docAquatic Biomes Marine Communities
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Aquatic Biomes Marine Communities
SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Aquatic Biomes Dr. Barbara A. Holzman Marine Communities Ocean: essentially continuous and fairly stable Marine Biome Most important features: *light and substrate oceans cover 70% of earth's surface Freshwater Biome ALSO: salinity, tides, pressure (Salinity :Oceans: 35 parts per thousand Freshwater: < 0.5 parts per thousand) lakes, ponds, rivers, streams cover only a small fraction Vertical Zonation based on light: Vertical Zonation based on light: Aphotic Zone: below photic zone, organisms obtain energy by consuming organic material produced in the photic zone Photic Zone (Euphotic zone): sunlight , penetration increases from coastal waters (~30 meters) b/c of organisms and suspended particles to open ocean (~100+ meters) ** Zone where photosynthesis occurs ** Classification based on bathymetry Ocean Zones Sun Open Sea Sea level Depth in meters 0 Photic zone 50 Euphotic Zone Estuarine Zone 100 Continental shelf 200 Photosynthesis High tide Low tide Coastal zone 1,000 Aphotic 1,500 zone Abyssal Zone 2,000 3,000 4,000 Darkness Slope •Neritic (Sublittoral) Zone: beyond intertidal zone, few meters to ~200m deep •Bathyal Zone: edges of continental shelf 500 Bathyal Zone Continental •Intertidal (Littoral) Zone: where sea meets land, really an ecotone between land and ocean •Abyssal Zone: most of the ocean, deep waters (2000-6000m in depth) 5,000 10,000 Fig. 7.5, p. 156 For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU 1 SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Intertidal (Littoral) where sea meets land, really an ecotone between land and ocean. Dr. Barbara A. Holzman Intertidal: Littoral Zone Neritic (Sublittoral) Zone Neritic (Sublittoral) Zone : beyond intertidal zone, few meters to ~200m deep Neritic Zone beyond intertidal zone, few meters to ~200m deep For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 Bathyal Zone: edges of continental shelf SFSU 2 SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman Abyssal Zone: most of the ocean, deep waters (2000-6000m in depth) Organisms are also classified: Benthic or Pelagic (oceanic): Association with substrate or water column Benthic: hard substrates: kelp forests, coral reefs vs. soft muddy substrate: burrowing organisms beneath surface Pelagic (Oceanic): Zooplankton Plankton: microscopic organisms that float in water column – simple plants: phytoplankton tiny animals: zooplankton Nekton: comprises the actively swimming animals, i.e. fish, whales, large invertebrates (higher trophic levels) Phytoplankton PLANKTON For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU 3 SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman Pacific sailfish Cobia Hogfish Moray Red snapper Yellow jack Batfish Striped drum Angelfish Orange roughy Chinook salmon Porcupine fish Great barracuda Sockeye salmon Grouper Devilfish Nekton Chilean sea bass Nekton or Plankton ? Coral Reefs Gray reef shark Sea nettle Green sea turtle Fairy basslet Blue tangs Parrot fish Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Sergeant major Hard corals Algae Brittle star Banded coral shrimp Phytoplankton Symbiotic algae Coney Zooplankton Secondary to higherhigher-level consumer Black basslet Sponges Moray eel Bacteria All consumer and producers to decomposers Fig. 7.13, p. 163 Estuaries, salt marshes, swamps For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU 4 SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman Freshwater Biomes Sunlight Painted turtle Green frog Blue-winged teal Muskrat Pond snail Littoral zone Limnetic zone Flowing water (Lotic) Diving beetle Plankton Profundal zone Benthic zone Standing water (Lentic) Yellow perch Northern pike Bloodworms Lentic: Littoral zone: shallow water where light penetrates to the bottom (vegetation) Lotic: Running water Rapids zone Pool zones Lakes Types of Lakes: Eutrophic Eutrophic: lakes are Sunlight shallow-highly productive b/c light penetrates almost to the bottom, good vertical circulation Much shore vegetation Oligotrophic: lakes usually so deep that little to no vertical circulation occurs, limited nutrients and limited sunlight restricts primary productivity High concentration of nutrition and plankton Limnetic zone Salt, sand, clay bottom Wide littoral zone Dense fish population Gently sloping shorelines Eutrophic Lake For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU 5 SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman Types of Lakes: Oligotrophic Sunlight Little shore vegetation Narrow littoral zone Low concentration of nutrition and plankton Limnetic zone Profundal zone Sparce fish population Steeply sloping shorelines Lake Tahoe Sand, gravel, rock bottom Oligotrophic Lake Other aquatic communities Hypersaline lakes Caves Geysers/Hot springs Human Impacts • Coral Reef Destruction • Loss of Biodiversity • Pollution • Dumping For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU 6 SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman Competition? For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU 7
