Comparative Mission Experience

Comparative Mission Experience
Continuities and Coalescences
among Southern California Tribal Groups
John R. Johnson
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Federally Recognized Tribes in Southern California
Comparison of Six Missions
Field’s & Lightfoot’s Critique of Kroeberian Anthropology
• There exists a correlation
between native groups
receiving land allocations and
Indian peoples studied by
Berkeley anthropologists
San Buenaventura, founded 1782
Santa Barbara, founded 1786
• Unacknowledged status of
Central California tribes
resulted from ethnographic
practices of early 1900s.
“The authoritative anthropological
literature of the time minimized the
cultural identities of many groups
. . . and even claimed that some of
these groups had become culturally
extinct . . . [Field 1999:190]”
La Purísima, founded 1787
Santa Inés, founded 1804
San Fernando, founded 1797
San Luis Rey, founded 1798
Different Missionary Approaches
Fr. Junípero Serra
Fr. Antonio Peyrí
Founded first Chumash missions, Founded Mission San Luis Rey,
Advocated relocation of Indians Developed a decentralized system,
to missions after baptism
Chapels built in outlying rancherías
Mission Locations and Associated Ethnolinguistic Territories
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History of Chumash Indians after Secularization
By 1840, Spanish-Mexican colonists outnumbered Mission Indians in the Chumash region.
Post-Secularization Chumash Communities
Mission San Buenaventura, 1830s (Alfred Robinson 1846)
Mexican Land Grants, 1834-1846 (Hornbeck 1983)
Chumash Indians at Mission Santa Bárbara, 1878
Island Chumash Settlement at Kamexmey in the 1840s
as remembered by Fernando Librado Kitsepawit
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Chumash Musicians at San Buenaventura, 1873
San Buenaventura, 1880s
José Peregrino Winay & wife Susana
Juan Esteban Pico
Juan Esteban Pico’s Ventureño Chumash Lexicon
Candelaria Valenzuela
Apolonia Guzman & Petra Pico with
Petra’s great granddaughter
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Santa Inés Chumash Community at Zanja de Cota
Rafael’s Home at Zanja de Cota
(Henry Chapman Ford sketch, abt. 1880)
Rafael Solares, capitán of
the Santa Inés Indians
(Leon de Cessac, 1879)
Adobe House at Zanja de Cota, about 1900
Francisca Solares at Old College Hotel in Santa Ynez
Santa Ynez Indian Reservation, established 1901
María Solares,
1916
Ineseño Chumash
speaker
John Harrington and Fernando Librado reconstructing a Tomol, 1913
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Luisa Ygnacio
Nu’tu, 1913
Barbareño Chumash
speaker
Ventura County Fair, 1923
Indians of Mission San Fernando after Secularization
Contemporary Chumash Indians,
descended from all former mission communities
Some Families Returned to Former Tribal Homelands:
Juan José Fustero and Family, Piru Area
Mission San Fernando (Edward Vischer, 1865)
Diseño accompanying Samuel’s Land Grant near San Fernando Valley, 1843
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Rogerio, Chief of the San
Fernando Indians, evicted from
his land at Pacoima in 1884
Elderly women at Mission San
Fernando, Late 19th Century
Canyon Country (upper Santa Clara River Valley) where some
Fernandeño families relocated after eviction from homes near San Fernando
Family of Dolores Cooke and Neighbors at Their
Property near Castaic, 1880s
Descendants of Dolores Cooke in Newhall, 1990s
(members of San Fernando Band of Mission Indians)
Diseño for El Tejón Land Grant, 1843
1851 Tejón Treaty
Granted to José Antonio Aguirre and Ignacio Del Valle
by Governor Manuel Micheltorena
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Sebastian Military Reserve, 1853-1864
Sebastian Military Reserve at Tejón,
the first Indian reservation in California, 1853
Official Map, Tejón Reservation, encompassing 49,928 acres
Tejón Indian Adobe
Carlton Watkins photograph, about 1889
Tejón Indians listed in the 1880 Census (part)
Tejón Indians at Chapel, about 1910
Tejón Indian Chapel, dedicated 1878
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Indian Residents at Tejón, 1905
Altamirano Badío,
Fernandeño and
Kitanemuk consultant
María Ignacia
Yokuts consultant
José Juan Olivas
Ventureño Chumash
consultant
Tejon Indian Photographs taken by Edward S. Curtis,
about 1916
Chief Juan Lozada
Eugenia Mendez
John Harrington’s Research
at Tejón Ranchería, 1917
Angela Lozada
L-R: Maria Gomez holding baby,
Willy Gomez, Angela Lozada,
Juana Encinas, Pete Gomez
Lands Occupied by the Tejón Indians, 1917
Tejón Indian School, Established in 1920s
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Tejón Tribal Gathering, May 2005
History of Luiseño Indians after Secularization
Mission San Luis Rey in 1827 (Duhaut-Cilly)
Greater Survivorship at Mission San Luis Rey
From California Patterns (Hornbeck 1983)
Mission San Luis Rey padrones (census books) make possible
the partial reconstruction of missing baptismal register.
Native Polities Affiliated with Mission San Luis Rey
Mission Register Data Collection
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Baptismal pattern differs from Chumash region
in that native rancherías were not abandoned
but continued to be occupied throughout the Mission Period
Mission San Luis Rey, 1830s (Alfred Robinson 1846)
Luiseño and Cupeño Gathering at Pala, 1880s
Pala Assistencia, founded in 1816 to serve the
population of inland Luiseño rancherías
Land Grants in the vicinity of San Luis Rey
Luiseño Women at Mission Rededication , 1893
10
Residence of Omish Family, Rincon Reservation
(C. H. Merriam Photo, Bancroft Library)
Allotments at Rincon Reservation, 1933
Ceremony at Wamkish
at Juan Sotelo Calac Allotment,
Rincon Reservation, 1930s
(Photos from J. P. Harrington Collection,
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History)
Juan Sotelo Calac
(at San Juan Capistrano)
Home of Juan Sotelo Calac, Rincon Reservation, 1930s
(J. P. Harrington photograph)
Pala Reservation, about 1900
Pala Reservation, about 2000
Pala Reservation
Pala Casino Resort
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Summary: Historical Roots for Lack
of Federal Acknowledgement
• Not the fault of early twentieth century
ethnographers
• Different missionization strategies
• Different demographic histories
• Usurpation of Indian lands located on
Mexican Period ranchos
• Urban vs. rural locations
Josie Subish and Raymond Basquez, Pechanga Reservation
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