Diaz-Loving, R. (C)

Beliefs, norms and coping styles
of the Mexican family:
Rolando Díaz-Loving
Unidad de Investigaciones Psicosociales
Facultad de Psicología, UNAM
• ¿Can you see the
three faces?
Diaz Guerrero (1955): SocioCulture
• Interrelated system of premises that norm
the
feelings,
ideas
and
personal
relationships, and stipulate the social roles
people should play and how to play them;
basically they indicate the were, when, with
whom and how to behave.
Collectivism, social responsibility &
Respect, Self-modification, Traditionalism,
Abnegation, Affiliative obedience, Familism
Addictions
Violence
Individualism
Democracy
Independence
Production
Authoritarianism
Control
Submissive
Dependent
Fatherism
Centralism
PHPSC & Mexican
philosophy of life
Biopsychic needs
Logro
Personal,
Afecto,
Seguridad
Affect
Autoactualización
Self
Selfactualization
H istoric-Psycho-Socio-C ultural-Prem ises
A ffiliativeobedience (C hildren tow ardsparents)
α=.85
A son alw aysshould obey his parents.
.69
O ne should neverdoubta m other’s w ord.
.65
A daughtershould alw ays obey herparents.
.64
You should neverdoubtthe w ord ofa father.
.58
Form e,m y m otheris the m ostbeloved person ofthe w orld.
.56
A person should alw aysobey his/herparents.
.55
Little boysshouldn’tinterruptadultconversations.
.54
A son should neverdoubta father’s order
.53
Little girls shouldn’tinterruptadultconversations.
.48
G irls should beprotected.
.45
You alw aysshould be loyalto yourfam ily.
.43
M ostgirls w ould ratherbe like theirm others.
.40
A person should alw aysrespecthis parents.
.39
M ostboysw ould ratherbe as theirfather.
.37
The stricterthe parents are,the betterthe kids w illbe.
.37
A person should neverquestion a father’s order.
.44
A daughtershould neverquestion a father’s order.
.45
TraditionalR oles (m ale superiotiry-fem ale abnegation)
A m arried w om an shouldn’tdance w ith anotherm an thatis notherhusband.
M en are superiorto w om en.
Life is harderform en than forw om en.
Little boys and girls should be m aintained apart.
Every boy should prove his m anliness.
M en should be the authority in the hom e.
You should show m ore respectto an im portantm an than to a sim ple one.
Every m an should be strong.
To have a hom osexualson is a greatdishonorfora fam ily.
D ocile w om en are the best.
M en are m ore intelligentthan w om en.
M en are by nature superiorto w om en.
W om en should bedocile.
A m othershould alw ays be the hom e ow ner
A llm en should be reckless and brave.
It’s notadvisable fora m arried w om an to w ork outside the hom e.
Little boys shouldn’tplay w ith little girls.
M en should beaggressive.
A m an,w ho is nota com plete m an,dishonors his fam ily.
A w om an’s place is athom e.
It’s im portantform en to be strong.
W om en should be protected.
α=.83
.90
.70
.57
.54
.52
.55
.45
.44
.42
.41
.40
.39
.43
.41
.34
.34
.46
.42
.60
.59
.35
.50
-M others abnegation.
-Fathers suprem acy.
-A ffiliative obedience ofthe sons tow ards
their parents.
-Loyalty to the fam ily (fam ily cohesion).
-R espectfor the parents.
-The fam ily com es before the individuals.
COMPONENTS OF THE HSCPs:
1975 confirmed 1994
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Machismo
Affiliative-obedience
Virginity
Abnegation (Measured with Philosophy of life)
Fear of Authority
Family Status Quo
Family Honor
Sum of all factors=Cultural Rigidity
€ The
traditional perspective on coping styles
had divided them into active and passive.
Diaz Guerrero (1973) indicates that
changing oneself and changing the
environment are both active. Thus, he
proposes self affirming and self modifying
coping styles.
€ Self modifying stresses caution, love and
smooth, amiable interpersonal
relationships.
€ Self affirming favors imposition, power and
personal needs
€ 25
€ Its
pairs of antagonist statements.
better to be independent vs. Its better to
be part of a family.
€ Prudence is healthy vs. Risky deserves
praise
€ Its better to dominate others vs. Its better to
be amiable with others.
€ Power rules vs. Love rules
€ One
main factor with an internal
consistency of.94
Research
• 1952: Conceptualization and development of 123
premises.
• 1959 sample: 472 9th grade public high school
students.
• 1970 sample: 417 7th to 9th grade students
from the same junior high schools.
• 1994 sample: 1,151 7th to 9th grade public
school students.
• 2008 sample: 598 7th to 9th grade students
public school students.
Factor 1: Machismo
• Women should be docile
• Men are more intelligent than women
• Women should be protected
100
90
80
1959
1970
1994
2008
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Planteles
Hombres en
Mujeres en
Planteles
exclusivos para
planteles
planteles
exclusivos para
hombres
mixtos
mixtos
mujeres
Total sample
Women should be docile
In fem ales selfaffirm ation r= -.36
In m ales selfm odification r= .24
100
1959
90
1970
80
1994
70
2008
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Planteles
Hombres en
Mujeres en
para hombres
mixtos
mixtos
exclusivos
planteles
planteles
Planteles
exclusivos
Total sample
para mujeres
Men are more intelligent than women
In fem ales selfaffirm ation r= -.39
In m ales selfm odification r= .28
Factor 2: Affiliative Obedience
vs. Active self-affirmation
• Children should never doubt parents
word
• Children should always obey their
parents
• Correlates highly with measures of parents feel
they should always protect and love their children
One should always respect ones parents
In females self affirmation r= -.31
A daughter should always obey her parents
In males self affirmation r=-.18
1959
1970
1994
2008
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Planteles
exclusivos para
hom bres
H om bres en
planteles m ixtos
M ujeres en
planteles m ixtos
Planteles
exclusivos para
m ujeres
Totalsam ple
A son should always obey his parents
Factor 3: Virginity
• Women should remain virgin till
marriage
• Being virgin is very important for
single women
100
1959
90
1970
1994
2008
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Planteles exclusivos
para hom bres
H om bres en
planteles m ixtos
M ujeres en
planteles m ixtos
Planteles exclusivos
para m ujeres
Totalsam ple
Women should remain virgins till marriage
Self modifying males r= .42; Self modifying females r=.15
Factor 4: Abnegation
• Life is hard sometimes
• Serve others first then yourself
• This component is measured with an independent
scale (Avendaño & Diaz-Guerrero).
• Correlates positively with self modification r=.28
Factor 5:Respect and Fear of
Authority
• Children fear their parents
• It is better to respect than to love
ones parents
100
1959
90
1970
1994
2008
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Planteles exclusivos
para hom bres
H om bres en
planteles m ixtos
M ujeres en planteles Planteles exclusivos
m ixtos
para m ujeres
M uestra total
It is more important to respect than to love your father
Self modifying r= -.22
100
1959
90
1970
1994
2008
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Planteles exclusivos
para hom bres
H om bres en
planteles m ixtos
M ujeres en
planteles m ixtos
Planteles exclusivos
para m ujeres
M uestra total
Itis m ore im portantto respectthan to love your m other
Selfm odifying r= -.34
Factor 6: Family Status quo
• Girls want to be like mothers, boys like
fathers
• One should always be loyal to their
family
1959
1970
1994
2008
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Planteles
H om bres en
exclusivos
planteles
para hom bres
m ixtos
M ujeres en
planteles
m ixtos
Planteles
M uestra total
exclusivos
para m ujeres
One should always be loyal to ones family
Self modifying r= .29
€ Cheerful, Friendly, Sociable,
Simpático, Amiable & Happy.
€ Romantic, Tender, Affectionate &
Loving.
€ Tranquil, conciliatory, Simple,
Obedient y Tolerant.
€ Creates
conflicts, Fails to fulfill,
Dominant, bad-tempered, Fault
finder, Stubborn, Rancorous &
Impulsive
€ Bitter, Apathetic, Lonesome
y Timid
€ Melancholic, Nervous, Anxious
y Sad
€ For
psychology to truly achieve a universal
status it needs an ecological or cultural
perspective. For this to occur, theory and
method require the direct inclusion or
measurement of cultural and structural
variables as well as the functional relationship
of psychological variables within a cultural
system, before any attempt of cross-cultural
comparisons are made.