Best Practice Guide

Transcription

Best Practice Guide

Kilfrost Winter Division
Best Practice Guide
2011/2012 Winter Season
2
Kilfrost Group Plc
4th Floor, Time Central
32 Gallowgate
Newcastle Upon Tyne
NE1 4SN
UK
Telephone: +44 (0) 1434 323 184
Fax: 0191 230 0426
Email: [email protected]
www.kilfrost.com
Kilfrost Ltd
Albion Works
Haltwhistle
Northumberland
NE49 0HJ
UK
Telephone: +44 (0) 1434 320 332
Kilfrost Inc
6250 Coral Ridge Drive
Suite 130
Coral Springs
Florida 33076, USA
Telephone: +1 954-282-5050
Fax: 1-800-483-2578
www.kilfrost.com
Kilfrost (Beijing) Trading Co. Ltd
2709, China World Office 1
No. 1 JianGuo Men Wai Avenue
Beijing
100004
China
Telephone: +8610 6535 4020
Fax: +8610 6535 4090
www.kilfrost.cn
3
4
Contents
Abbreviations
6
4.0 Handling and Storage
26
References
7
4.1 Plant and Equipment
26
1.0 Introduction
8
4.1.1 Storage Tanks
26
1.1 De/Anti-Icing
9
4.1.2 Pumps and Transfer Lines
26
1.1.1 De-Icing
9
4.1.3 Heating
27
1.1.2 Anti-Icing
9
4.1.4 Fluid Transitions
28
1.1.3 Kilfrost Fluid Types
10
2.0 Fluid Performance
5.0 Fluid Application
30
12
5.1 Making Dilutions
30
2.1 Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT)
12
5.2 De-Icing
30
2.2 Freezing Point
12
5.2.1 Removal of Frost
30
2.3 Aerodynamic Acceptance
12
5.2.2 Removal of Ice
30
2.4 Holdover
13
5.2.3 Removal of Snow
30
2.5 Water Spray Endurance Test (WSET)
14
5.3 Anti-Icing
31
2.6 High-Humidity Endurance Test (HHET)
14
5.4 One-Step De/Anti-Icing
31
2.7 Material Compatibility
14
5.5 Two-Step De/Anti-Icing
31
2.8 Hard Water Compatibility
14
5.6 Fluid Residue
32
2.9 Surface Tension
15
5.7 Runway De-Icing Fluids
32
2.10 Viscosity
15
5.8 Fluid Limitations
32
2.11 pH Value
15
5.8.1 Two-Step De/Anti-Icing
32
2.12 Refractive Index (R.I.) / Brix
15
5.8.2 Type I Fluid
32
2.13 Flash Point
15
5.8.3 Type II / IV Fluid
32
2.14 Biodegradability
16
6.0 Fluid Quality Testing
34
2.15 Aquatic Toxicity
16
6.1 Sampling Regime
34
2.16 Fluid Disposal
16
6.1.1 Fluid Acceptance at Delivery
34
3.0 Kilfrost Fluids
18
6.1.2 Heated Storage
34
3.1 Type I Fluids
18
6.1.3 Vehicle Checks
34
3.1.1 Kilfrost DF Plus
18
6.1.4 Laboratory Checks
34
Sustain
3.1.2 Kilfrost DF
18
3.1.3 Kilfrost DF Plus (88)
18
6.2.1 Safety Considerations
35
18
6.2.2 Equipment Required
35
3.1.5 Physical and Performance Properties
19
6.2.3 Sampling from a Delivery Truck
35
3.1.6 Toxicity
20
6.2.4 Sampling from an IBC
36
3.1.7 Environmental
20
6.2.5 Sampling from a Storage Tank
36
6.2.6 Sampling from a Nozzle
36
3.2 Type II Fluids
21
6.2 Sampling Procedures
35
3.2.1 Kilfrost ABC-3
21
3.2.2 Kilfrost ABC-K Plus
21
6.3.1 Visual Inspection
37
22
6.3.2 Refractive Index/ Brix
37
3.2.4 Toxicity
23
6.3.3 Viscosity
38
3.2.5 Environmental
23
6.3.4 pH Value
39
3.3 Type IV Fluid
6.3 Field Tests
37
24
6.4 Laboratory Tests
40
3.3.1 Kilfrost ABC-S Plus
24
6.5 Downgrading Fluids
40
24
3.3.3 Toxicity
25
3.3.4 Environmental
25
7.0 Appendix
42
5
Abbreviations
6
ADF
Aircraft De-icing Fluid
AEA
Association of European Airlines
AMS
Aerospace Material Specification
BLDT
Boundary Layer Displacement Thickness
BOD
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CAAC
Civil Aviation Administration of China
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand
EASA
European Aviation Safety Agency
FAA
Federal Aviation Authority
GRP
Glass-reinforced Plastic
HHET
High Humidity Endurance Test
ISO
International Organisation for Standardisation
LC50
Lethal Concentration (Median)
LD50
Lethal Dose (Median)
LOUT
Lowest Operational Use Temperature
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development
PE
Polyethylene
PP
Polypropylene
PVC
Polyvinylchloride
RDF
Runway De-Icing Fluid
RI
Refractive Index
SAE
Society of Automotive Engineers
TC
Transport Canada
TL50
Toxic Dose (Median)
WSET
Water Spray Endurance Test
References
SAE Documents
Copies of SAE publications are available from: Society of Automotive
Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-001, USA.
www.sae.org
ISO Documents
Copies of ISO documents are available from: International Organisation for
Standardisation, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Genève 20, Switzerland.
www.iso.ch
AEA Documents
Copies of AEA documents are available from: Association of European
Airlines, Avenue Louise 350, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
www.aea.be
See also:
• Airline winter procedure manuals
• Airframe manufacturers recommendations
All information in this guide is for informational purposes only.
Users should refer to their own local guidelines, airframe
manufacturer’s guidance, statutory regulation and other information
before commencing operations. Kilfrost shall not be held responsible
for any damages resulting from any error, inaccuracy or omission
contained in this publication.
7
1.0 Introduction
Contamination with frost, ice or snow can disrupt the airflow over critical
surfaces of an aircraft and therefore seriously affect its aerodynamic
performance and controllability. In order to operate aircraft safely in winter
conditions it is necessary to remove this frozen contamination, and if
appropriate protect against further contamination during taxiing and other
waiting times.
Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids are freezing point suppressants based on aqueous
propylene glycol mixtures containing additives such as thickening agents,
surfactants, defoamers, corrosion inhibitors and dyes. These products are
formulated for application in the removal of frozen deposits, having freezing
points below that of pure water.
The thickening agents in Type II / IV products hold these low freezing point
fluids on the aircraft surface to produce coatings that provide protection
against the subsequent formation of frozen contamination. These thickening
agents have pseudo plastic / shear-thinning properties, allowing the fluids to
reduce in viscosity under the shear stresses experienced during take-off and
therefore not affect aerodynamic performance.
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1.1 De/Anti-Icing
The primary goal of de/anti-icing operations is to provide a ‘clean-wing’ for
take-off so that a pilot has maximum control of their aircraft. A clean wing is
one that is free from frozen contamination, however small amounts of fluid may
remain on the wing for a brief period after take-off in the form of a very thin film.
While de/anti-icing fluids provide protection against frozen precipitation, it is
also necessary that they do not interfere with the aerodynamics of the aircraft
during take-off.
In order to achieve a clean-wing it is necessary for de/anti-icing fluids to lose
viscosity as a result of the increase in air pressure experienced during take-off.
This reduction in viscosity allows the fluid to flow freely from the wing, leaving
a clean surface.
1.1.1 De-Icing
De-icing is the process of removing frozen deposits such as frost, ice and snow
from the external surfaces of an aircraft, but does not necessarily provide
extended protection against the subsequent build-up of frozen contamination.
1.1.2 Anti-Icing
De-icing is the process of removing frozen deposits such as frost, ice and
snow from the external surfaces of an aircraft, but does not necessarily
provide extended protection against the subsequent build-up of frozen
contamination.Anti-icing treatments are effective for a limited period of time,
known as ‘holdover’. Holdover times are dependent on the type and dilution
of the anti-icing fluid used as well as the prevailing conditions (intensity of
precipitation, humidity, air temperature and aircraft skin temperature).
9
1.1.3 Kilfrost Fluid Types
1.1.3.1 Types I Fluids
Kilfrost Type I de/anti-icing fluids are manufactured and qualified to SAE AMS 1424
/ ISO 11075 specifications.
Type I fluids are primarily used for de-icing and do not offer any significant anti-icing
holdover protection. Because of this Type I fluids are commonly used as part of a
two-step de/anti-icing procedure when the final application of a Type II or Type IV
fluid provides the required extra protection.
Kilfrost offers four Type I fluid options:
• Kilfrost DF Plus, a triazole-free de-icing fluid.
• Kilfrost DFSustain, a triazole-free de-icing fluid based on bio-derived glycol.
• Kilfrost DF Plus (88), a triazole-free de-icing fluid developed exclusively for
the North American market.
• Kilfrost DF Plus (80), a triazole-free de-icing fluid developed exclusively for
the Scandinavian market.
1.1.3.2 Types II Fluids
Kilfrost Type II de/anti-icing fluids are manufactured and qualified to AMS 1428 /
ISO 11078 specifications.1
Type II fluids can be used for de-icing purposes but (unlike Type I fluids) also offer
extended anti-icing holdover protection and can be used in a variety of ways:
• Unheated and undiluted (or diluted) for anti-icing
• Heated and undiluted for de-icing / anti-icing as a one step process
• Diluted with water and heated for de-icing / anti-icing as a one step process
• Diluted with water and heated as the de-icing stage in a two step process,
when used with the unheated and undiluted fluid as a step-two.
Kilfrost offers two different Type II fluid options:
• Kilfrost ABC-3, Kilfrost’s original de/anti-icing fluid.
• Kilfrost ABC-K PLUS, a triazole-free de/anti-icing fluid offering extended
holdover times.
1
10
SAE AMS 1424 H / SAE AMS 1428 H
The most recent versions of SAE Standards are available from the Society of Automotive
Engineers, Inc., 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-000, www.sae.org
1.1.3.3 Type IV Fluids
Kilfrost Type IV de/anti-icing fluids are manufactured and qualified to SAE AMS
1428 / ISO 11078 specifications.1
Type IV fluids offer maximum anti-icing holdover protection, but can also be used
for de-icing purposes. Similar to Type II fluids, Type IV fluids can be used in a variety
of ways:
• Unheated and undiluted (or diluted) for anti-icing.
• Heated and undiluted for de/anti-icing as a one step process.
• Diluted with water and heated for de/anti-icing as a one step process.
• Diluted with water and heated as the de-icing stage in a two step process, when
used with the unheated and undiluted fluid as step two.
ABC-S Plus is Kilfrost’striazole-free Type IV de/anti-icing fluid, offering maximum
protection against freezing precipitation.
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2.0 Fluid Performance
This section provides definitions and descriptions of many of the fluid performance
facets associated with aircraft de/anti-icing operations.
2.1 Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT)
The lowest operational use temperature of a fluid is the minimum outside air
temperature (OAT) or aircraft skin temperature at which a fluid can be used.
The LOUT is generally the higher of:
• The freezing point of the fluid, plus 10 °C (50 °F) for a Type I and plus 7 °C
(44.6 °F) for a Type II / IV fluid.
• The lowest temperature at which the fluid meets the acceptable aerodynamic
performance for a particular aircraft type (see Section 2.3).
The LOUTs for Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids are dependent on the fluid type and level
of dilution. See section 3.0 for product-specific LOUT values.
2.2 Freezing Point
The freezing point of Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids can be determined by measuring
the refractive index or Brix value of the fluid. These values can be related to the
concentration of glycol and can therefore be used to determine the freezing point of
that fluid (see Appendix 1). Details of how to measure the refractive index of a fluid
can be found in Section 6.3.2.
2.3 Aerodynamic Acceptance
The aerodynamic acceptance of a fluid is based on the ability of that fluid to
flow from the surface of an aircraft during take-off to leave an acceptable thickness
of wet film, known as the Boundary Layer Displacement Thickness (BLDT).
As the temperature of a fluid is reduced, its viscosity generally increases. An
increase in viscosity will have a negative effect on the ability of the fluid to be
sheared from an aircraft’s surface during take-off, therefore limiting the lowest
operational temperature of the fluid.
High-speed aerodynamic acceptance tests are performed in the laboratory using
a wind tunnel to assess the flow-off properties of fluids under conditions equivalent
to the take-off speeds of large transport jet aircraft that exceed 100 -110 knots over
an acceleration time of around 23 seconds. Analogous low-speed aerodynamic
acceptance tests can also be performed to mimic the take-off speeds of slower
aircraft that typically exceed around 60 knots with acceleration times of around 16
seconds. These tests characterise the LOUT at which a fluid has acceptable wing
flow-off characteristics during simulated take-off conditions.1
The lowest operational use temperatures published by Kilfrost take into account
the aerodynamic performance of each specific product at a particular dilution.
12
2.4 Holdover
Holdover is the estimated time for which de/anti-icing fluids will prevent the
formation of frost, ice and snow on the protected surfaces of an aircraft. In practical
terms, it denotes the period of time that a pilot has been between the application of
de/anti-icing fluid and take-off. If this time is exceeded the aircraft must return to the
start of the de/anti-icing operation.
Type I fluids provide limited holdover, especially in conditions of frozen
precipitation, whereas Type II / IV fluids, which contain pseudo plastic thickening
agents, providing thicker coatings on the external surfaces of the aeroplane. The
increased viscosity of anti-icing fluids ensures that they hold the freezing point
suppressant on the wing, providing extended holdover.
The duration of the holdover period is dependent on the fluid type, concentration
and the moisture content of the prevailing weather conditions. Holdover times can
be evaluated in the laboratory using the Water Spray Endurance Test (WSET) and
High Humidity Endurance Test (HHET) (see Sections 2.5 and 2.6 respectively).
Both of these test methods were originally developed by Kilfrost but have since
been adopted as industry standards.
Minimum anti-icing performance
Fluid SAE Type
Dilution
WSET / minutes
HHET / minutes
(hours)
I
I00/0
3
20 (0.33)
II
I00/0
20
240 (4)
IV
I00/0
80
480 (8)
For a one-step procedure (Section 5.4) the holdover time commences at the start
of the de-icing operation. For two-step procedures the holdover time commences
at the start of the anti-icing step.
Holdover charts are published independently by the FAA, TC, AEA and CAAC. 2
2
a) www.faa.gov b) www.tc.gc.ca c) www.aea.be d) www.caac.cn
13
2.5 Water Spray Endurance Test (WSET)
The water spray endurance test was developed to provide a laboratory-based
technique for evaluating the holdover performance of anti-icing fluids under
conditions of freezing precipitation.
The test is performed in a climatic chamber with the temperature controlled at -5 °C
(23 °F). De/anti-icing fluid, at a temperature of 20 °C ± 5 (68 °F), is poured onto an
aluminium plate that is tilted at an angle of 10 °and a temperature of -5 °C (23 °F).
A fine water mist is sprayed onto the plate at a rate of 5 g dm-2 h. This is equivalent
to a precipitation rate of 0.5 mm per hour. Gravitational forces cause the fluid to run
down the inclined plate, causing the fluid thickness at the top of the plate to be
lower than at the lower end of the plate. Ice formation therefore initiates at the top
of the plate and spreads downwards. The WSET time correlates to the time taken
for the progressing ice front to reach a distance of 2.5 cm from the top of the plate.
2.6 High-Humidity Endurance Test (HHET)
The high-humidity endurance test was developed to provide a laboratory-based
technique for evaluating the holdover performance of anti-icing fluids under
specific frosting conditions.
The test is performed in a climatic chamber with the temperature controlled at 0 °C
(32 °F) and with a relative humidity of 96 %. Under these conditions the frost
formation rate is equivalent to 0.3 g dm-2 h. De/anti-icing fluid, at a temperature of
20 °C ± 5 (68 °F), is poured onto an aluminium plate that is tilted at an angle of 10 °
and set at a temperature of -5 °C (23 °F). Gravitational forces cause the fluid to run
down the inclined plate, causing the fluid thickness at the top of the plate to be
lower than at the lower end of the plate. Ice formation therefore initiates at the top
of the plate and spreads downwards. The HHET time correlates to the time taken
for the progressing ice front to reach a distance of 2.5 cm from the top of the plate.
2.7 Material Compatibility
Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids are specially formulated in order to provide compatibility
with the materials used in the construction of aircraft. As a result, under normal
conditions of use, Kilfrost fluids will not cause metallic corrosion, painted surfaces
to discolour, acrylic or polycarbonate surfaces to mar or craze, or elastomeric
hoses and gaskets to soften.
Kilfrost fluids meet all of the material compatibility tests outlined in the relevant SAE
AMS 1424 / 1428 specifications.1
2.8 Hard Water Compatibility
Hard water is known to have a negative effect on the performance of
de/anti-icing fluids.
In order to ensure satisfactory performance, Kilfrost recommend that the water
used for the dilution of de/anti-icing fluids be within the following specification:
Total hardness: <180ppm CaCO3
Conductivity: <400 µS cm-1
pH: 6.00 – 8.00
If there is any doubt regarding the suitability of water being used for the dilution
of de/anti-icing fluids a sample should be provided for analysis in the Kilfrost
laboratory.
14
2.9 Surface Tension
The surface tension of a fluid defines its ability to wet a particular surface.
Kilfrost de-icing / anti-icing fluids are specially formulated with wetting agents
in order to facilitate their wetting onto aircraft surfaces to provide effective and
uniform coverage.
2.10 Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid defines its resistance to flow. Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids
are designed to reduce in viscosity under the application of shear stresses of
the magnitudes experienced during take-off. This property enables the fluids to
provide uniform coatings on the surface of a stationary wing, having a thickness
that is optimised in order to provide extended holdover properties while
maintaining the ability to flow from the aircraft surface under the shear stresses
generated during take-off.
When a thickened fluid is subject to excessive shear e.g. through use of incorrect
pumping equipment (see Section 4.1.2), the viscosity of the fluid can be
permanently altered, having a negative effect on fluid performance. The viscosity
of Type II / IV fluids should therefore be checked on a regular basis in order to
ensure satisfactory performance (see Section 6.3.3).
2.11 pH Value
The pH of an aqueous mixture is a measure of its acidity or basicity. Neutral
substances (i.e. those that are neither acidic nor basic) have a pH of 7.0 at
20 °C (68 °F). It is important to ensure that the pH value of a Kilfrost fluid is within
the specified limits in order to ensure that the fluid performs satisfactorily.
The pH of a fluid can be determined using either pH indicator paper or a pH meter
(see Section 6.3.4).
2.12 Refractive Index (R.I.) Brix
The refractive index / Brix value of a fluid can be used to determine its glycol
concentration, and therefore characterise the freezing point of that fluid. Kilfrost
publish charts for the conversion of refractive index and Brix values into glycol
concentrations and freezing points (see Appendix 1). Section 6.3.2 provides
guidelines for the determination of refractive index and BRIX values.
2.13 Flash Point
Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids are non-flammable under normal conditions of storage
and application and have no flash point.
15
2.14 Biodegradability
The biodegradation of a substance is determined by comparing the rate at
which aerobic bacteria are able to oxidise the organic matter present in a
substance (a process that consumes oxygen) with the maximum theoretical
oxygen consumption required for complete oxidation of the organic substances
present. The latter of these values is estimated using a chemical oxidation
process, giving what is known as the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
The bacterial oxidation of a substance is determined by measuring the quantity
of oxygen consumed during the action of biomass on the substance over a
period of time and is reported as the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
The biodegradability of a substance is defined as: BOD / COD x 100
Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids have been determined to be readily biodegradable,
however the rapid biodegradation of large quantities of fluid in surface and
wastewater streams may lead to temporary oxygen depletion, potentially having
an adverse affect on aquatic life. It is therefore preferable for run-off from
de/anti-icing operations to be contained and directed to wastewater treatment
plants (where the organic matter can be biodegraded prior to release) or glycol
reclamation facilities rather than being released immediately into waterways.
2.15 Aquatic Toxicity
There are two general mechanisms through which aircraft de/anti-icing fluids
that are allowed to enter surface water can have adverse affects:
1. Oxygen depletion due to biological degradation (see previous section)
2. Components of the fluid may be toxic to aquatic life
The toxicity of a fluid is defined as the amount of fluid that an organism can be
exposed to before it becomes toxic to that organism.
Kilfrost ADFs comply with the aquatic testing requirements set out in the SAE
AMS 1424 H and SAE AMS 1428 H documents. It is recommended however, that
run-off from de-icing operations is contained and diverted to either waste water
treatment plants or glycol reclamation systems.
2.16 Fluid Disposal
It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the disposal of de/anti-icing fluids
is done in accordance with the laws and regulations of local governing bodies.
16
17
3.0 Kilfrost Fluids
3.1 Type I Fluids
3.1.1 Kilfrost DF Plus
Kilfrost DF Plus is a triazole-free Type I de-icing fluid, qualified to SAE AMS 1424
and ISO 11075 (latest revisions). Type I fluids are used primarily for de-icing
purposes and offer limited anti-icing protection.
3.1.2 Kilfrost DFSustain
Kilfrost DFSustain is also a triazole-free Type I de/anti-icing fluid, qualified to SAE
AMS 1424and ISO 11075 (latest revisions), but is manufactured from bio-glycol
which is derived from a sustainable source.
Kilfrost DF Plus (88) is a triazole-free Type I de-icing fluid, qualified to SAE AMS
1424 and ISO 11075 (latest revisions) and manufactured exclusively for the North
American market.
Kilfrost DF Plus (80) is a triazole-free Type I de-icing fluid, qualified to SAE AMS
1424 and ISO 11075 (latest revisions) and developed specially to meet stringent
Scandinavian environmental requirements. Kilfrost DF Plus (80) is available
exclusively in the Scandinavian region.
18
Kilfrost DF Plus
Kilfrost DFSustain
Kilfrost DF Plus (88)
MPG
Bio-glycol
MPG
MPG
-32 (-26) at 69% vol.
dilution
-42 (-44) at 68% vol.
dilution
-32 (-26) at 63% vol.
dilution
-32 (-26) at 69% vol.
dilution
Orange or Clear
Orange or Clear
Orange or Clear
Orange or Clear
>100 (>212)
>100 (>212)
>100 (>212)
>100 (>212)
8.5 - 9.5
8.0 - 9.0
8.0 - 9.0
8.0 - 9.0
1.030 - 1.060
1.037 - 1.068
1.028 - 1.058
1.030 - 1.060
35.1 - 42.9
45.4 - 55.4
33.0 - 40.4
35.1 - 42.9
1.4175 - 1.4205
1.4285 - 1.4315
1.4225 - 1.4255
BRIX limit 51.1 - 52.7
1.4175 - 1.4205
Thermal Stability
(80°C / 176°F, 30 days) (a)
Conforms WSET
= 7 min
Conforms WSET
= 6 min
Conforms• WSET
= 6.5 min
Conforms WSET
=7 min
Hard Water Stability
(95°C / 194°F, 30 days) (b)
Conforms WSET
= 6 min
Conforms WSET
= 6 min
Conforms WSET
= 6 min
Conforms WSET
= 6 min
Base Fluid
LOUT / °C (°F)
Colour
Flash Point / °C
pH (20 °C)
Specific Gravity
(20°C / 68°F)
Surface Tension
(20°C / 68°F) / dynes cm-1
Refractive Index
(20°C / 68°F)
WSET (d) / min
100%
75% (hard water)
69% (hard water)
50% (hard water)
Min.
Endurance
Time / min
3
3
Typical
Value
/ min
Min.
Endurance
Time / min
Typical
Value
/ min
Min.
Endurance
Time / min
Typical
Value
/ min
3
3
6
6
3
3
7
6
3
5
3
5
20
20
40
45
20
45
20
4
20
45
6
6
Min.
Endurance
Time / min
Typical
Value
/ min
3
3
6
5
20
20
45
35
HHET (e) / min
100%
75% (hard water)
69% (hard water)
50% (hard water)
20
20
50
40
SAE AMS 1424
(a) Requirement: pH change ± 1.0, no separation, no deposits
(b) Requirement: pH change ± 0.5, no separation, no deposits
(c) WSET performed with a precipitation rate of 5 g dm-2 h, at 5 °C (41 °F)
(d) HHET performed with an average frost accumulation rate of 0.3 g dm-2 h after 4 hours at an
air temperature of 0 °C (32 °F) and frosticator temperature at -5 °C (23 °F)
* 95 °C / 194 °F, 30 days
19
3.1.6 Toxicity
Kilfrost DF Plus
Kilfrost DFSustain
LD50 (rat, oral) / g kg -1 (a)
>10
>10
>10
>10
LC50 / mg L -1 (flathead minnow) (b)
6,250
26,250
5,475
12,500
10,500
LC50 / mg L -1 (PimephalesPromelas) (b)
EC50 (daphnia magna) / mg L -1 (c)
3,000
27,500
10,000
Kilfrost DF Plus
Kilfrost DFSustain
BOD5 / mg 02 g-1 (a)
252
420
80
310
COD / mg 02 g-1 (b)
1,300
1,390
110
1,340
19
30
73
23
(a) OECD 401, est
(b) OECD 203, 96 h
(c) OECD 202, part 1, 48 h
3.1.7 Environmental
Biodegradability (BOD5 / COD *100)/%
(a) OECD 301 D
(b) OECD 301 D
20
Kilfrost DF Plus(80)
3.2 Type II Fluids
3.2.1 Kilfrost ABC-3
Kilfrost ABC-3 is Kilfrost’s original Type II anti-icing fluid, qualified to SAE AMS
1428 and ISO 11078 (latest editions), and was the first commercially available
Type II fluid. Users should refer to the generic holdover times published by the
FAA, TC and the AEA for this product.3
3.2.2 Kilfrost ABC-K Plus
Kilfrost ABC-K Plus is a triazole-free Type II anti-icing fluid, offering extended
holdover compared to ABC-3. This product is also qualified to SAE AMS 1428 and
ISO 11078 (latest editions).
3
a) www.faa.gov b) www.tc.gc.ca c) www.aea.
21
Kilfrost ABC-3
Kilfrost ABC-K Plus
MPG
MPG
-27 (-16.5)
-14 (7)
-3 (27)
-29 (-20)
-14 (7)
-3 (27)
Straw
Yellow
Flash Point / °C
>100 (>212)
>100 (>212)
pH (20 °C / 32°F)
6.5 - 7.5
6.5 - 7.5
1.023 - 1.053
1.023 - 1.053
33.7 - 40.3
25.6 - 34.4
1.3900 - 1.3930
1.3900 - 1.3930
Thermal Stability (70°C / 158°F, 30 days) (a)
Conforms WSET = 36 min
(50/50 mix, 95°C / 203°F, 30 days) (b)
10% viscosity loss
10% viscosity loss
100%
75%
50%
-37.0 (-35)
-21.4 (-6.5)
-9.0 (13)
-37.0 (-35)
-21.4 (-6.5)
-9.0 (13)
100%
75%
50%
30
22
7
54
40
7
100%
75%
50%
>5
>3
1
>6
>6
>2
Base Fluid
LOUT / °C (°F)
100%
75%
50%
Colour
Specific Gravity (20°C / 32°F)
Surface Tension (20°C / 32°F) / dynes cm-1
Refractive Index (20°C / 32°F)
Shear Stability (c)
Freezing Point / °C (°F)
WSET (d) / min
HHET (e) / min
SAE AMS 1428
(a) Requirement: +10 to -20 % viscosity change, pH change ± 1.0, no separation, no deposits
(c) Brookfield Mixer: 3500 rpm, 5 min, 20 °C (32°F)
(d) WSET performed with a precipitation rate of 5 g dm-2 h, at 5 °C (41°F)
(e) HHET performed with an average frost accumulation rate of 0.3 g dm-2 h after 4 hours at an
22
3.2.4 Toxicity
Kilfrost ABC-3
Kilfrost ABC-K Plus
>420
-
-
1,425
750
750
Kilfrost ABC-3
Kilfrost ABC-K Plus
BOD5 / mg 02 g-1 (a)
390
270
COD / mg 02 g-1 (b)
790
850
49
32
LD50 (Leuciscusidus) / mg L-1 (a)
LC50 (PimephalesPromelas) / mg L -1 (a)
EC50 (Daphnia Magna) / mg L -1 (b)
(a) OECD 203, 96 h
(b) OECD 202, part 1, 48 h
3.2.5 Environmental
(a) OECD 301 D
(b) OECD 301 D
23
3.3 Type IV Fluid
3.3.1 Kilfrost ABC-S Plus
KILFROST ABC-S Plus is atriazole-free Type IV fluid qualified to SAE AMS 1428
and ISO 11078 (latest editions) and offers maximum anti-icing holdover
protection against freezing precipitation, especially snow, and can be used cold
to prevent the build-up of frost, ice and snow.
Kilfrost ABC-S Plus
Base Fluid
MPG
LOUT / °C (°F)
100%
75%
50%
-28 (-18)
-14 (7)
-3 (27)
Colour
Green or Clear
Flash Point / °C
>100 (>212)
pH (20 °C / 32°F)
6.5 - 7.5
Specific Gravity (20°C / 32°F)
1.023 - 1.053
Surface Tension (20°C / 32°F) / dynes cm-1
24.3 - 29.7
Refractive Index (20°C / 32°F)
1.3900 - 1.3930
Brix (20°C / 32°F)
34.7 - 36.5
Thermal Stability (70°C / 158°F, 30 days) (a)
(50/50 mix, 95°C / 203°F, 30 days) (b)
Shear Stability (c)
10% viscosity loss
Freezing Point / °C (°F)
100%
75%
50%
-37.0 (-35)
-21.4 (-6.5)
-9.0 (13)
100%
75%
50%
100
80
15
100%
75%
50%
>12
>12
2
WSET (d) / min
HHET (e) / min
SAE AMS 1428
(a) Requirement: +10 to -20 % viscosity change, pH change ± 1.0, no separation, no deposits
(c) Brookfield Mixer: 3500 rpm, 5 min, 20 °C (32 °F)
(d) WSET performed with a precipitation rate of 5 g dm-2 h, at 5 °C (41 °F)
(e) HHET performed with an average frost accumulation rate of 0.3 g dm-2 h after 4 hours at an
24
3.3.3 Toxicity
Kilfrost ABC-S Plus
LD50 (Zebra fish) / g kg-1 (a)
1000
EC50 (Daphnia) / mg L -1 (b)
1350
(a) OECD 203, 96 h
(b) OECD 202, 48 h
3.3.4 Environmental
Kilfrost ABC-S Plus
BOD5 / mg 02 g-1 (a)
354
COD / mg 02 g-1 (b)
834
42
(a) OECD 301 D
(b) OECD 301 D
25
4.0 Handling and Storage
Correct fluid handling is of paramount importance in order to ensure satisfactory
performance of de/anti-icing fluids. Incorrect storage and application of fluid can
result in adverse effects on performance.
4.1 Plant and Equipment
4.4.1 Storage Tanks
Kilfrost fluids should be stored in dedicated storage tanks. Fluid should not
be exposed to direct sunlight as this can cause degradation. Tanks should
be designed to prevent contamination of the fluid with rainwater or frozen
precipitation.
Suitable materials for the construction of storage tanks include:
• Stainless steel
• Mild steel – only with a suitable internal lining
• Galvanised steel – for temporary storage of cold fluid only
• Aluminum alloy – for cold fluid only
• Glass reinforced plastic(GRP) – consult manufacturer for temperature
limitations
• Moulded plastic – consult manufacturer for temperature limitations
Tanks should be inspected annually for signs of corrosion and / or contamination.
4.1.2 Pumps and Transfer Lines
Excessive mechanical shear can cause the viscosity of anti-icing fluids to deviate
from the recommended values. Certain pump-types are therefore recommended
for transfer and use of anti-icing fluid:
• Progressing cavity – multi-pass circulation
• Diaphragm – multi-pass circulation / discharge
Dedicated transfer lines should be clearly labelled and manufactured from glycolresistant materials, such PP, PE or PVC. Transfer lines should be clean and free
from contaminants before use.
26
4.1.3 Heating
Excessive exposure to heat can lead to the thermal degradation of de/anti-icing
fluids. Heat can also cause loss of moisture due to evaporation, leading to a
change in the glycol content and, affecting both the freezing point and viscosity
of the fluid. A reduction in pH, increase in glycol content and discolouration are
all signs of excessive thermal exposure.
Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids can be heated satisfactorily using heat exchangers
powered by hot water, steam or oil. Direct exposure to high surface-temperature
heating devices such as electric elements and flame heaters can seriously
degrade de/anti-icing fluids and should be avoided.
The temperature of heat exchange surfaces should not exceed a maximum of
120 °C (248 °F), with the temperature of the fluid reaching no higher than 95 °C
(203 °F) for Type I fluids. For thickened Type II / IV fluids the temperature of the
fluid should not exceed 70 °C (158 °F) and 90 ° turns and T-stops should be
avoided to minimise shear.
In order to assist heat transfer and avoid localised overheating it is important
to circulate fluids when heating. The temperature of the heat-exchange surface
should be considered when determining the rate of fluid circulation.
4.1.3.1 Standby Heated Storage
In order to avoid thermal degradation of de/anti-icing fluids it is preferable
to store fluids cold. During active de/anti-icing events however, it may be
advantageous to store heated standby fluid. In such instances fluids should be
maintained at temperatures not exceeding 60 °C (140 °F) and for a period not
exceeding 3 months.
4.1.3.2 Heating for Application
Kilfrost-icing fluids are suitable for use in de-icing operations at maximum
temperatures of 80 to 95 °C (176 to 203 °F). Fluids should not be maintained
at these temperatures for periods exceeding 7 days for Type I fluids or periods
exceeding 3 days for Type II / IV fluids.
27
4.1.4 Fluid Transitions
The cross-contamination of aircraft de/anti-icing fluids can seriously affect
performance. It is therefore necessary to ensure that all units and equipment are
completely cleaned during a fluid changeover. It is recommended that the
following steps be followed during fluid changeovers:
1. Drain fluid from the entire system
2. Flush all tanks, pipelines, taps and heaters with water
3. Check for signs of contamination and / or corrosion of the equipment
• Kilfrost FL Solvent can be used to remove any solid or gelatinous residues
(see Section 4.1.4.1 for further instruction)
4. Fill with new fluid
5. Collect fluid samples from all positions in the system (see Section 6.2)
6. Perform fluid checks (see Section 6.3).
4.1.4.1 Kilfrost FL Solvent
Kilfrost FL Solvent is an alkaline-based cleaning fluid used to remove residues,
such as hardness salts and thickener deposits that may have built up over a
winter period in storage tanks and the tanks of de/anti-icing vehicles. These
residues may be broken down and flushed out of the fluid tanks using a diluted
solution of Kilfrost FL Solvent as described below:
1. Drain the system and flush with cold water to remove any loose deposits
2. Fill the system with clean water and add the necessary quantity of FL Solvent
to provide a 5 % solution (e.g. 5 litres of FL Solvent in 95 litres of water)
3. Circulate the solution for 30 to 60 minutes Allow to stand for 24 hours
4. Re-circulate for 5 to 10 minutes and drain the fluid
5. Wash through twice with cold water, using 1000 litres each time
6. Dispose of used fluid according to local regulations.
28
29
5.0 Fluid Application
5.1 Making Dilutions
Clean mains water should be used for all dilutions (see Section 2.8). It is
recommended that water is heated, typically to around 95 °C (203 °F), before
adding to the cold de/anti-icing fluid. It is then necessary to mix the water / fluid
mixture, which can be achieved by circulating the fluid through a suitable pump or
by using a mechanical stirrer located within the mixing tank. Consistent refractive
index readings for samples taken from the top, middle and bottom of the mixing
tank can be used as an indication of sufficient mixing.
Water loss from fluids during heated storage may require a fluid’s dilution to be
adjusted and should be monitored by the operator.
5.2 De-Icing
This is largely achieved through a combination of thermal energy and mechanical
force, which act to melt, dislodge and remove frozen accumulations from an
aircraft’s surface. Consult airframe manufacturers for guidelines on maximum
pressure use in order to avoid structural damage to the aircraft.
• Fluid should be diluted to a predetermined ratio according to fluid type,
air temperature and aircraft skin temperature
• The diluted fluid should be heated to between 80 and 95 °C (176 to 203 °F)
(see Section 4.1.3)
• Fluid should be applied at close range in order to minimize heat loss.
5.2.1 Removal of Frost
• Set nozzle to give a fan-spray, covering a large area of the aircraft surface.
• Use a medium flow rate
• Traverse spray over frozen surfaces, keeping close to the aircraft skin.
5.2.2 Removal of Ice
• Direct a jet of hot fluid at close range onto a single area until the bare surface
is exposed
• Heat will be transmitted in all directions by the aircraft surface, raising its
temperature above the freezing point
• Frozen deposits can then be flushed away with low or high flow as required.
5.2.3 Removal of Snow
• For light deposits use a medium flow rate, set nozzle to give a solid (coarse)
spray in order to give a large droplet pattern and traverse spray over frozen
surfaces, keeping close to the aircraft skin
• For wet snow a high flow rate is more effective. Heat combined with hydraulic
force should be used to melt and remove frozen deposits.
30
5.3 Anti-Icing
• Anti-icing should only be performed in accordance with the airframe
manufacturer’s instructions.
• Select a fluid type and concentration to suit prevailing weather conditions and
required holdover time.
- Maximum holdover is achieved using cold concentrate fluid
• Apply an even and continuous coating of fluid to the surface of the aircraft
wings and vertical stabilisers.
- Cold anti-icing fluid should only be applied to surfaces free from frozen
contamination
- Reduce pump speed and adjust nozzle to give a wide fine spray. High
fluid flow rates and pressures associated with de-icing procedures are
not necessary
- Sufficient fluid has been applied to the wing when the fluid begins to drip
from the leading and trailing edges.
• Aircraft should not receive further coatings of anti-icing fluid on top of
existing films.
5.4 One-Step De/Anti-Icing
A one-step de/anti-icing procedure is generally used where an aircraft is
contaminated with frozen deposits, but where there is no incumbent precipitation.
One-step procedures can be performed with Type I fluids or using Type II / IV
fluids in order to provide extended holdover.
5.5 Two-Step De/Anti-Icing
A two-step de/anti-icing procedure involves the removal of frozen contamination
from the aircraft surface followed by the application of a protective coating in a
subsequent step:
Step 1. Removal of frozen contamination from the aircraft surface. Performed
using heated (80 to 95 °C / 176 to 203 °F) de-icing fluid (Type I or diluted
Type II / V) and is followed within 3 minutes by:
Step 2. Protection of the aircraft surface against subsequent frozen
contamination using cold anti-icing fluid (Type II / IV).
31
5.6 Fluid Residue
The repeated use of a one-step de-icing procedure with a thickened Type II or
Type IV fluid can lead to a build-up of thickener residue in critical areas of the
wings and stabiliser. These residues can re-hydrate and expand to form gel-like
materials that can re-freeze during flight, restricting flight control systems. 4
A regularly scheduled inspection and cleaning process should be in place
when a one-step procedure is used with thickened fluids.
5.7 Runway De-Icing Fluids
Application of anti-icing fluids to aircraft surfaces contaminated with even
small amounts of runway de-icing fluid (RDF) can have a dramatic effect on
the performance of the fluid.5 This can occur under two main circumstances:
1. Aircraft de/anti-icing fluid flows from the wing during take-off, contacting a
runway surface that has been previously treated with runway de-icing fluid.
2. Runway de-icing fluid is sprayed onto the aircraft surfaces when the engine
thrust reversers are applied during the landing roll. This contamination contacts
the aircraft de/anti-icing fluid during subsequent de/anti-icing procedures.
5.8 Fluid Limitations
5.8.1 Two-Step De/Anti-Icing
When performing a two-step de/anti-icing procedure the freezing point of
the fluid used in the first step must not be greater than 3 °C (37.4 °F) above
ambient temperature.
5.8.2 Type I Fluid
The freezing point of a Type I fluid used either during a one-step de-icing process
or in the second step of a two-step process must be at least 10 °C (50 °F) below
the outside air temperature. Fluid should never be used below the lowest
operational use temperature (see Section 2.1).
In order to determine the freezing point of a dilute Type I fluid refer to Appendix 9.1.
Type I fluid supplied as a concentrate should not be used undiluted. Kilfrost do not
recommend the use of Type I de-icing fluids at concentrations higher than 68%.
5.8.3 Type II / IV Fluid
The freezing point of a Type II / IV fluid used in de/anti-icing operations must be at
least 7 °C (44.6 °F) below the outside air temperature. Fluid should never be used
below the lowest operational use temperature.
32
4
EASA Safety information Bulletin, 2008-29
5
EASA Safety information Bulletin, SIB No. 2010-26R1
33
6.0 Fluid Quality Testing
The various conditions under which de/anti-icing fluids are transferred, stored,
heated and applied can all have an impact on the performance of the fluids.
Regular quality checks should be performed in order to ensure that fluids are
in satisfactory condition for use throughout the season.
The following sections are intended to provide a best-practice guide on which
fluid operators should base their internal fluid inspection procedures.
6.1 Sampling Regime
6.1.1 Fluid Acceptance at Delivery
• Check that the fluid corresponds to the fluid ordered
• Check that the delivery documents correspond to the fluid delivered
• Check that the delivered fluids correspond to the vehicle tanks / storage tank
• Prior to the transfer of a delivered fluid to a storage tank or vehicle tank
a sample should be obtained and the following checks performed:
• Check visual appearance of fluid
• Check refractive index / Brix value of fluid
• Check pH value of fluid
• Field viscosity check (for Type II and Type IV fluids only).
6.1.2 Heated Storage
• Where fluid is stored at elevated temperature for prolonged periods the
following checks should be performed at intervals not exceeding two weeks:
• Visual inspection
• Refractive index / Brix
• pH value
6.1.3 Vehicle Checks
• Refractive index checks should be performed on fluid samples obtained from
the nozzles of de/anti-icing trucks on a daily basis.
6.1.4 Laboratory Checks
Laboratory checks should be performed at the start, middle and end of
the de-icing season. Samples should be taken from all storage tanks and
de/anti-icing vehicle tanks and nozzles.
Samples should be checked for:
• Visual condition
• Refractive index / BRIX
• pH value
34
6.2 Sampling Procedures
It is important to ensure that fluid samples are obtained in the correct manner
such that the samples represent the bulk of the fluid and simulates aeroplane
application.
Kilfrost recommends that operators take samples from all static and vehicle fluid
storage tanks and from the nozzles of all de/anti-icing vehicles at the start, middle
and end of the de/anti-icing season.
6.2.1 Safety Considerations
Prior to sampling the operator should consult the MSDS for the fluid being
sampled and be aware of any hazards associated with the product.
It is advised that operators use the following protective equipment when obtaining
fluid samples:
• Safety glasses or face shield
• Anti-slip boots
• Protective gloves (insulated when colleting hot fluid samples)
Operators must also be aware of the hazards associated with working in an airport
environment, such as truck and aircraft movement, jet blast and boom movement.
6.2.2 Equipment Required
• Clean, dry sample containers 500 to 1000 ml with an opening diameter of at
least 50 mm. High-density polyethylene bottles are ideal. Bottles are available
for order from Kilfrost.
• Sample labels – all samples should be clearly labelled and contain the
following information:
a. Operator name
b.Location
c. Fluid type
d.Fluid concentration
e. Sampling date
• Sample thief / zone sampler
• Paper towels.
6.2.3 Sampling from a Delivery Truck
• Open the truck valve and drain around 5 litres of fluid, or a sufficient quantity
to ensure that the lines are completely flushed.
• Collect an additional 500-1000 ml of fluids to be used as the representative
sample
• Record all necessary details of the sample and label fully.
35
6.2.4 Sampling from an IBC
• Break the seal and open the IBC lid at the top
• Lower the sample thief into the centre of the IBC
• Open the sample thief and allow the container to fill
• Remove the sample thief when full
• Fill a clean, dry sample container from the sample thief
• Dry the sample container and label appropriately
• Tighten the IBC screw lid and apply a label detailing the sampling date and
name of sampler.
6.2.5 Sampling from a Storage Tank
• Access the storage tank via a top opening
• Lower the sample thief into the centre of the storage tank
• Open the sample thief and allow the container to fill
• Remove the sample thief when full
• Fill a clean, dry sample container from the sample thief
• Dry the sample container and label appropriately
• Close the storage tank and apply a label detailing the sampling date and name
of sampler.
6.2.6 Sampling from a Nozzle
• Select the required spray pattern and flow rate for the fluid to be sampled
• Spray a sufficient quantity of fluid in order to purge the lines
• Check the refractive index / Brix value in order to confirm that the fluid is at the
correct concentration
• Spray the fluid into the fluid collector from a distance of 3 meters and
perpendicular to the collector surface
• Collect sufficient fluid in order to retain a sample of approximately 1 litre
• Record all necessary details of the sample and label fully
Note: It is preferable to keep the nozzle open between purging the line and
collecting the fluid sample in order to avoid excessive shearing of the fluid.
36
6.3 Field Tests
Field tests are designed to provide a fast and simple analysis of de/anti-icing
fluids. If there is any doubt about the quality of a fluid, a sample should be
provided for analysis by the Kilfrost laboratory, which will confirm the suitability of
the fluids for use.
6.3.1 Visual Inspection
Using a transparent container check the fluid sample for signs of discolouration
or contamination. All Kilfrost fluids should be homogenous, clear and free from
particulates.
6.3.2 Refractive Index / Brix
Refractive index (RI) / Brix measurements permit a simple determination of the
glycol level in any fluid mix. The glycol level is directly related to the mixture ratio
and the freezing point of the fluid (see Kilfrost conversion charts, Section 8.0).
RI / Brix measurements can be made using simple field refractometers as
described below. Alternatively, digital refractometers can be used according
to manufacturer’s guidelines.
Equipment required:
• Field refractometer
• Plastic pipettes
• Tissue paper
Check the instrument calibration:
1. Lift the cover flap and place a small amount of distilled water onto the prism
2. Close the flap and hold the instrument up to the light and look through the
eyepiece
1.42
1.41
1.40
1.39
3. Rotate the eyepiece to focus the scale
4. Check that the RI reads 1.333 (± 0.002) or that the Brix value reads exactly zero
ND
Refractive
Index
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
A correct reading RI of 1.333 or zero Brix reading indicates that the instrument is
accurate over the entire scale.
Refractive Index / Brix Measurement:
1. Lift the cover flap and place a small amount of sample onto the prism
2. Close the flap and hold the instrument up to the light and look through
the eyepiece
3. Rotate the eyepiece to focus the scale
4. Read the scale at the borderline position between the light and dark areas.
5. Refer to the Kilfrost R.I. / Brix conversion charts in order to determine the
concentration/freezing point of the fluid
6. Thoroughly clean the prism after use with water and dry using a clean tissue.
Note: The refractometer uses a fixed, non-adjustable scale that is set to read correctly at
20 °C (68 °F). The refractive index / Brix of the sample will vary with the temperature of the
refractometer. It is therefore important that measurements are made with the
refractometer at 20 °C (68 °F).
All Kilfrost RI /Brix / freezing point charts correlate to measurements made at 20 °C (68 °F).
37
6.3.3 Viscosity
The viscosity of Type II / IV anti-icing fluid is critical to the performance of the fluid.
Kilfrost have introduced the use of Flow Cup Viscometers as a simple viscosity
field test to ensure that thickened anti-icing fluids are within the correct viscosity
range for use. The viscosity of the fluid is expressed in seconds (s) flow time when
the fluid is flowing through an orifice at a specified temperature.
Equipment Required:
1. Kilfrost flow cup (specific to fluid type / dilution)
2. Sample container (with an opening diameter of over 50 mm)
3. Thermometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Kilfrost flow cup viscosity chart (fluid specific).
Viscosity Measurement
1. Ensure that the viscometer is clean and dry prior to use
2. Pour a minimum of 400 ml of fluid into a container with an opening diameter not
less than 50 mm (Image 1)
3. Immerse the cup in the container and leave for around one minute in order to
reach thermal equilibrium (Image 2)
4. Determine the temperature of the fluid using thermometer
5. Raise the cup vertically out of the fluid in a quick and steady motion. As the top
edge of the cup breaks the surface of the fluid, start the stopwatch (Image 3)
6. During the time of flow, hold the cup vertically no more than 15 cm (6 inches)
from the surface of the fluid
7. Stop timing when a continuous flow of fluid breaks from the cup orifice (Image 4)
8. Check the flow time against the limits provided by Kilfrost for the specific fluid
type and dilution at the temperature of measurement.
1.
38
2.
3.
4.
Caution
• Check that the flow cup has fully drained at the end of each measurement. If
fluid remains in the cup the measurement should be disregarded and the flow
cup cleaned and dried thoroughly prior to making subsequent measurements.
• Heavily aerated fluids may give artificially high flow times.
• Use water or mild soap and water to clean the viscometer.
• Dry the viscometer thoroughly after use.
• Never use metal tools in contact with the flow cups. Any damage caused to the
flow cup orifice can seriously affect the accuracy of results.
When a Kilfrost fluid sample of disputed viscosity is identified using a Flow Cup
Viscometer, the final decision on its acceptability should always be based on a
Brookfield viscometer reading according to the test method described in SAE
AMS1428 or according to FAA, TC or AEA recommendations for de/anti-icing of
aircraft (latest editions).
6.3.4 pH Value
The pH value of Kilfrost de/anti-icing fluids is used as an indication of fluid
degradation. Portable digital pH meters can be used to provide accurate pH
readings, however pH indicator paper can also be used as follows:
1. Take a piece of pH indicator paper and put it in the fluid so that it becomes
wetted with the fluid
2. Remove the pH indicator paper from the fluid and compare its colour with the
colour of the table provided with the pH indicator paper and read the
corresponding pH value
3. Compare the pH-value with the limits provided by Kilfrost for that product /
dilution (see Section 3.0)
Note: The pH of a fluid changes with temperature. pH measurements should
therefore be performed at 20 °C (68 °F).
39
6.4 Laboratory Tests
Laboratory checks should be performed at the start, middle and end of the
de/anti-icing season. Samples should be taken from all storage tanks and de/antiicing vehicle tanks and nozzles.
Kilfrost offers a free sample analysis service for all of its de/anti-icing customers.
Laboratory analysis is performed by qualified chemists using accurate scientific
instruments in a controlled environment.
Samples should be sent to the relevant laboratory using the addresses below:
Technical Support Team
Technical Support Team
Kilfrost Ltd.
Albion Works
Haltwhistle
Northumberland
NE49 0HJ
UK
Kilfrost Inc.
195 University Park Drive
Suite 109
Edwardsville
IL 62025
US
Telephone: +44 (0) 1434 320 332
Telephone: 954-282-5033
All samples sent to the Kilfrost laboratory should be clearly labelled with the
following information:
• Customer name
• Customer location
• Product name (e.g. ABC-3)
• Product concentration (100/0, 75/25, 50/50...)
• Sampling date
• Sampling location (e.g. bulk storage tank, de-icing rig...)
• Batch number
Contact details should also be provided with every set of fluid samples.
In order to improve its sample analysis service, Kilfrost will be introducing an
online facility for the submission of sample details and the receipt of analysis
reports. Further details of this service will be made available prior to the start of
the 2011/2012 winter season.
6.5 Downgrading Fluids
In instances where the viscosity of a Type II or Type IV fluid is below the required
limit for use as an anti-icing fluid it is possible to downgrade the fluid for use as a
Type I de-icer.
The downgrading of Type II and Type IV fluids should only be done when all other
properties of that fluid (pH, RI and appearance) remain within specification.
Downgraded fluids should only be used below the normal concentrations usually
used for anti-icing.
If there is any doubt regarding the suitability of a fluid for use, please contact the
Kilfrost Technical Support Team.
40
41
7.0 Appendix
Kilfrost DF Plus & DF Plus (80)
Brix, Refractive Index and Freezing Point Chart
Conc.
(% vol)
RI (20°C)
Brix
(20°C)
Freezing
Point
(°C)
Conc.
(%)
RI (20°C)
Brix
(20°C)
Freezing
Point
(°C)
1
1.3340
0.77
-0.3
26
1.3573
15.99
-8.1
2
1.3350
1.45
-0.6
27
1.3582
16.55
-8.5
3
1.3358
1.99
-0.8
28
1.3590
17.04
-8.8
4
1.3368
2.67
-1.1
29
1.3600
17.66
-9.2
5
1.3377
3.28
-1.4
30
1.3610
18.28
-9.8
6
1.3386
3.88
-1.6
31
1.3620
18.89
-10.1
7
1.3395
4.49
-1.8
32
1.3629
19.44
-10.5
8
1.3405
5.16
-2.1
33
1.3637
19.92
-11.0
9
1.3414
5.75
-2.4
34
1.3646
20.47
-11.5
10
1.3423
6.35
-2.7
35
1.3656
21.07
-12.0
11
1.3433
7.01
-3.0
36
1.3665
21.61
-12.5
12
1.3442
7.60
-3.3
37
1.3675
22.21
-13.0
13
1.3450
8.13
-3.6
38
1.3684
22.74
-13.5
14
1.3461
8.85
-3.9
39
1.3694
23.34
-14.0
15
1.3472
9.56
-4.2
40
1.3704
23.93
-14.8
16
1.3480
10.08
-4.5
41
1.3712
24.40
-15.3
17
1.3488
10.60
-4.8
42
1.3722
24.98
-15.8
18
1.3498
11.24
-5.2
43
1.3730
25.45
-16.5
19
1.3507
11.82
-5.5
44
1.3738
25.91
-17.1
20
1.3517
12.46
-5.8
45
1.3746
26.38
-17.7
21
1.3525
12.97
-6.1
46
1.3757
27.01
-18.4
22
1.3536
13.67
-6.5
47
1.3766
27.53
-19.1
23
1.3545
14.23
-6.9
48
1.3777
28.15
-19.7
24
1.3554
14.80
-7.3
49
1.3786
28.67
-20.5
25
1.3563
15.36
-7.7
50
1.3795
29.18
-21.5
LOUT: -32°C (-26°F) at 69% vol. dilution
42
RI (20°C)
Brix
(20°C)
Freezing
Point
(°C)
Conc.
(%)
RI (20°C)
Brix
(20°C)
51
1.3805
29.74
-22.0
76
1.4019
41.18
52
1.3815
30.30
-22.7
77
1.4027
41.58
53
1.3824
30.80
-23.6
78
1.4035
41.99
54
1.3833
31.30
-24.4
79
1.4044
42.44
55
1.3843
31.86
-25.3
80
1.4050
42.74
56
1.3852
32.35
-26.2
81
1.4058
43.14
57
1.3862
32.90
-27.1
82
1.4065
43.48
58
1.3870
33.34
-28.1
83
1.4073
43.88
59
1.3878
33.78
-29.1
84
1.4080
44.22
60
1.3887
34.26
-30.2
85
1.4087
44.56
61
1.3897
34.80
-31.2
86
1.4096
45.00
62
1.3906
35.29
-32.2
87
1.4103
45.34
63
1.3914
35.72
-33.5
88
1.4110
45.68
64
1.3923
36.19
-34.7
89
1.4117
46.02
65
1.3931
36.62
-36.2
90
1.4125
46.40
66
1.3939
37.04
-37.5
91
1.4131
46.69
67
1.3947
37.46
-38.7
92
1.4137
46.98
68
1.3955
37.88
-40.7
93
1.4144
47.31
69
1.3964
38.35
-42.0
94
1.4150
47.59
70
1.3973
38.82
-44.0
95
1.4157
47.92
71
1.3980
39.18
-46.0
96
1.4164
48.25
72
1.3988
39.60
-48.5
97
1.4169
48.49
73
1.4000
40.21
-51.0
98
1.4175
48.77
74
1.4004
40.42
-54.0
99
1.4182
49.09
75
1.4014
40.93
-57.5
100
1.4190
49.46
Freezing
Point
(°C)
Does not freeze
Conc.
(%)
43
Kilfrost DFSustain
Refractive Index (20°C) 100% 1.4190
Conc. (%)
RI (20°C)
Brix (20°C)
Specific Gravity (20°C)
Freezing Point (°C)
5
1.3376
3.16
1.0016
-1.0
10
1.3427
6.70
1.0042
-2.5
15
1.3475
9.80
1.0076
-4.0
20
1.3527
13.09
1.0111
-5.8
25
1.3579
16.41
1.0149
-8.0
30
1.3629
19.56
1.0184
-10.7
35
1.3683
22.56
1.0220
-13.6
40
1.3730
25.76
1.0257
-16.8
45
1.3786
28.51
1.0285
-20.4
50
1.3837
31.31
1.0328
-25.0
55
1.3886
34.08
1.0360
-30.5
60
1.3935
36.70
1.0390
-36.0
65
1.3985
39.29
1.0424
-43.0
68 (a)
1.4017
40.90
1.0447
-55.0
100
1.4300
54.73
1.0525
< -60
(a) LOUT: -42°C at 68% vol. dilution
44
Kilfrost DF Plus (88) Type I De-Icing Fluid
Conc. (%)
RI (20°C)
Brix (20°C)
20
1.354
13.7
20.3
-6.5
25
1.359
16.9
16.4
-8.7
30
1.364
20.0
12.2
-11.0
35
1.369
23.1
7.2
-13.8
40
1.374
26.1
1.2
-17.1
45
1.380
28.9
-5.8
-21.0
50
1.384
31.7
-13.5
-25.3
55
1.390
34.4
-23.1
-30.6
DF Dilute 57/43
1.391 - 1.393 (a)
35.1 - 36.5 (a)
-28.3
-33.5
60
1.394
36.9
-35.5
-37.5
DF Dilute 63/37
1.396 - 1.399 (a)
37.8 - 39.5 (a)
-43.6
-42.0
65
1.399
39.3
-53.0
-47.3
DF Plus (88)
1.4225 - 1.4255 (a)
51.1 - 52.7 (a)
Does not freeze
Does not freeze
(a) Acceptance range for product as delivery
(b) LOUT for 63/37 determined using Boundary Layer Displacement Thickness (BLTD) values per
AMS1424 and AS5900
(c) Must be diluted prior to use
45
Kilfrost ABC-3, ABC-K Plus and ABC-S Plus
Conc.
(% vol)
RI (20°C)
Brix
(20°C)
Freezing
Point
(°C)
Conc.
(%)
RI (20°C)
Brix
(20°C)
Freezing
Point
(°C)
20%
1.345
8.20
-3.4
40%
1.356
15.40
-8.1
21%
1.345
8.59
-3.6
41%
1.357
15.75
-8.4
22%
1.346
8.93
-3.8
42%
1.358
16.10
-8.7
23%
1.346
9.37
-4.0
43%
1.358
16.45
-9.0
24%
1.347
9.76
-4.2
44%
1.359
16.80
-9.3
25%
1.348
10.15
-4.4
45%
1.359
17.15
-9.5
26%
1.348
10.54
-4.6
46%
1.360
17.50
-9.8
27%
1.349
10.93
-4.9
47%
1.361
17.85
-10.0
28%
1.349
11.92
-5.1
48%
1.361
18.20
-10.2
29%
1.350
11.71
-5.3
49%
1.362
18.55
-10.4
30%
1.351
12.10
-5.5
50%
1.362
18.90
-10.6
31%
1.351
12.43
-5.8
51%
1.363
19.26
-11.1
32%
1.352
12.76
-6.0
52%
1.364
19.62
-11.6
33%
1.352
13.09
-6.3
53%
1.364
19.93
-12.0
34%
1.353
13.42
-6.5
54%
1.365
20.34
-12.4
35%
1.354
13.75
-6.8
55%
1.365
20.70
-12.8
36%
1.354
14.03
-7.0
56%
1.366
21.06
-13.1
37%
1.355
14.41
-7.3
57%
1.366
21.42
-13.4
38%
1.355
14.74
-7.6
58%
1.367
21.78
-13.8
39%
1.356
15.07
-7.9
59%
1.368
22.14
-14.1
LOUT:
Kilfrost ABC-3: -27 °C (-16.5 °F) at 100%, -14 °C (7 °F) at 75% and -3 °C (27 °F) at 50 % dilution.
Kilfrost ABC-K Plus -29 °C (-20 °F) at 100%, -14 °C (7 °F) at 75% and -3 °C (27 °F) at 50 % dilution.
Kilfrost ABC-S Plus:-28 °C (-18 °F) at 100%, -14 °C (7 °F) at 75% and -3 °C (27 °F) at 50 % dilution.
46
Conc.
(%)
RI (20°C)
Brix
(20°C)
Freezing
Point
(°C)
Conc.
(%)
RI (20°C)
Brix
(20°C)
Freezing
Point
(°C)
60%
1.368
22.50
-14.5
80%
1.380
29.40
-23.1
61%
1.369
22.86
-14.9
81%
1.380
29.73
-23.7
62%
1.369
23.20
-15.2
82%
1.381
30.06
-24.2
63%
1.370
23.55
-15.7
83%
1.382
30.36
-24.8
64%
1.371
23.90
-16.0
84%
1.382
30.72
-25.5
65%
1.371
24.25
-16.4
85%
1.383
31.05
-26.0
66%
1.372
24.60
-16.8
86%
1.383
31.33
-26.7
67%
1.372
24.95
-17.2
87%
1.384
31.71
-27.3
68%
1.373
25.30
-17.6
88%
1.384
32.04
-28.0
69%
1.373
25.65
-18.0
89%
1.385
32.37
-28.6
70%
1.374
26.00
-18.4
90%
1.386
32.70
-29.3
71%
1.375
26.34
-18.9
91%
1.386
33.02
-30.1
72%
1.375
26.65
-19.3
92%
1.387
33.34
-30.8
73%
1.376
27.02
-20.0
93%
1.387
33.66
-31.5
74%
1.376
27.36
-20.7
94%
1.388
33.93
-32.2
75%
1.377
27.70
-21.4
95%
1.389
34.30
-33.0
76%
1.378
28.04
-21.7
96%
1.389
34.62
-33.8
77%
1.379
28.33
-22.0
97%
1.390
34.94
-34.6
78%
1.379
28.72
-22.3
98%
1.391
35.26
-35.4
79%
1.379
29.06
-22.6
99%
1.391
35.53
-36.2
100%
1.392
35.90
-37.0
47
Global leaders in de/anti-icing
Kilfrost Limited 4th Floor Time Central 32 Gallowgate, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 4SN UK T +44 (0)1434 320 332
Kilfrost, Inc. 6250 Coral Ridge Drive, Suite 130, Coral Springs,
Florida 33076 USA T +1 954-282-5050
www.kilfrost.com
Kilfrost (Beijing) Trading Co., Ltd
2709, China World Office 1, No. 1 Jian Guo Men Wai Avenue,
Beijing,100004, China. T +86 10 6535 4020
www.kilfrost.cn
© 2011 Kilfrost Ltd
Date of issue: August 2011
Issue No 01

Best Practice Guide

Transcription

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