kaupa_tekstiles_eng_.. - Karaliaus Mindaugo profesinio mokymo

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BUSINESS FIELD
TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE.
MODULAR VOCATIONAL
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
PROGRAMME
Kaunas
2015
ISBN 978-609-95740-7-3
KARALIUS MINDAUGAS VOCATIONAL
TRAINING CENTRE
Group of preparation of methodical material:
Rita Šostakienė, vocational teacher-supervisor, Head of Small Business Organisation
Department
Regina Michalkevičienė, senior vocational teacher
Jūratė Lolita Laurinavičienė, vocational teacher-supervisor
Renata Ramanauskienė, senior vocational teacher
Zita Šalčiuvienė, senior vocational teacher
Daiva Krakauskienė, vocational teacher-supervisor
Kristina Jovarauskienė, senior vocational teacher
Methodical group of consultants:
Ph.D. Laimutė Anužienė
Ph.D. Alicija Ramanauskaitė
Ph.D. Jolanta Valiulienė
Ph.D. Vilma Šliužaitė
Ph.D. Aivaras Anužis
Ph.D. Aistė Antanaitienė
Ph.D. Tomas Darbutas
Ieva Anužienė
Daiva Abromavičienė
Aurelija Naseckaitė
Language editor: Indrė Sekevičienė
Design and layout: Grafikos dirbtuvės
The learning and teaching aid has been developed within the project “Development of
learning and teaching aids for modular vocational programmes in the subfields of hair
and beauty care and the relating services at home, and piloting of the modular study
programmes” No. VP1-2.2-ŠMM-04-V-03-013.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
11
Conveyance of the centre’s vocational training experience
13
Description of modular education programme
20
MODULE I. Introduction to profession
22
MODULE II. Data compilation and presentation in the context of environment 24
and premises care employee programme
Acquisition of knowledge and skills
25
Correct use of spoken and written language for special purposes
25
Use of information technologies in learning and vocational activities
29
Economic theories and business basics
37
Aesthetical attitude to the world
41
General knowledge on the civil safety and rescue system
44
Requirements of safe work organisation, electrical safety, fire safety and 48
occupational hygiene
Consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice
55
The creative integrated project “Genealogical Tree”
55
MODULE III. Performance of initial and final textile product care operations
57
59
Fibrous composition and properties of materials, their recognition and
care
59
Fabrics, their classification and properties
64
Knowledge on other textile materials (fur, leather, felts, non-woven,
auxiliary materials), their properties and maintenance
73
Moisture-heat treatment methods, operating modes, equipment
77
Safe performance of initial and final operations of textile product care
84
The creative integrated project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”
91
91
MODULE IV. Washing of textile products
93
95
Purpose, classification, technical parameters and programmes of
washing and drying equipment
95
Assortment, properties, types and selection of washing preparations for
washing various textile products
103
Safe washing and drying of textile products
107
The creative integrated project “Getting Richer by Giving”
MODULE V. Dry cleaning of textile products
112
112
114
116
Dry cleaning and ironing equipment
116
Dry cleaning preparations for textile products
123
The creative integrated project “I Seek Justice”
129
129
131
Dry cleaning of textile products
131
The creative integrated project “I Trust”
MODULE VI. Repair of textile products
134
134
136
138
The main knowledge on the types of defects and repair of textile
products
138
The main knowledge on tools and means of repair of textile products
140
Purpose and classification of sewing equipment. Small mechanisation
means
142
Hand works in repairing textile products
144
Machine works in repairing textile products
146
Repair of textile products by using moisture-heat treatment equipment
The creative integrated project “Thank You for Everything”
Realisation of knowledge and skills
Community project “Let’s Respect our Teacher”
150
152
152
154
154
MODULE VII. Introduction to the labour market
156
MODULE VIII. Provision and sale of textile product care services
157
159
Concept, properties and classification of services
159
Pricing of services
163
The creative integrated project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”
168
168
170
Documentation of accounting in textile services company
170
Introduction of service to the client: how to provide and sell the service
in a proficient manner
175
The creative integrated project “Getting Richer by Giving”
Realization of knowledge and skills
Community project “Let’s Love our Teacher”
178
175
180
180
MODULE IX. Planning of employment
181
X THE FINAL MODULE
185
Glossary
189
Bibliography
197
List of figures
201
List of annexes
209
FOREWORD
The increase in the variety of washing and cleaning technologies and
chemical products results in the increase of the need for a responsible training of specialists, who would be able to work and provide high-quality textile
product care services. Unfortunately, no other Lithuanian vocational training
establishment provides training for textile product care employees, therefore,
there is a lack of publications that can provide theoretical and practical knowledge on the textile product care. The companies engaged in the provision of
textile product care services – washing, chemical cleaning, repair – require
qualified employees participating in the service provision processes and performing respective operational tasks according to the attained education. It
is particularly important for the skills of trained specialists to meet the constantly changing requirements of the labour market.
This publication is the training and learning handbook dedicated to the
students of vocational schools seeking to acquire knowledge and skills in the
area of textile product care. This handbook provides not only the theoretical
knowledge, but also the practical recommendations on the performance of
one or another textile care operation. It is a good learning tool, which makes it
possible to study individually or to acquire theoretical knowledge by consulting with the teacher, discussing with the colleagues and adapting the acquired
knowledge in practice. Since there is a lack of teaching literature on the washing and cleaning of textile products, this training tool will be very useful and
necessary for those working in the area of provision of textile product care
services.
Prepared according to the standard of training of textile product care
employee and composed according to the modular learning principle, this
training tool will allow the improvements of the vocational knowledge in separate modules.
We hope that those studying this training material will not restrict
themselves with what is provided here, but will also be individually interested
in the novelties of development of care of textile products.
Group of Preparation of Methodical Material
Textile product care. Modular vocational education and training programme
11
PRESENTATION OF UNIQUE EDUCATION SYSTEM
OF KARALIUS MINDAUGAS
VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTER
CONVEYANCE OF THE CENTRE’S VOCATIONAL TRAINING EXPERIENCE
We are happy to share the accumulated practical experience of vocational training
with everyone who takes this book to his/her hands and reads it. The essential truth that
we seek to testify is our personal experience that the person’s education is possible only
through an understanding of the meaning of human life and the aim of his/her existence.
The search for the meaning of life is a long process, which requires complete openness and
constant listening to oneself. The search for the meaning, same as the life, is a constantly
changing and dynamic process. It invites the person to raise the same existential questions:
who is the person? What is the meaning of life of a person, what is his/her goal? What is
good and what is bad? What is the meaning of work? Where the true happiness of a person
lies, which path leads to the fullness of life? Finally, what is the source of human existence
and functioning, which attracts the heart of each person? These and many other questions
are not left to the person only as the occupation for the leisure time: the search for meaning
is the primary and the foremost goal of each person.
CONCEPT AND PURPOSE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
The educational programme of the King Mindaugas Vocational Training Centre (hereinafter – the Centre) is oriented to the National Education Strategy for 2013-2022, which considers the target set in the Lithuanian Progress Strategy “Lithuania 2013” to become a modern
and thrusting country, which is open to the world and fosters its own national identity.
The education has a mission to help to educate a progressive, independent and creative
person, who wishes and is able to learn and creates the future for himself/herself, his/her
country and the world in a responsible and solidary manner. In view of this main target of
the strategy, the Centre’s vocational training is understood as an integral part of the whole
personality education. The long-term experience of the Centre shows that the purpose of
training is not only to help to acquire, change or enhance the desired vocational qualification, i.e. to prepare a young person for a qualitative work, but also to educate the vocational
and human value attitudes, allowing him/her to become an honest, responsible and independent person, who seeks for the improvement. Such person seeks to become a person,
who is a creative and publicly matured member of the society, who is able to contribute to
constant changes and seeks to live a meaningful life by answering to the God’s invitation
and public needs. In other words, we believe the purpose of vocational education to be not
only the learning of a certain profession, but also the education of students for an honest,
free, meaningful and happy life.
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PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE PARADIGM OF ST IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA IN
THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
The education of the value attitudes is emphasised in all education documents, for
example, the Law on Education of the Republic of Lithuania (17.03.2011) stipulates that “educations is the nurturing of spiritual, intellectual and physical personal values through communication and teaching”. The “White paper” stipulates: “Vocational training is an integral part of the overall personal education. The aim of vocational training is a conscious,
independent, active and constantly learning personality, which is already matured for the
national and state needs and which creates the personal life, material and spiritual values,
public welfare, participates in the process of creation of democratic society on the basis of
the subject, professional and human values” (White Paper, 1999, p. 19). However, the education guidelines found in these and other documents are the provisions of the general nature,
which do not provide any specific methods how this could be implemented. Therefore, the
main goal of each educational establishment is to create its own educational methods,
allowing the successful integration of person‘s professional competencies and formation of
his/her value attitudes. The Centre chose a unique and individual vocational training path
and selected the Catholic education world-view based on the educational paradigm of St.
Ignatius of Loyola. Its subject matter is formed by the method based on cyclality, which is
formed by the stages of experience, reflection (contemplation), action and evaluation and
self-evaluation. The constant use of the paradigm in the entire context of education emphasises the ensuring of qualitative education of students, which is oriented to the deepening of
understanding that the professionalism is the responsibility for the performed work.
The holistic attitude to the teaching/learning is formed. It allows the students to
constantly contemplate the meaning and importance of what they do. The students
are encouraged to raise such questions as “Why is this necessary for me?”, “How
will this help me to achieve the happiness?”. By becoming active and critical
participants of the education process, the students deepen their understanding
that the person cannot limit himself/herself only to the acquisition of knowledge,
and should rather form personal and vocational value provisions by seeking to
become a full-fledged personality.
The ability to indicate and consider personal experience and rely on it in adopting
future decisions is educated. The constant contemplation of the acquired experience
and evaluation helps the student to have a more precise and deeper understanding
of the meaning and the aim of the every-day activity, enables him/her to associate
the newly acquired knowledge and educated personal and vocational characteristics
with the already acquired experience. This continuous reflection of the change of
experience stimulates active, conscious and motivated activity helping the student
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to decide easier what is valuable for him, as a person seeking to improve, and what
are his/her goals.
The ability to create interpersonal relations based on trust and respect is educated,
which allows the student to feel that the person can develop and grow like an
individual only in a relation with God and other persons. It means that only by
overcoming himself/herself, he/she can successfully integrate and act in the
society, give a sense to his/her life and seek spiritual maturity. This understanding
conditions higher openness and sensitivity to other persons, interest in the societal
life and hearing out of the guiding by the Holy Spirit.
The critical ability to look at the social, cultural, political context of your own
country by choosing optimum personal individual flow and public growth and
development guaranteeing values from a variety of value systems is educated. This
deepens the understanding that only a person with a strong value basis can resist
various forms of violence, power, authority cult, which are persistently offered
by the secular society as well as the consumer-oriented, material world-view
preventing from the path to a belief and creating the spiritual void in the person’s
heart.
STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION/SELF-EDUCATION PROGRAMME
In order to facilitate the assimilation of vocational skills and acquire the skills for the
students that are necessary for the ever-changing labour market, to be responsible for own
learning, plan own professional life path, the Centre’s learning/teaching process is planned
and implemented by presenting the vocational education content in complete cycles – modules. Module – a part of vocational education programme formed of several subjects related
in terms of context, which have a defined aim and are oriented to the acquisition of a certain
competency. The structure of the modular programme is formed of the general modules
identical to all vocational training programmes and of the modules, which are characteristic to separate vocational training programmes. The general modules – “Introduction to
Profession”, “Data Collection and Submission”, “Introduction to Labour Market” (see Fig. 1).
The students of primary vocational training must assimilate all modules in order to acquire
a qualification. Each module is completed with an evaluation. The general modules are completed with a differential credit, vocational modules – with an interim qualification module
examination.
The process of modular vocational education/self-education, as an uninterrupted cycle,
is illustrated by the presented education programme structure table (see Table 1). The unique
education programme is realised on the basis of the trinity principal:
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EXPERIENCE
C-o-n-t-e-m-p-l-a-t-i-o-n
Acquisition of knowledge
and skills
ACTION/
CONTEMPLATION
E-x-p-e-r-i-e-n-c-e
Consolidation of
knowledge and skills
through practice
EVALUATION/
SELF-ASSESSMENT
A-c-t-i-o-n
Realisation of
knowledge and skills
CONTEXT
The circle of the course of education programme is formed of three parts having a direct
influence on each other: GAINING OF EXPERIENCE – ACTION/CONTEMPLATION – EVALUATION/
SELF-ASSESSMENT.
The first part of Programme context (50%) – GAINING OF EXPERIENCE – is dedicated
to the acquisition of knowledge and skills, implementation of the requirements of the
training programme and conveyance of the core of teaching content by traditional
learning/teaching methods. The priority is given to the education of vocational and
essential competencies.
The second part of context (approx. 30%) – ACTION/CONTEMPLATION – is aimed
at consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice (volunteering, arts,
communication, etc.). It emphasises the importance of personal and vocational
values in the vocational activity and by educating the ability to use the gained
competencies in practice and to contemplate own actions in terms of value
by associating the newly acquired experience with the already possessed.
Consolidation of knowledge and skills is performed during the last week of each
month through a creative integrated project: “Genealogical Tree”, “How Can I Be
Useful to Others?”, “Getting Richer by Giving”, “I Seek Justice”, “I Trust”, “Thank
You for Everything”. Six projects are implemented in the course of academic years
(see Table 1), the aims of which include the integration of the vocational training
with the general competency education programme based on the holistic personal
concept, the emphasis of the importance of intellectual and spiritual improvement
of the student. In order to educate the moral self-consciousness and to help him/
her to recognise and reveal the talents and skills received as a gift from the God, one
specific value is emphasised during each project (see Table 1), which is discussed
in detail between the students and the teacher and associated with one’s personal
behaviour, lifestyle and selected professional activity. It helps the student to create
his/her own world-view based on the human and Christian values.
16
The third part of education context (approx. 20%) – EVALUATION/SELF-ASSESSMENT
– is aimed at the realisation of student knowledge and skills by implementing the
community projects. In the course of the academic year (September, January
and May), three major community projects are implemented, i.e. “The Teacher
of My Life”, “Let’s Love our Teacher” and “Let’s Respect our Teacher” (see Table 1).
The duration of each of these projects – three weeks. Each week is accordingly
dedicated to the evaluation/self-assessment of the general education, vocational
training and socio-cultural education. The general skills and knowledge of
students are discussed and evaluated, the students are encouraged to express their
attitude to various problems and situations encountered in life, reveal their social,
creative and vocational skills through communication and cooperation. It is an
excellent opportunity for the teacher to see and find out what is important to a
person and how they improved intellectually and spiritually after the semester.
The major projects include the creative integrated projects implemented during the
semester, after-class activities of students, organised conferences, cultural events,
competitions, exhibitions, trips, recollections, traditional festivals, social work,
volunteering, etc. In other words, the large projects allow the students to show
their achievements, celebrate them and indicate the future aims.
EDUCATION/SELF-EDUCATION OF VALUE ATTITUDES
In the Centre, the education of value attitudes is based on the principles of Jesuit pedagogy, the basis of which is CURA PERSONALIS – caring about the person as the highest value,
mostly focusing on the student’s personal education, his/her vocational, intellectual, social
and spiritual growth. Seeking to adopt fair decisions both in personal life and professional
activity, each person chooses the values and observes them. However, the recognition, evaluation and systemisation of values are not an easy task of personal maturity, ability to hear
out oneself, other persons and God. An important role in the area of the formation of vocational and personal value provisions is played by the vales accentuated in the school and
their hierarchy. Unlike many other schools, our Centre chose the Jesuit system of values,
which is based on the MAGIS principle. It encourages the students to contemplate their own
actions and to decide on the best personal and professional decisions of all. In the Ignatius
spirituality, this principle is related to the Latin saying “Ad majorem Dei Gloriam” inviting
to do everything to the greater glory of God and love for the closest ones. In order to educate
the openness of students to the God, oneself and other person, we selected the exclusion of
the three groups of personal and vocational values.
1. Fundamental values – BELIEF, HOPE and LOVE. These values are related to the community projects “The Teacher of My Life”, “Let’s Love Our Teacher” and “Let’s Respect
our Teacher”. The aim is to guide the students towards the deeper experience of
these values during the entire education process.
17
2. Each month, the following values of Ignatius are emphasised during the integrated
creative projects and discussed with students and associated with their vocational
values:
1. community – being, doing and learning together;
2. diligence – conscious improvement of individual powers;
3. service – service to God and person;
4. fairness – “give the other person whatever belongs to him/her”. The seek for
justice for all works of God, especially for the poor, isolated and disadvantaged,
working for the welfare of the entire society;
5. loyalty – the loyalty for God, the person close to use, loyalty for oneself and
value attitudes;
6. appreciation – the ability to accept everything what is sent by the God in life.
3. Three vocational values are associated with the community projects “The Teacher
of My Life”, “Let’s Love our Teacher” and “Let’s Respect our Teacher”, which are considered as the fundamental progress values in Strategy “Lithuania 2030”, i.e.:
1. OPENNESS to a different attitude, positive initiatives, dialogue, cooperation,
innovations;
2. RESPONSIBILITY for one’s actions, morality, active care not only about oneself,
but also about one’s environment, community and country;
3. CREATIVENESS in generating valuable ideas and realising them, by evaluating
the challenges as new opportunities for the creation of personal success.
The value education of students is not limited only to the implementation of creative
integrated and major community projects. It is performed constantly – each day, during lessons and informal education, when not only students and profession teachers are involved
into the education process, but also the members of the Centre’s administration/management team and employees of the servicing units (accounting department, housekeeping
department, canteen, dormitory, etc.) – all employees of educational establishment perform
the educational function. The mission of the Centre – sociality for the life-long education.
The Centre’s community is an active player in the area of education. Each member of the
community has an educational effect by the performance of individual duties, behaviour,
image and attitudes. The Centre seeks to create such a communication and cooperation culture that each community member would not remain isolated, unheard, unevaluated and
would assume the total responsibility for the education of community members.
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19
Openness
Hope
Community project
“The Teacher
of My Life”
Variety of values,
possibilities and
criteria for their
selection
Community project
“The Teacher
of My Life”
REALISATION OF
KNOWLEDGE AND
SKILLS
Se pt em ber
Course II
Level WHAT?
Module X
Sociality
Module X
Diligence
Module X
Diligence
Module X
Service
Module X
Service
December
Education of vocational and personal values
Module X
Sociality
Nov e mb er
O ct ober
and skills
Consolidation through practice
Creative Integrated Project
“Genealogical Tree”
and skills
“How Can I Be Useful to Others?”
and skills
“Getting Richer by Giving”
Responsibility
Love
Community project
“Let’s Love
our Teacher”
Responsibility
Love
Community project
“Let’s Love
our Teacher”
REALISATION OF
KNOWLEDGE AND
SKILLS
January
TABLE 1
Module X
Fairness
Module X
Loyalty
Module X
Loyalty
Module X
Appreciation
Module X
Appreciation
Apri l
Module X
Fairness
Ma rch
Februa ry
and skills
“I Seek Justice”
and skills
“I Trust”
and skills
“Thank You for Everything”
Course I
Level HOW?
and skills
“Genealogical Tree”
and skills
“How Can I Be Useful to Others?”
and skills
“Getting Richer by Giving”
and skills
“I Seek Justice”
and skills
“I Trust”
and skills
“Thank You for Everything”
Creativeness
Belief
Community project
“Let’s Respect
our Teacher”
Creativeness
Belief
Community project
“Let’s Respect
our Teacher”
REALISATION OF
KNOWLEDGE AND
SKILLS
May
UNIKALIOS KARALIAUS MINDAUGO PROFESINIO
MOKYMO CENTRO UGDYMO SISTEMOS PRISTATYMAS
DESCRIPTION OF MODULAR EDUCATION PROGRAMME
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF PROGR AMME
The programme aims at training a qualified textile product care specialist, who acquired
vocational competencies in the areas of such activities as acceptance of textile product
care service order, selection of textile product care technologies and performance
of textile product care works. He/she is able to recondition, repair, clean, wash and
iron textile products. He/she is able to determine the condition and defects of textile
products, to evaluate the type of textile products, the purpose of product, construction
and composition of textile product materials. The textile product care employee selects
proper textile product care methods.
THE AIM OF PROGR AMME
To train an employee, who has theoretical and practical skills in the area of performance of textile product care works, and to provide the qualification of textile product
care employee.
THE OBJEC TIVES ARE A S FOLLOWS:
1. to provide theoretical knowledge on the textile product care;
2. to educate the practical skills by washing, cleaning and repairing textile products;
3. to educate the general skills of students;
4. to prepare the specialist, who is able to adapt in the labour market.
Final evaluation is a qualification examination according to the procedure established
by the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania.
VOC ATIONAL PER SPEC TIVES
Having completed the textile product care employee training programme, the person
can work in various clothing wash-houses and chemical cleaning institutions as well
as to start the activity in this area individually.
ACQUIRED COMPETENCIES
Having heard the course of textile product care employee training programme, the students will have the following skills:
to determine the composition, properties and defects of textile products;
to evaluate the type of service provision;
20
to accept and formalise the order of service;
to communicate with clients;
to select proper textile product care methods;
to select proper textile product care means;
to selects and use proper textile product care tools and equipment;
to prepare equipment, tools and means for work;
to renew and repair textile products;
to clean textile products;
to wash textile products;
to iron textile products;
to pack textile products;
to work safely with textile product care tools, equipment and means.
The textile product care employee needs such personal properties and general skills as
tidiness, reliability, communication skills, self-confidence, innovativeness, fast reaction, susceptibility, organisation skills, responsibility, punctuality, interaction and
cooperation skills, curiosity, honesty, team-work skills, solution of problems.
1ST HALF-YEAR
2ND HALF-YEAR
I.
II.
Introduction to
Profession
Data Compilation and
Presentation
III.
IV.
Performance of
Initial and Final
Textile Products Care
Operations
Washing of Textile
Products
V.
VI.
Chemical Cleaning of
Textile Products
Repair of Textile
Products
3RD HALF-YEAR
4TH HALF-YEAR
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Introduction to
Labour Market
Provision and Sale of
Service
Planning of
Employment
Final Module
21
MODULE I.
INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSION
THE AIM is to reveal the particularities of student’s selected profession, to familiarise with
teaching/learning environment and to educate the value attitudes for the implementation of the
social project “The Teacher of My Life”.
THE OBJECTIVES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.
to familiarise with teaching/learning environment and evaluate the present vocational
preparation level;
2. to create conditions for the harmony of personal and professional values of students;
3. to familiarise the students with the actual working environment and start to plan individual
vocational work trends and guidelines.
THE RESULT is to reveal the particularities of profession, to familiarise with the learning/
teaching environment, to create conditions for the harmony of personal and vocational values,
trends and guidelines of planned individual professional work.
REALISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
MODULE I
IMPLEMENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF THE
INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSION IN THE SOCIAL PROJECT
“THE TEACHER OF MY LIFE”
INTRODUCTION TO
PROFESSION
HOURS DEDICATED:
108
TEACHING/LEARNING CONTENT:
presentation of learning/teaching material;
presentation of learning/teaching procedure,
rules and provisions;
importance of education of general cultural
competencies;
verification of available professional knowledge
and skills;
personal and professional values and their
importance in the vocational activity;
importance of volunteering for the vocational
activity;
importance of pilgrimage for the formation of
personal value attitudes;
“picture” of selected profession, work places of
the service provider.
22
TEACHING/LEARNING TECHNIQUES AND
METHODS:

lecture;
work in groups;
individual work;
virtual and actual excursion in the institution;
review of video material, films and insights;
discussion;
questions-answers;
case analysis.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
to stipulate and describe the individual
education trajectory (in professional, general
cultural and value aspects).
MODULE I.
LEARNING/TEACHING TOOLS:
EVALUATION AND SELF-ASSESSMENT::
Module teaching/learning material (annexes).
Textile product care education and training
self-control questions (in vocation, general
programme.
cultural and value aspects);
presentation of the prepared scenario for the
celebration of the Teacher’s day (group work).
Annex 1. Module 1. Introduction to profession.
23
MODULE II. DATA COMPILATION AND PRESENTATION
IN THE CONTEXT OF TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE
PROGRAMME
THE AIM OF MODULE is to provide general knowledge necessary for the compilation and
presentation of information (data).
THE AIMS OF MODULE ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.
to reveal the bases of general knowledge and skills necessary for the compilation and
presentation of information (data);
2. to consolidate the general knowledge and skills when implementing the creative integrated
project “Genealogical Tree”.
THE RESULT – applied general knowledge and skills necessary to compile and present
information (data).
ACQUISITION AND CONSOLIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
MODULE II
SMALL BUSINESS ORGANISATION
DEPARTMENT
DATA COMPILATION AND PRESENTATION IN THE
CONTEXT OF TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE PROGRAMME
HOURS DEDICATED: 144
1.
correct use of spoken and written
language for special purposes;
2. use of information technologies in
learning and vocation activity;
3. economic theories and business basics;
4. aesthetical attitude to the world;
5. general knowledge on civil safety and
rescue system;
6. requirements of safe work organisation,
electrical safety, fire safety and
occupational hygiene;
7.
implementation of creative integrated
project “Genealogical Tree”.
METHODS:

lecture;
work in groups;
individual work;
lecture;
discussion;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
description of the application of general
knowledge of vocational subject in the selected
vocational activity (by using the Internet space,
literature);
presentation of the performed tasks of creative
integrated project “Genealogical Tree”.
EVALUATION AND SELF-ASSESSMENT:
learning/teaching material;
training programme;
prepared learning/teaching material for
self-control questions;
review (test) of theoretical knowledge;
practical tasks.
inquiry preparation tools:
The evaluation is based on the 10-grade system
based on the established criteria.
theoretical lectures (according to the topics);
www.manoapklausa.lt,
www.apklausa.lt, etc.
24
MODULE II. DATA COMPILATION AND PRESENTATION IN
THE CONTEXT OF TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE PROGRAMME
Objective
01
ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
ACQUISITION OF GENERAL MAIN KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS
THEORETICAL TRAINING MATERIAL
CORRECT USE OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
Purpose of use of the Lithuanian standard language and language culture;
Writing culture (deepening of spelling and punctuation knowledge);
Vocabulary culture (norms and mistakes);
Language correctness (word formation, morphology, syntax mistakes);
Public speech particularities. Types of speeches.
Only the clarity of language leads us to the clarity of thought.
On the other hand, no other incompetency is more obvious
than the incompetency of language.
„
“
Juozas Balčikonis
Purpose of use of the Lithuanian standard language and language culture
What is the Lithuanian language and how to describe it? It is a language spoken only
about 4 million people and is not included among one hundred most popular languages
of the world. We are a small nation with a very old language, which is similar to Sanskrit
(classical Hindu language), ancient Latin and Greek. Our language is vocal, pleasant to the
ear and abundant in words. The Lithuanian language is also extraordinary due to the fact
that it managed to survive. In the turns of history, it could have disappeared from the family
of languages and yet survived. Let us remember the book smugglers, the attribution of the
Lithuanian language to the language of commoners, etc.
The Lithuanian language, as a separate language of the eastern Baltic subgroup, started
to develop from the 7th century. As far back as in the 13th - 14th century, the main dialects of
the Upper and Lower Lithuania started to emerge in the language. The Lithuanian written language emerged only in the 16th century with the emergence of the first Lithuanian
book – “Catechism” by Martynas Mažvydas – in 1547. The standard Lithuanian language
was formed in the late 19th – early 20th century on the basis of the dialect of Western Upper
Lithuanian (Kaunas). Having withstood various challenges (press prohibition, Russification
in the Soviet Times), the modern-day Lithuanian language is the only official state language
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of the Republic of Lithuania (also one of the official EU languages since 2004), protected by
special institutions and defended under the Law on the State Language. The Lithuanian language is very archaic and meets all the needs of the modern Lithuanian society.
The Lithuanian language goes hand in hand with those who use it. It quickly reveals
who you are and what you do. The first impression about the speaker is based on how fluent,
expressive and convincing his/her language is. The language culture is a part of the general
culture of a person. Each speaker must feel the responsibility for his/her own language and
its correctness and shall seek to make his/her language clear, correct and unique.
The language culture is an exemplary or at least an appropriate use of language in the
same way as, for example, the behaviour culture is an exemplary or at least an appropriate
behaviour. The language culture is the quality of language involving the correctness, consistency of sentences and compliance with the standard language norms. There are spoken
and written language cultures, the latter of which is regulated in a stricter manner. The
requirements applicable to the everyday language are less strict or it is not regulated at
all. The language ethics focuses not only on the correctness, but also on the cultural and
polite manner of addressing to someone, asking, saying sorry, thanking and greeting. It has
always been and will be important to respect the other talking party, not to offend him/her
with one’s words. The language aesthetics aims at making the language not only correct,
but also figurative, vocal and forcible. Even a fact-based formal language can be beautiful.
Therefore, caring about the language culture, we also care about the communication
culture and show that we actually respect people, who we meet in one way or another. In
fact, sometimes we do not even realise how much pain and trouble we can cause to people
by a single careless word or saying.
There are several main causes of the mistakes in language, i.e., impact of other languages, impact of dialects, jargon, slang and non-compliance with the proper language style.
Vocabulary culture (norms and mistakes)
Based on the origin, the mistakes of vocabulary are barbarisms, based on the violation
of language system – loan-translations, based on the use – jargons.
The borrowings that are not legalised in the standard language are called the barbarisms (Gr. barbaros mans “foreign”), for example, papkė (= aplankalas, segtuvas); markeris
(= teksto spalviklis, spalviklis).
The majority of the barbarisms used in the Lithuanian language are of Slavonic origin,
far less – of German origin. Currently, there is a flow of barbarisms from the English language. The obvious barbarisms that are not justifiable in the Lithuanian language are
those having excellent Lithuanian equivalents. Such mistakes were attributed by the State
Commission for the Lithuanian Language to the List of the Biggest Language Mistakes (see
http://vlkk.lt/lit/klaidos).
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Loan-translation is a word or phrase formed on the basis of other languages. The
loan-translation can be correct (standard) and incorrect (non-standard). Correct loan-translations do not contradict with the tendencies of the formation of the Lithuanian words or
phrases and have no equivalents in the standard language. Incorrect loan-translations (or
calques) do not meet the tendencies of the formation of the Lithuanian words or phrases and
have equivalents in the standard language, e.g., išsireiškimas (= posakis, pasakymas); didelis
ačiū (= labai ačiū).
Language correctness (word formation, morphology, syntax mistakes)
Derivatives of prefixes and suffixes are the most important for the language culture,
because the majority of mistakes is related to their formation and use (kursiokas, -ė (= bendrakursis, -ė; kurso draugas, -ė); grupiokas, -ė (= grupės draugas, -ė). Some mistakes are also
possible in the formation and use of compounds. Less mistakes are observed in the formation
and use of ending derivatives, for example, bendraautorius (= bendraautoris).
Morphology and syntax form the grammar. The object of morphology – the forms of
words, syntax – compounds and sentences. The morphology mistakes are not frequent, because
the forms of words are hardly influenced by other languages.
More usual morphology mistakes include a wrong use of gender, a wrong use of grammar
number, wrong endings, confusion of pronominal and non-pronominal forms or reflexive and
non-reflexive forms, for example, absolventui (= absolventei) Pavardenei įteiktas dėstytojo diplomas; Kirpykla dirba jau keturi (= ketveri) metai; Pasirašė vyriausias (= vyriausiasis) buhalteris.
Syntax mistakes are very common and serious. For example, the verb atitikti should control the accusative case (as compared with a famous proverb Atitiko kirvis kotą), however, one
sometimes incorrectly uses atitikti with the dative case based on the Russian example and says
atitinka dydžiui (= dydį), atitinka amžiui (= amžių), atitinka nuotaikai (= nuotaiką), atitinka
reikalavimams (= reikalavimus), etc.
The syntax mistakes are difficult to recognise and correct. In case of any doubt regarding
the morphology and syntax subjects, it is necessary to check the grammar and other language
culture publications (see Bibliography and Appendices).
Public speech particularities. Types of speeches
Similarities of public and private speaking. In both cases the thoughts should be expressed
logically and whatever you are saying should be applied to the other party of the talk, for example, the same thing is explained to a five-year-old in one way, to an adult – in another. It is necessary to speak persuasively. In order to ground the thoughts, we illustrate the image, tell funny
stories. To enhance the impression, we use the tone of voice, face expressions, gestures. When
speaking, we observe the reaction of the other person: what he/she says, what he/she does, how
their face looks like.
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Differences. The public monologue speech has a clearer structure; the public speech shall
be correct both in terms of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation; the public speech shall be
presented in a manner other than an ordinary talk. When speaking publicly, personal manners
should not be demonstrated, e.g., various grimaces or poses, bywords or “lowing” shall also be
refused.
Classification of public speeches. Information speeches (report, paper, lecture, lesson),
appeal speeches (meetings, agitation, propaganda, protest, pre-election, patriotic speech,
sermon); emotion speeches (celebration, presentation, greeting, acknowledgement, anniversary, epitaph (speech by the grave); memento speech (speech on the occasion of anniversary of
death), occasional lecture, toast.
Speech planning. Selection of the topic, collection of material, planning of enunciation,
preparation of introduction and ending, writing of a text, telling it out loud and practice.
SELF-CONTROL QUESTIONS / TASKS
1. B
y relying on your own personal knowledge and experience, please write the letter
on the theme “What would I tell the foreigner about the Lithuanian language?”.
Max 150-200 words.
2. D
escribe the selected speciality. Consider your experience, personal characteristics
and skills suitable to the selected profession. Please explain why you selected this
speciality and how you imagine your activity in this area. Max 200-250 words.
3. P
lease write the acknowledgement speech (10-15 sentences) according to the
presented framework: A. say thank-you for the evaluation; B. say how important
it is for you; C. thank those who contributed to your achievement; D. it is possible
to tell something interesting about Your life.
4. Please indicate professions, the representatives of which have to communicate a
lot.
5. Please make a list of professions and positions, essential part of which is related
to: A. communication with clients; B. management and delivery of speeches.
6. Please write at least three motives why you attributed your profession to one of
the groups.
7. Consider what talker is good and what is bad. Please write 5 descriptions that
come to your mind first; discuss it with your friend.
8. Answer the question what properties you are still lacking to be as good talker.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Gavenauskienė D., Keršienė O., Leonavičienė V., Vėtienė E. (2001) Kalbos kultūros
vadovėlis (Lithuanian Culture Handbook). Vilnius: Homo liber.
2. Kazlauskienė A., Rimkutė E., Bielinskienė E. (2010) Bendroji ir specialybės kalbos
kultūra (General Language Culture and Culture of Language for Special Purposes).
Vilnius: Pasaulio lietuvių centras.
3. Šukys J. (2006) Kalbos kultūra visiems (Language Culture to Everyone). Kaunas:
Šviesa.
4. http://lkz.mch.mii.lt – Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai (Recommendations for the
Use of Office Language) (prepared by P. Kniūkšta) (last seen on 09.05.2013).
5. http://www.klaidutis.lt – Lietuvių kalbos mokymosi svetainė (Lithuanian language
learning website) (last seen on 09.05.2013).
6. http://www.vlkk.lt – Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisija (State Commission for
Lithuanian Language) (last seen on 09.05.2013).
7. http://dz.lki.lt – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Contemporary
Lithuanian Language) (last seen on 09.05.2013).
USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN LEARNING AND VOCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Distance learning;
Online search of information;
Communication by using ICT devices.
Distance learning
Technologies form an integral part of distance learning. Historically, distance learning
is related to the development of technologies. According to the scientists, distance learning
started upon the emergence of the industrial society. At the end of the 19th century, distance
learning was already established as the studies of correspondence, i.e., studies by using
correspondence.
The emergence of Internet and various rapidly developing technologies allowed the
spread of distance learning and encouraged the communication and collaboration of learners. Currently, the focus of the studies is more on the educational rather than organisational
matters related to the delivery of training.
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When comparing distance and traditional studies, it is possible to distinguish the
below listed particularities of the advantage of distance studies.
Flexibility. A possibility to study at a convenient time, in a convenient place and in a
convenient speed.
Modular structure. A possibility to form individual or group training plans from individual course modules.
Workability. Use of the newest information and communication technologies (printed
material, radio, videotapes, audiotapes, compact disks, telecommunication, virtual learning
environment, etc.).
New role of an educator. The curators and lecturers have a more important role as
they must understand the technologies and new emerging functions: coordination of learning process, consultation, correction of the delivered course, leading in the projects, etc.
New requirements for the learner. A precise motivation, individuality, diligence and
certain main skills of the use of technologies are critical.
Bilateral communication. Students and lecturers communicate both synchronically
and asynchronically.
Parallelism. A possibility to study without losing a contact with the professional activity and by applying the newly acquired skills in the practice straight away.
Cost-effectiveness. The data of the research performed abroad shows that distance
studies are cheaper than the traditional ones. It is achieved by a more effective use of premises, technical tools, concentrated and unified content of teaching material and possibility
to work with a considerable flow of students.
Social equality. Equal opportunities to acquire education irrespective of the place of
residence, state of health or material resources.
Internationality. Export and import of global achievements in the market of education
services, international cooperation.
Distance studies are delivered by using virtual learning environments. One of the
most popular modern-day virtual learning environments is Moodle (moodle.org). It is an
Australian designed system dedicated to organise the learning in the network. Moodle is an
open-source, web-based virtual learning environment created on the basis of the concept
of social constructive pedagogy (cooperation, proactiveness, critical evaluation, etc.), when
knowledge is constructed by mutual cooperation between the students or together with a
teacher. Since Moodle is an open freely distributed system which, without prejudice to the
licence agreement, could be adapted to personal needs, translated into desired language and
used without any restrictions. The system is already translated and being translated into
50 languages. Moodle is successfully applied in science, professional and general education
establishments.
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The entire education process takes place in virtual learning environment (VLE). The
full content of course and module is presented, communication is provided for discussions
(in forums, conversations or by e-mail), practical tasks are performed, the work in groups is
performed, whereas the acquired knowledge and skills are verified by computer tests, evaluated by automatic means, etc.
VLE allows various learning scenarios and methods. Similarly as in the actual learning
environment (e.g., class, occupation), VLE seeks to help the students to learn, monitor the
learning process, improve its content. Therefore, VLE could be described as the system of
learning material, tasks, communication and evaluation means allowing the flexible management of the education process (Fig. 1).
Handling and
presentation
of material
Individual
work
Monitoring and
management of
learning process
VIRTUAL
LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT
Tasks and
assessment
Communication
and cooperation
Fig. 1. General features of the virtual learning environment
VLE was first started to be used in higher education schools. The same situation was
in foreign countries and in Lithuania. The universities have already been widely using virtual learning environments – in this way, the students are taught an increasing number of
university courses. After some time, VLE started to be implemented in the schools of general
education as well. In the higher schools, VLE is usually used for traditional distance learning
when the lecturer and the student cannot meet frequently. However, this education model
does not meet the aims of the schools of general education, therefore, other VLE application
methods started to be applied, learning at school is coordinated with the help at home, specific education areas are searched where the virtual learning would be desired and effective
(for example, for work with especially talented children).
After discussing the essential features of the virtual learning environment, it is necessary to compare them with the distance learning. Distance learning is a more general
concept, which is first of all used to describe the physical distance between the student and
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the teacher. Virtual learning environment is one of the most effective means for the implementation of distance learning. Thus, the distance learning could be organised by various
means, for example, video conference. Even sending of e-mails with tasks and explanations
to students could be one of the methods of distance learning. Whereas the VLE is a measure
for expression of systematic ordered distance learning method and organisation of learning
process.
Online search of information
First of all, it shall be noted that the Lithuanian name of Internet is “pasaulinis žiniatinklis” (World Wide Web) or simply “žiniatinklis” (Web). Internet is a simple network formed
of interconnected and communicating computers.
The web browsers are used for browsing the Internet. Various browsers are possible:
Internet Explorer
FireFox
Google Chrome
etc.
How the browsing is done?
1. Load your web browser, for example, Internet Explorer
or FireFox
2. Write the address in the address bar, for example, www.delfi.lt, and press Enter.
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Search of information in the web
The information can be recorded in several ways.
Copy information to your computer.
Mark the address of information interesting for you in the web browser (function
Favorite/Bookmark).
Function Favorite
1. Open the necessary page, e.g., www.delfi.lt.
2. If you use Internet Explorer browser, press caption Add to Favorites.
3. If you use FireFox browser, press caption Bookmarks above and then Bookmark this
page.
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Communication by using ICT devices
In this constantly developing world, not only the environment is changing, we are
changing as well as our communication. Intrapersonal communication measures are
becoming more widespread in our everyday life. Could we have ever imagined that we would
communicate and see the person in another part of the world without leaving our home?
The universal access to modern multi-modal communication systems has an unquestioned
huge potential to change and enrich the social interactions between persons. One of the
most ordinary forms of modern-day communications is the electronic mail. The most popular one is Gmail offered by Google, and it is presented below.
Electronic communication (e-mail)
What is Gmail?
Gmail is an e-mail system developed by Google and described by Google itself as “a new
kind of webmail created on the basis of an idea that e-mail can be more intuitive, effective
and useful”.
How to use it?
In the address bar (the area where the address of website is entered) on the top of the
browser, enter the address www.gmail.com. Press Enter to open www.gmail.com website.
At the bottom of the website you can see a button allowing you to create an account.
Press this button to open a window (to create Google account Gmail), where you will provide
information about yourself and will create your e-mail. It will be necessary to fill the provided fields.
How to register?
Name – enter your name.
Surname – enter your surname.
Desirable username – select your name and surname as the username and enter
them in this field. Thus, your username will be [email protected]. Your selected
username has to be from 6 to 30 symbols. After entering the selected username to the field,
it is necessary to press the button below to verify the availability. The system checks if the
selected username is not in use. If such name is already in use, several options are offered
to select the similar name. You have to select from the options or think of a new username.
If you see the inscription that your selected username is available after pressing the button
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Check the availability, everything is fine and you can proceed. Note: you will have to remember the selected username in the future.
Select the password – you will use it each time you want to log in. The selected password shall be of at least 8 symbols. The inscription strength of password is provided near the
password field. After entering the selected password, the system finds out if this password
is difficult (strong) or easy (weak) to guess.
Re-enter the password. Enter your password once again in this field for the system to
verify if you made no mistake in writing it.
Security question – you have to enter the question the answer to which you should
always remember.
Answer – the answer to the entered question is entered in this field.
Additional e-mail – an alternative e-mail address should be written in this field (if
any) to be used for your verification in case a problem occurs or you forget the password. If
you do not have an alternative e-mail, you can refuse to fill this field.
Location – the country of your residence should be written in this field. Usually,
Lithuania is already provided as an option, therefore, nothing should be changed.
Type the text – write the below listed symbols in this field.
Terms of Service. Here you have to read the below indicated information with the
terms of service. By pressing I agree, you confirm your compliance with the above indicated
Terms of Service, Programme Regulations and Privacy Policy. If you agree with all the terms
and conditions, press the button I agree below. Create an account.
If you made any mistakes, the system asks to repeat one or another action, for example, to repeat the password. Re-enter information and rewrite the symbols to the field Type
the text. If everything is fine, a window is opened where you are congratulated for the successful connection to Gmail.
It has been confirmed by the scientists that the visual communication is probably the
most important aspect of human communication. The new technologies provide an opportunity to see persons we communicate with in any part of the world. The most popular direct
visual communication is a video conference. In all cases, its location is the Internet. There
are two types of conferences: public and closed. Everyone can connect to public video conferences, whereas the closed conference can only be access if you are invited by the owner or by
having special connection data. The latter is especially used by the businessmen.
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1. Comparison of one of positive aspects of distance learning with the traditional
studies. The aim of this task is to acquire the skills of online communication.
A. Make the groups of 3 students.
B. Describe the selected aspect (4-5 pages).
C. Prepare the PowerPoint presentation.
D. Present your work by using the video conference equipment.
2. Description and presentation of social tools.
A. The students are grouped into pairs.
B. One pair of students selects one tool of social networking (Facebook, Doodle,
Skype, RSS, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.).
C. By working together, the students prepare a paper composed of the following
parts:
introduction (short description of social networking tool, main functions,
aims);
the example chosen by students showing how this tool of social networking
could be used in the learning process;
conclusions.
Volume – up to 5 pages. (spacing – 1.5 lines, font – Times New Roman).
D. The pair of students who worked together should present the selected tool.
Other students are taught on the use of this tool.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Balbieris G., Kriščiūnienė N., Muraškienė D., Urkis M., Vaskela G., Verseckas A.,
Verseckas V., Sederevičiūtė E. (2005). Virtuali mokymosi aplinka (Virtual Learning
Environment). Online access: http://www.vipt.lt/cms/app?service=external/index&sp=2313&sp=2030 (last seen on 20.04.2013).
2. Kas yra nuotolinės studijos? (What are the Distance Studies). Online access: http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzF3eBoXgn8 (last seen on 20.04.2013).
3. Google galimybės. Kaip greitai ir teisingai ieškoti informacijos? (Google Potential. How
to Search Information in a Fast and Proper Manner). Online Access: http://www.
studijuok.lt/course/33/google_galimybes_kaip_greitai_ir_teisingai_ieskoti_informacijos_2.htm (last seen on 20.04.2013).
ECONOMIC THEORIES AND BUSINESS BASICS
Market economic system;
Demand. Supply. Market equilibrium price;
Consumers. Savers. Investors;
Business organisation and financing;
Competition and marketing.
Market economic system
Market is a system where people engage in exchange. A person buys goods and services to meet his/her needs. The wishes and needs of the society and unlimited, whereas the
resources are very limited. Thus, the economics is a science on the effective use of available
limited production resources to meet the unlimited needs of society for the goods and services. There are three groups of resources or production factors: natural, human and capital
resources. Entrepreneurship is also included into the list of production factors quite often.
Entrepreneurship refers to the special personal skills of a person that are necessary to help
business and to manage it. The theory of economics is composed of two parts: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the
activity of individual persons, families, business companies, fields of economy and other
economic entities making individual decisions. Macroeconomics is a branch of economics
examining the entire national economics system.
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Demand. Supply. Market equilibrium price
Demand is the quantity of specific goods or services that the consumers (buyers) want
and can acquire at the specific time and for various prices. The quantities of demand for
specific products are varying. The change in the demand can be influenced by the change of
such factors as income, price of substitutes, number of buyers, price of completed products,
expectations, change of tastes and habits. Supply refers to various quantities of a specific
good that the producers want and can sell at the specific time and for different prices. The
producers usually offer a specific product for a higher price, because they seek profit. Market
equilibrium price or simply the market price is a price, which coordinates the quantity of
goods demanded by the buyers with the quantity desired to be sold by the sellers. When the
price of good is lower or higher than the market price, the lack or excess of good is established. It is eliminated by the competition in the market.
Consumers. Savers. Investors
Consumer is a person having income and purchasing goods and services for personal
use. Types of income include wage, salary, lease, interest, profit. The formation of personal
budget would help the users and savers to choose correctly. Cleared funds should be used
for saving and investment activities. Clear funds are income minus costs. When starting to
save, it is important to determine the financial objectives, to evaluate income and plan the
costs. When investing money, it is necessary to evaluate three criteria, i.e., security, profitability and liquidity. Other methods can also be used to increase the personal property. The
most popular forms of insurance include life, health, property and civil liability insurance.
Business organisation and financing
It is good to start business in case of unexpected opportunity, change in market conditions, laws, good idea how to improve the available product, develop the substitute for
the current product or product which is not available in the market. The businessman is
a person who assumes the risk for the development of a new product or implementation
of a better way of commercial activity. The main forms of business organisation include
the individual company, economic partnership, company, non-profit organisation, state
enterprise, cooperative. The money exchange occurs in the financial market between those
wishing to borrow and savers. The forms of short-term and long-term financing are distinguished. Financial reports include company’s balance-sheet, profit (loss) statement, etc.
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Competition and marketing
Competition is the race between the buyers and sellers in buying and selling resources
and products. Types of market structure include perfect competition, monopoly competition, oligopoly, monopoly. Under the conditions of market economy, the competition exists
in successful markets. The businessmen have to review their aims, know the needs of buyers
and seek to overtake the competitors. Marketing is the activity aimed at meeting the needs
of consumers in the process of exchange. The constituents of marketing include product,
price, support of sales and point of sale. Marketing functions include information collection, sale of product, financing, standardisation and classification, risk management.
1. Please think of how large shopping centres meet the needs of you as the client.
Please describe how you will determine the needs of the future client.
2. Please create the advertisement of the service planned to be provided.
3. Do the test. In column “Answer”, write the letter of the selected answer.
ITEM
NO
1.
2.
QUESTION
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
What are the factors
conditioning the
production of goods
and services in the
market economy?
A. Free exchange.
What is the
business?
A. Activity providing benefit to everyone.
ANSWER
B. Shortage.
C. Government.
D. Banks.
B. Activity related to the production of goods.
C. Activity aimed at receiving profit.
D. All answers are correct.
3.
What is the service?
A. Any kind of benefit offered by one side to
another.
B. Activity, which does not develop and does not
process natural products.
C. Activity of development and processing of
physical products.
D. Intangible activity defined by the interaction
between the user and the service provider.
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4.
The market exists
where:
A. The consumers express their needs and
wishes.
B. Products are advertised.
C. Government and businessmen establish
stores.
D. Buyers and sellers exchange goods and
services for money.
5.
What is
characteristic to the
market economy?
A. Tradition and customs.
B. Private ownership, competition and pricing
system.
C. Planned economy and government
ownership.
D. Relations between slaveholders and slaves.
6.
What is the profit?
A. Production in company’s warehouse.
B. Company’s income for sold production.
C. Difference between income and costs.
D. Remuneration for work.
7.
What are the types of
entrepreneurship?
A. Industrial, commercial, financial.
B. Industrial and banking.
C. Commercial and industrial.
D. Financial and shopping.
8.
9.
If product demand
grows faster than
the supply, how the
market equilibrium
price will change?
A. Price will drop.
Competition is
important because:
A. It restricts the consequences of demand and
supply.
B. Price will increase.
C. Price will remain unchanged.
D. Insufficient information to answer the
question.
B. It eliminates the seek for profit.
C. It encourages the producers to work more
efficient.
D. It creates the market, where the producers
control prices.
10.
People who invest
their savings into
shares:
A. Earn money, if they sell their shares for a
price higher than the purchase price.
B. Receive considerable profit.
C. Invest with very small risk.
D. Do not participate in country’s financial
market.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. *Ekonomika ir verslas (Economics and Business) (2008). Vilnius: LJA.
2. Autorių kolektyvas (2006). Ekonomika (Economics). Kaunas: VDU leidykla.
3. *Makutėnas V., Makutėnienė D. (2003). Ekonomika (Economics). Kaunas: Šviesa.
4. *Maldeikienė A. (2004). Ekonomika (Economics). Vilnius: Tyto alba.
5. Martinkus B., Žilinkas V. (2001). Ekonomikos pagrindai (Economics Basics). Kaunas:
Technologija.
6. Snieška V. ir kt. (2006). Mikroekonomika (Microeconomics). Kaunas: Technologija.
Note: publications marked with (*) are listed for students, who did not study economics
and business at the secondary school.
AESTHETICAL ATTITUDE TO THE WORLD
Concept of aesthetics;
Aesthetical categories;
Aesthetical perception of the world.
Concept of aesthetics
The start of aesthetics science originated 2,500 years ago in the Ancient Egypt, India,
China and developed in the Ancient Greece.
There are 3 main approaches to the aesthetics object in the modern-day aesthetics:
1. aesthetics - science on art;
2. aesthetics - science on beauty;
3. aesthetics – science on the most general regularities of the aesthetical recognition
of the world.
3 different groups of objects are possible in the aesthetics, i.e.:
1. natural objects of nature;
2. object for use;
3. specially developed objects – works of art. They are characterised by the highest
aesthetical value.
41
The taste is formed by the general culture and aesthetical education. The aim of aesthetical education is to form a specific aesthetical person’s relation with reality and the
world: to educate the ability to feel the beauty in the surrounding environment and to
enhance the personal culture.
Aesthetical categories
Aesthetical categories describing certain aesthetical factors are created for the aesthetical perception and evaluation of reality. The main aesthetical categories include the beauty,
tragedy and comedy. Other categories are grouped alongside, i.e., generosity, plaintiveness,
heroism, greatness, etc.
None of the aesthetical factors can be fully revealed without using the category of
beauty. On the basis of beauty, we can aesthetically evaluate nature, public life and works of
art. A person associates harmony and consistency with the beauty. Beautiful is what complies with the person’s perception of a perfect life, what meets the person’s ideal.
The basis of tragedy refers to various encounters of public life, conflicts, fight of irreconcilable forces. This fight usually brings suffering and destruction for heroic fighters and
ends tragically.
Tragedy can occur only in a fight in the name of great public ideals.
Comedy is characterised by contradictions, the nature of which is related to negative,
disgusting phenomena, shortcomings and defects of individual persons or social groups.
The perception of comedy requires the developed aesthetical feeling of comedy – so-called
humour.
Aesthetical perception of the world
Aesthetical perception of the world and aesthetical activity originated and developed
in the course of the work.
Aesthetical attitude is emotional. It is a unique spiritual feeling. We feel joy, delight,
sympathy, disgust, anger. We express the aesthetical attitude with a positive or negative
evaluation of the object or phenomenon: some objects are delightful and gratifying, other
are unpleasant due to their disgust, some phenomena provide enjoyment, other – mockery,
etc. The aesthetical attitude to the world is embodied by an aesthetical activity, which manifests in various areas of life – school, work, home, etc. The universal aesthetical attitude to
the reality is expressed by an art.
The more sensitive the person is for beauty, the more intolerant he/she is for the disgust and the more determined to improve the life. The developed aesthetical attitude to the
world is, first of all, an aim to create a new beauty in all areas of life and not only the watch
the beauty. Therefore, it is important to educate the feeling of beauty.
42
We perceive and evaluate the reality in terms of aesthetics by having a certain aesthetical (beauty) ideal in front of our eyes. Aesthetical ideal is a vision of perfect life and perfect
person. This feeling is educated by a real life. In various epochs, the properties of great spirituality, seek for beauty and good belonged to the aesthetical ideal. The aesthetical ideal is
embodied by the art.
The aesthetical taste is formed on the basis of aesthetical ideal. Aesthetical taste is the
person’s ability to evaluate various natural phenomena in terms of aesthetics and works of
art, create aesthetically valuable objects. The aesthetical taste is of an emotional nature. It
manifests in each separate case as we directly perceive specific phenomena. The aesthetical
tastes of each one of us are different. The taste is more individual than aesthetical ideal.
1. What does the aesthetics examine?
2. Where will you apply the aesthetics knowledge in your vocational activity?
3. How aesthetics is different from ethics?
4. Is anything beautiful necessarily valuable?
5. Please write your opinion by prolonging the thought and presenting at least one
example: “Aesthetical appearance of employee is important in the communication
with consumer (client), because …”
6. What principles of communicate should be applied in communication with a
consumer (client)?
7. What St. Thomas Aquinas spoke about the beauty and what properties assigned to
it?
8. What is the morality and why is it important for us?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Andrijauskas A. (1995). Grožis ir menas (Beauty and Art). Vilnius: VDA leidykla.
2. Estetikos enciklopedija (Encyclopaedic of Aesthetics) (2010). Vilnius: Mokslo ir
enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON THE CIVIL SAFETY AND RESCUE SYSTEM
Civil safety is an activity involving state and municipal institutions, preparation of all
economic entities, public organisations, preparation of residents for the emergency situation, actions taken in case of emergency situation, elimination of consequences, use of all
national resources for the survival of residents, sustaining of country’s economic viability,
protection of property and environment against the established emergency situation, by
active participation of citizens in these processes.
The objectives of the civil safety and rescue system are as follows:
1. formation of the conditions for the state institutions, economic entities and residents to move from the ordinary living (working) conditions to the emergency
situation by incurring lesser losses, supporting the peace, preserving human
life, health, property, protecting the environment from the impact of emergency
situation;
2. ensuring of the optimum use of national resources for the security of citizens,
maintaining the vitality of national economy, localisation and elimination of
sources and consequences of emergency situations;
3. preparation of the public for the practical actions in case of emergency situations,
encouragement of the public initiative in these areas and enhancement of trust in
the activity of civil safety and rescue system.
The civil safety and rescue system of the Republic of Lithuania is composed of the
following:
Government’s Emergency Situations Commission;
Fire and Rescue Department under the Ministry of the Interior and subordinate
institutions;
ministries, state and municipality institutions, municipality fire safety and
other civil safety services, economic entities, establishments;
Environmental Monitoring and Laboratory Control Network.
In view of the causes, nature and threat caused by emergency situations, the civil
safety and rescue system implements the following objectives:
1. warns the residents on the threatening emergency situation, informs on the possible consequences and measures of their liquidation;
2. performs the prevention of emergency situations;
3. organises the provision of residents with individual and collective protection
means;
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4. explores and registers the sources of danger;
5. extinguishes fires;
6. performs rescue and other emergency works;
7. maintains public order in the district of disaster;
8. provides medical assistance and carries out the public health care in case of emergency situations;
9. evacuates people and property from hazardous territories;
10. performs sanitary cleaning and other hazardousness elimination means;
11. organises temporary accommodation and material support to the injured;
12. organises the burial of the dead;
13. organises the terminated provision of necessary municipal services;
14. provides assistance for the protection of vitally important objects;
15. accumulates the stock of vitally important material values;
16. trains managers, employees, civil safety and rescue system forces on rescue actions
in case of emergency situations;
17. investigates and analyses the causes of emergency situations.
The main document of regulation and establishment of the procedures in the area of
civil safety is the Law on Civil Protection of the Republic of Lithuania.
The residents of the Republic of Lithuania have the following rights in the area of civil
safety:
the right to the protection of life and health, material and financial support in
case of emergency situations or danger;
the right to receive information on possible dangers and recommendations on
how to protect oneself or minimise the danger caused to personal health and
health of others.
There are many sources of emergency situations in Lithuania that may cause death
and injuries to many people.
Emergency situation shall mean the situation resulting from natural, technical, ecological or social causes or military actions and causing an immediate and significant danger
to the health and safety of people, property, nature or death, injuries to people, or property
losses.
45
Emergency event shall mean the event of natural, technical, ecological or social character, which has reached or exceeded the established criteria and poses a hazard to the life
or health of people, physiological or social conditions of their life, property, economy and
environment.
The types of emergency situations are divided into four groups, i.e., natural, technical,
ecological and social.
Natural emergency situations shall mean the significant changes of climate conditions causing natural calamities, mass forest and peat bog fires, geologically hazardous phenomena, especially harmful or mass epidemics, epizootic, epiphytotic events.
Technical emergency situations shall means disorders of various technological processes causing fires, explosions, passing of various chemical and radioactive pollutants to
the environment, destruction of buildings, accidents of various transportation facilities,
energetics, pipelines and other emergency events characteristic to the industry objects and
communications.
Ecological emergency situations shall mean the reasons causing changes of the state
of dry land, atmospheric composition and properties, conditions of hydrosphere.
Social emergency situations shall means massive riot and turmoil, blockades, provocations, diversions, acts of terror as well as military actions in the territory of Lithuania or
neighbour country.
Civil safety signals
In order to speed up and simplify the transmission of notification on the established
emergency situations, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania approved the list of civil
safety signals and procedure of their notification. In total, there are 8 signals.
Attention to everyone;
Hazard of radiation;
Chemical hazard;
Catastrophic flooding;
Flood hazard;
Hurricane hazard;
Air-raid alert;
Cancellation of air-raid alert.
46
Please write a paper on the influence of civil safety on the everyday life of a person
(scope – 2 pages).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Kučinskas S. (2009). Civilinė sauga (Civil Safety). Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto
leidykla.
2. Civilinė sauga dideliems ir mažiems (Civil Safety to Grown-ups and Children) (2007).
Online access: http://pdfknygos.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/.
47
REQUIREMENTS OF SAFE WORK ORGANISATION, ELECTRICAL SAFETY, FIRE SAFETY
AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
Principal definitions and concept of occupational health and safety
The occupational health and safety analyses the legal norms of organisation of health
and safety of employees, methods of improvement of working conditions, issues of prophylaxis of industrial traumas, intoxications and occupational illnesses, safe technological
processes, electrical safety methods, occupational hygiene, industrial sanitary matters, safe
construction and repair methods, protection against fires, explosions, accidents and measures of technique, requirements applicable to the design, planning and maintenance of
companies.
Person. His/her psycho-physiological properties, interaction with environment.
Ecology
The organism of the working person reacts to a variety of irritants: duration of work
operations, impact of hearing, smell, vision and tactile organs. The working conditions are
diverse and complex; the heat, moisture, harmful and poisonous substances are usually
extracted; mechanisms and devices cause extensive noise. These unfavourable industrial
factors are harmful in terms of occupation. They cause occupational illnesses, intoxication,
increase the likelihood of traumas and diseases. Therefore, it is very important to establish
what industrial factors are hazardous and to find out their impact on human organism and
environment and to take necessary protection means.
Risk factors having influence on the working efficiency and health of a person
Harmful factor means the risk factor present in the working environment, which may
cause a disease or occupational illness to the employee and the long-term impact of which
may be life-threatening. The harmful factors can include industrial aerosols, organic and
inorganic dust, vibration, industrial noise, laser radiation, electromagnetic fields, high and
low temperature, increased atmospheric pressure, toxic substances, etc.
Hazardous factor means the risk factor present in the working environment, which
may cause acute health disorders or death to the employee (violations of electrical safety
and fire safety norms, etc.). The working efficiency and health are also highly influenced by
such social factors as labour relations and stress.
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Accidents at work and occupational illnesses
Accident at work means an accident that happened at work, including the traffic accident during working hours, investigated and recognised as accident at work in accordance
with the established procedure and resulting in a trauma suffered by the employee (minor,
severe or fatal). The accident at work, when the employee dies of illness not related to work,
shall not be considered as accident at work. Accidents at work are classified based on the
consequences - minor, severe, fatal; based on the number of injured persons – single, group;
based on the relation to work – work-related (as well as accidents on the way to/from work)
and not related to work. Causes of accidents can be technical, organisational, sanitary.
Occupational illness means acute or chronic health disorder of an employee caused
by one or more harmful or hazardous factors of the working environment recognised as the
occupational illness in accordance with the established procedure. Occupational diseases
can be acute and chronic. The causing factors include chemical substances, dust (aerosols),
biological, physical factors, stress at work, etc.
Formation of safe and healthy working conditions. Instruction, training and
certification
The employees shall be familiarised with safe working methods, trained on safe working methods irrespective of the length of service, qualification or type of production. The
instruction on the matters of occupational health and safety shall be performed according
to the instructions approved in accordance with the established procedure. The instructions
are various: introductory, at work place (initial, periodical, additional), special.
The certification of employers, employees and heads of units is performed at the end of
the training programme, upon the request of the employer, in case of change of the nature
of work, having established the violation of work, after 5 years from the certification.
Rights and duties of employer and employee. Work and leisure regime
The employer shall have a right to request the employees to follow the standard acts of
occupational health and safety, to impose disciplinary penalties for those in breach of standard acts of occupational health and safety, to receive information on occupational health
and safety from state management institutions, to transfer part of their rights and duties on
the matters of occupational health and safety to the authorised person.
49
Obligations of the employer. The employer must train the employees on the safe performance of work by concluding an employment contract, transferring to another job position, changing the nature of work, processes, production technology, work conditions, in
case of change of safety at work standards, norms, instructions. The employer shall provide
the employees with individual and collective work means free of charge. In case of accidents, the employer must guarantee the administration of first-aid to the employees.
The employees shall have a right to request the employer to guarantee occupational
health and safety, to provide with work clothing, individual safety measures, know about
the harmful and hazardous factors present in their working environment, refuse to work in
case of any potential danger to their health and safety, as well as those works he/she has not
been instructed to perform in a safe manner, to request compensation for the damage caused
to health due to unsafe working conditions in accordance with the established procedure.
Duties of Employees. The employees must protect their own health and not to cause
harm to other employees, know how to work safely, to familiarise with and fulfil the requirements of standard acts of occupational health and safety, observe the operating regulations
of machines and mechanisms, occupational health and safety instructions, not to work
with technically unfit work tools and notify the employer hereof.
Work and leisure regimes are regulated by Article 40 of the Law on Safety and Health
at Work.
Electrical safety
The impact of electrical current on the human organism depends on such factors as
electrical resistance of the body, strength of current, duration of current flow, path of current, type (direct, alternating). The possible traumas caused by the electrical current include
burns and electric shock. To ensure the safety, the organisational and technical measures
are applied for the operation of electric devices. The main methods of electrical safety are
grounding and neutral connection. Grounding means the connection of conductive frames
by electric chain with the ground in order to protect human from the current caused by
accidental volume between the frame and the ground. Neutral connection means the connection of conductive frames and other construction parts by electric chain with grounded
neutral wire of supply mains.
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Fire safety
Burning is a fast reaction of material oxidation extracting heat and light (flame). The
burning process requires such factors as combustible material, oxidising agent, source of
combustion. Fire means uncontrolled burning process resulting in material losses. The
causes of fires include careless behaviour with fire, irregular electrical devices and violation
of the rules of their use, careless use of heating devices, etc. The main methods of fire extinguishing are physical and chemical. The most frequent extinguishing measures include
water, water vapour, foam, covers, sand, etc. The fire-extinguishers used for extinguishing
fire are selected according to the extinguishing materials, i.e., foam, liquid, carbonic acid,
powder, and mixed type.
First-aid administration to the injured persons
The employees must know the methods of first-aid administration in case of minor
traumas, such as bruising, strain of ligaments, minor injuries, bleeding, intoxication with
gas or vapour and damage caused by electric current. The health of all newly employed
persons and those working under the conditions of higher hazardousness or harmfulness
shall be checked. There should be first-aid kits in the company, which are constantly supplemented with medication and dressing. If the employee suffers trauma, he/she must be
immediately provided with the first aid.
Please mark one correct answer.
1. What is the occupational health and safety?
A. Training of employees.
B. Prophylaxis measures for the protection of health.
C. All prevention measures aimed at workability, health and life of employees.
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2. Harmful factor means:
A. Factors of the working environment which may, in case of accidental
circumstances, cause trauma, death and acute impairment of health of the
employee;
B. Risk factor present in the working environment which, acting on the health
of employee, can cause an occupational illness, and its long-term impact can
be life-threatening;
C. Acute impairment of employee’s health.
3. Occupational illness means:
A. Trauma suffered at work during work time;
B. Acute or chronic disorder of employee’s health caused by a harmful factor;
C. Accident suffered on the way to work.
4. When does the employer have a right to dismiss the employee from work?
A. The employee was imposed with a disciplinary penalty during the last twelve
months;
B. If the employee was imposed with two disciplinary penalties during the last
twelve months;
C. Both variants are correct.
5. The employees must:
A. Check their health;
B. Not use individual protection measures;
C. Work with technically unfit means if they are still working.
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6. What is the introductory instruction?
A. Instruction of employees at least once per 12 months.
B. Instruction of all employees, with whom an employment contract is concluded.
C. T
he introductory instruction must be heard by the employees working
according to the assignments/permits.
7. In order to stop the arterial bleeding, it is necessary:
A. To raise the limb, put on the string above the wound and tighten it and then to
apply to the doctor. Also, put on the sterile bandage on the wound;
B. Placing of bandage is sufficient;
C. To wash the wound for 15 minutes under the flowing cool water.
8. What cannot be done in case of burn?
A. Apply grease.
B. Put on a sterile bandage.
C. I n case of burns due to strong acid, wash for 15 minutes under the flowing
water.
9. How to relax the employee from electric current?
A. Take by hand and pull away.
B. Push.
C. T
ry to relax with an isolation material: wood, rubber, etc., and to turn off the
power supply.
10.Which one of the following cases is the violation of fire safety rules?
A. Employees do not know how to use fire-extinguishing means.
B. Evacuation routes are easily passable.
C. Smoking is allowed in appropriate locations.
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The
Labour
Code:
http://www.infolex.lt/ta/27274;
http://www.rln.lt/lt/
isigaliojo-nauji-darbo-kodekso-pakeitimai/.
2. Elektrosauga ir priešgaisrinė sauga (Electrical and Fire Safety) (1998). Vilnius:
Valstybinė darbo inspekcija.
3. Law on Safety and Health at Work No IX1672 of 1 July 2003. Order on the Chief State
Labour Inspector of the Republic of Lithuania No V-241 of 10 August 2012 On the
Approval of Description of Preparation of Occupational Health and Safety Instructions
and Procedure of Instruction (Official Gazette No 96).
4. Gražulevičienė R., (2002). Žmogaus ekologija (Human Ecology). Kaunas: VDU leidykla.
5. Obelinis V., Bagdonienė T., Mačionis A. ir kt. (2002). Darbo medicina (Occupational
Medicine). Kaunas: LIC „Už gyvybę“.
6. State Labour Inspectorate http://www.vdi.lt/ (last seen on 09.05.2013).
54
Objective
02
CONSOLIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS THROUGH PRACTICE
CONSOLIDATION OF THE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS WHEN IMPLEMENTING THE CREATIVE
INTEGRATED PROJECT “GENEALOGICAL TREE”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “GENEALOGICAL TREE”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of the module “Data
Compilation and Presentation” are consolidated by the creative integrated project “Genealogical
Tree”. During this project, the education of professional values is integrated and the project is
realised, where the students demonstrate their skills to associate competency to collect and
present data with professional values, perform the reflection of experience and evaluate it.
THE AIM OF CONSOLIDATION is to establish the knowledge and skills of general vocational
training by realising the creative integrated project “Genealogical Tree”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to summarise the consolidated knowledge and skills;
to familiarise with the course of realisation of creative integrated project “Genealogical Tree”;
to present historical periods of textile product care;
to present the sociality as the target value;
to perform and (self)evaluate the consolidation of competency.
THE RESULT OF CONSOLIDATION – consolidated knowledge and skills of general vocational
training.
Consolidation methods. The competency consolidation form and method are selected
by the student individually. Possible methods of activity include the individual or group
work in the class, individual or group work (with consultation in the class). The form of presentation of the creative project is optional: in the form of paper, illustration, demonstration,
etc.
Practical task. The students (individually or in a group) select the subtopic of the creative project, the research object. The students receive a task to select information on the
selected subtopic. They can do that by browsing the online space, reviewing the recommended films, reading and analysing the indicated literature. The collected material shall
be systemised by students and presentation shall be prepared on the selected method: it
can be the report by using slides, presentation of photographs, preparation of role-playing
situations, paper, etc. During the presentation of a project, the students shall argument the
selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project and target result, list the process
of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each group member (in case of work in a
55
group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and skills were used in the project, specify
the new experiences acquired during the project. In order to help the students to educate the
value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions are provided during the presentation
allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms of value.
The evaluation criteria are as follows:
1. creative application of knowledge in practice;
2. conveyance of vocational/personal values;
3. cooperation with partners, colleagues;
4. completeness of presentation description.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The Holy Script. (2009) Vilnius: Lietuvos Vyskupų Konferencija.
2. Šv. Ignacas Lojola. (1998) Autobiografija. Dvasinės pratybos. (Autobiography. Spiritual
Training). Vilnius: Aidai.
3. Piličiauskas A. (2012) Pedagoginio dvasingumo link (Towards the Educational
Spirituality). Vilnius: Margi Raštai.
4. Grebliauskienė B., Večkienė N. (2004) Komunikacinė kompetencija: komunikabilumo
ugdymas. (Communication Competency: Education of Communication). Vilnius: Žara.
5. Pontifical Council for Social Communication. Etika reklamos srityje (Ethics in the
Advertising). 22.07.1997 // Bažnyčios žinios. No 13–14. 13.07.1998.
Annex 2. Module 2. Data compilation and presentation in the context of textile product
care programme.
56
MODULE III. PERFORMANCE OF INITIAL AND
FINAL TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE OPERATIONS
THE AIM OF MODULE is to use the advanced technique and technology and to teach the
student to perform the initial and final textile product care operations in a responsible manner.
1.
2.
3.
4.
to familiarise with textile fibres, materials and their properties;
to familiarise with moisture-heat treatment methods, operating modes and equipment used;
to teach about the safe performance of initial and final textile product care operations;
to validate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills in the creative integrated project
“How Can I Be Useful to Others?”.
THE RESULT – the ability to perform the initial and final textile product care operations in a
responsible and individual manner.
The module aims at understanding the initial and final textile product care operations. By studying this module, the student will gain knowledge on the material fibres of
textile products, will learn how to recognise various materials of textile products. He/she
will understand the acceptance and sorting of textile products, identification and cleaning
of stains on textile products. The students will familiarise with the performance of final
operations of the care of textile products and will learn how to service the client in a cultured
manner.
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MODULE III
DEPARTMENT
PERFORMANCE OF INITIAL AND FINAL TEXTILE
PRODUCT CARE OPERATIONS
1.
fibrous composition of materials,
properties, recognition and care;
2. fabrics, their classification and
properties;
3. knowledge of other textile materials
(fur, leather, felts, non-woven, auxiliary
materials), their properties;
4. moisture-heat treatment methods,
operating modes, equipment used;
5. safe performance of primary and final
operations of textile product care;
6. implementation of creative integrated
project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”.
58
METHODS:

lecture;
discussion;
work in groups;
individual work;
watching and listening of video/audio material;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
integrated task: theoretical part (knowledge
review test) and practical task;
presentation of creative integrated project.

samples of fibres, fabrics;
catalogues of samples of fibres, fabrics;
occupational safety manual;
textile product care specialist training
programme.
practical tasks;
evaluation of the creative integrated project in
terms of value.
Objective
01
FAMILIARISATION WITH TEXTILE FIBRES,
MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
THEORETICAL TEACHING/LEARNING MATERIAL
FIBROUS COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS, THEIR RECOGNITION
AND CARE
Fibres are flexible, thin and rather strong bodies. Their linear dimensions are much
stronger than cross dimensions. Textile fibres are classified into natural and chemical.
Natural fibres are produced of materials found in nature (cotton, flax, wool, silk). Chemical
fibres are produced industrially of natural polymers (so-called artificial) and of synthetic
polymers (so-called synthetic). Fibres are grouped according to their chemical composition
or raw-material used for making the fibre.
Based on the chemical composition, the fibres are:
artificial – cellulose (viscose (CV), acetate (CA)), protein, alginate, rubber, etc.
synthetic – polyamide (PA), polyester (PES), acryl (PAN), elastane (EL), chlorofibre
(CLF).
Based on the raw-material used for the production of fibre, it can be vegetal, animal
and mineral.
The raw-material used for vegetal fibres comes from seeds, stems, leaves and fruits.
The raw-material used for animal fibres comes from the cover of animal hair, materials extracted by insect glands and molluscs.
The production of mineral fibres uses rocks.
The main properties of fibres include length, thickness, strength, elongation, elasticity, roughness, hygroscopicity, resistance to temperature impact, resistance to atmospheric
impact, chemical resistance, combustibility.
Fibrous composition, properties and maintenance of cotton
The cotton fibre is produced of an annual shrubby plant. After the flowering of cotton,
the fibre is formed in the vessel around the seeds. When matured, the vessel opens and the
fibre passes to the outside. The cotton fibre consists of fine hollow hair characterised by
good thermal properties. Cotton is a good moisture absorbent, allows the body to breathe,
the fabric made of cotton fibre is durable, strong, however, creases easily. EASY CARE and
59
NON IRON cotton fabrics, which do not crease, are obtained through the chemical treatment.
The cotton is relatively resistant to temperature, therefore, when washing, it is necessary to
focus on colour intensity and other fibres contained in the fabric.
Fig.1. Cotton cultivation
Fibrous composition, properties and maintenance of flax
The fibre is extracted from the stem of flax plant. The stem is composed of several
layers. Dried stems are called the straws. Flax is very strong (2-3 times stronger than cotton),
excellent absorber of moisture, cools the body, looks elegantly, therefore, is usually used for
making summer clothing. Flax is characterised by intensive creasing, thus, is usually mixed
with wool, polyester. Also, flax tends to shrink a little. Flax is not demanding in terms of
temperature, therefore, when selecting the washing temperature, it is necessary to focus on
colour intensity and other fibres contained in the fabric.
Fig. 2. Cotton, flax, wool
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Fibrous composition, properties and maintenance of wool
Wool is the hair covering the skin of animals. The main raw-material of sheep, goats,
camels, angora rabbits and other animals is wool. The best wool is composed of fluffy hair
and the higher the content of porous, dead hair – the worse is the wool. The most valuable
wool is Merino wool as the yarn of this type is of even thickness, fine and of light colour.
Fig. 3. Animals the wool of which is used for textile
Wool is an excellent retainer of warmth, resists moisture and allows the body to
breathe.
Disadvantage – wool creases easily, is characterised by milling and is non-resistant to
high temperature. When producing wool fabrics, wool fibre is usually mixed with synthetic
fibres, which provide the fabric with better maintenance properties.
Wool is washed in cold water only, without wringing. Woollen products are dried in a
horizontal position – the thickness of wet wool can be by three times higher, therefore, the
clothing can lose its shape. Ironing is possible through wet fabric only.
Fibrous composition, properties and maintenance of silk
Silk refers to thin threads obtained by unfolding the coat of a silkworm – the cocoon.
When exposing the cocoons to hot steam, fine threads of the length of 300-900 m are
unwound. The value of fibre directly depends on the length of obtained yarn. Silk fabric is
produced natural, i.e., by using natural silk fibres and produced by mixing with other chemical fibres. Silk creases less and looks luxurious, cools the body in summer and warms in
winter.
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Fig. 4. Silkworm cocoon and silk fibre
A particular care should be taken when washing silk. Warm water and washing products without bleachers should be used. Drying is performed in shaded areas, ironing – without vapour, from the wrong side only and of fully dried fabric only. Silk fabric is easily
damaged by alcohol, hair spray, perfume. In case of soiling, a wet cloth shall by no means be
used for cleaning. Dry cleaning should be applied right after soiling. It is important to inform
the cleaning specialist about the place of stain and about how long it was there.
Fibrous composition, properties and maintenance of viscose
Viscose (CV) is an artificial fibre chemically produced of cellulose, usually, the spruce
wood. Cellulose is chemically treated and then solved in sodium alkali. Viscose fibre is produced of multithread yarns and in shape of short fibre. It can be whitened or dyed in bright
colours. The fibre is lightweight, excellent moisture absorbent and provides the clothing
with a luxurious appearance. However, viscose creases easily and is not very strong, therefore, requires careful maintenance and is prone to elongation. Clothes of viscose should be
wringed well yet carefully and dried in a horizontal position. No soaking should be applied
before washing and washing in high temperature should be avoided.
Fig. 5. Fibrous of viscose
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Fibrous composition, properties and maintenance of acetate (CA)
The acetate fibre is chemically produced of high-quality wood or cotton cellulose. It is
reminiscent of silk by its appearance and is crispy. The fibre does not absorb moisture, is
characterised by insignificant creasing, excellent draping, however, is not very strong and
electrifies. It is usually used for linings. Since the fibre is not strong, careful maintenance
is necessary, especially when cleaning with chemicals. 30-40o C water should be used for
washing, ironing – with an iron heated up to 110oC.
1. How textile fibres are classified?
2. What are the properties of wool fibre and its maintenance?
3. What are the properties of cotton fibre and its maintenance?
4. Please describe how the artificial fibres are different from synthetic.
5. Please fill in the table according to characteristics by selecting the specific fibre in
the given group:
GROUPS OF FIBRES
CHARACTERISTICS
NATURAL
ARTIFICIAL
SYNTHETIC
...........................
..........................
...........................
Resistance to high
temperature
Creasiness
Fibre-destroying
solvent
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FABRICS, THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES
There are many fabrics of various textures and finishes in the modern-day market.
The composition of fabrics is described by:
thickness and composition of yarn;
composition of fabric’s right and wrong sides;
weave;
density.
The following fabric weaves are possible:
main weaves (plain, twill, satin, atlas);
fine pattern (derivative and combined);
complex (double-sided, two-layered, fluffy, loop, openwork);
Jacquard (their warp repeat is composed of many yarns).
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TABLE 1. FABRIC WEAVES
NAME OF FABRIC
WEAVES
SCHEME OF FABRIC WEAVES
FABRIC
Plain
Twill
Satin
Atlas
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NAME OF FABRIC
WEAVES
SCHEME OF FABRIC WEAVES
Combined
Openwork
Jacquard
Loop
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FABRIC
The properties of fabrics are classified into the following groups:
geometric (length, width, thickness and volume);
mechanical (strength, tensility, stiffness, drape, crumpledness);
physical (hygroscopicity, wettability, permeability of air, vapour, water, dust,
thermal properties);
technological (shrinkage, slipperiness and tenacity, mobility, breaking, cutting,
resistance to cutting, compressibility, formation);
optical (gloss, colour, colouring).
Range of fabrics
The range of textile materials is the entirety of various textile materials. Currently,
the range of textile materials is extremely wide and the fabrics account only for a part of
it. Fabrics are produced with loom of two intertwining thread systems: warp and weft. The
information on fabric is indicated in the label: name, article, fibrous composition, width.
Fig. 6. Cotton, woollen, silk fabrics and their colour gamma
Cotton fabrics
Based on the purpose of use, cotton fabrics can be classified into white goods, shirts,
dresses, suiting and wrapping. These are nice fabrics characterised by good properties, such
as strength, resistance to wearing, hygroscopicity. However, these fabrics are prone to creasing, shrinkage and clothes lose their shape. Usually, cotton fabrics are produced with additions of chemical fibres. Usually, from 30 to 50 percent of polyester fibre is added, which
reduces creasing, shrinkage, however, impairs the hygiene properties. In some cases, the
elastane is added.
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Fig. 7. Cotton fabrics
Flax fabrics
The majority of flax fabrics are used for making tablecloths, towels, beddings and
clothing. Flax fabrics are characterised by hardness and intensive creasiness. Various finishes aimed at softening the fabrics are used in the production of flax fabrics designed for
clothing. Furthermore, flax fibre is mixed with polyester, viscose or elastane, making them
more suitable for clothing.
Fig. 8. Flax fabrics
Silk fabrics
One of the most interesting and unique fibres based on the maintenance properties is
natural silk. Natural silk is animal fibre characterised by good hygiene properties, strength
and tensility. Silk fabrics are used for tailoring dresses, shirts, suits, tablecloths and other
products.
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Fig. 9. Silk fabrics
Woollen fabrics
Based on the purpose of use, woollen fabrics are classified into dress, suiting and coating. It is a hygienic, light, soft, air-permeable fabric characterised by excellent protection
against temperature variation. Natural wool can irritate skin only mechanically and cannot
cause the allergic reaction. However, if processed (with dye, glue, resin or aldehydes), the
fibre can also cause a different kind of skin irritation – not only mechanical. If worn on a
naked body, wool can cause itchiness, forcing the person to scratch and resulting in a likely
discomfort.
Fig. 10. Woollen fabrics
Viscose fabrics
These fabrics are marketable, therefore, are produced in large quantities and varieties.
It is conditioned by good hygiene properties, which are not that characteristic to other chemical fibre fabrics. Viscose fabrics are the oldest man-made fabrics. The yarn is used for georgette, crepe-de-chine fabrics which are similar to natural silk by their properties. Popular
fabrics of viscose include velvet and brocade. The major part of assortment is occupied by
many new fashionable fabrics.
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Fig. 11. Viscose fabrics
Synthetic fabrics
It is difficult to avoid synthetic materials nowadays. Synthetic clothing is easy to wash,
it is not prone to creasing and usually replaces natural materials. There are many types of
synthetic fabrics. Some are used for underwear, other for outerwear or footwear. Their quality is constantly improved in order to make them as similar to natural substances (wool,
line, cotton, silk, leather) as possible.
Fig. 12. Synthetic fabrics
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Knitted fabrics
Knitted fabric is a textile fabric made by gradually forming separate yarns to loops
interconnected by a certain type of weaving. By connecting the next loop, the arch is formed
of the first one, whereas the newly formed loop makes a semi-loop. When connecting the
third loop, the loop is formed of previous semi-loop and the last winding of the yarn forms
the arch. The knitted fabrics are classified into the following main groups:
cross-knit fabrics, where a single yarn is used to form the row of loops passing
from the completed row of loops to a new row of loops. Cross-knit fabrics are
distinguished by the method of ripping, it must be done at the direction of rows
(starting from the first upper row straight opposite to the knitting direction). In
this way, each cross knitting can be ripped to separate yarn;
warp-knit fabrics, where one row of loops is composed of the entire system of
yarn (warps). Its yarns are placed on all needles. One and two adjacent loops in
the same row are made from a different yarn and then passed to the next row of
loops.
Fig. 13. Knitted material
Range of knitted fabrics
Knitted fabrics are classified into fabrics used for the outerwear (knitters, jackets, trousers, skirts, coats) and fabrics used for the white goods. Based on the fibrous composition,
there is a great variety of knitted materials for outerwear. The cotton is mixed with viscose,
polyester, acryl, elastane.
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Fig. 14. Clothing made of different fabrics
Many woollen and semi-woollen materials are knitted by mixing the wool with acryl
in various proportions. The materials of various chemical fibres such as viscose, acetate,
polyamide, polyester by using fuzzy, profile and other more interesting yarn are popular.
When knitting, it is not difficult to obtain the effects of crape, jeans, tweed, boucle and other
effects. The fabrics used for the white goods are knitted by cross and warp weave, usually of
cotton, cotton with viscose or elastane. Various lace, tulle, guipure, curtain fabrics are knitted by using warp-knit machines.
1. What is the range of fabrics?
2. Please specify the main weaves of fabrics.
3. Please fill in the table by comparing the characteristics of fabrics and knitted
materials (use the cross to mark the higher and the better one):
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PROPERTIES
FABRICS
KNITTED
MATERIALS
Tensility
Elasticity
Draping
Creasiness
Shrinkage
Ripping
Cutting
Winding
Formation
KNOWLEDGE ON OTHER TEXTILE MATERIALS (FUR, LEATHER, FELTS, NON-WOVEN,
AUXILIARY MATERIALS), THEIR PROPERTIES. FUR AND LEATHER, THEIR CARE PROPERTIES
Fur is classified into natural and artificial. Natural fur is produced of animal skin. It
is classified into expensive or soft fur, livestock and aquatic animal fur. Artificial fur refers
to textile products reminiscent to the natural fur by its appearance. Such fur is produced by
weaving, knitting, gluing, non-weaving methods.
Leather can be natural and artificial. Velour is manufactured by polishing the skin of
pigs, calves and goats. Suede is manufactured of the skin of sheep, calf, reindeer. It is a very
soft, fluffy, gentle skin characterised by good hygiene and maintenance properties. Artificial
leather is produced by covering the textile material (woven, knitted, non-woven) with a
polymer resin. The pattern reminiscent to the natural skin is impressed on the surface of
resin, but not in all cases. Artificial suede is produced by gluing short fibre to fabric. Natural
and artificial leather is used for outerwear, head covers and decoration of textile products.
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Fig. 15. Textile product of fur and leather
Felt fabrics and their properties
Felt fabrics are manufactured by milling the woollen or semi-woollen layer. Felt is a
non-standard material for haberdashery and production of housewares, is not yet used for
massive production and, thus, still remains interesting. Felt has a soft touch, is practical
and durable. The products of felt have more advantages than disadvantages. The design of
products is original – created and not copied. Production is performed in small batches, the
decor of the majority of products is unitary.
Fig. 16. Textile product of felt
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Non-woven fabrics and their properties
These are the fabrics produced of fibre or yarn without using traditional weaving process. The term “non-woven fabrics” originated more than half a century ago when they were
considered as only cheap substitutes of traditional textile fabrics. Currently, there is no universally acceptable definition of non-woven fabrics – many countries use their own national
definitions. When producing non-woven materials of fibre, the spinning process is omitted
and the connection of fibres by using various mechanical, chemical and thermal methods is
used instead. Modern industry of non-woven fabrics developed due to textile innovations in
paper and polymer production industry. The majority of non-woven fabrics are created for
special purposes. The films are used for making special clothing and coats. They can be polyvinyl and polyethylene. The films can be transparent, mat, coloured, with an impressed pattern. They are impermeable to air, wind and water. The products of these fabrics are welded
by thermal-contact method. The composite materials are the materials reinforced of two,
three or more layers of various materials. Reinforcement methods of composite materials
include melting, gluing, sewing (the latter is mostly used nowadays). Composite materials
are lightweight, warm, however, bulky and stiff, therefore, the possibilities of their modelling are restricted.
Fig. 17. Non-woven materials
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Auxiliary materials and their properties
The purpose of linings is to provide clothing with a desired shape and maintain it
when wearing, protect the clothing against stretching (provide the parts of clothing with
certain properties: elasticity, stiffness, stability, etc.) and to improve its thermal properties.
The auxiliary materials are used for finishing, thus, improving and accelerating the tailoring process. The following materials are usually preferred: wicker and woven stripes for
clothing hangers, bodices, elastic stripes, marking stripes. The sewing thread serves as an
important auxiliary material for textile products. The most important property of a sewing
thread is its thinness. The number in the label indicates the thinness of threads. The higher
the number, the thinner the thread. Based on the fibre, threads can be of polyester, polyamide, cotton, viscose and silk.
Accessories are the items used for clasping clothing. The most popular type of accessories includes buttons. Based on the purpose of use, buttons are designed for coats, dresses,
suits, shirts, uniforms and special uses. The buttons are used for male, female and children
clothing. Accessories also include various hooks and loops, clasps, zippers, adhesive stripes
(Velcro).
Fig. 18. Auxiliary materials for textile products
1. How fur is classified?
2. Please list the properties of non-woven fabrics.
3. Examine your winter coat (jacket), determine and list the materials used for the
production of the garment.
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Objective
02
FAMILIARISATION WITH MOISTURE-HEAT
TREATMENT METHODS, OPERATING MODES
AND EQUIPMENT USED
MOISTURE-HEAT TREATMENT METHODS, OPERATING MODES, EQUIPMENT USED
We cannot imagine our domestic life without an iron in the 21st century. According to
the historical sources, as far back as in the early 1st century BC, the metal pans filled with
heated shredded wood coal were used for ironing clothes in China. However, the very first
ironing tool was mostly likely the flat stone, which was used to press and leave the clothing on an even surface. The ancient Greeks ironed their clothing with metal rod similar to
a rolling-pin, whereas the Romans beat the wrinkles of clothing with a hot-heated metal
hammer.
Fig. 19. The first hollow irons
The iron filled with hot coal started to be used in the middle of the 18th century only. Till
then, the clothing was ironed with an instrument similar to a large pan.
A wooden chump with a toothed surface was also used for ironing clothing in the
ancient times. The clothes that were evenly wrapped on a round stick – roll – were rolled
with this chump on the table.
The electric iron was developed at the end of the 19th century. In 1882, Henry W. Seely
patented the electric flatiron, however, the thermostatic iron appeared in 1920 only.
The iron with steam was developed another thirty years after. Although this domestic
appliance changed its shape in the run of time, the ironing remained a heavy work till nowadays, which requires skills, time and space.
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Fig. 20. Modern professional iron
Moisture-heat treatment (MHT) refers to the processes of exposure of needlework and
its parts to moisture, heat, temperature and pressure for a certain period of time. MHT
accounts for 20-30% of all product processing time. Moisture-heat treatment is usually
applied to natural or mixed fibres with the content of synthetic materials of up to 30%. Some
needlework is processed without moisture – with the exposure to temperature and pressure
only. Such process is called the heat treatment. The purpose of moisture-heat treatment is
as follows:
to provide a necessary shape to details and to fix it;
to flatten stitches and details;
to glue inserts, stripes and other accessories to the elements of needlework;
to process by thinning the edges of details;
to iron the manufactured product.
Moisture-heat treatment can be performed by using irons, presses, air and steam
mannequins, air and steam chambers (so-called tunnel chambers).
Based on the purpose of use of facilities and moisture-heat treatment, the following
methods of moisture-heat treatment can be singled out: ironing, pressing and steaming.
Ironing is performed by using irons to act on the stitches, details or surface of the needlework. An iron operating on a certain pressure can be pushed on the surface of fabric or
pressed on certain areas only. Industrial irons are usually fitted with special ironing tables
having a heating surface and steam pumping system.
Pressing is a method, when the material (detail, a certain area of needlework) is
pressed between the elements of the press.
Steaming is the exposure of a material or needlework to a certain pressure. The procedure is performed by steam presses, air and steam mannequins or special equipment
– steamers.
Stitches, details and certain areas of needlework can be ironed with irons or presses.
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The final ironing and steaming of product is performed by presses, air and steam mannequins, in air and steam chambers. Steaming helps to remove the gloss caused by ironing and
provides the needlework with mat colour.
Based on the fibrous composition, various materials have different reactions to moisture-heat treatment. The modes of moisture-heat treatment refer to the sizes of values of
the main factors (temperature, moisture, pressure and ironing time) and their interaction.
This interaction is very strong: when changing one of these values, it is necessary to change
the others as well.
When performing the procedure of moisture-heat treatment, it is necessary to select
optimal modes, such as temperature, mechanical impact, moisture, and the duration of
these impacts.
The temperature of process is selected in view of the type of the processed material.
Under the exposure of higher temperature, the majority of textile fabrics start to decompose
and some start to soften and melt. The resistance of fabric to thermal destruction, where the
temperature exceeds 200oC, is called the thermal resistance, whereas the resistance, where
the temperature exceeds 500oC – resistance to heat. Fabric’s resistance to heat is usually
established according to the composition of raw-material, the type of fabric’s dying also has
the influence. In case of materials composed of different fibres, the temperature should be
selected especially carefully. If the fabric is woven from cotton warp and polyamide weft,
under higher temperature, polyamide yarn melts and only scattered non-woven warp yarn
remains.
Flax is resistant to high temperature, however, becomes less resistant to thermal
impact, if covered with polyurethane cover.
The intensiveness of mechanical impact is, first of all, selected subject to the impact of
performed operation. To iron only the surface of material, lower pressure is selected. During
the ironing process, the iron is slightly pressed to the surface of an article and not pushed
along its surface as this may result in stretching of tensile materials.
When reducing the thickness of articles or shaping them, higher pressure is applied.
The minimum pressure values should be selected to fluffy, soft materials with hairy or
relief surface. Furthermore, natural fibre materials are known to be unequally sensitive
to increased pressure. Higher pressure is sustained by natural origin materials of natural
fibres, lower – animal origin fibrous materials.
In the course of MHT, water stream speeds up and facilitates the distribution of temperature in the layers of material. It also speeds up the transition of polymers from glassy to
elastic or viscous state, because it weakens the intramolecular forces in fibres and increases
their flexibility. Water vapour revives and restores the state of surface of materials changed
due to mechanical impact.
The vapour of different temperature is used for materials of various fibres: silk, elastane, wool – 140oC, polyamide – 160oC, cotton – 200oC, flax – 230oC.
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When selecting the modes of moisture-heat treatment operations, it is necessary to
consider the following properties of materials: tensility, shrinkage, surface status, crumpledness, resistance of coloration.
Moisture-heat treatment equipment is classified into the following:
steaming;
ironing;
pressing;
thermal stabilisation;
air and steam mannequins;
calandering.
The ironing rollers are usually used in washhouses. They are used for professional
ironing in washhouses, are durable and reliable. The maintenance costs of rollers are relatively low, the ironing is easy. Large roller of the diameter of 300 mm ensures excellent
ironing quality. An electronic thermostat, heating element, pad and other components are
specifically designed for ironing rollers. The rollers are fitted with steam pad system, which
ensures higher efficiency and laundry can have by 20-30% more moisture. The speed of
ironing is regulated from 1.6 to 5 m/min. Since the ironed laundry returns to operators side,
rollers can be placed right next to the wall – the area of the washhouse is well utilised.
Fig. 21. Ironing roller
The ironing machines (calanders) are very similar to the ironing roller and are used for
ironing and drying straight clothes made of cotton, flax, wool, silk and synthetics (beddings,
table cloths, towels, etc.). The calanders are different from the ironing roller by the fact that
they can be used to dry and iron the laundry and the same time due to the heating elements
fitted in the roller, which heat the polished surface of the roller, and a heat-resistant stripe
fitted along the entire length of the exterior of the device. The laundry is fed to the ironing
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zone and passed through the heater’s rollers and stripes. The moisture content of laundry
should be no higher than 50% before ironing with calanders. Such machine is used in various washhouses and is space-saving.
Presses of textile products are used for ironing straight and shaped laundry with the
moisture content of approx. 50%. The advantage of ironing presses is that they do not stretch
and deform clothes. Due to high working pressure, the vapour easily penetrates and irons
even the fabric folded in several layers.
Fig. 22. Ancient wringing and ironing device, a modern ironing press
The presses are used for moisture-heat treatment of products between operations and
as a final operation. Its operating parts include upper and lower pillows, which are heated
with vapour, electricity or in a combined method. The most effective are electric-steam
presses: the steam is used to wet the product before pressing and to remove the gloss. The
upper pillow is usually heated. The cold vacuum system is fitted in the lower pillow, which
dries and cools the product. The product acquires a stable form.
The pillows of presses are universal: flat and special, the configuration of surfaces of
which is uneven. The surface of the latter pillows meets the spatial surface of processed
articles, for example, the front, shoulders, sleeves, etc. They are used for shaping the product
details.
In wash-houses, the textile products are also ironed manually by using the ironing
tables to facilitate this work and make it faster. Ironing tables are fitted with the main
height-adjustable pillow and can also be fitted with additional specially shaped pillows,
which can be turned and pushed to a necessary position. They are covered with special
incombustible material to prevent the placed object from slipping. The vapour can be provided and pumped to the surface and to the bottom of the table for moistening and stabilising the ironed surface. The air can be blown and pumped in this way (the form of ironed
article is stabilised faster and better). Ironing tables are usually heated with electricity or
vapour. Modern ironing tables are fitted with holders-deflectors of irons. Professional irons
are fitted to the ironing table.
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Fig. 23. Ironing tables with steam supply and termination
Irons are used for reaching different parts of textile product. It could be electrical,
steam, electrical-steam. Domestic irons are equipped with mini steam generator that reproduces steam to moisture textile product. Plate surface of iron is connected to electric heating
elements.
When forming, for instance, the details of classical style product, it is necessary to use
respective means of moisture-heat treatment and their accessories. The most common of
them is the pattern of fabric. It is placed on the ironed fabric to protect it against glossiness
or melting. The pattern of fabric is not necessary if the iron has the fitted-on bottom to iron
the right side of the fabric.
Additional equipment could be used to facilitate ironing process.
The board-sleeve is used for ironing small articles of a cylinder-shaped product.
The underlay is a special bottom or felt material reflecting the heat and easily distributing the pressure and absorbing the vapour.
The hand bottom is used to press the ironed articles from the top to avoid slipping at
table surface and to sit respective places of the product. It is especially effective when ironing
knitted materials or details of products.
The wooden press is a smooth beam with rounded ends for ironing stitches, tucks,
folds. A heavy cold wood removes the vapour more rapidly and presses the parts of a product
when cooling and drying.
The tool for ironing corners – a flat wooden object with a spiky angle. It is used for
turning spiky corners. The rounded end of a tool is used to straighten stitches of a product.
The stitch roller is a solid stuffed cylindrical pillow for ironing stitches. The overlaps
of stitches do not fold back in the right side of the product.
The brush is used to iron fluffy materials.
The ironing tray with brushes is used for ironing fluffy materials (velvet). The brushes
do not let the fluffy surface to be pressed.
The support for collars is used to iron convex collars.
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1. What is the purpose of moisture-heat treatment?
2. What does the steaming of fabric provide?
3. What modes of moisture-heat treatment operations are selected for flax fabrics?
4. What modes of moisture-heat treatment operations are selected for cotton fabrics?
5. What modes of moisture-heat treatment operations are selected for woollen
fabrics?
6. How the equipment of moisture-heat treatment is classified?
7. What additional ironing means are used?
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Objective
03
TEACHING ON THE SAFE PERFORMANCE OF
INITIAL AND FINAL TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE
OPERATIONS
SAFE PERFORMANCE OF INITIAL AND FINAL OPERATIONS OF TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE
The work of the wash-house or dry-cleaner is composed of the sequence of stages that
can be classified into the following:
initial textile product care operations;
washing or dry-cleaning operations;
final textile product care operations.
Initial textile product care operations include the acceptance of textile products from
the client, inspection of textile products, identification of impurities and stains, initial
cleaning of stains and sorting of textile products before washing or dry-cleaning.
When accepting the textile product from the client, the entire information on the
stains in the product, their origin and composition should be found out. The complete
information on the product accepted for cleaning is given to the cleaning technologist.
During the acceptance of the order, all necessary documents (order form, cash receipt
voucher or cash register receipt) are filled. The accepting person shall inform the client
on the precise date of the performance of order. The accepting person shall communicate with the client in a professional and responsible manner and provide all necessary
information.
The cleaning or washing technologist is familiarised with the handed over information on products and he/she stipulates the methods for the removal of stains, selects the
washing modes, washing products and stain removers. He/she also stipulates the methods
of restoration of marketable appearance of a textile product by using the moisture-heat
treatment equipment and other methods of maintenance of textile products.
The accepted product is carefully inspected and examined. The information on the
product’s composition and recommended methods of washing or cleaning, which is provided on the manufacturer’s label, is reviewed. The mechanical damages of product’s
fabric are identified and preventive measures are stipulated in order to avoid the considerable damage during the washing process. The accessories of a product are carefully
inspected.
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Fig. 24. Labels with textile product care symbols
The origin of stains is established. It is difficult to establish the actual origin of stains,
however, it is an important pre-condition in order to ensure high quality of washing services.
Sorting of textile products is a complex and time-consuming procedure. The laundry is sorted in view of the water temperature to be used during the process (30–40°C, 60°C)
and chemical substances used (e.g., some white products can be bleached by using special
bleaching products).
The laundry is sorted into the following groups: white clothing, light-coloured products, multi-coloured products (it is important to verify whether the fabrics of individual
articles are not transferring colours), dark-coloured fabrics. Furthermore, they are sorted by
assortment, type of fabric and category of impurities.
The chemically cleaned textile products are sorted into the following groups: white
clothing, light/pastel-coloured fabrics, grey-coloured fabrics, multi-coloured fabric products,
dark-coloured products (dark grey, dark brown), black-coloured products (they are usually
mixed with products whose fabrics are not transferring colour, i.e., vivid red, blue, green,
etc.).
It is important to ensure that fabrics of different colours would not transfer colour
during the cleaning process. The fixation of fabric’s colour is verified before the cleaning process by using a white pattern of fabric and the solution to be used for cleaning the product.
After wetting the fabric in the solution, the fabric is slightly rubbed with it in less visible area
of the product and to check if white fabric is not coloured.
Products, cleaned by the wet chemical cleaning method, are sorted into the following
groups: white clothing, light-coloured products, multi-coloured products (it is important to
verify whether the fabrics of individual articles are not transferring colour), dark-coloured
fabrics.
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Products cleaned by chemical way and sorted according to fabric colours can be additionally sorted based on the type of fabric, i.e., composition of fabric (silk, wool, cotton, etc.),
thickness (light dresses, blouses, other delicate products), structure (coat, woollen fabrics,
which can transfer fibre to other products). Sorting must be very attentive to prevent dust
and microorganisms from spreading in the environment.
Having evaluated these criteria, the suitable chemical cleaning machine programme
is selected.
During the initial examination of a textile product, it is very important to determine
the origin of the stain.
Based on the origin and method of cleaning, stains are of several types, i.e.:
water-soluble stains – these are usually the stains containing sugar and farina
as well as surface dirt stains, protein stains (blood, sweat, urine), water-based
ink (watercolour, gouache);
stains that are soluble in chemical cleaning cleanser. The cleanser dissolves the
stains of dirt, grease, lubricants and glue, wax, make-up, chewing gum, resin
and residues of melted buttons or plastic;
stains requiring special solvents. Special solvents are used for cleaning on the
stain removal table before and after the general cleaning;
non-removable stains. Statistically, 10% of stains cannot be removed.
Nowadays, the majority dry-cleaners in Lithuania use perchlorethylene, hydrocarbonate, halogen-free chemical cleaning solvent for the cleaning of textile products.
It is important not only to consider but also to organise the business that is friendly
to the environment and human health. The company “Kreusler” has recently developed
SOLVONK4 – a product, which is halogen-free and used for professional dry-cleaning. It is
developed in such a way that its correct use would not cause a threat to the environment: air,
water, soil, person. This solvent is characterised by the same cleaning effect as perchlorethylene and sometimes even better. Furthermore, based on the EU law (the CLP Regulation),
the solvent SOLVONK is not classified as dangerous. Moreover, SOLVONK4 is biodegradable
and evaluated as „very good” in the tests of dermatologists.
This system also includes concentrated detergent CLIPK4, cleanser PRENETTK4 and
water/dirt-repelling impregnator VINOY K4, with are all well fitted for use with SALVONK4.
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Fig. 25. Halogen-free solvent and additional cleaning products
Thus, after the correct use of technological means, the majority of stains can be cleaned.
It is important not to solidify the stain – prewash, over-dry, iron. Based on the composition,
the majority of stains are heterogeneous (so-called composite stains). They are composed
of several active materials, the cleaning of which requires several solvents at one time. For
example, the coffee stain can contain not only tannins and colour pigments (coffee), but
also fat, proteins (milk, sour cream) or sugar. It is also characteristic to many sauces – their
composition can contain blood, natural pigments and fat. In many cases, the information
on which dye is used in food industry and what are the ingredients of lubricant or dye is
unknown.
A special technological installation is used for cleaning stains, i.e., the stain cleaning
table, which is fitted with the following main means: feed of high-pressure water, air flow,
perchorethylene and vapour. The first step in cleaning stains is the use of the most usual
solvents (water and perchlorethylene).
Fig. 26. Stain identification and cleaning
The finishing of textile products is the entirety of chemical, physical and mechanical
processes performed after manufacturing the material and used to improve its appearance
and properties. After washing or cleaning textile products, the finishing of products is used
after washing or chemical cleaning.
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A wide range of washed products requires diverse ironing skills. The following must be
performed when ironing products:
to follow the ironing marks provided by the manufacturer, which indicate the
permissible or non-permissible limits of ironing temperature. If ironing of product
is prohibited, it is ironed only in case of necessity after evaluating the possible risk
and ensuring the proper ironing technique;
to ensure that the ironed product is equally clinging to the ironing board without any
formed wrinkles that could be ironed. It is difficult to re-iron the ironed wrinkles;
to verify whether the ironed trousers must have the crease. The symbol “V” in
marking of trousers indicates that trousers have a crease and symbol “Be” – do
not have crease. When ironing the creases of trousers it is necessary to make sure
if there are no double or curved creases. It is also necessary to “seat” the material
of trousers at knees in order to avoid waviness of creases. If the old crease is in a
wrong place (according to the ironing technology) and it is impossible to remove it,
the new crease should not be made and ironing is performed according to the old
one in order to avoid the double crease;
it is necessary to focus on all parts of product lining – pockets, cuffs, cast of the
central line, length;
to make sure that the outlines of inside product elements are not visible in product’s
exterior (pockets, lining, marks of glues and stitches). Where necessary, the products
made of thin materials are ironed without the attraction function;
to make sure that shirt collars are stiff, with corners; the stitching line is straight
and even; the sleeves are not square;
to make sure that silk products are ironed from the wrong side.
It is forbidden to iron the following products:
products made of velvet;
products made of artificial leather or having the elements of artificial leather.
The final operations of textile product care include the following:
fluff collection with a brush or sticky roller;
removal of tangled fluff;
brushing of product.
Various brushes and fluff collectors are used for the restoration of the initial appearance of clothing. These are used to remove, scrape the lumps of fluff that are formed on
constantly washed or worn clothes.
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Fig. 27. Electric fluff collector, brush for combing, fluff remover, sticky brush and roller
Packaging and storage of textile products
Washed textile products are placed on hangers or packed into polyethylene bags. There
are four types of hangers: special hangers for heavy curtains, thick hangers for heavy clothing, e.g., winter jackets, coats, fur, suits.
Thin hangers are used for lightweight clothes, e.g., shirts, blouses, slim jackets, etc.
Cardboard protections are additionally used for trousers and curtains, which protect the
products against fabric breakage. Slim knitters, dresses, blouses are hung on hangers covered with protective soft fabric, which helps to avoid slippage and hanger marks. Products,
which are wider at shoulders, are hung on special longer white hangers. In certain cases, in
order to avoid marks of hangers, special plastic hangers are used to hang knitters.
Laundry, furniture coverings and beddings are packed into bags. When packing, it is
important to make sure that the products are fully dried. Laundry is calculated and matched
with the amount indicated in order receipt. The numbers marking the order are also taken
away.
The number of order should be written on the bags of packed products, the number of
units and the department to which they are to be delivered. Skirts are hung by using the fitted
suspension strips and hangers with indentations. If the skirts are not fitted with stripes or
there are no possibilities for good suspension, special clasps are used. Clasps should not be
used for thin fabrics or hard materials, where there is a likelihood of causing a mark: silk,
leather, artificial leather, acetates, polyester, etc.
The roll-downs are folded at the stitches of splits and, subject to the thickness of fabric,
are suspended on the hanger. The fittings, if any, are strung according to the marking and
sewn at the ends. When packing, they are placed to the polyethylene sleeve corresponding to
their length. The beddings are packed into polyethylene bags.
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The room or the zone for storing clean laundry must be fitted in the laundry acceptance and issue premises.
Clean laundry is stored packed in the clean laundry storage premises or laundry acceptance and issue room. Such laundry shall be kept in the containers lifted above the ground
(shelves, cabinets, trolleys, etc.).
Dirty laundry is kept in the dirty laundry storage room or in the area used for dirty
clothing storage fitted in the laundry acceptance and issue room – in the containers lifted
above the ground (shelves, cabinets, trolleys, etc.).
1. What stains are water-soluble?
2. What special technological equipment is used for cleaning stains?
3. What is the origin of stains?
4. How the textile products are sorted?
5. Why is it necessary to observe the ironing marks indicated by the manufacturer?
6. What types of hangers are used for packing textile products?
7. What tools and operations are used to restore the initial appearance of the textile
product?
8. What requirements are applied for the storage of clean textile products?
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Objective
04
CONSOLIDATION OF ACQUIRED
VOCATIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
IN THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT
“HOW CAN I BE USEFUL TO OTHERS?”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “HOW CAN I BE USEFUL TO OTHERS?”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of module “Performance
of initial and final textile product care operations” is realised by conducting a creative
project “How Can I be Useful to Others?”. The particularities of communication with
clients is presented during the establishment by accepting textile products from clients,
the education of vocational values is integrated and the project is implemented, where the
students demonstrate their abilities to associate the competency to perform the initial and
final textile product care operations with the professional values, to perform the experience
reflection and evaluate themselves.
THE AIM OF CONSOLIDATION is to solidify the acquired vocational knowledge and skills in
the creative integrated project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”.
CONSOLIDATION OBJECTIVES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. to summarise the consolidated knowledge and skills;
2. to familiarise with the course of implementation of creative integrated project “How Can I Be
Useful to Others?”;
3. to present the particularities of communication with clients by accepting the textile products
from clients;
4. to discuss the diligence as the target value by enhancing cooperation;
5. to solidify and evaluate the competency.
THE RESULT – consolidated acquired vocational knowledge and skills.
Consolidation methods: the competency consolidation form and method are selected
by the student individually. Possible methods of activity include the individual or group work
in the class, individual or group work (with consultation in the class). The form of presentation of the creative project is optional: in the form of paper, illustration, demonstration, etc.
Practical task of validation. The students receive the task to go to textile product care
companies and communicate with clients, accept the textile products from clients and later
describe the conversation, to analyse it and evaluate. The acquired experience and knowledge
should be systemised, formatted and prepared by the students (individually or in a group)
in a form of presentation of the selected subtopic (e.g., “Pleasant and Polite Communication
with a Client”, “Understanding of Client’s Needs”, “Fast Receipt of Necessary Information
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though a Contact with a Client”). The presentation can be performed by using an optional
method: by using slides, writing a paper, etc. During the presentation of a project, the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project and
target result, list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each group
member (in case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and skills
were used in the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project. In order
to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions are
provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms of
value.
2. application of effective communication principles with clients and colleagues when
implementing a project;
Annex 3. Module 3. Performance of Initial and Final Textile Product Care Operations.
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MODULE IV.
WASHING OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS
THE MODULE AIMS at teaching the student to wash textile products in a responsible manner
by using an advanced technique and technology.
1.
to familiarise with the methods, products, tools and equipment of washing and drying of textile
products;
2. to familiarise with the washing preparations and possibilities of their use;
3. to teach how to wash and dry textile product with safety;
4. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills in the creative integrated project
“Getting Richer by Giving”.
THE RESULT – the student, who is able to wash and dry textile products in a responsible and
independent manner.
Washing was once a rather tiresome work and a time-consuming task – it was necessary to soak, boil, wash, rinse and wring the laundry by hands. The modern-day washing
process is very different and includes automatic washing machines and professional washing preparations.
By studying the textile product washing module, the textile product care worker will
learn how to wash textile products of various fibre structures, compositions and properties.
He/she will learn how to select all technological parameters of washing and textile product
moisture-heat treatment and will familiarise with the used washing and drying equipment
and will learn how to operate it. By studying the textile product washing module, the student will familiarise with the washing preparations used, their classification, properties
and selection requirements for washing various textile products. He/she will learn the technological parameters of drying of textile products and will learn how to work safely with the
drying machines.
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MODULE IV.
MODULE IV
SMALL BUSINESS ORGANISATION DEPARTMENT
1.
purpose, classification, technical parameters and
programmes of washing and drying equipment;
2. assortment, properties, types and selection of
washing preparations for various textile products;
3. safe washing and drying of textile products;
4. creative integrated project “Getting Richer by
Giving”.
METHODS:

lecture;
discussion;
work in groups;
individual work;
watching and listening of video/audio
material;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
integrated task: theoretical part
(knowledge review test) and practical
task;
presentation of integrated creative
project.
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Washing machine;
Drying machine;
Ironing equipment, transportation facilities;
Washing preparations;
Washing technological cards;
practical tasks;
evaluation of an integrated creative
project in terms of value.
Stain identification descriptions;
Safe work instructions;
Textile product care specialist training programme.
MODULE IV.
Objective
01
FAMILIARISATION WITH THE METHODS,
PRODUCTS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT OF
WASHING AND DRYING OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS
PURPOSE, CLASSIFICATION, TECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND PROGRAMMES OF
WASHING AND DRYING EQUIPMENT
In the old time, people used to wash their clothes on the rocks and used the mix of
animal fats and ashes or sand instead of soap. Such washing process took place in torrential
rivers or fresh water lakes. The special washboard used for rubbing the laundry to make it
clean started to be used from 1797 only.
The first washing machine, which reminded of the modern-day washing machine,
was patented by the American J. King in 1851. The wooden drum of the first washing machine
was rotated manually.
A wooden box was constructed after five years to which the laundry and wooden balls
were loaded and the wooden frame was rotating around it. Water and washing liquid were
filled over the laundry. The moving of frame forced the balls to move as well and they rubbed
the laundry by causing the washing effect.
Fig. 1. First washing machines
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Large American and Western European land-owners that possessed personal steam
machines and electric engines used them to facilitate the washing process. By using a barrel
and rotating blades fitted inside the barrel, more simple machines of non-complex construction were created. The rotation of blades was caused by the gear and belt.
The first electric washing machine with a large, galvanised tub and electric motor was
created by the machine company “Hurley” in 1908.
In 1910, Alva J. Fisher patented the first electric-powered washing machine, which had
a galvanised drum-type container and electric-powered engine.
Fig. 2. First electric washing machines
Ancient Lithuanian women used to place the laundry on the board or foot-bridge and
used a slightly bended board with a handle - stroke them in the beater to make them more
soft. The beater was made of wood so that the ratio between the length and heaviness of the
handle and the board allowed the washers to dolly the laundry with an appropriate power.
The dolly was usually light-weight, characterised by slender forms, decorated with geometrical or vegetal ornaments. The wooden notched boards were also used for rubbing laundry.
These boards were called smoothers or seams. The spooned tubs were used for soaking and
washing the laundry.
Fig. 3. The washing tools used by Ancient Lithuanians
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MODULE IV.
Nowadays, washing machines account for nearly one third of all domestic appliances
produced in the world, and it is difficult to imagine a household or a professional work of
washhouses without washing machines.
The washing machine, washer is an electric device used for washing clothes and other
textile products both at home and at washhouses.
The washing machine is fitted with a central rotating drum to load the laundry. The
water and washing preparations are used during the washing process. The drum rotating at
various speeds mechanically removes the dirt from the laundry.
Modern automatic washing machines are programmable and allow the selection of
washing programmes according to various kinds of fabrics as well as programmes, which
can be used in washing clothes according to their purpose of use, e.g., sports clothing, jeans,
dark-coloured clothing, drapery, etc.
The majority of washing machines have additional programmes: extra rinse, prewash,
super wash, time delay, control of spin speed/temperature, etc.
Based on the place of laundry loading, the washing machines are classified into the
following:
top-loading washing machines. Advantages – space-saving possibility and it is
not necessary to bend when loading the laundry. Disadvantages of such washing
machines – they are more expensive, the upper part of the machine cannot be
used;
front-loading washing machines. These machines are characterised by higher
capacity, are more stable, cheaper, however, they require more space.
The washing machines are also classified according to the electricity consumption
class and are marked with letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G. The machines of classes A and B are
characterised by high washing efficiency and protect the fabrics, the machines of classes C,
D and E are of medium washing efficiency, whereas the washers of classes F and G – of low
washing efficiency.
The wringer (dryer) mechanisms fitted in the washing machines are used for wringing, i.e., to eliminate the major part of water from the laundry. The dryers usually spin at
the speed from 400 to 1,800 revs per minute. This index conditions the class and quality of
wringing.
Furthermore, the washing machines are classified into the following:
washing machines for small washhouses;
high speed washing machines;
medium speed washing machines;
washing machines with a hygienic barrier.
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Washing machines for small washhouses are new industrial washing machines
designed for the users with one-month washing needs equal to approx. 600 kg of laundry.
These machines are durable and reliable and perform all necessary operations. They are
convenient to use in a small space of a washhouse. 5-7 kg of laundry can be loaded to such
washing machines. The washhouse should have washing machines with such drum capacity. This would allow the washing of individual laundry orders.
The washhouse also requires a larger washing machine of the capacity of 16, 32, 45 kg
or more. They have larger washing drums, which can be loaded with more laundry. They
are more stable and less vibrating. When washing the clothes in a larger drum, they are not
jammed, therefore, are washed, rinsed and wringed better and are less crumpled.
Fig. 4. Professional washing machines
High speed washing machines are characterised by low noise level, are easy to use,
have an attractive appearance and are characterised by good washing properties. They are
excellent for hotels, restaurants, guest-houses, kindergartens and professional washhouses.
A particularly solid construction of high speed washing machines and small number of
moving parts ensures long service time and easy care. Washing machines with a hygiene
barrier are used for washing the laundry used in hospitals. Dirty laundry is loaded from
one side and clean laundry is taken through the other doors into a separate chamber. Clean
and dirty laundry is separated in this way and protection from biological contamination
is ensured. The barrier washing system together with information management system
software ensures a superior control degree and process control and ensures good washing
quality.
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Fig. 5. Washing machines with a hygiene barrier
Professional or home washing machines can also have the following additional
functions:
wet chemical cleaning;
automatic water level control according to the amount and type of laundry;
use of generated steam to obtain quality washing result (SteamWasher);
circulating spray;
laundry weighing, automatic selection of water and energy costs according to the
loading of laundry;
easy ironing;
automatic selection of necessary temperature, revolutions, rinsing duration
according to the amount of laundry and its soiling degree;
“ECO” system;
washing in lower temperature by using a bubble generator (“Eco BubbleTM”).
Preparation of washing machine for work, washing programmes:
the washing machine is turned on with the main power switch;
it is necessary to check whether the automatic washing machine control shows
no current failures. In case of identification of failure, the responsible company’s
employee is contacted;
it is verified whether the water feed and wastewater lines are ready for work;
a special washing machine door opening/closing key is pressed and the doors are
opened;
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sorted articles are loaded into the washing machine, the doors are closed and the
door opening/closing key is pressed repeatedly, which ensures that the doors are
tightly closed;
in view of the nature of articles prepared and loaded for washing, the washing
preparations are dosed by using special dispensers and filled to the special
compartments fitted in the washing machine. By using the automatic dispenser
of washing preparations, the products are automatically selected and dispersed
according to the set washing and product dispensing programmes.
There are various washing programmes. The following are usually used:
Cotton 90°;
“Eco” wash;
Wool 30°;
Quick time wash;
Delicate wash;
Super wash;
Synthetics 60°;
Baby clothing wash;
Sports clothing wash;
Synthetics (cold water);
Drapery wash;
Washing of sensitive fabrics 30°, etc.
Before the invention of washing machines with spinning and drying function or special textile product drying machines, all laundry was dried outdoors or in well-ventilated
premises. This process was long and did not ensure the quality of dried product and initial
marketable appearance.
For easy ironing by using special moisture-heat treatment methods, it is important to
dry the laundry well.
Nowadays, professional and home dryers are used to remove moisture from textile
products.
The dryer, same as in the washing machine, is programmed and allows the selection
of programmes according to the structure of fabric of dried product. The machine selects
optimum modes automatically: temperature, mechanical impact, duration, the remaining
moisture, drum rotation speed, therefore, it is possible to dry the products of the most sensitive fabrics, for example, silk, wool and cashmere, in a qualitative and safe manner. When
drying textile products, all internal parameters of drying programmes can be manually
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MODULE IV.
Fig. 6. Laundry drying
changed. Laundry drying machines have various programmes, such as special steam programmes used for refreshing clothing and pre-ironing, as well as special programmes for
drying clothing in steam. Reverse mixing action programme prevents the clothing from
winding and crumbling. It is important that the use textile dryer would not result in over-drying or damage to clothing. Furthermore, it is necessary to avoid additional consumption of
electricity.
The dryers are of various capacities: 5, 7, 9 kg and over.
Fig. 7. Dryers
Additional laundry drying programmes can be set in the dryers:
drying technology, which allows the use of less energy and is less damaging to
clothing and is dried with lower temperature air flow;
drying programme for synthetic fabrics. Such clothing is suitable for hanging in
the closet, are dry and suitable for ironing;
anti- crumpling programme;
super-drying programme;
cooling programme.
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Additional equipment is used for work in the washhouse: laundry trolleys for clean
and dirty laundry zone, mobile hangers, mobile containers, loading accessories, shelving for
storing laundry.
The additional equipment as well as washing facilities should meet the requirements
applicable for washhouses. The use of additional equipment makes it easier to wash, transport and store the laundry.
The trolleys are made of plastic, galvanised, stainless metal and are used for transporting clean and dirty laundry. Maximum capacity of trolleys – up to 200 litres.
Fig. 8. Mobile laundry container and mobile hanger
Fig. 9. Laundry trolleys
1. How the efficiency of washing machines is marked?
2. What revolutions are used for wringing terry towels or robes?
3. What functions are facilitated by the auxiliary equipment in the washhouse?
4. Please list the additional equipment in the washhouse?
5. TASK. Please compare the technical and technological parameters of class A washing machines of two manufacturers.
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MODULE IV.
Objective
02
FAMILIARISATION WITH WASHING
PREPARATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR USE
ASSORTMENT, PROPERTIES, TYPES AND SELECTION OF WASHING PREPARATIONS FOR
WASHING VARIOUS TEXTILE PRODUCTS
For excellent washing of textile products, it is important to select proper washing
preparations and modes.
In the old times, sand, soda and soap were used for washing clothing and other laundry. Before that, ashes were used to soak the laundry, and the boiling in ashes provided the
laundry with white colour.
The rinsing was performed in soft water of rivers and lakes, whereas drying – in the
sun and wind. The housewives used to place fragrant herbs picked in the fields among the
folded laundry to provide it with a pleasant odour.
The history of modern-day washing preparations started in 1876, in “Henkel & Cie
Aachenis” company founded by F. Henkel. In Lithuania, the domestic chemistry industry
originated in the late 19th century only.
In the modern times, the chemistry industry, which creates the products for domestic
and professional washing, offers a wide-range of washing preparations.
The washing preparations are classified according to the following characteristics:
solubility in water (biodegradable and non-degradable);
consistency (bulk, liquid, paste, soaps);
purpose of use (for natural fibre, artificial and synthetic fibre, universal, complex
washing preparations);
washing method (washing with hands or in a washing machine);
colour of laundry (white or colour laundry).
The additional products are also used together with the main preparation, i.e., bleachers, water softeners, soaking products, stain cleaners, fragrant substances, fabric softeners,
fabric finishers, products for easier ironing, drapery rinsing products.
The main washing preparations are used for washing various kinds of textile products.
Based on the purpose of use, they are classified into universal, colour and special washing preparations. They are usually used alone, however, can also be used in combination
with additional and finishing products. The main washing preparations are usually sold in
the form of powder (of small granules or pellets), liquids or gel. Universal and colour fabric
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products can also be used in certain doses in the form of packed products-tablets or liquid
capsules.
Powder preparations. Based on the production method and composition, the washing
powder can be less concentrated (ordinary) and more concentrated (compact and very compact). One standard washing requires a lesser amount of concentrated products than in case
of ordinary products.
Ordinary washing powder has higher content (up to 30%) of sodium sulphate, whereas
in concentrates, the content of this component is lower or does not exists at all.
10 pav. Different packages of washing preparations
Liquid washing preparations. Liquid washing preparations are different by the fact
that their ingredients include surfactants – in some cases, as much as up to 50%. Surfactants
reduce the tension of water surface, and the fabric tends to soak better, the removal of dirt
from the surface of fabric and from the internal fibrous structure is facilitated. Surfactants
also prevent the impurities from depositing on the surface of clothing. Soap (mixture of oil
and soda) started to be used as the surfactant as early as before Christ. Today, surfactants are
produced not only of natural substances, but also of oil products. There are more enzymes
in liquid washing products and they also contain water and/or alcohol. In these preparations (unlike in powder), zeolites or phosphates are rarely used as water softeners and soaps
are used much more often. The calcium and magnesium soaps formed in hard water are
dispersed by non-ionic surfactants, therefore, the amount of surfactants is higher than in
powder. The ingredients of liquid preparations usually do not contain chemical bleachers.
Liquid preparations are characterised by especially effective elimination of sebaceous-origin impurities in the temperatures below 60oC. The gels are different from ordinary liquid preparations by higher viscosity and are suitable for rubbing the stains before
washing.
Dosed products. These are packed washing preparations – tablets and liquid capsules –
packed in small doses. The washing products pressed into tablets are more suitable and
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occupy less space than powder. They should be rather solid in order not to break during
packing, transportation, however, should fragment and dissolve quickly during the washing
process.
Properties of washing preparations. The components of washing preparations are
classified into active and auxiliary substances. The cleaning effect is conditioned by active
substances. The auxiliary substances do not have a cleaning effect, however, they provide
the product with pleasant odour and colour, increase the resistance of powder to moisture,
facilitate the dispersion of products and provide the desired consistency.
Universal washing preparations are used for washing white and very dirty laundry.
They can be used for washing all kind of fabrics, except for wool and silk. The universal
washing preparations contain surfactants, water softeners, bleachers. These washing preparations can be used for washing in the temperatures from 30 to 95oC.
Each person has clothing made of colour fabrics in his/her closet. Therefore, it is
important to avoid any colour changes during washing. The washing preparations containing no bleachers and active substances that may affect the colour of fabric during washing are produced for this reason. Colour textile products are recommended to be washed in
temperatures of 30–60oC. The washing products of colour fabrics are suitable for fabrics of
various types, except for woollen and silk fabrics. These washing preparations are not characterised by a very strong effect and are more environmentally-friendly.
Special washing preparations are produced for woollen, silk fabrics, because these
fabrics are not resistant to higher temperatures, higher mechanical impact and certain
chemical substances. The washing preparations used for wool and silk are foaming less and
soften the mechanical impact on the structure of fabric. Recommended washing temperature – 30–40oC.
The washing preparations for black-coloured textile products, drapery and also for
hand washing are produced.
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1. How the washing preparations are classified?
2. What is a surfactant? Please list the properties of surfactants.
3. What are the main properties of washing preparations?
4. What requirements are applied to washing preparations according to the washable
fabric?
5. Please fill in the table below. Please select the most suitable washing preparations
and additional washing products according to the fabric of the textile product:
NAME OF FABRIC
WASHING PREPARATION
ADDITIONAL PRODUCTS
Cotton
Synthetic fabric
Wool
Silk
White-coloured laundry
Drapery
Colour laundry
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MODULE IV.
Objective
03
TEACHING HOW TO WASH AND DRY TEXTILE
PRODUCTS WITH SAFETY
SAFE WASHING AND DRYING OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS
The first full list of employees of Court of Henry Valua The Grand Duke of Lithuania
and King of Poland din 1574 contained of 21 different professions. Laundry attendant was
not the least position. They worked in every court, because it was difficult and responsible
occupation.
11 pav. Group of laundry attendants in the beginning of XX century
Washing is the removal of dirt from textile products by using water and washing
preparations. The solution of water and washing preparation is called the washing solution.
The effectiveness of washing is conditioned by the chemical impact, mechanical
impact, temperature and duration of washing.
Chemical impact – the process, when the dirt exposed to chemical substances turns
into other substances or dissolves and detaches from the surface.
Mechanical impact – the process, when the dirt is removed from the surface of the
fabric by rubbing or any other mechanical effect.
Temperature – temperature of the washing solution. The higher the temperature, the
more effective is the chemical impact (when washing only resistant fabrics).
Duration – the time, during which the dirt is removed. The longer the mechanical or
chemical impact, the faster is removal of dirt.
All factors are usually dominating during the washing, however, in case of decrease
in impact of one factor, it should be compensated by the other factor. During the washing
process, the fabric of textile product is soaked, the washing preparation reduces the relation
of dirt particles with the particles of the fibre of the fabric, the dirt detaches and is removed
together with the washing solution. The dirt detached due to the properties of the washing
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MODULE IV.
preparation is retained during washing and is prevented from sticking to the fabric.
During the washing process, it is important not only to remove the dirt, but also to
provide the fabric with necessary properties and to maintain the marketable value of textile
products. Furthermore, the washing process should have the minimum possible environmental impact, should save natural resources and energy and should have no negative impact on
human health. The automatic system of dispersion of washing preparations is used. When
using small capacity washing machines, the washing products are dispersed manually.
Hygiene, physiological, aesthetical and economical requirements are applicable to the
washed laundry.
Particularities of washing of laundry used in medical institutions. The hygienic
requirements of washing of laundry used in healthcare institutions (Lithuanian Hygiene
Norm HN 130:2012) regulate the selection, sorting, temporary storage, transportation and
washing methods of dirty laundry used in healthcare institutions, washing and disinfection
materials, technology, return of clean laundry and their hygienic and microbiology control,
personnel safety.
The laundry should be washed in two-sided washing machines only by applying the
disinfection based on the thermal or thermal-chemical method.
The laundry is washed according to the technological description prepared and approved
by the producer (supplier) of washing and/or disinfection products. The preparations used
for washing and indicated in the technological descriptions (washing, disinfection preparations, etc.) should be used in adequate proportions (should not neutralise each other, weaken
the impact, etc.) in view of their composition, impact and conditions of use. The fact that
the products used for washing are coordinated is indicated (approved) in the technological
descriptions by the person preparing the technological descriptions and/or producer of the
disinfection preparation.
The washing and disinfection preparations used for washing in medical institutions
should be dosed by using the automatic dosing equipment.
Fig. 12. Preparation of laundry for washing
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Before washing, the laundry should be properly prepared:
zipped, buttoned and all loose ropes or ribbons should be tied (e.g., the straps of
aprons);
the pockets should be emptied – metal objects should be removed (clippers,
safety-pins, etc.);
two-layered clothing should be turned inside out (e.g., cotton jackets with lining
are dried with the cotton layer turned inside out).
Fig. 13. Label of care symbols
Technological sequence of washing of textile products:
sorting of products;
checking of recommended technological parameters in the label of care symbols;
thorough inspection/review of product;
identification of stains and their cleaning with special solvents;
preparation of the washing machine for work;
loading of laundry to the machine;
selection of washing programme and start of machine.
After washing, the laundry is dried for easier performance of final finishing operations. The excess moisture is removed from textile products during drying, the products
are scribbled. To improve the drying quality of laundry, the dust and microfiber occurring
during washing are collected from the surface of the product with the filters inside the
dryer.
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Subject to the fact which laundry is dried, the drying programme is selected, e.g.:
“Steam function” – to make the clothing cripple less;
“Soft drying” – for “sensitive” fabric;
“Ventilation with hot air” – in order to reduce the old smell;
“Drying delay” – in order to set the start of work after some time;
“Shirt” – for effective drying of shirt;
“Jeans” – in order to dry only the jeans, etc.
Drying of textile products consists of the following stages:
1. washed textile products are sorted according to the type of fabric: cotton-synthetic,
woollen products, products having natural feathers, etc.;
2. the dryer is turned on with the main power switch;
3. it is verified whether the water feed and wastewater lines are ready for work;
4. the sorted products are loaded to the drying machine;
5. the respective drying programme is selected by using the buttons on the information screen;
6. the drying machine is launched for work.
The drying temperature depends on the type of products and varies from 30 to 70oC.
The drying duration depends on the type and amount of products and varies from 7 to 30
min. (longer duration is also possible). After the completion of the drying cycle, the employee
verifies the moisture of products. In case of need, the drying of products can be extended for
several extra minutes. During drying, the products should not be fully dried, the remaining
moisture can vary from 5 to 8%. This helps to iron the products easier and to protect them
from too intensive crumpling.
Dried products are loaded to clean laundry trolleys and transported to the moisture-heat
treatment area. After washing and drying, the textile products are steamed, ironed, various finishing operations are performed to improve the appearance and properties of textile
products.
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1. What is the washing process?
2. What factors have impact on the washing effectiveness?
3. What are the particularities of washing of laundry used in medical institutions.
4. Please list the technological sequence of washing of textile products.
5. What hygiene requirements are applied to washing?
6. What washing modes are selected for wool?
7. What is the laundry drying function?
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Objective
04
CONSOLIDATION OF THE ACQUIRED
VOCATIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT
“GETTING RICHER BY GIVING”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “GETTING RICHER BY GIVING”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills of module “Washing of Textile Products” is
performed by volunteering and realising a creative project “Getting Richer by Giving”. The
volunteering as the method of self-knowledge and realisation is presented during the validation, the education of vocational values is integrated and the project is implemented,
where the students demonstrate their skills to associate the competency of washing textile
products with vocational values, perform the reflection of experience and self-evaluation.
THE AIM OF CONSOLIDATION is to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills
by volunteering in the creative integrated project “Getting Richer by Giving”.
THE CONSOLIDATION OBJECTIVES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to familiarise with the course of realisation of the creative project “Getting Richer by Giving”;
to present the volunteering as the method of self-knowledge and realisation;
to discuss the service as the target value;
to perform and evaluate the consolidation of competency.
THE RESULT OF CONSOLIDATION – consolidated acquired vocational knowledge and skills.
Practical task of consolidation. The students receive a task to wash textile products
and prepare them for Christmas celebration or Advent get-together. To perform this task, the
students are recommended to visit the textile product care places, to familiarise with various textile products that are used for Christmas celebration and Advent get-together and to
wash them. After performing this task, the students have to prepare a presentation of 10-15
min according to the selected subtopic (e.g., “Washing and Preparation of Table Cloths for
Celebration”, “Washing and Preparation of Fabric Tissues for Advent Get-together”, “Washing
of Decorations”) and by using the selected method: a PowerPoint presentation, demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, paper, etc. During the presentation of a project, the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative
project and target result, list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of
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each group member (in case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge
and skills were used in the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project.
In order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions are provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in
terms of value.
2. effective adaptation of modern communication principles in the implementation
of project;
3. conveyance of professional/personal values;
Annex 4. Module 4. Textile product care.
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MODULE V.
DRY CLEANING OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS
THE MODULE AIMS at teaching the student how to clean textile products in a responsible
manner by using an advanced technique and technology.
1.
to familiarise with the methods, products, tools and equipment of dry cleaning of textile
products;
2. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills through realising the creative
integrated project “I Seek Justice”;
3. to teach how to clean textile products and perform the finishing operations in a safe manner;
4. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills through realising the creative
integrated project “I Trust”.
THE RESULT – the students, who is able to clean textile products and perform finishing
operations in a responsible manner.
Our antecedents used only washing to clean their dirty and contaminated clothing.
Nowadays, the new technologies allow not only the washing but also the cleaning of textile products in special cleaning machines. The cleaning process has significantly facilitated the care of clothing made of non-traditional fabrics. The automatic cleaning machines
and professional dry cleaning care provides the cleaned clothing with a former marketable
appearance.
By studying the module of dry cleaning of textile products, the textile product care specialist will gain knowledge about the technology of dry cleaning of textile products made of
various fabrics, will be able to describe various impurities and stains and will know how to
eliminate them. He/she will familiarise with the newest equipment of dry cleaning, drying
and ironing of textile products and will know how to operate it. The student will know all
the technological parameters and requirements applicable for the dry cleaning and moisture-heat treatment of various fibres. He/she will be familiarised with the used cleaning
products, their classification, properties and selection requirements for the wide variety of
textile products. The students will understand the interaction between the environment and
human health as well as the impact of harmful substances and hazardous factors on the
human health and environment.
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MODULE V
DEPARTMENT
TEACHING/LEARNING TECHNIQUES AND METHODS:
1.

dry cleaning and ironing equipment;
2. dry cleaning preparations for textile
products;
3. creative integrated project “I Seek
Justice”;
4. dry cleaning of textile products;
5. creative integrated project “I Trust”.
lecture;
discussion;
work in groups;
individual work;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
integrated task: theoretical part (knowledge review
test) and practical task;
Dry cleaning machine;
Drying machine;
Ironing equipment, transportation

facilities;

Dry cleaning preparations;
Self-control questions;
Evaluation of theoretical knowledge (test);
Practical tasks;
Evaluation of an integrated creative project in terms
of value.
Technological cards;
Textile product care programme.
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MODULE V.
Objective
01
FAMILIARISATION WITH THE METHODS,
PRODUCTS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT OF DRY
CLEANING OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS
DRY CLEANING AND IRONING EQUIPMENT
One of the first companies to start offering dry cleaning services in Europe was the
Finnish company “C. A. Lindström & Son”. In the 1880s, it started to provide dry cleaning service near the dye-house in the old town of Helsinki.
The modern dry cleaning process of textile products has developed significantly and
includes the use of special dry cleaning machines.
Based on the cleaning preparations used for the cleaning process, dry cleaning equipment can be classified into standard line machines using perchloroethylene for the cleaning
process and machines using hydrocarbon or SOLVONK4 cleaning system.
The dry cleaning machines are fitted with electric, mechanical and pneumatic equipment that is operated on the basis of the respective electronic control.
The exterior of machines is covered with a frame composed of fixed and mobile sections. They protect the front and side constructional parts and provide them with an attractive appearance.
The modern machines are fitted with a control unit, i.e., a computer used to perform
and monitor the machine cleaning cycles and stages.
The front part of machine contains a hole used for loading the clothing to the cleaning
drum.
The bottom part of the machine contains the safety tray to hold the standing machine.
It is used to collect any solvent that accidentally flows from the containers and to prevent it
from passing to the environment.
Fig. 1. Dry cleaning machines with two and three containers
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The main parts of the dry cleaning machine are as follows:
1. containers filled with dry cleaning preparation. Subject to the construction of the
machine, they can be two or three. All containers are fully automated and of spontaneous cleaning. They are fitted with large inspection glasses. The basic container
is divided into three sections. Two are called the operating containers (e.g., container 1 and container 2) and the other one – reserve container or rinsing container
(container 3);
2. loading doors. It is used to load the products to the machine drum;
3. the computer for programming the control of machine;
4. the distilled condenser, which is used to renew the solvent by removing the impurities that passed during the cleaning cycles. During the distillation, the vapours
of solvent are directed to the condenser, where they are condensed and cooled
in contact with cold water coil. The distiller is heated with vapour, which passes
either from the external heater or from the electricity-heated heater fitted into the
distiller;
5. the function of distiller-separator is to ensure the avoidance of vibration, which
can cause harm to the proper separation of solvent from water before the liquids
pass to the separator. The separators are used to protect the solvents from moisture
generated during the distillation. They function pursuant to different water and
solvent gravities;
6. the catcher of fine objects. This equipment installed inside the machine catches all
pins, buttons and any other fine objects remaining in the solvent.
Dry cleaning machines are different from the washing machines by the fact that the
used solvents are cleaned and used in other cleaning cycles. The cleaning impurities generated during several cycles are accumulated and cleaned during the prophylactic cleanings.
They are utilised pursuant to the established requirements.
Fig. 2. FIRBIMATIC dry cleaning machine control panel
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The control panel consists of three components, i.e.:
1. computer;
2. additional keyboard;
3. additional control panel.
The computer is a powerful universal system with functional keys in the control panel.
They are used to programme and control the work of machine. Up to 20 programmes are
used in the computer memory that can be entered by a keyboard or a memory card can be
used.
The main dry cleaning machine programmes include the following:
machine work start programme;
machine work end programme;
programmes for very dirty products;
programmes for slightly dirty products;
programmes for light-coloured products;
programmes for dark-coloured products;
programmes for multicoloured products;
programmes for products of leather, fur, etc.
Maintenance of equipment. For excellent and proper functioning of equipment, it is
necessary to ensure its timely maintenance. After the completion of work with a dry cleaning machine, it is necessary to clean the machine pipes (by using a special pipe cleaning
programme), to clean coarse cleaning filter and the catcher of fine objects.
After cleaning the textile products, they are ironed, steamed and the finishing is
performed.
Same as after washing, the products are ironed by using the ironing tables with airsteam termination and feed functions, electric-steam irons, ironing presses and air-steam
mannequins.
Fig. 3. Ironing table and press
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Air-steam mannequins are used for the final finishing of textile products after dry
cleaning. The whole product surface is exposed to hot air and steam.
Air-steam mannequins are fitted with a soft or hard cover or are combined. Ironing
and steaming of textile products is controlled by microprocessors that regulate the feed of
pressure, air and steam as well as the vacuum suction.
The mannequins can be used only for ironing the jackets and coats, only for trousers,
with a tension system and can be with rotational double cabin for the finishing of trousers,
coats and jackets.
Fig. 4. Air-steam mannequins
By using various exchangeable accessories, the mannequin with rotational double finishing cabin is used for ironing various types of clothes.
The technological properties of machine enable the achievement of high productivity
per hour, reduction of service costs and significant saving of energy costs. Furthermore, the
machine helps the operator to avoid direct contact with steam.
The mannequin construction is fitted with a control panel. It provides an opportunity
to set and memorise different programmes for the automation of work stages, thus, helping
to perform the operations faster and easier.
Fig. 5. Air-steam mannequin with rotational double finishing cabin
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The mannequin is controlled by using the control panel located in the front part.
Selection of functions on the control panel:
1. The manometer shows the pressure of steam in the boiler;
2. The green control lamp shows the overheating of mannequin parts;
3. The boiler switch is used to turn on the steam boiler;
4. The manual release of steam is used to release or stop the steam;
5. When the machine is turned on, the green control lamp goes on;
6. The manual ventilation is used to start or stop the ventilation cycle;
7. The manual start of a cycle is used to start the ironing cycle;
8. The automatic/manual cycle selection is used to select the mode of operating cycle;
9. The stop of cycle is used to stop the ironing cycle at the necessary moment;
10. The time reading of release of steam shows the duration of steam flow in seconds;
11. The ventilation delay time reading shows the time of ventilation cycle delay before
the start of steam;
12. The ventilation time reading shows the duration of ventilation in seconds;
13. The programming is used to start the action;
14. The buttons +/- are used to set the desired size.
Fig. 6. Air-steam mannequin control panel
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The mannequins can memorise several different programmes acting in automatic or
semi-automatic mode.
In each programme, it is possible to set the following:
1. time of the start of steam flow;
2. time of ventilation cycle delay before the release of the steam;
3. ventilation start time.
When working with the air-steam mannequin, additional equipment is used to fix and
restore the initial form of garment.
Fig. 7. Accessories for the formation of garment shoulders: 1. Clothing cover;
2. Oval fibreglass mannequin; 3. Control handle; 4. Connected left shoulder;
5. Connected right shoulder; 6. Rounded claws; 7. Claws for slashes; 8. Clothing shoulder
stand; 9. Wooden sleeve stretchers; 10. Silicon sleeve stretchers; 11. Fastening.
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A
B
Fig. 8. Additional clothing formation equipment: A: 1. Handle; 2. Waist stretching indicator;
3. Indicator spring; 4. Waist stretching spring; 5. Waist stretching edge cover;
6. Straight claws for trousers. B: 1. Cylinder; 2. Pneumatic waist tension spring;
3. Waist tension edge cover; 4. Filter regulator; 5. Solenoid valve; 6. Control pedal.
The dryers used for drying the textile products after washing are ideally suited to
drying textile products after wet cleaning. The dryers are very efficient and productive, they
are fitted with easy-to-clean stainless steel filter, have three drum rotation speeds fitted to
drying of different types of laundry. A perfect construction of the drying drum allows to dry
more laundry with the same energy costs.
The drying cabinets are practical for use when it is impossible to dry wet clothes in
dryers. They are dried on the hangers. The construction and control of cabinets is simple.
Fig. 9. Drying cabinets
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MODULE V.
1. How the dry cleaning machines are classified?
2. Please list the main parts of the dry cleaning machine.
3. What dry cleaning programmes do you know?
4. What operations are performed after dry cleaning of textile products?
5. What formation accessories are used in work with air-steam mannequin?
DRY CLEANING PREPARATIONS FOR TEXTILE PRODUCTS
The first dry cleaning preparations included paraffin the cleaning properties of which
were noticed by French Charlie Brown. Later, the carbon tetrachloride, which was incombustible and safer than paraffin, started to be used. At the start of the 20th century, the trichloroethylene started to be used for dry cleaning of textile products in Europe and has been
used till nowadays.
At present, the main preparations for cleaning of textile products include perchloroethylene and hydrocarbon. More recently, the SOLVONK4 cleaning preparations were introduced to the European market. They are filled to the dry cleaning machine containers and
used for multiple textile product cleaning cycles by filling up the containers.
Before the main cleaning in the machine, the total product impurities in the sleeves,
at bottom of the product, on the collar, around the pockets are additionally processed with
the same solvents used for the dry-cleaning process in the machine: perchloroethylene,
SOLVONK4 or hydrocarbon.
Special solvents for cleaning one type (e.g. fat, paint, wax, rust stains) or several types
(e.g., berry and fruit, vine, starch stains) are also used for removing the stains from the textile products.
The stain cleaners are available in the form of liquids, pastes and aerosols.
Usually, the special cleaning agents are soluble in the main chemical cleaning agent
used for cleaning in the machine.
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Fig. 10. Special stain cleaning agents
The dry cleaning preparations can contain softening, deodorising and antistatic substances. The additional substances can provide the product with hygienic, antibacterial
impact, accentuate the colour of fabric, remove the electrostatic charge, prevent form the
formation of fuzz.
Some ingredients of cleaning agents can damage the products, their colour and finishing, therefore, the packaging usually indicates the products for which this agent can be used.
Fig. 11. Preparation for initial processing of stains
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Currently, the increasingly important area is occupied by the “organic” or so-called
ecologic movement and the spread ideas causing a significant influence on the textile product washing and dry cleaning industry. The effective solutions are sought to replace the
method of providing the environment-harmful dry cleaning method, which includes the use
of tetrachloroethylene also known as perchloroethylene, with the cleaning method, which
is friendly both to the environment and people. At the moment, several main technological
clothing cleaning solutions are introduced and further developed in the market.
The machines, where the main agent used is silicon, are designed. It should be noted
that this method is not completely new, and the company “GreenEarthCleaning” has been
improving this technology since 1999. Its active cooperation with the German company
“Seitz”, producing and selling products for dry cleaning, brings more hope each year that
this technological solution will be one of the main to replace the equipment operating on the
basis of perchloroethylene. Nevertheless, according to the textile care specialists, it was difficult for this method to make its way to the service companies due to a conservative approach
of the heads of companies providing textile product care services and the effectiveness of the
cleaning process itself.
In order to reduce the environment pollution and the impact on people, another alternative is the “Rynex-3E” technology designed and gradually improved by “Rynex Technologies”.
Actively creating and seeking for effective and organic solutions since 1995, the company
declares to have opened a new page of activity in the market of chemical cleaning services.
The close professional friendship with “Christeyns” company, which creates cleaning products, provides the “Rynex Technologies” with an opportunity to develop the improvement of
their product much faster.
In 2010, “Kreussler” company created and launched a cleaning technology named
SYSTEMK4 and solvent SOLVONK4. Two years of the practical use provided the company with
an opportunity to declare their own and consumer’s opinion on this cleaning technology. It
should be noted that active participation of such large equipment producers as “Firbimatic”,
“Union” or “Renzacci” in the creation and improvement of equipment working on the basis
of SYSTEMK4 allows to think that this organic technology actually has a future.
SYSTEMK 4 is an innovative, very effective process non-harmful to the environment
and fully safe, aimed at the commercial cleaning of textile products. The essential SYSTEMK
4 component is halogen-free solvent SOLVONK4. If used properly, it does not cause any threat
to the environment: air, water, soil and persons. The greatest SYSTEMK 4 innovation is that
solvent SOLVONK4 cleans with the same effectiveness as perchloroethylene and in some
cases – even better. Pursuant to the European Union law (CLP regulation), solvent SOLVONK4
is not classified as hazardous. Furthermore, SOLVONK is biodegradable and evaluated as
“very good” during the tests of dermatologists.
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SYSTEMK4 is not only about SOLVONK4. This system also includes concentrated detergent CLIPK4, stain remover PRENETTK4 and impregnator VINOYK4, which repels water and
impurities. They are all well-matched to be used together with SOLVONK4.
SOLVONK4 advantages:
Excellent cleaning of oil and water-soluble stains.;
Reduced need for additional processing of stains;
Softer cleaning of fabrics, leather and fur;
Reduced shrinking of product, thus, facilitating the ironing process;
The cleaned clothing looks softer and does not roughen;
Protection of light colours against greying.
Special water-soluble chemical preparations are used for textile, the care label of which
indicates that it is possible to perform wet cleaning. These preparations are characterised by
the following functions:
remove oil stains and pigments from textile products;
restore the colours, protect them from picking and shrinking during wet
cleaning;
sediment-free system allows for better removal of dirt and stains;
protect the fibre during drying;
the textile products cleaned by wet cleaning method are cleaner, more fresh and
hygienic;
these preparations are better, safer, softer, more effective to silk, synthetic
fabrics, products of cashmere and wool.
The leather product care preparations are aimed at cleaning leather products and protect them against environmental impact. Furthermore, they restore the colour of leather
products by providing them with gloss and hydrophobic properties (hydrophobic properties
– the inability of material to form molecular relations with water molecules). Based on the
composition and purpose of use, the leather product care preparations are classified into
several groups:
preparations containing organic solvents;
products without organic solvents;
preparations for impregnation of leather products.
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The products containing organic solvents include creams, pastes composed of wax,
paraffin, organic solvents and colour substances. Their ingredients also include water and
emulsifiers. When using this preparation, the protective film is formed on the surface of
leather.
The preparations without organic solvents act especially softly and are suitable for
cleaning and taking care of sensitive leather, are used for all types of smooth leather.
The preparations for impregnation of leather products are designed for shaggy leather
(velour, nubuck, suede). They contain additional organic solvents, colour substances. These
products are usually of aerosol. When spraying, the fine drops cover separate fibres and do
not clog the pores of the skin.
All leather care products can be used with the main cleaning agents or as additional
finishing products after the main cleaning.
Recommendations for work with chemical preparations
In order to avoid any accidents, it is recommended to observe the regulations of work
with chemical products. The main rules of work are listed below:
1. Chemical products should be kept in:
a closed, dry place;
separately from food products and other chemicals that can have a reaction;
hermetic, special containers.
2. Before starting to use the preparations, it is recommended to read the entire information on the label and strictly follow the instructions.
3. The products should be used only for their intended purpose of use.
4. It is recommended to use the products sparingly and only when they are truly
necessary.
5. It is not recommended to touch the chemical products with bare hands, to smell
and taste, especially if they are marked with hazardousness symbols.
6. When working with chemical preparations, it is recommended to wear rubber
gloves and to ventilate the premises properly.
7. It is forbidden to use several different products at once, because of the formation of
poisonous substances due to chemical reactions among their composite parts.
8. The dry cleaners contain materials neutralising the chemical cleaning products.
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MODULE V.
1. What professional cleaning products are used for dry cleaning of clothes?
2. What additional substances are added to the main dry cleaning preparation?
3. Please list the differences of perchloroethylene and SALVONK4. Find the information
online.
4. What properties are characteristic to leather cleaning agents?
5. Please list the main safety requirements of work with chemical preparations.
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MODULE V.
Objective
02
CONSOLIDATION OF THE ACQUIRED VOCATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS THROUGH REALISING THE
CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “I SEEK JUSTICE”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “I SEEK JUSTICE”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of module “Dry Cleaning
of Textile Products” is performed through the etiquette by realising a creative project “I Seek
Justice”. The basics of etiquette of occupational clothing are presented during the consolidation, the education of vocational and personal values is integrated and project is implemented, where the students demonstrate their skills to associate the competency of dry
cleaning of textile products with personal and vocational values, perform the reflection of
experience and self-evaluation.
CONSOLIDATION IS AIMED at consolidation of the acquired vocational knowledge and skills
by realising the creative integrated project “I Seek Justice” through etiquette.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to familiarise with the course of realisation of the creative project “I Seek Justice”;
to present the basics of occupational clothing etiquette;
to discuss justice as the target value;
Practical task of consolidation. The students receive a task to prepare the presentation
(individually or in a group) on the occupational etiquette of dry cleaning of textile products
within a context of a selected subtopic (e.g., “How to Look Beautiful and Stylish at the Work
Place”, “Improper Occupational Clothing”). To perform this task, the students will have to
familiarise with the basic principles of occupational clothing etiquette, to participate in the
educational-study trip to the company providing services of dry cleaning of textile products, during which they will have an opportunity to communicate with the specialists of
dry cleaning of textile products and to learn about the work specifics and proper etiquette
of occupational clothing and to learn from their experiences as well as to check the understanding of the occupation clothing etiquette in view of the received constructive criticism.
The acquired experience and skills should be systemised, formatted and prepared by the students as a thematic 10-15 min presentation on the basis of the selected method: a PowerPoint
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MODULE V.
presentation, demonstration of photographs, paper, etc. During the presentation of a project,
the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project
and target result, list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each
group member (in case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and
skills were used in the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project. In
order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions
are provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms
of value.
2. application of the main principles of occupational clothing etiquette in the realisation of project;
4. cooperation with colleagues;
5. comprehensiveness of presentation of practical task.
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Objective
03
TEACHING HOW TO CLEAN TEXTILE
PRODUCTS AND PERFORM THE FINISHING
OPERATIONS IN A SAFE MANNER
The origins of dry cleaning date the second half of the 19th century, Paris. One day,
Charlie Brown noticed that soaking of dirty clothing in paraffin resulted in the disappearance
of impurities. He decided that it is an original removal of stains and created “Dry Cleaners”
after the repetitive tests. This resulted in the origination of the first dry cleaning technology.
In 1897, in Leipzig, Ruud Ludwig Ante Lin discovered the impact of carbon tetrachloride
on the washing of clothing. This was the equipment corroding material of strong odour,
however, incombustible unlike paraffin and already discovered petroleum and other solvents. Since 1918, trichloroethylene started to be used instead of carbon tetrachloride in
Europe and then the industry of dry cleaning of clothing started to develop gradually.
The modern dry cleaning of textile products has developed significantly, since the process itself is performed in special dry cleaning machines. Professional preparations are used
for the dry cleaning procedures.
The dry cleaning is used for cleaning clothing, natural and artificial fur, bed linen,
plaids, bedspreads, draping and curtains, decorative tablecloths, furniture and car seat
upholstery, i.e., all textile and leather products the maintenance symbols of which permit
the dry cleaning procedure. The dry cleaning method is usually indicated with letter
on
the label with care symbols.
The products requiring careful dry cleaning are marked with symbol
. They are
cleaned by using a special shorter mode. The products cleaned by using dry cleaning mode
also include scarves, caps, ties and occupational clothing. In view of the fibrous composition,
the products without care symbols are also dry-cleaned.
The alternative to dry cleaning is wet cleaning. This process includes the use of preparations and water, organic washing and antistatic softening products. Wet cleaning is performed in professional washing machines, which can be programmed for wet cleaning.
Nowadays, more and more products are provided with care symbols allowing the wet
cleaning. It is especially relevant to allergic people having the skin sensitive to chemical
substances.
The wet cleaning can be used (if permitted by the care symbols) to clean clothing, artificial fur, blankets, plaids, bedspreads, draping, curtains, furniture and car seat upholstery,
toys, occupational clothing, etc.
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The technological sequence of dry cleaning is as follows:
preparation of dry cleaning machine for work;
the programme of preparation of machine for work is selected. It is turned on at
the start of work day. Duration of programme – approx. 20 min;
the sorted products with processed stains and general impurities are placed into
the dry cleaning machine;
subject to the assortment, colour, contamination of cleaned products, the dry
cleaning programme is selected and turned on. The duration of programmes – 70,
120 minutes and more;
after the end of the cleaning cycle, the cleaned textile products are taken and
hung on the hangers and transported to the ironing-steaming zone;
at the end of the work day, the special machine work completion programme is
selected and turned on.
During the dry cleaning procedure, the products are dried in the same machine, whereas
after the wet cleaning, the textile products are sorted, placed into the drying machine and
the drying duration and temperature are set. The duration of drying depends on the type and
amount of products. It ranges from 7 to 30 min., but can also be longer. The dried products
are hung on the hangers or nicely folded and placed on the special shelves.
The cleaned and dry textile products are processed by using moisture-heat treatment
methods, such as ironing, pressing and steaming.
The ironing is performed by using the ironing tables, electric-steam irons having the
heated surface and steam suction system. An iron operating on a certain pressure can be
pushed on the surface of fabric or pressed on certain areas only. When ironing the products
after dry and wet cleaning, the ironing symbols indicated by the manufacturer should be
considered.
The moisture-heat pressing method can be used for cleaning trousers, edges and bottoms of outerwear products and flat textile products.
When performing the ironing of product on the mannequin, the product is hung on
the steam mannequin clothing cover. The parts and fittings that were taken off before the
cleaning are attached and fitted. It is necessary to check whether the composite parts of
product (shoulder line, inside shoulders, sleeves, front and back parts) are properly prepared
for steaming. Where necessary, the sleeves of the product are fitted with sleeve stretchers.
The prepared product is steamed pursuant to the technological sequence of moisture-heat
processing. The entire steaming process is automated.
After the performance of wet cleaning, the drying drums, cabinets and steam cabinets
are used in view of the assortment of products.
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The cleaning and ironing quality of textile products is verified, the necessary finishing
operations are performed (fine textile product repair, fuzz removal, combing, etc.).
Special disposable hangers for shirts, light-weight clothing, jackets and coats are used
in wash-houses and dry-cleaners.
The cleaned products and hung on special hangers and placed into polyethylene bags
by using a packing machine.
Fig. 12. Textile product packing equipment
1. What symbol indicates that the textile product can be dry-cleaned?
2. How dry cleaning is different from wet cleaning?
3. What operations are performed before the dry cleaning?
4. What finishing operations are performed after the dry cleaning?
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MODULE V.
Objective
04
THROUGH REALISING THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED
PROJECT “I TRUST”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “I TRUST”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of module “Dry Cleaning of
Textile Products” is performed through the etiquette by realising a creative project “I Trust”.
The specifics of the vocational communication etiquette is emphasised and several specific
examples are analysed during the consolidation, the education of vocational values is integrated and the project is implemented, where the students demonstrate their skills to associate the competency of dry cleaning of textile products with vocational and personal values,
perform the reflection of experience and self-evaluation.
CONSOLIDATION IS AIMED at consolidation of the acquired vocational knowledge and skills
by realising the creative integrated project “I Trust” through etiquette.
2. to familiarise with the course of realisation of the creative integrated project “I trust”;
3. to explain the specifics of vocational communication etiquette by analysing several specific
communication etiquette examples;
4. to discuss the loyalty as the target value;
5. to perform and (self)evaluate the consolidation of competency..
Practical task. The students receive a task to create and impersonate the situation
staging the professional communication with clients and cooperation with colleagues. The
course of work is photographed, video-recorded and later reviewed, discussed and evaluated.
The discussed and evaluated experience and knowledge are then systemised, formatted and
prepared by the students as a 10-15 min presentation according to the selected subtopic (e.g.,
“Professional Communication and My Temperament”, “What Professional Communication
Skills Should I Improve?”), on the basis of the selected method: a PowerPoint presentation,
demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, etc. During the presentation of a
project, the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative
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terms of value.
2. application of principles of vocational etiquette in the implementation of project;
Annex 5. Module 5. Dry Cleaning of Textile Products.
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MODULE VI.
REPAIR OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS
THE AIM OF MODULE – education of competency to repair and recondition textile products
in a responsible manner by using various product repair technologies.
1.
2.
3.
4.
to familiarise with the composition, purpose of use and defects of textile products;
to indicate proper textile product repair methods, tools, means and equipment;
to teach how to repair and recondition textile products;
to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills through realising the creative
integrated project “Thank You for Everything”.
5. Implementation of a community project “Let’s Respect our Teacher”, by revealing the
importance of trust and creativeness values for the harmonious and meaningful life and
work of the person.
THE RESULT – the student, who is able to repair and recondition textile products in a responsible
manner.
The textile products brought for washing or cleaning usually have defects that are
visible during the acceptance of order, therefore, a minor repair is necessary. This service
is popular, because it saves customer’s time – he/she does not need to search for the tailor
additionally and can take the already repaired textile product, which was left for cleaning or
washing. The textile product care employee, studying the textile product repair module will
learn about various technologies of repair of textile products, types of defects that emerge not
only when wearing the clothing, but also during the process of washing or chemical cleaning. The student will familiarise with textile product repair tools, equipment and means and
will learn how to carry out the repair of textile products.
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MODULE VI
DEPARTMENT
METHODS:
1.
the main knowledge on the types of
defects and repair of textile products;
2. the main knowledge on the tools and
means of repair of textile products;
3. purpose and classification of sewing
equipment. Small mechanisation means;
4. hand works in repair of textile products;
5. machine works in repair of textile
products;
6. repair of textile products by using
moisture-heat treatment equipment;
7.
creative integrated project “Thank You
for Everything”;
8. community project “Let’s Respect our
Teacher”.

lecture;
discussion;
work in groups;
individual work;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
EVALUATION AND SELF-ASSESSMENT

Sewing-machines;
Ironing equipment;
Hand tools and means;
Hand stitch samples;
Samples of seams;
practical tasks;
evaluation of the creative integrated project in
terms of value.
Textile product care specialist training
programme.
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MODULE VI.
Objective
01
FAMILIARISATION WITH THE COMPOSITION,
PURPOSE OF USE AND DEFECTS OF TEXTILE
PRODUCTS
THE MAIN KNOWLEDGE ON THE TYPES OF DEFECTS AND REPAIR OF TEXTILE
PRODUCTS
In addition to textile product washing and cleaning services, the wash-houses and
cleaners provide clothing and other textile product recondition and repair services to their
customers. In some cases, it is necessary to repair only some areas of the garment – to
shorten or elongate the bottom or sleeves, to replace the zipper, relocate buttons, etc. When
worn and washed, clothing gradually loses its shape and appearance and gets old.
Some people cannot afford buying new cloths regularly or do not want to thrown out
old likable clothes and, therefore, apply for repair and recondition.
Repair of clothing and other textile products can be: minor, medium and major. Only
minor repair is usually performed for washed or cleaned products in wash-houses and
cleaners.
Fine repair of textile products is performed by sewing the torn places, by darning the
emerging holes by a tacking stitch. Various tears can also be repaired by darning or loopy
stitch. The damages of textile products can also be patched. The patching is performed from
the underside of the product by selecting the fabric of the same or similar colour. The thread
of the fabric colour is selected.
Fig. 1. Repair of textile product with a special sewing-machine
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Major repair of textile products is performed by replacing the worn details with new
ones. The worn details can be concealed under the new finishing details, by sewing new
cuffs, collars.
The defects of clothing can be classified into the following three groups:
1. textile defects;
2. constructional defects;
3. processing (technological) defects.
Textile defects are related to the quality of fabrics used in the production of garment.
These include the rarefaction of fabric, thickening of threads, stains, uneven colours, etc.
Constructional defects result in the improper fitting of garment for human figure,
irregular falling, incorrect clothing balance.
The processing defects usually emerge during the process of sewing. These include
the irregularity of seams, hemstitches, curvature of edges, unevenness of symmetrical elements, pattern inequalities, defects of moisture-heat treatment.
The most usual textile product defects after washing and cleaning include the sewing
of buttons, sewing of unravelled seams, hemming of product edges or bottom, sewing of fine
parts, darning, patching, application, etc.
The areas of rubbing are usually fading in clothes, causing the unravelling of pockets and seams, breaking of zippers and the overall impairment of products appearance.
Therefore, the textile products should be repaired.
1. What are the textile defects?
2. Which side is used to place the patch on the textile product?
3. What types clothing repairs are used?
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MODULE VI.
Objective
02
INDICATION OF PROPER TEXTILE PRODUCT
REPAIR METHODS, TOOLS, MEANS AND
EQUIPMENT
THE MAIN KNOWLEDGE ON TOOLS AND MEANS OF REPAIR OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS
The sewing equipment and various tools and means are used for the repair of textile
products and hand works. The machine works are performed by using various sewing-machines. The hand works include the use of such tools as hand sewing needles, scissors,
thimbles. Measures include centimetre strip, tailor’s chalk, tailor’s pencil, moulds, pins,
pegs, rulers, needle threaders, breakers-knives for unravelling the seams.
Fig. 2. Tools for hand works
The hand sewing needles are numbered 1-12. The scissors are used for cutting elements, cutting of thread ends and other fine works. They are numbered 1-8. Special toothed
scissors are used for cutting the edges of fabrics to prevent them from fraying. They are used
instead of overedging. 1 numbered scissors are the largest. The thimbles are used to protect
the tailor’s finger from injury and to push the needle to the sown fabric. Centimetre strip is
a flexible, resilient stripe with centimetre and millimetre graduation for measuring human
figures, details and clothing.
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Fig. 3. The tools and means for hand works
When repairing textile products, it is important to select proper methods for the elimination of each defect. Each case is unique, because the repair of defect requires optimum
evaluation of possibilities. Several textile product repair methods are discussed in Table 1.
TABLE 1. TEXTILE PRODUCT REPAIR CASES
ITEM
NO
CORRECTED DEFECT
CAUSE OF DEFECT
REPAIR
METHOD
1.
Sewing of pulled-out buttons
Hand works
2.
Sewing of unravelled seams
3.
Sewing of unravelled fine parts
4.
Hemming of product edges or
bottom
5.
Replacement of bags of worn
pockets
Wearing
Machine works
6.
Replacement of broken zipper
Wearing
Machine works
7.
Elimination of corrugation in the
elements of outerwear
Ungluing of linen during
washing or chemical
cleaning of product
Moisture-heat
treatment
Wearing, mechanical
impact when washing or
chemically cleaning the
product
Machine works
Machine works
Hand or machine
works
1. What aspects are considered in selecting the machine sewing needle?
2. What means are used in performing hand repair works?
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PURPOSE AND CLASSIFICATION OF SEWING EQUIPMENT. SMALL MECHANISATION
MEANS
Based on the technological purpose of use, the machines are classified into sewing-machines, overlock machines, sewing and overlock machines, blind stitch machines, flat seam
machines, loop sewing machines, button sewing machines, bartacking machines, embroidery machines, finishing hemstitch machines, etc.
Sewing technological equipment is classified based on the constructional, production
and technological specifications. The constructional classification is based on the constructional particularities of sewing-technological device. Based on the industrial classification,
each newly designed machine receives a digital and literal marking class. Currently, nearly
all producers include the technological purpose and main technical specifications into the
machine class. There is no standardised marking of machines. Each producer uses its own
indexing and coding system. The code of machine is made of different number of symbols
– letters and numbers. The marking is divided into groups, which provide respective information decoded according to the special tables.
When repairing the textile products, the machine operations are performed with
various sewing-machines. The sewing-machines are classified into universal and special.
Universal sewing-machine can perform many or several technological operations, whereas
the special swing-machine - only one, specifically defined technological operation, e.g., to
sew the button or embroider a loop, etc. Universal sewing-machines are the most popular.
Each group of sewing-machines is classified into two subgroups: chain stitch and lockstitch
sewing-machines.
A
142
B
C
Fig. 4. Sewing-machines: A. Domestic lockstitch sewing-machine; B. Industrial
lockstitch sewing-machine; C. Chain stitch sewing machine
MODULE VI.
Small mechanisation means. Additional equipment is usually used together with the
sewing-machines, which is called the small mechanisation equipment. It includes various
limiters, special foots, devices for folding the edges of details, sewing of edges, etc. Such
devices are easily fitted to the sewing-machine and facilitate the work of the specialist,
make it more efficient. For example, the application of a special foot with the universal sewing-machine simplifies the attachment of the zipper to the product. The proper selection of
equipment and small mechanisation devices for a specific work improves the quality and
efficiency of the work.
1.
2.
3.
Fig. 5. Small mechanisation means: 1. Universal foot;
2. Foot for attaching the zipper; 3. Foot for sewing the button
1. How the machines are classified according to the technological specification?
2. What is the purpose of small mechanisation means?
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MODULE VI.
Objective
03
TEACHING HOW TO REPAIR AND
RECONDITION TEXTILE PRODUCTS
HAND WORKS IN REPAIRING TEXTILE PRODUCTS
Special terms of hand works:
Basting – temporary connection of two elements of a similar size by tacking stitches.
Tacking – connection of a smaller part to a larger part by tacking stitches.
Tacking in – connection of the elements by tacking stitches according to the oval
contour.
Overcasting – folding and temporary fastening of the edge of needlework or folded
seam or overlap by tacking stitches.
Duplicating – relocation of lines from one detail to another by duplicating stitches.
Overedging – final processing (hemming with whipping stitches) or cut edges of parts
to prevent them from fraying.
Hemming – final fitting of the folded edge of needlework with hemstitches.
Fig. 6. Repair of textile product by using hand stitches
Stitch is a final thread weaving element between two stabs of the needle. Based on the
technological purpose, the stitches are classified into: basting, sewing, duplicating, overedging, tacking, gathering, finishing and special (fixing, finishing of loop edges, sewing of
buttons, etc.).
Based on the complexity, the stitches are classified into ordinary and complex. The
ordinary stitches include basting, duplicating, overedging, tacking, sewing, overcasting,
gathering, combination.
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Complex stitches are classified into loopy, bartacking and other special. Hand stitches
are usually used in the individual sewing of clothes, repair and sometimes in the industrial
production.
Fig. 7. Hand stitch examples
After washing and chemical cleaning, the usual defects that are repaired by hands
include the sewing of buttons, hooks and loops.
Button sewing technology. The buttons are selected according to the colour (shade) of
fabric or of contrast colour (as finishing), because they are considered not only as the part
of clasping of needlework, but also as the element of decoration. The two-hole buttons are
sewn with 4-5 stitches, whereas four-hole buttons – with 3-4 stitches to each pair of holes.
If the button has no shank, the leg of 0.1-0.2 cm is formed. The height of leg depends on the
thickness of fabric. The leg is wrapped with a thread 3-5 times and fitted with their ends (3-4
stitches).
When sewing the buttons to the cotton and linen fabrics, the formation of leg is unnecessary. For better reinforcement, the inserts are sometimes used or buttons of a smaller
diameter, if the needlework is of a dense fabric (they are sewn from the wrong side). The
method of connection of holes of buttons is also used for decoration. The buttons should be
sewn with cotton (number 20-30) or silk thread.
A
B
C
Fig. 8. Examples of buttons: A. four-hole buttons; B. two-hole buttons; C. with a shank
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Hook and loop sewing technology. The hooks and loops are usually used for the fastening of waist clothing in the waist area. For better reinforcement, the hooks and looks
should be slightly bent back. The hooks are sewn in three places: behind each shank and
behind the overlap – with 6-8 stitches over the edge; the loops are also sewn in three places
(a) – behind each shank and behind the edges before the rounded part – with 6-8 stitches
over the edge. Cotton threads No 40-50 and silk threads No 33 are used. Thread of No 20-30 is
sewn to the waistband (bodice strip). The hooks and loops are usually covered with a fabric,
only the nose of the hook and loop bail is visible. For better reinforcement, the cotton fabric
longitudinal (insert) is sewn on the wrong side of the needlework (in the areas of sewing of
hooks and loops).
1. What is the stitch?
2. How the hand stitches are classified?
3. What tools are used for the performance of hand works?
4. What threads are used for darning of wool sweater?
5. Please perform the repair of the skirt with a pulled-out button on the waist. Please
argument the selection.
MACHINE WORKS IN REPAIRING TEXTILE PRODUCTS
The terms of operations performed with sewing-machines:
Sewing – connection of two or several parts of an equal size.
Attachment – connection of the lower part to the larger.
Edging – connection of two parts according to the edges and turning inside out.
Sewing in – connection of two parts according to the closed or semi-closed contour.
Quilting – connection of two and more parts placed one over another with several blind
or locked hemstitches (in order to stiffen them).
Stitching out – fixing of the outspread seam or fold on both sides from the connection
line.
Overcasting – sewing of finishing hemstitch by bending the fold of seam or according
to the edge of needlework.
Hemming – fixing of the folded edge of needlework with blind stitches.
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Hemming with edging – sewing by covering the edge of the part or the seam with the
cut strip of other fabric or a special strip.
Overedging – sewing of cut part edges with overlock stitch to prevent them from fraying.
Fig. 9. Repair of textile product with the sewing-machine
The main method of connection of clothing details is filamentary, whereas the main
element – seam. Based on the technological purpose of seams, all seams are classified into
three groups: connecting, outside, decorative. There are various types and subtypes of each
group of seams.
The main sizes and factors conditioning the quality of seams include the width of
seam, number of hemstitches and distance between them, the density of stitches, stretching
of seams, proper selection of threads and needles. The connecting seams are used to connect
the parts of clothing.
The connecting seams can be sewn, hemmed, overcast, lapped, compound, shirt and
double-stitched. The edge processing seams are used for finishing the edges of clothing and
their separate parts. They are classified into folded, edged and hemmed.
The decorative seams are used to finish and perform a decorative function. They are
classified into relief and darted. The finishing seams also include the folds. The folds are
special constructional and decorative elements that ensure the freedom of movements,
adherence to the body and have a significant importance for the appearance of the garment.
Technology of hemming of pants. For men pants with cuffs, the strip is sewn with a
sewing-machine according to the bottom marked line. The internal line is the line of folding
of cuff. The cuff is stitched near the upper and bottom marked lines, whereas the bottom of
pants is sewn by cross stitches after turning the cuff inside out. The cuff is fitted to the side
seams with several stitches by using the sewing-machine.
The bottom edge of women pants is folded inside and sewn in a zigzag (or cross) stitch
and sewn with a blind stitch as the edge of the skirt.
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A
B
Fig. 10. Hemming of pants: A. Men pants with cuffs; B. Women pants
Replacement of zipper
First of all, the broken zipper should be properly removed from the garment without
causing any significant damage. In order to replace the broken zipper of the pants, it is necessary to unravel the following seams: sewing of zipper to the tab, connection of zipper and
tab with the front part, connection of zipper with the hem, fitting of the hem with finishing
hemstitches to the front part, sewing of both long edges of the waist near the zipper.
The new zipper is stitched by stretching, whereas the fabric is kept slightly free (it
should by no means be stretched). In this way, the sewn zipper will look perfectly. The edges
of fabric are widely folded. The zipper is sewn in (Fig. 11. B) with the sewing-machine foot
used for folding the edges. It is very convenient, because it is single-sided and can access
the nearest parts to the zipper. The edge of the zipper is sewn with a spiky end or horizontally. Before sewing with a machine, the zipper is stitched to the fabric. The sewing starts
and ends with unzipped zipper to prevent the shutter from interfering. The strip of zipper is
manually stitched to the fabric and sewn with the sewing-machine.
A
B
Fig. 11. A. Scheme of pants knot with a zipper; B. Sewing of zippe
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The models of clothing are sewn with various small, so-called fine elements. Their
purpose is decorative or practical. The fine parts include tags, loops, latches, pocket flaps,
belts and other details. Tags are the parts used to fix the position of the belt or for finishing
of clothing. The flaps of pockets are the parts sewn over the pockets or covering them. The
belts are the parts, which are used to make the clothing to lean or obtain a certain silhouette
form and are belted on the waist. They can be bound or clipped.
Application is a decoration technique, when an element cut of one fabric is stitched or
glued to another fabric. In this way, it is possible to renew and decorate the clothes that look
boring and to hide the stubborn stains. In addition, the applications conceal small defects
and tears. Based on the method of fixing, the sewn and glued applications are singled out
(read more on the use of glued applications in Topic 6).
Fig. 12. Repair and recondition of textile products by using the application technique
In order to appliqué the textile product, the application is sewn, which requires the
strips of fabric, scissors, sewing-machine and an original idea. The applications can be of
various stripes of materials. The parts are cut of similar or completely different fabric and
sewn to the garment. The applications of atlas, velvet and guipure look ornately.
When selecting the fabrics for applications, it is important to evaluate their maintenance properties and possibilities of washing and cleaning of renewed clothing. For example,
the silk applications look beautiful, however, this fabric requires a particular care, whereas
the clothing with guipure applications should only be washed by hands and ironed from the
wrong side.
The technology of repair of products by adding applications:
The application of the desired form is drawn on the paper;
The element is cut-out and placed on the product to be repaired;
If the result is satisfactory, it can be transferred on the fabric of application;
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The drawing is placed on the strip, stitched with needles, the contour is drawn
with the chalk and the part is cut out;
The edges of application should be stitched to the product to prevent it from
moving during the sewing process;
The edges of application are sewn with the thread of the selected colour by using
the sewing-machine;
The zigzag seam is the most suitable for this purpose.
1. What is the main method of connection of parts?
2. What width is used for hemming the bottom of pants?
3. How the cuff of men pants is fitted?
4. Please describe the method of repair of the defect show in the
picture: the skirt leans to the legs from the back side, the side seam
is deviated to the front and the slash is spreading on the back?
5. Please perform the repair of unravelled tag by using the machine.
REPAIR OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS BY USING MOISTURE-HEAT TREATMENT EQUIPMENT
Moisture-heat treatment (MHT) refers to the processes of exposure of needlework
and its parts to moisture, heat, temperature and pressure for a certain period of time. MHT
accounts for 20-30% of all product processing time. Some needlework is processed without
moisture – with the exposure to temperature and pressure only. Such process is called the
heat treatment.
The purpose of moisture-heat treatment is to provide the elements of clothing with a
certain form and to fix it, to iron the seams and parts, to glue the linings, strips, etc. to the
parts of needlework, to process by thinning the edges of parts, to iron the tailored product.
Moisture-heat treatment can be performed by using irons, presses, air and steam
mannequins, air and steam chambers (so-called tunnel chambers).
Based on the purpose of use of facilities and moisture-heat treatment, the following
methods of moisture-heat treatment can be singled out: ironing, pressing and steaming.
It is difficult to select the modes of moisture-heat treatment due to various reasons.
The properties of textile fabrics, type of operation, technical possibilities of the equipment
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are crucial. MHT parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure, moisture and duration of operation
are closely related and can compensate each other. When selecting the MHT modes, it is
necessary to consider the construction of the product. In case of complex construction, it
is necessary to select the modes to avoid gloss in multilayer components and impresses in
seams of overlaps after the MHT procedure.
Various methods of connection of elements of garments are used in the production of
clothes: filamentary, adhesion and melting. Adhesive connections are performed by using
various forms of glues. Various inserts and strips can be glued in clothing with adhesive
materials, internal fixings by using strips with glue – glue nets or glue “webs” – can be performed. It is usually performed by exposing the parts to be connected to temperature, moisture and pressure by using the ironing equipment.
The parts are duplicated in the skirt: waist, overlaps for slash and other parts subject
to the model. The duplicated parts of men pants are waist, clasp overlaps and other parts
subject to the model. When sewing the coats, jackets, the entire front part and other parts
are usually duplicated subject to the model. Improperly performed duplication works, are
manifesting with formation of wrinkles and air-pockets after washing of chemical cleaning
of products, because the lining comes unglued.
The use of application technique in the repair and recondition of textile products has
already been discussed. The producers provide the applications of various drawings, the
wrong side of which is covered with special glue. They are easy to use and the sewing accessory shops provide a wide assortment of these applications. These applications can be used
to conceal small defects of textile products.
The technology of repair of product by using the sticky application: the adhesive part
of application is placed on the fabric and ironed for 10-15 seconds with the iron heated up to
100°C. It is left for cooling after the fixation. Such product can be washed in the temperature
of 40°C.
1. What should be considered when selecting MHT modes?
2. What is the main requirement applied for the recondition of velvet product with
MHT?
3. Please fold the bottom of the product by using the strip covered with glue on both
sides. Please describe the performance technology.
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Objective
04
PROJECT “THANK YOU FOR EVERYTHING”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “THANK YOU FOR EVERYTHING”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of module “Repair of
Textile Products” is performed through volunteering and realising a creative project “Thank
You for Everything”. The volunteering as the way of changing people’s lives is presented
during the consolidation, the education of vocational values is integrated and the project is
implemented, where the students demonstrate their skills to associate the competency of
repairing textile products with vocational values, perform the reflection of experience and
self-evaluation.
CONSOLIDATION IS AIMED at consolidating the acquired vocational knowledge and skills in
the creative integrated project “Thank You for Everything”.
2. to familiarise with the methodology of the creative integrated project “Thank You for
Everything”;
3. to introduce how the volunteering can change the lives of other people;
4. to discuss the appreciation as the target value;
5. to perform and (self)evaluate the consolidation of competency.
THE RESULT OF CONSOLIDATION – consolidated acquired knowledge and skills.
Practical task of consolidation. The students receive a task to visit the Kaunas County
Women Crisis Centre, to socialise with women and children living at the centre and to organise the lessons of repair of textile products for all those wishing to participate. The course of
work is photographed, video-recorded and later reviewed, discussed and critically evaluated.
The acquired experience, pictures, video-recorded material is systemised, formatted and
prepared by students (individually or in a group) as the presentation within the context of
the selected subtopic (e.g., “Goodness Campaign – Free Repair of Clothing”, “Lessons of Repair
of Textile Products for the Deprived”, “Lessons of Repair of Textile Products for Children”),
according to the selected method. During the presentation of a project, the students shall
argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project and target result,
list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each group member (in
case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and skills were used in
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the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project. In order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions are provided during
the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms of value.
The consolidation objectives are as follows:
2. involvement into social and volunteering activity;
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MODULE VI.
Objective
05
IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMMUNITY PROJECT
“LET’S RESPECT OUR TEACHER”, BY REVEALING
THE IMPORTANCE OF TRUST AND CREATIVENESS
VALUES FOR THE HARMONIOUS AND MEANINGFUL
LIFE AND WORK OF THE PERSON
COMMUNIT Y PROJEC T “ LET ’ S RESPEC T OUR TE ACHER ”
THE AIM is to consolidate the vocational knowledge and skills of the 2nd half-year, by
revealing the importance of association of trust and creativeness values for the harmonious and
meaningful life and work of the person.
1.
to carry out the speciality segment by associating the professional skills with trust and
creativeness values;
2. to carry out the creative tasks by emphasising the respectful attitude to the environment and
the person near you;
3. to discuss the values of respect towards the human life, family and environment by
accentuating the values of trust and creativeness, their importance in the personal and
professional activity.
THE RESULT – consolidated vocational knowledge and skills of the 2nd half-year, by revealing
the importance of association of trust and creativeness values for the harmonious and meaningful
life and work of the person.
TOPIC:
REALISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN A COMMUNITY
PROJECT “LET’S RESPECT OUR TEACHER”
HOURS DEDICATED:
108
MOKYMO(SI) BŪDAI IR FORMOS:
summary of works, activities and

achievements of the first academic year;
importance of trust and creativeness values
in the personal and professional activity;
creative performance of the speciality
segment;
respect towards person’s life, family and
environment.
lecture;
work in groups;
individual work;
review of video material, films and insights;
discussion;
questions-replies;
case analysis.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
After summarisation of the works, activities and
achievements of the first academic year, it is
necessary to fill the individual education trajectory
(in vocational, general-cultural and value aspects).
154
MODULE VI.
Module teaching material (annexes)
Self-control questions (in vocational, generalcultural and value aspects).
Annex 6. Module 6. Repair of Textile Products.
155
MODULE VII.
INTRODUCTION TO THE LABOUR MARKET
THE AIM is to reveal the peculiarities of the selected profession in the context of today’s labour
market, while supporting the importance of development of personal and professional value
attitudes; to cultivate the values while implementing the creative community-based project “The
Teacher of my Life”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
to get introduced to the prospects of the selected profession in the labour market;
to reveal the meaning of consistency between the personal and professional values;
to develop the ability of self-assessment of personal achievements;
to improve the personal communication skills through the effective presentation of the
personal achievements to the employer.
THE RESULT – the peculiarities of the selected profession in the context of today’s labour
market are revealed; the importance of development of personal and professional value attitudes
is supported.
MODULE VII
DEPARTMENT
METHODS:
1.
prospects of the professional activities;
2. methods and options of job search;
3. order and rules for the workplace;
4. evaluation and self-assessment of the
achievements;
5. personal and professional values and
their importance in the vocational
activity;
6. importance of volunteering for the
vocational activity (feedback of the 2nd
course);
7.
preparation for the Teacher’s Day.

Lecture;
Discussion;
Practical work;
Individual work;
Work in groups;
Watching and listening of video/audio material;
Reflection;
Presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
the folder of competencies.
module teaching/learning material;
the reference literature, as provided in the

training material.
field tasks;
presentation of the community-based project.
Annex 7. Module 7. Introduction to labour market.
156
MODULE VIII. PROVISION AND SALE
OF TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE SERVICES
THE MODULE AIMS at training an employee, who is able to provide and sell the services to the
client in a responsible and independent manner.
1. to familiarise with the requirements of the provision/sale of service;
2. to familiarise with the pricing principles;
3. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills by realising a creative project “How
Can I Be Useful to Others?”;
4. to familiarise with the requirements of clerical work;
5. to consolidate the available vocational knowledge and skills through the provision and sale of
service;
6. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills by realising a creative integrated
project “Getting Richer by Giving”;
7. to implement a community project “Let’s Love our Teacher” by reasoning the importance of love
and responsibility values for the performance of high-quality service.
THE RESULT – the student, who is able to provide/sell textile product care services in a responsible
and independent manner.
The sector of services gains an increasing importance in the economical structure of
all countries nowadays. In the developed economies, up to 80-95% of all new jobs are created
in the service companies and organisations. By studying the module of provision and sale
of textile product care services, the textile product care specialist will gain knowledge on the
concept of services, on the communication between the service provider and the consumer,
the tendencies of development of various services in Lithuania and abroad. The student will
learn how to provide the service, how to accept and formalise the order of service and how to
communicate with clients. Having heard the module of provision and sale of textile product
care services, the textile product care specialist will be able to identify the most important
laws of economy that have influence on the organisation of textile product care, will be able
to plan and organise the company’s activity. By studying the pricing of services, the student
will know how to evaluate the importance of service and the client’s ability to pay for the
provided service. By studying the documentation of information, he/she will familiarise
with the organisation of clerical work in the provision of service and will learn about the
quality preparation of documents.
157
MODULE VIII
DEPARTMENT
PROVISION AND SALE OF SERVICES
METHODS:
1.
concept, properties and classification of
services;
2. pricing of services;
3. integrated creative project “How Can I Be
Useful to Others?”;
4. documentation of accounting in textile
services company;
5. introduction of the service to the client
– how to provide and sell the service in a
proficient manner;
6. integrated creative project “Getting
Richer by Giving”;
7.
community project “Let’s Love our
Teacher”.

lecture;
discussion;
work in groups;
individual work;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
presentation of integrated creative project.

Washing and dry cleaning equipment;
Sewing equipment and tools;
MHT equipment;
Samples of fibres, fabrics;
Washing and cleaning preparations;
practical tasks;
evaluation of an integrated creative project in
terms of value.
Technological cards;
Rules of the use of mechanisms and
occupational safety manuals;
Online access;
Textile product care specialist training
programme.
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Objective
01
FAMILIARISATION WITH THE REQUIREMENTS
OF THE PROVISION/SALE OF SERVICE
CONCEPT, PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICES
Service means any benefit or activity, which can be offered by one party to another. It
is characterised by intangibility and the fact that it is not the result of ownership. Its production may or may not be related to a physical product (Kotler and Bloom, 1984).
The sector of services is characterised by a great diversity and leads to the classification of services.
The following classification of services is found in literature sources:
consumer services (restaurants, hotels, domestic services);
social services (teaching, education, medicine);
production services (consultation, finances, credit);
distribution (trade, transport) services.
The provision of various services is an evolutionary process sensitive to changes.
Although unlike the goods, the service is intangible, however, it can be evaluated by the fact
how professionally and qualitatively and how fast and convenient it was performed in view
of the client.
The provision of service creates a relation between the service provider and service
recipient or client. The distinctive feature of services is that the use of services takes place at
the same time as their provision. The participation of client in the service provision process
is of particular importance: during this process, the skills of client to use the service are
formed, the likelihood of satisfaction of the needs and receipt of benefit increases as well as
the satisfaction of the client.
It is important to share the information, knowledge and efforts necessary for the quality performance of service during its provision. It should be initiated by the service provider.
By cooperating with the service provider, the client helps to evaluate the need for services,
to apply the form and presentation of service, to create all or part of services. Thus, the
client can be considered as a co-creator or a partial employee, who contributes with his/her
efforts, time and other means to create the services. Active participation of the client allows
the individual customisation of the service.
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The creative business is based on the communication and cooperation, discussion and
work between the seller/provider of service and the consumer/client. Thus, the provision of
service requires not only the quality-based performance, but also an individual customisation/meeting of the needs of each client.
All services provided to the consumer need their greater or smaller participation in the
processes of creation and production of services.
The basic part of the quality of services includes the needs, wishes and expectations of
consumers. The consumers have their own quality evaluation criteria and personal expectations that depend not only on their individual characteristics, but also on the general
situation in the market. Thus, the consumer is the main evaluator of the quality of service
and expects reliability, fast reaction, competency, availability, helpfulness, communication,
trust, security, tangibility, knowledge on the consumer from the service provider.
Therefore, the persons and companies engaged in the provision of services should also
try to improve the quality of provided services to meet the expectations of consumers, their
satisfaction and to make such client to be loyal.
When organising the sale of provided services, it is important to try to attract the client
from the first time of service provision and encourage him/her to order the service next
time. It is possible to achieve by creating a positive, reliable atmosphere, which stimulates
the possible creation of mutual obligations between the client and the seller.
Long-term relations between the client and the service provider are possible if the trust
and empathy exist as well as the quality of provided service.
Whatever is the effectiveness of communication with the client, it will not create longterm relations if the service is of poor quality. Only the quality of service, which meets or
exceeds the client’s expectations, can encourage to use the service again.
The emergence of long-term relations between the clients and the service provider is
conditioned by the creation of the environment of successful sale of services, which depends
on four sale process organisation factors: persistence, trust, patience and empathy.
In order to sell the offered service, the seller must be persistent and patient. Honest,
reliable, competent, pleasant and flexible communication of the seller creates an atmosphere of trust and stimulates long-term relations. A reliable atmosphere is highly influenced by the competency demonstration by the service provider as well as showing of focus
on client’s interests. The client is always pleased to receive a letter of appreciation from the
service provider, which shows his/her individual attention to the client. It is also important
to receive a feedback on the provision of service as soon as possible. If the client is unsatisfied after the receipt of service, then the seller should eliminate any problems as soon as
possible. Of course, it is important not to forget to inform the client on the perspective of provision of services – it can also attract the client’s interest in using the services in the future.
Famous French writer Victor Hugo has once told: “Nothing is more powerful
than an idea whose time has come”. Thus, if you decide to start providing textile product
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care services, it is necessary to consider carefully all the possibilities and possible threats to
the realisation of the idea.
First of all, a careful and attentive observance of the examples of textile product care
business is necessary as well as finding out of the facts of the provision of services and the
skills and ideas possessed for the implementation of the project. It is necessary to perform
the comparison of work of persons and companies providing similar services, to evaluate
the quality in terms of the price, what conditions are necessary for the start of provision of
services. Another important stage is the calculation of necessary materials, tools, equipment
and additional means. It is necessary to calculate the possible price of services, which would
cover all the expenses (costs) and ensure the necessary cash reserve.
Provision of
textile poduct
care services
Planning of the
provision of
services
Market
monitoring
Interest
Realisation of
the provision
of services
Comparison
Search for
resources
Calculations
Risk
assessment
Organisation of
the provision
of service
Fig. 1. Service provision project structure
It is important to consider where to get the necessary resources, whether the personal
funds will be sufficient and if not, from where the funds will be borrowed. The evaluation
and stipulation of the possible risk is important in starting the sale of services. It is also necessary to plan how to eliminate the occurring obstacles. The provision of textile product care
services can be disturbed by the increase in the price of materials, shortage of clients, etc.
Before starting the provision of services, it is necessary to decide, which form of business will be performed. At the start, you can try the individual activity (under the basis of
individual activity certificate of business certificate) or to establish a company. In all cases,
it is necessary to prepare the necessary documents to formalise the service: service provision
agreement, cash payment receipts, service order sheet.
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1. Please describe the concept of service.
2. Please fill in the table below.
THE CLIENT’S ROLE IN THE PROVISION
OF SERVICE
THE SERVICE PROVIDER’S ROLE IN THE
PROVISION OF SERVICE
3. What the consumer expects from the service provider?
4. What allows the creation of long-term relations between the client and the service
provider?
5. Which main factor causes influence on the establishment of long-term relations?
6. What conditions the creation of successful environment of the sale of services?
7. What are the main stages of the implementation of project of provision of service?
Please describe each one of them separately.
162
Objective
02
FAMILIARISATION WITH THE PRICING PRINCIPLES
PRICING OF SERVICES
The pricing of services is much more complex than the pricing of production, because
the services are intangible and it is difficult to calculate the costs. The price means the value
and quality of service and is important to the service consumer.
The establishment of price is conditioned by the main internal and external factors, i.e.:
INTERNAL FACTORS
PRICE
EXTERNAL FACTORS
COMPANY’S AIMS
DEMAND
COMPANY’S
STRATEGY
PUBLIC BENEFIT
COMPETITION
COSTS
Fig. 2. Factors having influence on the pricing
The clearer is the definition of the company’s aims, the easier it is to establish the price
of services.
The main aims of company are as follows:
to survive. It is important in case of a significant competition and rapid changes of
the needs of consumers. In this case, the company establishes small prices hoping
that the demand will grow in the future;
to increase profit. Speaking about the aims of the profit-oriented pricing, Ch.
Lovelock (1991) offers to analyse the respective types of expenditure (costs) having
influence on the pricing of services.
Expenditure – the money value of resources consumed within a certain period of time
(year, quarter, month). Expenditure is classified into the following:
fixed costs. They are generated irrespective of whether the services are or are not
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provided. E.g., rent of premises, insurance, wearing of equipment, wages paid to
employees, etc.;
variable costs. These costs depend only on the amount and value of provided
services.
In order to occupy the position of the leader in the market, the service providers can
set smaller prices as compared with the prices applied by the competitors. According to B.
Vengrienė (1998), the increase in the price of service can perform the function of service differentiation. The increased price is usually associated with higher quality and prestige.
By establishing the prices of services, the company applies the pricing strategy.
The usual strategies of new services prices:
“skimming” price strategy;
market penetration strategy;
price and quality strategy;
competition-oriented strategy.
The “skimming” strategy means the strategy where a relatively high price is set for
a new service in order to receive the maximum benefit out of it. Such service should be
demanded among the consumers since the very beginning.
The market penetration strategy means the strategy when a relative small price is set
in order to enter the market or to expand the part of market.
Price and quality strategy means the necessity to evaluate the position of price and
quality in the market. According to B. Vengrienė (1998), the increase in the price of services
can perform the service differentiation function. The increased price of service is usually
associated with higher quality and prestige.
Competition-oriented strategy means that the setting of a smaller price than a price of
the closest competitor aims at attracting more users. Usually, the consumers do not value
such services. This strategy is of doubtful success.
The main pricing methods:
cost-based (producer’s price);
relation-based (competitor’s price);
supply and demand (consumer’s evaluation).
Setting of the price on the basis of cost method
No provider of services can provide services at the price lower than the costs used for
the provision of such service and higher than the price that can be paid by the consumer.
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When offering the service, it is important to calculate the cost price of service properly. When
setting the price on the basis of cost method, the fixed and variable costs are evaluated.
Fixed costs are the costs the size of which practically depends on the value of provided
services. The fixed costs are composed of the rent of services, insurance, wage of employees,
social insurance, wearing of equipment, etc.
Variable costs depend on the value of provided services. The more services are provided, the higher are the variable costs. They are composed of raw-materials, production
electricity, wage of employees, social insurance.
The calculation of operational costs is the most difficult. The major problem is the
attribution of the payment of wage: either to variable or to fixed costs. The demand causes
influence on the operational costs.
When setting the price of services on the basis of costs, the company first of all calculates the costs and adds the profit rate.
PRICE = VARIABLE COSTS + FIXED COSTS + PROFIT RATE
By evaluating the value-added tax, it is possible to set the price of sale.
The pricing of services should also consider the consumer’s sensitivity to the price. In
case of failure to do so, the consumer’s satisfaction with services, sales and profit volume is
usually reduced. The consumer-oriented pricing should consider the following factors causing influence on the price:
perception of value;
risk of purchase;
customer’s contribution in the provision of services.
The consumers mostly evaluate the combination of price, service quality and company’s image.
The perception of value is a very subjective aspect. The companies orienting the pricing
to the customer’s perceived value should find out the following:
What is considered to be a value according to the customers?
What is the quantitative expression of the value so that it could be useful in
setting the price?
Is the perception of value by customers and providers similar?
How can the perception of value be influenced?
For some consumers, the value of certain services is equal to the small price. The consumers do not want to pay more, therefore, the cheaper the price, the more expensive it is.
For example, dry cleaning and washing of clothes.
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Value – small price
Value is the quality received for the paid
price
VALUE
Value is everything received by the consumer
from that service
Value is what the consumer receives for
what he/she gives to the service provider
Fig. 3. Perception of consumer value
For other consumers, the value means the balance between the price and the quality of
services. Such consumers are prepared to pay more, if the quality of service increases.
Another category considers the value of consumers as the relation of own contribution
(time, money) and received benefit. The service is valuable is the consumer thinks that the
trade is equal or the benefit is larger than the contribution.
Seeking the multiple purchases of services, the majority of companies apply price discounts for loyal consumers. Price discounts refer to the reduction of price for those consumers, who use the service repeatedly. The discount can be applied for the defined period
of time or the period of application of discounts is not established. The versions of price
discounts for the multiple uses of services are provided in the table below.
TYPES OF PRICE DISCOUNTS
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PERIOD
APPLICATION
EXAMPLES OF OFFERS
Limited
Limited
Cleaning of three products for the price of two on
November 10
Limited
Unlimited
During the last week of April, free minor repair of
products
Unlimited
Limited
10% discount for dry cleaning on the last day of
month
Unlimited
Unlimited
10% discount for pensioners
The company applies the price discount for the limited use of service for the established period of time to encourage the consumers to use the services during the periods of
decline in supply or seeking to transfer the demand from peak to non-peak period.
The price discounts of second type restrict the number of consumer’s uses of service,
but allow him/her to select the period. The aim of such discount is to encourage the current consumers to purchase again. This discount can be applied with an aim to attract new
consumers.
The discount of third type is applied for unlimited number of uses of service, however,
is valid for a limited period of time.
The fourth type price discount is applied in view of the characteristics of certain segment, e.g., age.
When applying the discount system, the aim is to attract new consumers, to compensate the demand variations and encourage repetitive purchases. When establishing the
prices, the businessmen usually compare their offered services with the similar services
provided by their competitors.
Considering the conditions of service, reliability and convenience, etc, they establish
higher or lower price than the price of their competitors.
1. Please evaluate the market of provided service and competition.
2. Please evaluate the variable and fixed costs of provided service.
3. Please calculate the price of sale of coat’s dry cleaning.
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Objective
03
VOCATIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS BY
REALISING THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT
“HOW CAN I BE USEFUL TO OTHERS?”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “HOW CAN I BE USEFUL TO OTHERS?”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of module “Provision and
Sale of Services” is performed through communication and realisation of the creative integrated project “How Can I Be Useful to Others”. The particularities of communication during
job interview are presented during the consolidation, the education of vocational values is
integrated and the project is implemented, where the students demonstrate their skills to
associate the competency to provide and sell services with personal and vocational values,
perform the reflection of experience and self-evaluation.
CONSOLIDATION IS AIMED at consolidating the acquired vocational knowledge and skills by
realising the creative integrated project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?” through communication.
2. to familiarise with the course of implementation of creative project “How Can I Be Useful to
Others?”;
3. to present the particularities of job interview;
4. to reason the diligence as the target value.
5. to perform and (self)evaluate the consolidation of competency.
Practical task of consolidation. The students receive a task to prepare and stage a job
interview. The staged job interview is video-recorder and later the video-recorded material
is reviewed, analysed and discussed. The acquired experience and knowledge are systemised and prepared by the students as a 10-15 min presentation according to the selected
subtopic (e.g., “The Usual Questions Asked During the Interview”, “What Should be Avoided
During the Interview?”, “My Positive Attributes”), on the selected method: a PowerPoint presentation, demonstration of video-recording material, paper, etc. During the presentation of
a project, the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative
168
terms of value.
3. application of job interview principles;
4. ability to plan, prepare and implement the project individually;
169
Objective
04
FAMILIARISATION WITH THE REQUIREMENTS
OF CLERICAL WORK
DOCUMENTATION OF ACCOUNTING IN TEXTILE SERVICES COMPANY
Each economic operation should be formalised in the document. Formalisation of economic operations in documents is called the documentation.
The indices indicated in document are called the requisites.
The mandatory requisites are used in all accounting documents, whereas the additional are used in special accounting documents only.
In case of absence of mandatory requisites in the document, they do not have a legal
power and cannot be used as the basis for records in the accounting register.
The documents are grouped according to certain specifications: purpose of use, volume
of content, method of composition, place of conclusion.
The administration of documents is an important element and a composite part
of management of institutions. This concept is legally defined in Article 2 of the Law on
Documents and Archives of the Republic of Lithuania as a field of internal administration
of a state or municipal institution, agency or enterprise, a person authorised by the state,
a non-governmental organisation, a private legal person, which composes the creation,
arrangement, registration and storage of documents.
The aims of administration of documents in the enterprise are as follows:
1. timely and quality preparation of documents;
2. management and administration of documents to ensure a fast access to all available documents;
3. ensuring of transparent, effective activity, administration and settlement skills;
4. storage of documents for a certain period of time to ensure the proof of activity
of institution and rights of natural and legal persons related to the activity of
institution.
Fig. 4. Documentation
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The scientists have not yet determined an exact date of emergence of documents.
However, it is considered to have appeared after the collapse of the primitive society. The
scientists studying the origins of the script start from the Sumerian letters and clay tablets
that contained the laws and commercial transactions of the Sumerian city. It proves that the
practice of preparation and management of documents existed as far back as in the ancient
times.
The ancient Lithuanians managed to live without a script. According to the historians,
the office of the Lithuanian state emerged together with the state – in the second half of the
13th century. It was only the onset of the office seen accidentally from the survived examples of the Lithuanian correspondence. These include the copies of one Mindaugas and six
Gediminas letters.
Unification of documents (Lat. unifico – unifying) means their unification according
to the composition of information and form of documents.
The aims of unification are of follows:
1. determination of documents that are necessary for a specific management function;
2. unification of the form of documents;
3. unification of the text of documents.
When unifying the documents, the optimum, short and convenient unified information
submission form is prepared for the solution of a specific management task. When forming
the documents according to the Rules of Preparation and Formalisation of Documents, their
forms and blanks are uniformed, uniform margins are determined as well as the constant
place of the document composite part and method of formalisation.
Normative document is a document issued by the authorised institution and containing the legal norms, i.e., indications of the temporary or constant actions stipulated for the
specific activity.
Legal acts – the resolutions, decisions, orders, decrees of the person having the proxies established by the collegial institution or the legal acts and the provisions, rules, programmes and other documents approved on the basis of these instruments.
The rules of preparation of documents lay down the general requirements of preparation and formalisation of official document of the state and municipal institutions, establishments, companies, persons authorised by the state. The rules are approved by the Order No
V-58 of the General Director of the Lithuanian Archives Department under the Government of
the Republic of Lithuania of 25 May 2006 (Official Gazette, 2001, No 30-1009; 2006, No 60-2169).
171
All documents perform certain functions. The main functions include the following:
information function. It is characteristic to all documents without exception,
because the necessity of recording of information is the cause of the emergence of
documents;
social function. It is performed only by the documents that reflect the specific
person’s activity, role and the place in the society. Each document is important
socially, because it originates due to one or other public need. The documents are
the reflections of certain social relations, because they can influence the social
relations.
The documents can be grouped according to various specifications. Classification of
documents means their grouping according to general specifications:
1. content of documents (nature of information);
2. form of documents (method of information recording).
Fig. 5. Folders with documents
In view of the structure of establishment and volume of circulation of documents, the
form of document management organisation can be:
1. centralised;
2. mixed;
3. decentralised.
In case of a centralised form of document management organisation, the whole work
with documents is performed by one structural unit – office. This form is applied by small
enterprises characterised by small circulation of documents.
In case of a mixed form of document management organisation, the received correspondence is accepted, registered, submitted to the executors and sent to the office centrally,
172
whereas any other operations (registration, printing of documents, formalisation, formation and storage of files) are performed both by the office and other structural units.
The decentralised form is less common. It means that all works with documents are
performed in different structural units. In this case, each structural unit manages its documents individually.
Classification of files. Preparation of storage of documents in archives
Documentation plan means the plan of files planned to be formed in the establishment during the calendar year.
The typical plan of documentation is used by the companies engaged in equal activity
and structure and determines the list of files, their storage terms and equal system of indexing of files. The typical documentation is plan is a mandatory normative document for all
documents of that or another type or field.
The sample documentation plan determines the list of files for the homogeneous activity companies or companies of different structures. The plan of company’s documentation
must include all company’s documents. The company’s individual plan is used when the
company prepares the documentation plan individually.
The title of file is an important part of documentation plan. It should be clear and
understandable and should reflect the content of future documents of the file.
The titles of files are formulated according to the following specifications:
nominal (it is recommended to form the files of documents of one type: protocols,
acts, agreements, decision, decrees);
authorial (the files are formed of the documents of one author, for example,
protocols of meetings of company’s board of directors, orders of institution on the
operational matters);
subject (the file can include documents of various content that accumulated
when solving one matter, for example, personal files, court files);
correspondence (when a separate file is attributed to one correspondent –
institution or person);
geographical (includes the documents of certain geographical unit or various
institutions);
chronological (when the documents of a certain period are included into one file).
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1. What is the accounting document?
2. Who prepares the files in the companies?
3. How the documents are included into the files?
4. What can be and what cannot be included into the files?
5. How many pages should form the file?
174
Objective
05
CONSOLIDATION OF THE EXISTING VOCATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS THROUGH A
PROVISION AND SALE OF SERVICES
INTRODUCTION OF SERVICE TO THE CLIENT: HOW TO PROVIDE AND SELL
THE SERVICE IN A PROFICIENT MANNER
Direct contacts are very important, because the communication and collaboration
between people are crucial for the satisfaction with the provided and received service.
When cooperating, the provider of services should consider the interests and attitudes
of other persons, therefore, it is important to choose a proper behaviour model and observe
the communication etiquette.
The following four main principles of professional service are recommended:
consideration for a client;
helpfulness;
precision and clarity;
punctuality.
When communicating with the client, the service provider should be able to greet it
kindly and try to hear him/her out. The success of conversation is conditioned by the ability to speak smoothly and to explain the nature of the provision of service professionally.
It is necessary to avoid any tension during the conversation. Friendliness, honesty, smile,
pleasant voice, suitable clothing – these are the additional advices for the successful order
of service.
In order to interest the clients in the provided service, it is important to know how to
present it visually and convincingly. A properly created image of service allows the clients to
think positively about the provided services and supplier’s or company’s activity.
The formation of the image of service is conditioned by the culture of the service provider, provision of information on the provided services, professional provision of personal
services (this information is usually conveyed by those who already used the services).
The services of textile product care should be provided by the employees having a proper
education, professional experience and respective qualification. When providing the textile
product care services, the process of organisation of the work is very important. The following technological sequence of the provision of textile product care services is usually used:
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1. acceptance of order:
greeting;
collection of information from the client regarding: origin of stains, defects
present in the garment;
determination of service performance time-limits;
information of the client on the price of service;
modelling of order acceptance, agreement regarding the payment;
2. preparation of work place:
preparation of tools and equipment for work;
selection of auxiliary work means;
3. performance of textile product care works;
4. ordering of work place after the provision of service;
5. presentation of performed service order to the client, filling of work performance
act, analysis and elimination of any emerging service performance disturbances.
The acceptance of order is a very important first stage of service provision, which can
condition the quality of the entire service performance. During the acceptance of order, it is
necessary to find out the expectations of the client and what is important to him/her. This
conditions whether the quality of performance of service expected by the client will meet the
quality of actually performed service. The client can be unsatisfied with the service performance quality in case of failure to find out the expectations of the client and the provider of
services in terms of the service performance quality. There can also be inadequacies between
the client’s expected and experienced service quality.
The service order sheet is filled during the order. It contains the client’s address, telephone number and detailed description of the services requested by the client. Each company providing textile product care services has its own individual order sheet. During the
order, it is necessary to find out whether the client does not have any specific service performance requests. If the client is allergic, it may, for example, be necessary to select cleaning
agents that do not cause allergy, are odour-less, organic, etc.
The textile product care specialist should follow the requirements of sanitary and personal hygiene and safety at work, to follow the established work discipline and wear special
clothing. The care works should be performed by rationally using the resources, such as
materials, electricity, water, and following the ecological requirements.
After the provision of the textile product care service, the work quality is verified.
However, even if the employee is completely satisfied with his/her performed service, he/
she cannot be sure that the service recipient will be satisfied as well. The quality of service is verified based on the fact whether the employees providing the service follow the
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standard technologies and procedures established for the service. Furthermore, the client
evaluates the service provision process course. The factors forming the service provision process should be performed properly, gradually, without exceeding the norm of the time-limit.
It is important for the quality provision of textile product care service that high-quality
organic working tools and reliable technically fit equipment are used for the provision of
service. The employees providing services during the work should be trained to communicate politely not only with the clients, but also with each other. The service provider must
observe the confidentiality requirements.
1. What are the principles of professional servicing?
2. What factors condition the success of conversation?
3. Please list the technological sequence of the provision of service.
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Objective
06
PROJECT “GETTING RICHER BY GIVING”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “GETTING RICHER BY GIVING”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of module “Provision and
Sale of Services” is performed by volunteering and realising a creative project “Getting Richer
by Giving”. The works of volunteering and goodness campaigns are presented during the
consolidation, the education of vocational and personal values is integrated and project is
implemented, where the students demonstrate their skills to associate the competency to
provide and sell services with personal and vocational values, perform the reflection of experience and self-evaluation.
CONSOLIDATION IS AIMED at consolidating the acquired vocational knowledge and skills
by volunteering and realising the creative integrated project “Getting Richer by Giving”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to familiarise with the course of realisation of the creative project “Getting Richer by Giving”;
to present the works of volunteering and goodness campaigns;
to reason the service as the target value;
Practical task of consolidation. The students receive a task to organise the goodness
campaign at the chosen children foster home, nursing home, kindergarten or any other
institution. The aim of goodness campaign is to provide the textile product care services
according to the needs of the customer. The goodness campaign is photographed, video-recorded and later reviewed, discussed and evaluated. The acquired experience, photos, video
material should be systemised, formatted and prepared by students as a 10-15 min. presentation in the context of the selected subtopic (e.g., “I Offer My Service to the Children Foster
Home”, “I Offer My Service to the Nursing Home”) on the selected method: a PowerPoint
presentation, demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, etc. During the presentation of a project, the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim
of the creative project and target result, list the process of project presentation, indicate
the contribution of each group member (in case of work in a group), specify what kind of
178
acquired knowledge and skills were used in the project, specify the new experiences acquired
during the project. In order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective
self-control questions are provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the
realised project in terms of value.
2. involvement into social and volunteering activity;
4. cooperation with colleagues;
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Objective
07
IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMMUNITY
PROJECT “LET’S LOVE OUR TEACHER” BY
REASONING THE IMPORTANCE OF LOVE
AND RESPONSIBILITY VALUES FOR THE
PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-QUALITY SERVICE
COMMUNIT Y PROJEC T “ LET ’ S LOVE OUR TE ACHER ”
THE AIM is to consolidate the vocational knowledge and skills of the 3rd half-year by associating
the values of love and responsibility with the quality provision of the service.
1. to reason the importance of love and responsibility for the high-quality performance of service;
2. to reveal the public spirit as the perceived responsibility and active participation in the public
life;
3. to carry out the goodness campaigns by emphasising the expression of love and social
responsibility.
THE RESULT – consolidated vocational knowledge and skills of the 3rd half-year by associating
the values of love and responsibility with the quality provision of the service.
TOPIC:
REALISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN THE
COMMUNITY PROJECT “LET’S LOVE OUR TEACHER”
HOURS DEDICATED:
108
MOKYMO(SI) BŪDAI IR FORMOS:
importance of love and responsibility for the

quality provision of the service;
personal responsibility: assuming responsibility
for own actions;
concept and expression of social responsibility;
public spirit as the assumption of personal
responsibility and own region.
lecture;
work in groups;
individual work;
discussion;
goodness campaigns;
case analysis.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
After summarisation of the works, activities
and achievements of the third academic year,
it is necessary to fill the individual education
trajectory (in vocational, general-cultural and
value aspects).
Module teaching/learning material (annexes).
Self-control questions (in vocational, generalcultural and value aspects).
Annex 8. Module 8. Provision and Sale of Textile Product Care Services.
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MODULE IX.
PLANNING OF EMPLOYMENT
THE AIM is to check and consolidate the acquired vocational and general competencies of the
care of textile products in the actual working environment.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to test the acquired vocational and general competencies in the actual working environment
(place of practice);
to receive a feedback on the expression of vocational and general competencies in the actual
working environment;
to reflect the practical activity and its results by evaluating the quality of work;
to develop the career planning competencies by analysing the activity, structure, rules of
internal procedure and employment possibilities in the place of practice (company);
to reflect the practical activity and its results by evaluating the quality of work.
THE RESULT – checked and consolidated acquired vocational and general competencies of the
care of textile products in the actual working environment.
MODULE IX
DEPARTMENT
1.
testing of the acquired vocational and
general competencies in the actual
working environment (place of practice);
2. adaptation of different forms for the
provision of feedback;
3. development of career planning
competencies: preparation and
improvement of personal career
documents;
4. development of career planning
competencies: analysis of the labour
market tendencies and employment
possibilities;
5. practical aspects of adaptation of career
planning competencies: job search practice,
job interview (simulations, etc.).
METHODS:

lecture;
discussion;
work in groups;
individual work;
watching and listening of video/audio
material;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
presentation of a personal extended CV (with
supplements) for the planned work place.
procedure of evaluation of competencies.
practical tasks;
evaluation and self-assessment tables.
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MODULE IX.
APPRENTICESHIP TASKS AND THEIR EVALUATION CRITERIA:
COMPETENCIES
IMPROVED
DURING THE
APPRENTICESHIP
1.1. Determination
of the composition,
properties and
defects of textile
products.
1.2. Evaluation of
the type of service
provision.
1.3. Acceptance and
registration of the
order of service.
1.4. Communication
with clients.
APPRENTICESHIP
TASKS
1. Acceptance
of the order of
textile product
care service.
DESCRIPTION
OF TASK
Determination of the
fibrous composition,
properties and type
of defects of textile
product. Selection of
the type of service
provision, marking
of stains and defects.
Sorting of products.
Acceptance of service
order and filling
of documents in
coordination with
a client. Cultured
communication with
clients.
TASK EVALUATION
CRITERIA
Correct determination of
fibrous composition of textile products by the organoleptic method. Properly
evaluated textile product
characteristics (properties
of use, properties of materials, etc.).
Correct recognition and
marking of defects (tears,
broken fittings, stains,
etc.) and selected rational
repair methods. Correctly
performed sorting of textile
products (according to the
origin, solubility of stain
types, etc.).
Services selected according
to the types of textile product defects.
Motivated explanation of
the types of provision of
selected services to the
client (immediate, terminated, constant, with
guarantee and without it,
etc.) and performed service
order acceptance (coordination of service with a
client, filling of documents:
signing of contract with or
without guarantee).
Acceptance of order in
the national language,
following the vocational
ethics and language
culture requirements by
using the subject-specific
terminology.
182
MODULE IX.
COMPETENCIES
IMPROVED
DURING THE
APPRENTICESHIP
2.1. Selection of
proper textile product
care methods.
2.2. Selection of
proper textile product
care products.
APPRENTICESHIP
TASKS
2. Selection
of textile
product care
technology.
2.3. Selection and
use of proper textile
product care tools
and equipment.
2.4. Preparation of
equipment, tools and
means for work.
DESCRIPTION
OF TASK
TASK EVALUATION
CRITERIA
Selection of specific
textile product care
method: repair, cleaning, washing, ironing.
Stipulation of a technological sequence for the
specific textile product.
After the evaluated
the care symbols, it is
necessary to select the
measures (according
to the purpose of use,
chemical composition
and effect, etc. and
the type of material).
Selection and preparation of product care
tools for work (sewing,
repair), devices (cleaning, washing, ironing),
equipment (manual,
mechanical, electrical,
domestic, industrial).
In view of the care symbols,
the textile product care
method is properly selected
for the specific textile
product. Properly selected
textile product care means
according to the type of
fabric. Properly selected
and prepared product care
tools, equipment and facilities based on the selected
care method. Performed
care of work tools, equipment and devices and work
tools (daily and prophylactic, etc.).
Evaluated hazardous
equipment and device work
places.
3.1. Restoration and
repair of textile
products.
3. Performance
of restoration
and repair of
textile product.
Selection of the method
of repair of defects
and performance of
restoration or repair
works pursuant to the
occupational safety
requirements: sewing,
replacement of fine
parts, application,
embroidery, sewing
in, patching, darning,
gluing, selection and
sewing of new fittings,
etc.). Ordering of the
work place.
Properly selected method
of repair of textile product
and qualitatively performed restoration and
repair of products (sewing,
replacement of fine parts,
application, embroidery,
sewing in, patching, darning, gluing, selection and
sewing of new fittings,
etc.). Ordered work place.
3.2. Cleaning of
textile products
4. Cleaning of
textile product.
Selection of the textile
product cleaning type,
method, programmes.
Cleaning of product
by safely using tools,
equipment and devices.
Ordering of the work
place.
Properly selected cleaning method (dry, wet),
programmes, parameters
(temperature, time, etc.),
qualitatively cleaned product pursuant to technological process. The task was
performed pursuant to the
work safety requirements.
Ordered work place.
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MODULE IX.
COMPETENCIES
IMPROVED
DURING THE
APPRENTICESHIP
3.3. Washing of
textile products.
APPRENTICESHIP
TASKS
5. Washing of
textile product.
DESCRIPTION
OF TASK
TASK EVALUATION
CRITERIA
Selection of necessary
textile product
washing modes
and performance of
washing technological
operations. Selection
of washing finishing
methods and their
finishing. Ordering of
the work place.
Quality washing of product
pursuant to the requirements of technological
process. Properly selected
washing modes (soft with
boiling, without boiling,
with bleaching, etc.).
Properly selected and
performed finishing (softening, stiffing, antistatic
impact, etc.). The task was
performed pursuant to the
work safety requirements.
Ordered work place.
Performance of task
pursuant to the work
safety requirements.
3.4. Ironing of textile
products.
3.5. Packing of textile
products.
* Improvement of
communication and
cooperation skills
in the institution or
organisation. Data
analysis skills.
6. Ironing and
packing of
textile product.
7. Preparation
of description
of apprenticeship work
place.
Subject to the specificity
of the textile product,
ironing, steaming,
restoration of product’s
initial appearance and
preparation for its
return. Ordering of the
work place.
Qualitatively ironed product based to the technological mode (temperature,
time, etc.). In view of
specificity, quality folding
and packing of products.
The product is prepared for
the return.
Performance of task
pursuant to the work
safety requirements.
The task was performed
pursuant to the work safety
requirements. Ordered
work place.
Finding out and
description of
particularity of
apprenticeship work
place according to the
submitted form.
Properly, carefully and
timely prepared description
of apprenticeship work
place.
Preparation for the
performance of tasks of
module “Introduction to
Labour Market”.
* – The final task of the apprenticeship should be the introductory task of module
“Introduction to Labour Market”. The student brings the prepared description of work place
to the final module.
Annex: Form of Description of Apprenticeship Work Place.
Annex 9. Module 9. Planning of Employment.
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X THE FINAL MODULE
THE AIM is to assess the acquired vocational and general competencies and to provide for further
course of professional activities.
1. to discuss the vocational knowledge and skills acquired during two years of training;
2. to highlight the values that are needed to provide high-quality services;
3. to reveal the importance of beliefs and creative values for a person’s sustainable and meaningful
life and work, while implementing the community-based project “Respect the Teacher”.
THE RESULT – the acquired vocational and general competencies are assessed.
MODULE X
DEPARTMENT
THE FINAL MODULE
TEACHING/LEARNING TECHNIQUES AND METHODS:
The basic vocational knowledge and

skills;
The values that are needed to provide
high-quality services;
The importance of beliefs and creative
values for a person’s sustainable
and meaningful life and work.
Implementation of the community-based
project “Respect the Teacher”.
Consultation;
Practical work;
Individual work;
Role play;
Reflection;
Presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
the final thesis – project “I have studied in order to…”
procedure on assessment of
Reflection questions;
Presentation of the community-based project.
competencies;
Textile product care programme.
185
THE KING MINDAUGAS VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTRE
“FINAL MODULE” FINAL TASK
PROJECT “THE PURPOSE OF MY STUDIES WAS …”
REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PERFORMANCE
AND PRESENTATION OF THE FINAL TASK
Kaunas
FINAL TASK OF “FINAL MODULE”
PROJECT “THE PURPOSE OF MY STUDIES WAS …”
I. Final task:
1. Planning of the service related to the studied speciality
2. Purposefulness of the provided service (what is the purpose of the service?)
3. Benefit of the provided service (the service should reflect the entrepreneurship, sustainable development, demand and innovativeness)
4. Particularities of the resources/materials used for the provision of the service
(criteria for the selection of resources/materials)
5. Technical particularities of the service
6. Conditions of the service provision (what requirements are provided for the service:
human and work safety)
7. Professional skills acquired in two years of studies
8. Values important for the quality provision of services
186
PRESENTATION OF THE FINAL TASK OF THE PROVISION AND SALE OF PLANNED SERVICE
AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SLIDES
II. Presentation of the final work:
1. The presentation of the task lasts for up to 10 min.
2. The structure of presentation of student’s performed final module task is as follows:
2.1.theme of the planned service;
2.2.technical task of the service;
2.3.technical sequence of the provision of service:
2.3.1. planning;
2.3.2. information;
2.3.3. materials;
2.3.4. technological processes and their results;
2.4.conclusions.
3. Completed final module task is presented verbally, by commenting the presented
visual material (presentation by using information technologies, website, poster,
stand notice, video, booklet, articles in the wall newspaper, etc.).
4. The members of the assessment commission ask their questions.
III. Requirements for the presentation of the text:
Title. It is necessary to use the sample of the title page presented by the King Mindaugas
Vocational Service Centre.
Content. The content (under the title page) should be prepared for the project description by indicating the number of subtopic and page numbers.
Text. It is necessary to use the standard text format: Times New Roman, 12 pt (font
size), spacing – 1.5. The headings of subtopics should be highlighted.
Scope. The scope of paper (without title page and content) – 3 to 5 pages.
Bibliography. The used literature sources should be listed on the last page of the project paper.
IV. Requirements for the preparation of presentation:
Text. The less information is provided in the presentation, the faster it is perceived. No
more than 4 text lines and 4 words in a line should be presented in a slide (rule “4 x 4”).
Headings. The headings of slides should be short and clear.
187
Font. It is recommended to use only generally acceptable fonts that have a straight
profile of symbols (group of fonts without hooks: Arial or Sans Serif). It is best to use no more
than two different fonts in one slide. It is necessary to remember that various sizes of the
same font can be applied, style – italic, bold. For the simple text, it is necessary to use 20-24
pt font size, for the headings – 28-32 pt font size. It is not recommended to use only CAPITAL
letters in the main text.
Use of colours. It is necessary to consider the matching of colours. For example, a combination of red letters in a blue background looks irritating and confusedly. It is important
for the text to stand out in the background and to be easy to read. Please use light colour
letters in dark background or dark colour letters in case of light colour background.
Do not use dim faded colours. In case of difficulty to select colours, please use one of the
provided PowerPoint templates.
Illustrations. The illustrations should be used as possible. The best way is to use one
illustration in one slide. Fine graphical details should not be used, unless they are necessary.
The shadows of figures should be used considerately. In case of use both the text and illustration in a slide, their size should be matched accordingly:
Improper version:
Proper version:
Demonstration of the slides. Try the demonstration of the slides yourself in advance.
The effects of transition of slides and animations should be used carefully. The auditorium
needs time to look at the slides – do not change them more frequently than every other 20
sec. To comprehend a non-complex graphic alone requires 7 sec.
188
GLOSSARY
(Accounting) register – a prepared summary of economic operations and events with
summarised data pursuant to the accounting documents.
Accounting – a process of registration, classification and “accumulation” of company’s
or any other economic entity’s financial/economic operations, collection and management
of numeric documents.
Accounting document – a paper or electronic certificate approving the economic operation or economic event and with the requisites necessary to establish the identity of an
economic operation or economic event.
Adaptation – a process of adaptation in a new environment, which depends on the
organisation (employing company or educational establishment) and the employed person.
Alternative or opportunity costs – a benefit or income, which could have been received
by using the resources in a different way or for the purpose other than the one already used.
Amortisation – a gradual transposition of the value of work means to the product produced by using these means according to the level of their natural and moral wearing and
restoration of work means.
Angora – a soft and tender wool of long-haired rabbits.
Anisotropic material – a material whose properties are different in all directions.
Annual inflation – a relative change of a medium level of prices between the reporting
month and the respective month of the previous year.
Assets – tangible, intangible and financial values managed and used and/or disposed
by the economic entity, which can be used to receive economic benefit.
Atlas – a glossy fabric of an atlas weaving.
Balance sheet – a financial statement showing all company’s assets, equity capital
and liabilities on the last day of the reporting period.
Bartacking – a reinforcement made by special stitches.
Base – in chemistry, a chemical compound, which has a free pair of electrons that can
bind with the H+ particle (proton).
Bat – a nonwoven, knitted or felted material used for the insulated inserts of clothing.
Batiste – a thin medium dense cotton fabric of plain-weaving.
Bleachers – the agents made of hydrogen peroxide or chlorine and helping to remove
various stains.
Bleaching – a processing of textile products with bleachers-oxidisers, usually of chlorine or oxygen basis, before, during or after washing in order to eliminate impurities and
stains effectively and to accentuate the white colour.
Bond – the securities approving the amount of company’s or government’s liability,
period of validity and the right to annual interest rate for the possessor’s of obligations.
Bouclé – a fabric woven of fancy yarns.
Buckle – a device used to fasten the belt.
189
Business company – one of the results of entrepreneurship process. An organisation
incorporated to seek the implementation of businessmen’s generated business idea, which
would bring benefit to the owner.
Capital – anything created by the man-work and used for the purposes of creation of
goods and services.
Career – a sequence of various socially significant human roles arising from work,
learning, self-expression and leisure activities and involving the person’s professional life,
work places, duties and achievements.
Career information – any information helping to adopt an effective career solution
and to achieve such career aims as information on professions, studies and employment
opportunities.
Cash accounting document – a paper certificate indicating the cash payment or transaction operations when the liability of one economic entity is performed to another economic entity.
Cashmere – wool obtained of the hair of Cashmere goats.
Chart of accounts – a list of invoices with information reflecting the assets of economic entities, equity capital, liabilities, revenues and expenditure.
Chiffon – a very light-weight and fine plain woven fabrics of chemical fibre.
Chintz – a plain woven cotton fabric, usually coloured.
Cleaning – a removal of impurities from various surfaces and objects; the cleaning
includes sweeping, washing, scrubbing, wiping, polishing, glossing, disinfection, vacuuming; cleaning agents – chemical substances or their mixtures, which facilitate the cleaning
process due to their physical and chemical characteristics.
Cleaning agents – chemical products or their mixture facilitating the cleaning process
due to their physical and chemical characteristics.
Commodity – a tangible, visible and valuable object that can meet the needs of customers and is used for the trade.
Competency – an ability to perform a certain function or activity in an effective manner
pursuant to the established standard.
Competitiveness – an ability of a company to sell its own goods and services profitably
in the market by competing with other companies.
Competitors – the market participants offering the potential buyers the goods meeting
identical or similar needs.
Complete – to form a necessary set.
Consistency – a thickness and fluidity of a material.
Costs – the expenses necessary for the payment of production costs.
Costume – a suit of clothes; for men – jacket, trousers, vest; for women – jacket and
skirt or trousers.
Cotton – the fibre covering the seeds of the cotton plant growing on the annual or
perennial bush in the warm climate regions.
190
Crease – an edge of trousers made by the iron.
Crêpe – crêpe woven fabrics.
Cuff – a part sewn to the end of the sleeve or unbent end of the sleeve.
Curriculum vitae (CV) – a summary of professional experience and qualification. This
document is usually prepared when looking for a job.
Defect – a drawback, shortcoming.
Domestic chemistry products – chemical industry products composed of one of more
chemical substances and used at home for various purposes.
Double entry – a method of registration of economic operations or events, where the
value of one economic operation or economic event is entered into the debit account(s), and
the equivalent sum – into the credit of another account(s).
Drape cloth – a thick very dense woollen or semi-woollen fabric of felt surface.
Dry cleaning – a cleaning of textile products in dry cleaners, where they are exposed to
a certain solvent (except for water).
Dryer – a device used for drying the laundry.
Drying – an elimination of moisture from textile products after washing.
Educational (study) plan – an entirety of gradually laid down training steps (teaching
subjects, modules, etc.) including the necessary sources, terms, executors, etc. The plans
may be of speciality, theoretical (practical) training, teaching subject, educational plan for a
year, semester, etc.
Educational programme – a short, gradual and structural description of theoretical
and practical training elements forming a single unitary whole and ensuring a specific
education and/or qualification. The educational programme can be of a certain speciality,
teaching subject, module, qualification, etc.
Employee – a person employed by another person or organisation to perform a certain
work (employee, who receives a wage, or a person, who receives payment).
Employer – a person or organisation employing the employees on the basis of economic relations.
Engine – a machine turning the energy into a mechanical work.
Equity capital – a share of assets of an economic entity minus all liabilities from the
assets.
Evaluation – a process of the establishment of value of a certain project, training programme, course, educational situation, etc. and compliance with the established criteria.
Expenditure – a decrease of economic benefit of an economic entity due to the use
of assets, sale or loss of assets, value impairment and assumption of liabilities during the
reporting period resulting into the decrease of equity capital except for its direct reduction.
Eyelet – a detail-tag used to fix the position of a belt or for the finishing of clothing.
Fabric – a woven material used for tailoring various textile products.
Fastener – a decorative part used to decorate the clothing or to shrink its separate
places.
191
Fastening – a closing place of a garment.
Felt – a nonwoven, caulk woollen or semi-woollen material used for the lower sides of
collars of man clothing.
Ferments – a material used in washing products, which divides the fats.
Fittings – clothing connection or decorative accessories.
Flannel – a cotton and woollen line or streak woven fabric fluffed from one or both
sides.
Fliseline – a nonwoven material made by gluing, which is used for inserts and packaging.
Flounce – a wide strip finishing detail, one edge of which is wavy and the other – sewn
to other part.
Fold – a neat crease of the garment.
Folder of competencies – a set of documents, facts and creative works proving the personal knowledge, skills and abilities.
Guipure – a lace of natural, chemical or woollen yarn with a porous embossed pattern.
Hazardousness pictograms – standard graphical symbols indicating the nature of hazardousness of a chemical substance. These symbols are printed on the package of a solvent
in a back-red rhomb.
Hemstitch – a sequence of homogenous stitches.
Household – same as in case of a family, the use and behavioural changes subject to its
composition. The needs of members of a household are related. For example, the purchase of
computer to a child decreases the possibility to purchase a new refrigerator.
Hygroscopicity – an ability of a textile material to absorb moisture from the environment and to return it back to the environment.
Impurities – undesired deposits on vessels, furniture, clothing and surface of the floor.
Cleaning – a removal of impurities from various surfaces and objects; the cleaning includes sweeping, washing, scrubbing, wiping, polishing, glossing, disinfection and
vacuuming.
Income – increase in the economic benefit, expressed by the increase in the value of
assets during the reporting period and decrease in the liability causing the increase in the
equity capital except for the additional contributions of owners.
Inflation – a decrease of the purchasing power of monetary unit expressed by longterm medium increase in the total level of prices.
Information – knowledge on the facts, events, objects, processes, ideas, concepts and
objects, which has a certain meaning in a particular context.
Insert – an insert or part of clothing between the outer and lining parts.
Institution – any public establishment.
Intangible assets – identified non-monetary assets having no tangible form and disposed by the company and used in order to receive direct or indirect economic benefit.
Intellect – a mental activity, an ability to learn, to understand new situations and to
reflect the relations of phenomena.
192
Inventories – short-term assets (raw-materials and complemented products, unfinished production, finished production and goods purchased for resale), which are used by
the company to earn income within one year or within one cycle of company’s activity.
Iron – a device used for ironing the clothes.
Iron – to make clothes smooth.
Ironing – a process for the restoration of the form and appearance of the textile product by using heat, pressure and steam.
Job description – a document describing the aim of a job, the duties and tasks of an
employee as well as his/her responsibilities and proxies.
Job interview – verbal interaction between several persons, when having a pre-defined aim to select the best candidate for the offered job position.
Job search – a sequence of actions of a person, who is looking for a job that lasts for a
certain period of time and directly depends on the personal input of a person looking for a
job.
Label – a sheet fitted to the garment with the information on the manufacturer, name
of garment, composition and other characteristics.
Labelling – a formation of a mark, marking.
Labour force – all residents and unemployed persons of the employable age (16 and
over).
Labour market – an entirety of relations of supply and demand of the job positions
(work capacities), which meet the individual professional aims and interests of employees
and employers.
Leg – one side of trousers.
Letter of reference – a document, where the person’s activity is discussed and favourably evaluated, by defining the results of this activity and their importance.
Linen – a common name for line and semi-linen weaving fabrics.
Long-term assets – the assets used to receive company’s economic benefit for a period
longer than one year with the acquisition value, which is no less than the one established
by the company.
Market – an economic trade mechanism encouraging and coordinating the activity
and interests of separate market participants.
Marketing – a process during which the company’s resources are coordinated with the
current or planned needs of clients or consumers to meet the needs and expectations of all
concerned parties. Marketing as a science is an entirety of knowledge and methods used for
the achievement of aims of a company or an individual under the market conditions.
Marketing – a process of creation of a system based on purchase and sale relations to
form the market and conditions of the achievement of business company’s or individual’s
aims in that specific market.
Minimum wage – the lowest hourly or monthly remuneration permitted by the laws
of a respective country.
193
Mohair – the wool of certain species of long-haired goats.
Motivational letter – a document prepared by the person, who is looking for a job,
where he/she reveals a wish and suitability to occupy a specific job position, to which it
candidates.
Nonwoven material – a textile material, made without using a traditional weaving or
knitting method.
Oligopoly – a market where the products of the same type are produced by only several
companies (3-5). In such market, the prices are formed in methods other than the competition, but according to the prices established by the “price leader”.
Organic solvents – diethyl ether, acetone, toluene, etc.
Ownership – a right or interest to company’s assets.
Pattern – particularities of the surface of material.
Perforation – a separating row of holes.
Personnel selection – a process, when the employee with the best results of compliance with the requirements is selected from several candidates.
pH (hydrogen potential) – a determination of concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) in
a solvent showing its acidity or alkalinity.
Phosphates – water-softening substances.
Political and legal environment – an element of macro-environment covering the
activity of public political structures and legal acts influencing the company’s solutions and
activity.
Polyamide (PA) – one of the most known polymers characterised by durability and
harness.
Polymers – the substances, whose each molecule consists of a chain of gradually connected equal groups of atoms and the same chain s rhythmically repeated for several times.
Polyvinyl chloride (abbreviated as PVC) – a very popular plastic due to its versatility,
cost-effectiveness and quality. It is a polymer characterised by good chemical resistance
properties, low combustion class and resistant to UV rays.
Precautionary statements (P) – the safety statements (S) changed in the CLP system.
Each precautionary statement is related to a respective P code. The precautionary statements are used to give advice on the prevention means, actions in case of emergency, for
example, fist-aid administration and safe storage and utilisation of chemical substances.
Press – a pressure mechanism, the equipment of ironing of clothing by the way of
pressing.
Pressing – a process creating the form and appearance of the textile product by using
heat, pressure and steam.
Pressure – a power acting on the surface of a body.
Product substitutes – the products and services than can meet the same and similar
needs of the consumers.
194
Production – a total amount of products produced within a certain period of time.
Profession – the combinations of human activity based on knowledge, know-how,
abilities and skills providing them with satisfaction and presumption of material provision
and active involvement into the structures of the public life.
Recruitment – a part of job search process during which the employer (or employer’s
authorised specialists) chooses from a certain number of candidates seeking to be employed.
Reserve – a temporary (target) restriction of the use of profit aimed at the objectives
stipulated by the owners.
Resources – everything that can potentially participate in the process of creation of
goods. The main groups of resources include work, capital, land, entrepreneurship.
Sale – a process during which the company’s marketing plans are implemented by
employing the trade personnel and network of distribution channels.
Satin – a cotton rather dense fabric of satin weaving.
Segment – a small part of a large network.
Service – a tangible economic activity that can meet the needs of the people.
Set of eyelets – a part (detail) of garment with loops.
Shaft – a roll transmitting a rotational motion.
Share – a document certifying the company’s unit of ownership.
Single-entry accounting – an accounting managed by making a single entry.
Slash – a slashed place of the garment formed in the continuation of the seam without
finishing the sewing of two connected part or by cutting the material.
Small and medium-sized business – medium and small-sized companies (including
the micro-companies) and natural persons having the right to pursue individual commercial, industrial or professional or any other similar activity including the one which is performed under the business certificate in accordance with the procedure established by the
laws.
Small-sized company – a company meeting the following criteria: number of company’s employees – up to 49; annual income – no more than 24 million litas or company’s
balance value – no more than 17 million litas; the company is autonomous.
Sodium sulphate – a ballast substance in the washing powder.
Staff regulations – a document used by the employers, which lists the rights, duties
and liability of the employee.
Statutory capital – a sum of the nominal value of subscribed shares.
Stress management – a conscious person’s activity aimed at purposeful acting and
avoidance of consequences caused by long-term stress.
Subsidy – cash payout.
Suede – a very soft fuzzy leather.
Surfactant – a substance causing foaming and having no influence on the quality of
washing.
195
Synthetic washing product – a basis of modern washers and washing products, a surfactant, which washes the impurities.
Taffeta – a silk or chemical fibre dense plain woven and specially hardened crispy
fabric.
Tangible assets – the assets of a physical form used to produce the goods and to provide the services, for the management aims or for the rent.
Team – a group of people associated by common aims and able to take any kind of
work and to perform it effectively.
Teamwork – a form of work based on the ability to work together with others by
invoking individual skills, knowledge and experience for the achievement of a single aim
and results.
Technological operation – certain actions performed by processing or producing a
detail, product.
Textile – a product of spinning and weaving, knitted material.
Textile materials – a common name of fabrics, knitted materials, nonwoven materials of the main raw-material – fibre.
Tool – a work measure (taken by the hands).
Training module – an independent vocational training unit characterised by the aim
(acquired qualification), content, didactical and methodical methods and evaluation.
Training module element – a composite part of the training module.
Tulle – a knitted fabric of the shape of a net.
Tweed – a woollen coloured costume or coating reminiscent of the handmade fabric.
Unemployment – non-occupation of the labour force, as a production factor. Population,
which is not participating in the public useful activity.
Velour – a leather with a pile made on the surface by polishing.
Velvet – a weft woven fabric with a solid short pile on the surface.
Washing – a removal of impurities from textile products with water and washing
solution.
Washing machines – the machines aimed at washing the laundry with water and a
washing solution.
Washing powder – a washing agent of textile products composed of various chemical
substances.
Washing products – substances or their mixtures, the solvent made of which can be
used for washing dirty fabrics.
Wearing (amortisation) – an attribution of wearing (amortised) value of assets of the
limited time of use to the expenditure and distribution during the planned useful service
time in view of the actual change of the economic value of such assets.
Work – an occupation (activity) chosen by the person in order to utilise the possessed
knowledge and skills and to receive remuneration for it.
196
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200
ANNEXES
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
FIGURE
NUMBER / TITLE
SOURCE
PREVIEW
DATE
MODULE 3
1.
Fig. 1. Cotton
cultivation
http://eglesnamuciai.blogspot.com/2011/02/
medvilniniai-tepukai.html
2.
Fig. 2. Cotton, flax,
wool
http://seedrack.com/indiv/cotton.html
http://naturalus.sveikas.lt/lt/naturalus-vaistai/
vaistazoles/linas_sejamasis_pluostinis
2015-03-10
2014-04-23
http://www.avys.lt/vilna.php
3.
Fig. 3. Animals the
wool of which is
used for textile
http://i663.photobucket.com/albums/uu351/
mangust2/bizarre/Rouge016.jpg
4.
Fig. 4. Silkworm
cocoon and silk
fibre
http://www.vegabaltica-siulai.lt/apie_mezgima.
htm
5.
Fig. 5. Fibrous of
viscose
http://www.rankdarbiai.com/catalog/index.
php?cPath=27_231&osCsid=83860a8029de60e9c22db9b148d907dc
6.
Fig. 6. Cotton,
woollen, silk
fabrics and their
colour gamma
http://www.diteksas.lt/produktas/
zakardinis-audinys-paltams-1
7.
Fig. 7. Cotton
fabrics
http://www.minitextile.lt/
medvilniai-audiniai-marginti-is-jav/page/32
2015-02-23
8.
Fig. 8. Flax fabrics
http://www.linonamai.lt/pilkas-melynais-dryziaislininis-audinys.html
2015-02-23
9.
Fig. 9. Silk fabrics
http://margasuknele.blogspot.com/2014/01/audiniurusys.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/6/6a/Lama_animal.jpg
http://www.diteksas.lt/kategorija/audiniai/vilna-2
2014-04-23
2014-04-23
2015-02-23
2015-02-23
http://www.diteksas.lt/produktas/sifoninis-silkas-7
http://blog.alio.lt/buitis-interjeras-dizainas/
ka-reikia-zinoti-apie-audinius-2-dalis.html
2015-02-23
http://skliautupyne.lt/catalog/silkas-9
201
10.
Fig. 10. Woollen
fabrics
http://skliautupyne.lt/catalog
11.
Fig. 11. Viscose
fabrics
http://www.diteksas.lt/kategorija/audiniai/viskoze
12.
Fig. 12. Synthetic
fabrics
http://www.audiniai.net/pagrindinis/
audiniai-drabuziams
13.
Fig. 13. Knitted
fabric
http://www.almaks.lt/Audiniai-740.html
14.
Fig. 14. Clothing
made of different
fabrics
http://www.masinis.lt
http://www.mezginys.lt/rankdarbiai/suknelessijonai/megzta-mocherine-suknele-146031.htm
2015-02-23
2015-02-23
2015-02-23
2014-04-04
2015-02-21
http://garlita.lt/produkcija
15.
Fig. 15. Textile
product of fur and
leather
https://www.google.lt/search?tbs=sbi:AMhZZisz4ZjXzt5UStrhscoiHid6x4GOvjQ8pwCqcm5qrIn8k4olTqbo
16.
Fig. 16. Textile
product of felt
http://henrieta.jimdo.com/
skraist%C4%97s-i%C5%A1-vilnos
http://www.danielius.net/varena/renginys-vaiatvaziuoja-sventa-kaleda-varenoje-foto
17.
Fig. 17. Non-woven
materials
http://arviele.lt/prekes/neaustines-medziagos
18.
Fig. 18. Auxiliary
materials for
textile products
http://trixel.ee/tooted
19.
Fig. 19. The first
hollow irons
http://ejournal.emokykla.lt/muziejus13/index.
php?action[]=IArticleShow::showArticle%286530%29,
http://www.bangkokpost.com/media/
content/20140106/580847.jpg
2014-04-23
2014-04-23
2014-04-23
2014-04-23
2014-04-23
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1z22u6QceE4/UVCX11VAIzI/
AAAAAAAAACM/nmhD-WtRvZA/s320/K144.jpg
20.
21.
202
Fig. 20. Modern
professional iron
http://llbm.lt/parodos/virtuali_lygintuvu_paroda
Fig. 21. Ironing
roller
http://www.balticprofessionals.eu/images/Danube_
volas.png
http://www.kaina24.lt/p/lygintuvas-philips-gc-1980
2015-02-23
2014-04-23
22.
23.
24.
25.
Fig. 22. Ancient
wringing and
ironing device, a
modern ironing
press
http://www.rumsiskiubaldai.lt/media/dynamic/
img/2452/5301_regular_878-1.ed341890lt0.8x0.73mh1.33m.jpg
Fig. 23. Ironing
tables with
steam supply and
termination
https://lh3.ggpht.com/45UdEz2_O67
K6mR6IlxOIBwoavgACsAZrIFxZ9BiG
wds8r9uykk_06I4d2Byz2wQBhVP8Q=s128
Fig. 24. Labels with
textile product care
symbols
http://img.ehowcdn.com/615x200/ds-cdn-write/
upload/8000/700/30/5/128735.jpg
Fig. 25. Halogenfree solvent and
additional cleaning
products
http://www.acgnystrom.lt/lt/produktai/
skalbimas/Skalbimochemija/systemk4/solvonk4/
Imagesolvonk4/doResize?w=194&h=194
2015-02-17
http://www.astra.lt/KP.jpg
http://www.stilingai.lt/userfiles/
images/Straipsni%C5%B3%20
baneriukai/4008clothinglabelm.jpg
http://www.seymo.es/Kreussler/PRENETTK4-TM-E.
jpg
2015-02-17
2015-02-17
2014-04-04
http://texcare.co.nz/images/52cf26ba8c700.jpg
http://texcare.co.nz/images/52cf2716224b4.jpg
26.
Fig. 26. Stain
identification and
cleaning
Photography from personal album
27.
Fig. 27. Electric fluff
collector, brush
for combing, fluff
remover, sticky
brush and roller
http://www.nuolaidos.lt/uploads/modules/
discount/original/7800495.jpg
http://www.acuratedman.com/uplo
ads/1/4/5/1/14518444/2466869_orig.jpg
http://cdn1.topshop.eu/_27420305.jpg
2014-11-20
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/
I/41DUAHwGkTL.jpg
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/
I/51IAsz7I-0L._SL1000_.jpg
MODULE 4
28.
Fig. 1. First
washing machines
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/d/d2/PostcardAdvertisingHappyDay
WashingMachineCirca1910.jpg
2014-11-20
http://www.llbm.lt/parodos/
musujaunystestechnika/1120965.jpg
203
29.
Fig. 2. First electric
washing machines
https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTBhI3fCdG1Gal7FuoPFkK1IF38Q6B_
TmJEjMWl8SC9zrj0h1pXL7l8zQ
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZjqcaUAVYZQCwEyZqz0TR6ABnwaX6YWMCXtqrGjvcCfqNpvq
2014-11-20
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/f7/
f7/92/f7f792385203d3ac7ce6ed2aeb372def.jpg
30.
Fig. 3. The
washing tools
used by Ancient
Lithuanians
http://www.grokiskis.lt/assets/image.
php?w=300&f=../uploads/articles/medinis-giedreskalbimo-lenta.jpg
Fig. 4. Professional
washing machines
http://www.arcat.com/photos/electpro/136616.jpg
Fig. 5. Washing
machines with a
hygiene barrier
http://www.linencupboardlaundry.com/Images/
Electrolux_barrier_washer.jpg
33.
Fig. 6. Laundry
drying
http://www.sekunde.lt/media/2014/03/
Skalbini%C5%B3-d%C5%BEiovinimas
.-e1395047157268.jpg
34.
Fig. 7. Dryers
http://www.restoranuiranga.lt/skalbyklos-iranga/
dziovykles/danube-dd-26
31.
32.
2014-11-20
http://www.wood-craft.eu/foto/sml_1295278449.jpg
http://www.geautomatic.co.uk/wp-content/
uploads/Electrolux_QuickWash2-140x150.jpg
http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-m/
selective-soldering-machine-57494-2670455.jpg
2014-11-20
2014-11-20
2014-11-20
2014-04-04
http://www.daneka.lt/images/WT46E365DN.jpg
35.
36.
Fig. 8. Mobile
laundry container
and mobile hanger
http://www.abrilux.pl/zdjecia/katalog/thumb_164.
JPG
Fig. 9. Laundry
trolleys
http://www.traderscity.com/board/userpix75/36224Acrylic-Manual-Bending-Machine-1.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.
com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6_
XbHGI_3LqVDYo6Vd9mAugRD2HqJpzkni5YP7aWev_
ah9JcXlgYkKVU
http://images.plumbersurplus.com/images/prod/1/
Rev-A-Shelf-5345-DM-KIT-52-rw-110180-173084.jpg
http://az474241.vo.msecnd.net/noimages/a24888723d84-5233-5da6-521037ba74e1.jpg
204
2014-04-04
2014-04-04
37.
Fig. 10. Different
packages
of washing
preparations
http://www.skkosmetika.lt/fine-universaluskoncentruoti-skalbimo-milteliai-0-78-kg.html
http://www.e-ciupk.lt/miele-skystas-skalbiklisspalvotiems-skalbiniams-carecollection-7903120
2015-03-10
http://www.l-market.lt/47-skalbimo-kapsuls
38.
Fig. 11. Group of
laundry attendants
in the beginning of
XX century
http://www.baltai.lt/?cat=201
39.
Fig. 12. Preparation
of laundry for
washing
http://www.theholidayspot.com/thanksgiving/
picstocolor/images/pics-to-color-03.gif
40.
Fig. 13. Label of care
symbols
http://thehoopla.com.au/wp-content/
uploads/2013/07/laundry-give-it-to-your-mother.jpg
2015-03-10
2015-02-10
2015-02-10
MODULE 5
41.
Fig. 1. Dry cleaning
machines with
two and three
containers
http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae/photo-mg/
commercial-dry-cleaning-machine-75049-2993139.
jpg
http://careforclothes.se/wp-content/uploads/
firbimatic-ecoline-as-218x300.jpg
2014-12-15
http://www.trisvincente.it/polopoly_
fs/1.8331034.1392655134!/httpImage/img.jpg
42.
Fig. 2. FIRBIMATIC
dry cleaning
machine control
panel
FIBRIMATIC description
43.
Fig. 3. Ironing table
and press
http://www.siuvimostilius.lt/sites/default/files/
styles/uc_product_list/public/nettuno_98_maxi.jpg
http://www.skalbykloms.lt/finisavimo_irengimai/
image017.jpg
2014-12-15
image001.jpg
44.
Fig. 4. Air-steam
mannequins
image001.jpg
45.
Fig. 5. Air-steam
mannequin with
rotational double
finishing cabin
http://rotondi.com.ua/img/rotondi/image002_4.gif
2014-12-15
2014-12-15
205
46.
Fig. 6. Air-steam
mannequin control
panel
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQHVQOC3KSFBxzLt8fm9HnITQ0JIPs1xygSTvrrJ5OUI_Bv5ZMus92RYA
47.
Fig. 7. Accessories
for the formation
of garment
shoulders
Description of equipment
48.
Fig. 8. Additional
clothing formation
equipment
Description of equipment
49.
Fig. 9. Drying
cabinets
http://skalbimas.com/images/p047.jpg
50.
Fig. 10. Special
stain cleaning
agents
http://www.acgnystrom.lt/lt/produktai/
skalbimas/Skalbimochemija/cheminisvalymas/
demiuvalikliai/deprit
51.
Fig. 11. Preparation
for initial
processing of
stains
52.
Fig. 12. Textile
product packing
equipment
http://zetolink.it/prodotti_en.php
2014-12-15
2014-12-15
2014-10-14
2015-03-07
MODULE 6
53.
Fig. 1. Repair of
textile product
with a special
sewing-machine
http://www.valstietis.lt/Pradzia/Naujienos/
Verslas/Kauno-Baltija-didina-atlyginimus-savodarbuotojams
54.
Fig. 2. Tools for
hand works
http://siuvimo-kursai.lt/page43.php
55.
Fig. 3. The tools
and means for
hand works
http://siuvimo-kursai.lt/page44.php
http://lt.fiskars.com/Virtuve-ir-namu-prieziura/
Produktai/Zirkles/Cuts-More-zirkles
http://www.siuvinija.lt/lt/parduotuves/prekessiuvimui/smeigtukai-ziogeliai-/siuvimosmeigtukai-ps-002.htm
206
2014-04-04
2014-04-04
2014-04-04
56.
Fig. 4.
Sewing-machines
http://siuvimostilius.lt.garnys.serveriai.
lt/lt/products/elektromechaninesjaguar-siuvimo-masinos/
siuvimo-masina-jaguar-979
2014-04-04
https://lh6.ggpht.com/0zlfO33hOLwCqmc_
yfPe9IR2k9b1uHzuE-Z563ry4J0Yk6FeDdFFQJGCG34e8v
LfNLhC=s104
57.
Fig. 5. Small
mechanisation
means
http://www.siuvimostilius.lt/lt/products/pedelesbuitinems-siuvimo-masinoms/4-pedele-tiesiaisiulei-plonoms-medziagoms
http://siuvimomasinos.lt/1/produktas/24
2014-04-04
http://www.siuvimostilius.lt/sites/default/files/
styles/uc_category/public/blindstitchfootolb.gif
58.
59.
Fig. 6. Repair of
textile product
by using hand
stitches
http://spetskatalog.ru/dekor/russian/osnovy_
tehniki_kroiki_i_shitya/ruchnoe_shite.html
Fig. 7. Hand stitch
examples
http://www.kasiulai.lt/images/adata.jpg
http://mudubudu.lt/siuvinejimas_kryzeliu
http://vk.com/otrazhenija_vl?z=photo30889566_280570040%2Falbum-30889566_153309966
60.
Fig. 8. Examples of
buttons
http://audiniai.com/shop/3-sagos
61.
Fig. 9. Repair of
textile product
with the
sewing-machine
http://www.valstietis.lt/Pradzia/Naujienos/
Verslas/Kauno-Baltija-didina-atlyginimus-savodarbuotojams
Fig. 10. Hemming
of pants:
http://www.siuvimas.lt/index.
php?module=content&action=content_
article&id=267
62.
php?module=content&action=content_
article&id=267
63.
64.
Fig. 11. A. Scheme of
pants knot with a
zipper; B. Sewing of
zipper
php?module=content&action=content_list&id=261
Fig. 12. Repair and
recondition of
textile products
by using the
application
technique
2014-04-04
2014-04-04
2015-03-13
2014-04-04
2014-04-04
2014-04-04
207
MODULE 8
208
65.
Fig. 1. Service
provision project
structure
66.
Fig. 2. Factors
having influence
on the pricing
67.
Fig. 3. Perception of
consumer value
68.
Fig. 4.
Documentation
http://www.gecose.com/modulos/productos/
detalle_producto.php?id=6#
69.
Fig. 5. Folders with
documents
http://www.teisidas.lt/pics/a_Rink_24.gif
2014-04-04
2014-04-04
LIST OF ANNEXES
MODULE
NAME
I MODULE
II MODULE
III MODULE
ANNEX
NUMBER/
FOLDER
NUMBER
NR. 1
NAME OF ANNEX/FOLDER
Nr. 1.1.
Theoretical teaching/learning material
Nr. 1.2.
Practical tasks
Nr. 1.3.
NR. 2
DATA COMPILATION AND PRESENTATION IN THE CONTEXT
OF PROGRAMME
Nr. 2.1.
Nr. 2.2.
Practical tasks
Nr. 2.3.
NR. 3
PERFORMANCE OF INITIAL AND FINAL TEXTILEPRODUCT
CARE OPERATIONS
Nr. 3.1.
Nr. 3.2.
Practical tasks
Nr. 3.3.
Requirements of safe work with different equipment
Nr. 3.4.
Technological cards
Nr. 3.5.
Acceptance of the order. Video
Nr. 3.6.
Issue of the order. Video
Nr. 3.7.
Initial operations for stains removal. Video
Nr. 3.8.
Ironing of the textile products using air-steam
Nr. 3.9.
Mannequins. Video
209
IV MODULE
V MODULE
VI MODULE
210
Nr. 3.10.
Ironing of the textile products using ironing press Video
Nr. 3.11.
Ironing of the textile products using ironing. Video
Nr. 3.12.
NR. 4
Nr. 4.1.
Nr. 4.2.
Practical tasks
Nr. 4.3.
Nr. 4.4.
Technological cards
Nr. 4.5.
Washing of textile products. Video
Nr. 4.6.
NR. 5
TEKSTILĖS GAMINIŲ CHEMINIS VALYMAS
Nr. 5.1.
Nr. 5.2.
Practical tasks
Nr. 5.3.
Nr. 5.4.
Technological cards
Nr. 5.5.
Dry cleaning. Video
Nr. 5.6.
NR. 6
Nr. 6.1.
Nr. 6.2.
Practical tasks
Nr. 6.3.
VII MODULE
VIII MODULE
IX MODULE
X MODULE
Nr. 6.4.
Technological cards
Nr. 6.5.
Repair of textile products. Video
Nr. 6.6.
Nr. 6.7.
NR. 7
Nr. 7.1.
Nr. 7.2.
Practical tasks
NR. 8
PROVISION AND SALE OF TEXTILE PRODUCT
CARE SERVICES
Nr. 8.1.
Nr. 8.2.
Practical tasks
Nr. 8.3.
Technological cards
Nr. 8.4.
Descriptions of stain identification
Nr. 8.5.
Nr. 8.6.
NR. 9
Nr. 9.1.
Nr. 9.2.
Practical tasks
NR. 10
THE FINAL MODULE
Nr. 10.1.
Nr. 10.2.
Practical tasks
Nr. 10.3.
211
Business field
TEXTILE PRODUCT CARE.
MODULAR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME
2015 03002. 26,5 sp. l. Tiražas 300 egz.
Leidžia VšĮ Karaliaus Mindaugo profesinio mokymo centras, Karaliaus Mindaugo pr. 11, LT-44287 Kaunas.
Spaustuvė „Morkūnas ir Ko“, Draugystės g. 17, LT-51229 Kaunas.