, were hunted by man (PACHER, 1997, 2000).
This culminated in the theory of the «cave bear cult».
With the advances in taphonomic research this theory
could be refuted. Many researchers then concluded the
opposite, the cave bear was never hunted. The majority
of the cave bear remains in the Hohle Fels and in the
other caves of the Ach Valley shows no traces of human
modification, and these bears probably died naturally
during hibernation. The specimens with cut and impact
marks as well as the vertebra with the embedded projectile
show that cave bears played a role in the economy of the
Ach Valley, and the active hunting occurred.
The annual cycle of human occupation in the Ach Valley
(Fig. 14) included winter use of the region, as indicated
by the wild horse hunting and spring use, as indicated by
the mammoth hunting. The cut marks on cave bear cubs
in the age of 3-4 months provide a link between horse
and mammoth hunting season, and suggest that cave bear
hunting probably took place during the transition from
winter to spring.
Fig. 14 : Annual Cycle of Occupation during the Upper Palaeolithic in the Ach Valley.
Cave Bear Hunting in the Hohle Fels, a Cave Site in the AchValley, Swabian Jura
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Accepté juin 2004
* For further information on the chronostratigraphy see
CONARD & BOLUS (2003).
** Penis bone with cut marks, used as a percoir (see RIEK,
1973).
Where are the **??