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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
JACQUES SAUNIERE’S MOTIVATION FOR WRITING HIS LAST
MESSAGE AS SEEN IN DAN BROWN’S THE DA VINCI CODE
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Bekti Nur Christanti
Student Number: 021214109
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
To live is to change,
and to be perfect is
how to have changed
often
This thesis is dedicated to
My Parents
and I
iv
ABSTRACT
Bekti Nur Christanti (2010). Jacques Sauniere’s Motivation for Writing His
Last Message as Seen in Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code. Yogyakarta: Faculty
of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts
Education, English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses The Da Vinci Code, a novel by Dan Brown. The
objective of this study is to find out someone’s motivation for writing his or her
last message as seen in Jacques Sauniere, one of the minor characters in the novel.
In order to achieve this, there are two problems to solve. First, “How are Jacques
Sauniere and Sophie Neveu described in the novel?” Second, “What is Jacques
Sauniere’s motivation for writing his last message?”
The primary data of this study is Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code. The
secondary ones are books, journals, and internet. This study uses psychological
approach. The theories use theory of character and characterization and theory of
motivation.
The findings of the study are: first, Jacques Sauniere is a melancholic old,
loving French man. He is also a tough person who will not give up easily. In the
mean time, Sophie Neveu can be described as a stubborn, middle aged woman.
She is also beautiful, smart and curious. Second, Jacques Sauniere’s motivation
for writing his last message is to fulfill Sophie’s needs: safety needs,
belongingness and love needs, and self esteem needs. Those three needs are
actually Jacques Sauniere's needs.
This study suggests that The Da Vinci Code be used as the material to
teach Writing. As for future researchers, it is recommended that they discuss the
centrality of human relationship especially that of male-and female.
vi
ABSTRAK
Bekti Nur Christanti (2010). Jacques Sauniere’s Motivation Writing His Last
Message as Seen in Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code. Yogyakarta: Fakultas
Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Program
Study Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Tesis ini mendiskusikan tentang The Da Vinci Code, sebuah novel
karangan Dan Brown. Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah untuk menganalisa motivasi
seseorang dalam menuliskan pesan terakhirnya seperti terlihat pada Jacques
Sauniere, salah satu karakter tambahan pada novel ini. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini,
ada dua masalah untuk dijawab. Pertama, “Bagaimana karakter Jacques sauniere
dan Sophie Neveu digambarkan? Kedua, “Apakah motivasi Jacques Sauniere
untuk menuliskan pesan terakhirnya?”
Data utama dari tesis ini adalah The Da Vinci Code karangan Dan Brown.
Data-data kedua adalah buku, jurnal, dan internet. Tesis ini menggunakan
pendekatan psikologi. Teori-teori yang digunakan adalah Theory of character and
characterization dan Theory of motivation.
Hasil-hasil dari tesis ini adalah: pertama, Jacques Sauniere adalah seorang
laki-laki Prancis yang melankolis, tua dan penyayang. Dia juga seorang yang kuat,
yang tidak akan mudah menyerah. Dalam novel itu, Sophie Neveu dapat
digambarkan sebagai wanita setengah tua yang keras kepala. Dia juga cantik,
pintar, dan ingin tahu. Kedua, motivasi Jacques Sauniere untuk menulis pesan
terakhirnya adalah memenuhi kebutuhan Sophie: kebutuhan akan rasa aman,
kebutuhan akan rasa dimiliki dan dicintai serta kebutuhan akan dihargai. Tiga
kebutuhan tersebut sebenarnya merupakan kebutuhan Jacques Sauniere.
Studi ini menyarankan bahwa The Da Vinci Code digunakan sebagai
bahan untuk mengajar Menulis. Untuk peneliti selanjutnya, direkomendasikan
bahwa mereka mendiskusikan hubungan sentral manusia khususnya laki-laki dan
perempuan.
vii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :
Nama
: Bekti Nur Christanti
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 021214109
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
JACQUES SAUNIERE’S MOTIVATION FOR WRITING HIS LAST
MESSAGE AS SEEN IN DAN BROWN’S THE DA VINCI CODE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demkian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 21 Desember 2010
Yang menyatakan
viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to bestow my greatest gratitude to Lord for the bless and love
he sends and for giving me the strength. I know that he is the only one who is
always on my side.
I also would like to convey my deepest appreciation to Drs. A.
Herujiyanto, M.A Ph.D., my sponsor who has devoted his time and energy to
help me finish this thesis. He is very friendly and kind to me although I bothered
him all the time. My appreciation also goes to all lecturers of the English
Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University for the knowledge,
experience and guidance, during my study in Sanata Dharma University. My
thanks are extended to the secretariat staffs in the English Education Study
Program and library staffs of Sanata Dharma University.
My deepest gratitude goes to my dearest mother, Mrs. P. Sukamti, and
my father Mr. Nurkarsan (alm), who always give their love, support, help, and
understanding during my study. I would like to thank my sisters, Suryatinah and
Triyani, and my brothers Dheni Rusmawan and Heri Prasetyo, I thank them for
all their love that encourages me to finish my study. As for my little nephew and
niece Erix and Adelia, I want to thank them for their “naughty” and smile which
entertained me when I got bored.
My greatest thanks go to Drs. Dwi Priyanto, the headmaster of SD N
Sidoharjo and Ibu Sri Hartini, S.Pd., the headmaster of SDN Sumoroto for their
understanding and supporting finish this thesis. I also thank all the teachers and
ix
staffs of SD N Sidoharjo and SD N Sumoroto, for their help, care and jokes. As
for Ibu Tri Susilah, A.Ma.Pd., I thank her for lending me the laptop for such
long time. To my dearest man, Gunawan Pamungkas, I thank him for his love
and understanding. He always supports me in my ups and downs.
The biggest thanks are for my dearest friends, Esta, Tika, and Ike, for
teaching me the meaning of friendship and for all the sweet moments we had.
They have been the most important friends for me. My big thanks go to all the
members of PBI 2002, for the support and laughter we share. I hope we can meet
again someday.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………....
i
APPROVAL PAGES ………………………………………………………
ii
PAGE OF DEDICATION ……………………………………………….....
iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGININALITY ………………………….
v
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………..
vi
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………..
vii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …………………..
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………..
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………..
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………….......
xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ……………………………………………….
1
1.2 Objective of the Study ………………………………………………….
4
1.3 Problem Formulation …………………………………………………..
4
1.4 Definition of Terms …………………………………………………….
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoritical Review……………………………………………………...
6
2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches ……………………………...…...
6
xi
2.1.2 Theory of Literature………………………………………………
8
2.1.2.1 Theory of Character……....…………………….............
8
2.1.2.2 Theory of Characterization………..……………………
10
2.1.3 Theory of Motivation ………………….…………………………
13
2.2 Theoritical Framework …………..……………………………………..
16
2.3 Criticism …………...…………………………………………………...
17
2.5 Context of the Novel …………………………………………………...
22
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Subject Matter ………………………………………………………….
25
3.2 Approach ……………………………………………………………….
26
3.3 Procedures………………………………………………………………
26
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
4.1 The Character of Jacques Sauniere….………………….………………
28
4.1.1 Tough .…………………………………………………………....
29
4.1.2 Loving ……………………………………………………………
30
4.1.3 Melancholic ………………………………………………………
30
4.2 The Character of Sophie Neveu ………………………………………..
31
4.2.1 Beautiful …………………………………………………………
32
4.2.2 Stuborn …………………………………………………………..
33
4.2.3 Smart …………………………………………………………….
33
4.2.4 Curious …………………………………………………………..
35
xii
4.3 Jacques Sauniere’s Motivation for Writing His Last Message ………...
35
4.3.1 Fulfilling the Sophie’s Safety Needs ……………………………..
37
4.3.2 Fulfilling the Sophie’s Belongingness and Love Needs……...…..
37
4.3.3 Fulfilling Sophie’s Self Esteem Needs …………………………...
39
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………………………….
41
5.2 Suggestions …………………………………………………………….
43
5.2.1 For Future Researchers …………………………………………...
43
5.2.2 For Teachers ………………………………………………………
44
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………….
45
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 : The cover of The Da Vinci Code ............................................
47
Appendix 2 : Summary of The Da Vinci Code …………………………….
48
Appendix 3 : Secret of the “Holy Grail” …………………………………..
52
Appendix 4 : Biography of Dan Brown ……………………………………
55
Appendix 5 : Lesson Plan for Teaching Writing …………………………..
62
xiv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter implies an introduction that consists of four parts. The first
part is Background of the Study. This part discusses about the reason of choosing
the novel, The Da Vinci Code, as the subject of the study. The second part is
Objective of the Study. This part states the objective of conducting the study. The
third part is Problem Formulation and the last part is Definition of Terms.
1.1
Background of the Study
Honesty is something that most people demand from others. On the other
hand, it is something difficult to say or do. In certain circumstances, people
believe that telling a lie is the best thing to do, for example in the case of patient
who are going to die. Honesty will only ruin the calm situation. Some people do
not want to hear a plain honesty although they know that is the truth. They want
others to say a lie to make them feel better. When someone starts feeling disturbed
because of honesty, a conflict between two people can arise. However, sometimes
honesty can make a better life in having friendship for instance. People want to
have a friend who will tell you the truth no matter what.
When someone thinks that his or her friend has hurt his or her feeling, he or
should tell the friend about it. If he or she does not talk about it, his or her friend
will think that everything is all right. Both of them live in a lie and that is not a
healthy relationship. He or she should tell the friend that he or she feels hurt.
When they have been honest to each other about their feelings and what they
1
2
want, they can talk what they have to do. Each will feel relieved and their
relationship can go even stronger than before.
However, sometimes people do not want to say what they really think
because they do not want to look different from others. These people actually
have different opinions, or point of views, but choose to lie in order to avoid to
conflict because they do not want to ruin the good or calm situation. Furthermore,
there are some people who will do anything including lying to achieve their own
purposes. They choose to lie in order to get what they want. They are not honest
to other people. These people do not consider what may happen because of their
lies.
In a family, relationship between the members is important. Through the
family we can share all the laughter and the pain. We often open to our family
than other people, because we have already know each other our characters,
personality so we more enjoyable sharing what we feel to our family members.
How mad we feel with other members of the family will take no longer anger.
How if our relation is bad with our family? Of course it will make pain.
However family is the most important thing we get. If one of the members of
family passed away we will feel sad.
Death can comes anytime. Before died, usually people will tell the other
family members how much he/she still has money, or how much they have
obligation. It will make the death person will be easier to get to heaven. If the
death person did not have a chance to tell to others, the people which are still have
3
relation will come to other family members. They will tell the other family
members that the death person still have obligation to him/her.
It seems Brown has that such experience. Through the novel Brown tried to
hypnotize the readers by making curious in breaking the sequence series of codes,
riddles, and anagrams.
Dan Brown’s work The Da Vinci Code (2003) is such an incredible novel.
When the first time I read this novel I feel something unbelievable. This book
describes the attempts of Robert Langdon, Professor of Religious Symbology at
Harvard University, to solve the murder of renowned curator Jacques Saunière of
the Louvre Museum in Paris. A baffling cipher is found near his body. Saunière's
granddaughter, Sophie Neveu and Langdon attempt to sort out the bizarre riddles
and are stunned to discover a trail of clues hidden in the works of Leonardo Da
Vinci. The unraveling of the mystery requires solutions to a series of brainteasers, including anagrams and puzzles. The ultimate solution is found to be
intimately connected with the possible location of the Holy Grail and to a
mysterious society called the Priory of Sion, as well as to the Knights Templar. The
story also involves the Roman Catholic organization Opus Dei.
Jesus Christ is a historical figure of staggering influence, perhaps the most
enigmatic and inspirational leader the world has ever seen. As the prophesied
Messiah, Jesus “toppled kings”, inspired millions, and founded new philosophies.
As a descendant of King Salomon and King David, Jesus possessed a rightful
claim to the throne of the King of Jews. (Dan Brown, 2003: 251)
4
I am interested in this novel because it gives a new knowledge that I have
never known before. Christian people know that Jesus is unmarried man. This
novel gives a new point of view. It seems that Dan Brown admires Leonardo Da
Vinci. He is inspired by his painting of “The Last Supper” According to Priory
Sion, Jesus married to Marie Magdalene, and they got a daughter. Priory Sion also
says that, the authority of church is given to Marie Magdalene, not to Peter.
The aim of looking into this novel is to analyze what is Jacques Sauniere’s
motivation in leaving a message before he died. In order to do so, it is important
to analyze the character of him in the novel. It is also a must to discuss his
influence on other character in the novel. The theories used in this study are
theory of character and characterization. The approach used is Psychology
approach.
1.2
Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to find out someone’s motivation for writing
his or her last message as seen in Jacques Sauniere’s one of the minor character
in Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code.
1.3
Problem Formulation
This study is focused on two problems.
1. How are Jacques Sauniere and Sophie Neveu described in the novel?
2. What is Jacques Sauniere’ s motivation in leaving a message before he died?
5
1.4
Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding in reading this research study, there are
some terms that the writer needs to define. This definition of terms hopefully can
be helpful in understanding the terms that are used in this thesis.
1.
Message
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, message is a written
or spoke request, piece of information. (1995: 733)
2.
Motivation
Motivation comes from the word motive. Aiken sates that the term motive
refers to an internal state of organism which arouses activity and direct the
organism’s behavior toward certain objects and condition called goal (110).
In this study, motivation is the reason of people’s behavior.
3.
Priory Sion
In the novel The Da Vinci Code it is mentioned that according to the writer
Dan Brown, The Priory Sion is a European secret society founded in 1099.
This organization is admired to Goddess and very feministic.
4.
Toppled Kings
According to Brown, in The Da Vinci Code, Toppled King means the most
honorable man than the kings.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of review of theories and information that I employ in my
study. I divide this chapter into three parts. The first part is Theoritical Review, second
part is Criticism, and the last part is Context of the novel. The Theoritical Review
includes the theory of Literature and the Review includes Character, Characterization
and Critical Approach. The review of Related Theory includes the Theory of
Motivation. The Criticism presents some critics about the novel and the author. The
Context of the novel talk about the setting and the plot of the novel, also about the
biography of the author.
2.1
Theoritical Review
In this study, the writer used some theories. They are theory of critical
approaches, theory of character and characterization, and theory of psychology which is
focuses on motivation.
2.1.1. Theory of Critical Approaches
In giving appreciation to literary works can be different to every reader. One
thing can do is giving evaluative judgments. Therefore the readers need some
appropriate approaches known as critical approaches to literature. It helps the readers
gain better understanding in the nature, function, and positive values of literary works.
Rohrberger and Woods Jr. introduce five approaches as the means
6
7
for the readers to evaluate a literary work (6-15). Those approaches are the
formalist approach, biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach,
the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.
1. The first is the formalist approach. It is concerned with demonstrating the
harmonious involvement of all parts to the whole and with pointing out how
meaning is derived from structure and how matters and technique determine
structure (6-7).
2. The second is the biographical approach. This approach provides useful
facts about the author will help the readers to have a better understanding and
appreciation toward the literary object (8-9).
3. The third is the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach is
concerned with the social background in which work of literary was created.
In short, before one can understand well a work of literature, he or she has to
know the social, cultural, and historical aspects of the literary works because
these aspects are inseparable from the literary object (9-11).
4. The forth approach is the mythopoeic approach. This approach emphasizes
the universal recurrent pattern of human thought. It is believed that the
patterns are found in ancient myth, folks rites which are so basic of human to
human thought and have meaning for all humans (11-13).
5. The last approach is the psychological approach. This approach belives
that one’s imagination, capacity for creation, and complexity of thoughts and
behaviors are expressed through symbolic words, thought and action. The
symbols are common to all humans in which can be interpreted in light of
8
individual’s experience. This approach involves the effort to locate and
demonstrate certain recurrent pattern (13-15).
In this study, the writer used the psychological approach to analyze Dan
Brown The Da Vinci Code. By using this approach, the analysis of Jacques
Sauniere’s motivation in the novel can be done profoundly. The psychological
approach uses psychological theories to explain human motivation, personality
and behavior patterns written in literary objects. Moreover, this approach believes
that characters’ thought, personality, and behavior may reflect their psychological
order.
2.1.2 Theory of Literature
A novel is a kind of litearary work, therefore, i support the analysis by using
the theory of literature. This part presents the theoris of literature, which are
divided into two, the theory of character and theory of characterization.
2.1.2.1Theories of Character
1.
Definition of Character
One of the most important elements in the novel is character. A character
can be recognized by describing the physical and physiological appearance.
According to Van De Laar and Schoonwoerd (1957: 165) in An Approach to
English Literature writes that characters in a novel must be like actual human
being. Characters must be recognizable men and women. According to Abrams
(1993: 23), writes that characters are person presented in a dramatic or narrative
9
work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral,
dispositional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say the
dialogue, and what they do the action. Therefore, the character is usually easily
analyzed from the dialogue or action.
2.
Kind of Character
Based on the amount of attention given to the characters, Henkle (1977: 88)
divides the characters into major and secondary or minor characters. He also
considers a major character as a protagonist. Major characters are characters
observed most often in the novel and whose appearance are frequent (1977: 9092). By understanding them, the readers will understand the focal experiences of
the novel. Henkle points out that the effectiveness of most novels depend upon the
ability of the major characters to express and dramatize the human issues of the
book. On the other hand, the secondary or minor characters are characters that
perform more limited functions. They are generally less complex, or less intense,
and drawn in shallower relief, present what is often only one side of the
experience (1977: 97)
Abrams (1993: 24) classifies a character into two types: flat character and
round character. A flat character is a single idea and is presented in outline and
without much individualizing detail. It means that flat character has dominant
traits and has no desires motivation or conflict.
The round character has many dominant traits and complex desire,
motivation and conflict. Therefore, a round character tends to change from the
10
beginning of the story until the end of the story tends to be complex. Thus, round
character is difficult to describe. Round character can also called as developing
characters.
Foster (1947: 47) describes the advantages of flat character and round
character. Flat characters are easily known by the readers’ emotionally eyes, not
by the visual eyes. Emotionally eyes means, it can be described by using the
feeling. The reader can also easily remember the characters because they do not
change.
On the other hand, round characters cannot be identified directly and
quickly because there are some life aspects that influence them to develop.
Because of those aspects, the readers cannot easily memorize the characters as in
the flat characters.
In addition, Perrine (1947: 48) divides character into two parts. The main
character, who appears more often in the story than other characters. It appears
from the beginning to the end of the story. Furthermore, the content of the story is
focused on the main character. The minor character appears in certain
circumstances and times. His role is less important than the main character
because the total rules and focus are on the main character.
2.1.2.2 Theories of Characterization
1.
Definition of Characterization
According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 20), characterization is a
process where the author creates a character that must be credible. They also add
11
that characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish
them from other characters. Another opinion comes from Holman and Harmon
(1968: 81) characterization is the way to create of imaginary person, so they exist
for the reader as life like. Therefore, the author always point out what the
character is, how he lives, what he likes and dislikes. Those traits are called
character while the technique to make the traits known as characterization.
2.
Ways of analyzing Character
Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 20) write two ways of characterization.
First the author described the character directly. He or she simply writes the
physical appearance, or moral attributes of the character. The last, the author can
describe the character dramatically. The author describes the character through the
way he or she behaves and speaks.
Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms writes that there are two
different methods in characterizing the person in narrative, which are showing or
dramatic method and telling method (1981: 21). In showing, the author only
writes about the characters speak and act. Furthermore, in the novel, the author
gives the description, and often evaluation about the motives and dispositional
qualities of the characters.
According to Murphy (1972: 161-173) there are nine ways used by the
author to make his or her characters understandable for the readers. They are:
12
1.
Personal description
The author tells the readers about his or her characters directly through the
appearance of the characters and the clothes which they wear.
2.
Character as seen by another
The author describes the character through other characters’ opinion in the
novel.
3.
Speech
The author describes the character through what the character says and in a
conversation with others, or give opinion.
4.
Past life
The author describes the person’s character through the events in the past that
can shape or influence his or her personality in the present. In can be figured
out by a direct comment, through the person’s thought or through his or her
conversation or through the medium of other person.
5.
Conversation of others
The author gives the clue to a person’s character through the conversation of
other people and what they say about him or her.
6.
Reactions
The author can also gives the readers clues to a person’s character through
how the person react when he or she facing the problem.
7.
Direct comment
The author directly gives his personal reception and comment to the character
he creates.
13
8.
Thoughts
The author gives the clue from what characters’ thought. By knowing what
the character is thinking, the reader will simply describe the character through
the thought.
9.
Mannerism
The author describes as a person mannerism, or habit that may tell the readers
something about his or her character.
Those ways of course do not have to be applied wholly. The author can
apply only one or perhaps some ways to characterize his or her characters in the
novel.
2.1.3
Theory of Motivation
People behavior is influenced by certain motives. These motives lead them
to behave in their manner to get some achievement. Motivation seems to provide
the “why” behavior. The term motive refers to an internal state of the organism
which arouses activity and directs the organism behavior toward certain objects or
condition called goal (Aiken 110). Since motives are always inferred from
behavior, it is circular reasoning to argue that a motive explains the behavior from
which it was inferred. According to Stanton, a character’s reason for behaving as
he does is his motivation (17). Moreover, Kalish clarifies that motivated behavior
is behavior set into motion by need (29). A need indicates that some type
satisfaction is lacking and implies that the organism is activated to reduce the
dissatisfaction. He believes that motivation is strong enough to active goal seeking
14
behavior, which begins with curious feeling and ended with behavior that satisfied
one’s need.
Theory of motivation plays an essential role in this study because it helps
the writer to discover the Jacques Sauniere in leaving a message before he died. It
help the writer understands the reason why Jacques Sauniere decides to take such
action.
There are different theories of motivation stated by some theorist. The
most widely known is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow believes, as
mentioned in Braun and Linder, that human needs, or motives, are organized
hierarchically. (375)
Maslow in Globe’s The Third Force clarifies motivations in relation with
human needs (38). He states, as explained by Petri that human motivations are
based on human needs and that people conduct an action to fulfill their needs
(302). Moreover, Maslow theory, as mentioned in Schultz, states that the need of
love and possessing have to be fulfilled in order to get the satisfaction feeling and
motivation arises because such needs (94). This show that motivation exists to
fulfill the lacks that people feel inside them.
Maslow hierarchy of needs consists of physiological needs, safety needs,
belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self actualization needs. The first
two needs are considered primary or lower needs. Maslow argues that usually the
lowest need on the hierarchy has to be satisfied first before the higher needs on the
hierarchy has to be satisfied first before the higher needs on the hierarchy being
satisfied (Globe 38-43).
15
The psychological needs are the fundamental needs for food, clothing
shelter, comfort, and self preservation. Someone who faces death by starvation or
any other need of this level may resort to murder to meet fundamental, life
sustaining need, despite what society might think. When a person lack of foods,
self esteem, and love, he is going to demand food first. He will ignore the other
need until the need of food of satisfied.
The safety needs are the needs for stability, order and protection. An
insecure person behaves as if a great tragedy is always impending. This person
has an over need for order and stability, and tries hard to avoid the strange and the
unexpected. In short, people need to feel secure, safe and out of danger. People
are going to realize that higher needs become unimportant when their life is
endangered.
The next needs are the belonging and love needs. Love according to
Maslow involves a healthy, loving relationship between two people which include
mutual trust (Globe: 41). We satisfy our love needs by establishing an intimate,
caring relationship with another person, or people in general, and in this
relationship it is just as important to give love as to receive it. In the proper
relationship, there are lack of fear and dropping of defenses. The absence of love
stifles growth and the development of potential. To defeat love needs is
considered as a prime cause of maladjustment. Love hunger is a deficiency
disease. Love involve research hunger for affectionate relationship with others and
it requires both the receiving and giving of love itself, love from another and
someone to love. According to Maslow, belonging and love needs are difficult to
16
be satisfied in this modern world in which people move a lot. We no longer stay
permanently in one place. We change houses, neighborhood, cities, countries and
even spouses. We are not long enough in one place to develop a sense of
belonging.
The self esteem needs have two categories. They are self-esteem and
respect from other people. Self esteem comprises such needs as desires for
confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence and
freedom. Those characteristics if we lack of them, we feel inferior, weak and
helpless in facing life. Respect encloses such concepts as prestige, recognition,
acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation. Very often we think
well ourselves if we are sure that others think well of us.
The self actualization needs are described as the desire to become more
and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.
These needs are the identification of the psychological needs for growth,
development and utilization of potential. Self-actualizing people express their
emotions in open and direct ways. They are also committed to their work.
According to Maslow, if this sense of devotion and dedication is absent, it is
impossible for someone to become self actualizing. These needs also appear after
reasonable satisfaction of love and esteem needs (Globe 42).
2.2 Theoretical Framework
The theories that the writer had explained were to support the analysis of
the study. In this part, the writer mentioned what theories are applied and why the
17
writer used those theories. First was the theory of critical approach which was
important to know what approach was the most relevant to analyze the study. It
turn out that the psychological approach was the most relevant one because this
study discussed human motivation, personality, and behavior patterns written in
literary objects. Moreover, this approach believed that character’s thought,
personality and behavior might reflect their psychological order.
The second was the theory of character and characterization. The theories
were used to help the writer describe what kind of person was the Jacques
Sauniere in the novel. According to the theory, a character should be described
through several ways. These theories were important in answering the first
questions in the problem formulation.
The third was theory of motivation. The theory was employed in order to
reveal the motivation of Jacques Sauniere in leaving a message before he died.
The theory is important to answer the second question of problem formulation.
2.3
Criticism of the Novel
The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery-detective fiction novel written by
American author Dan Brown. It follows symbologist Robert Langdon and Sophie
Neveu as they investigate a murder in Paris's Louvre Museum and discover a
battle between the Priory of Sion and Opus Dei over the possibility of Jesus Christ
of Nazareth having been married to Mary Magdalene.
The title of the novel refers to, among other things, the fact that the murder
victim is found in the Denon Wing of the Louvre, naked and posed like Leonardo
18
da Vinci's famous drawing, the “Vitruvian Man”, with a cryptic message written
beside his body and a pentacle drawn on his stomach in his own blood.
The novel has provoked a popular interest in speculation concerning the
Holy Grail legend and Magdalene's role in the history of Christianity. The book
has been extensively denounced by many Christian denominations as an attack on
the Roman Catholic Church. It has also been criticized for its historical and
scientific inaccuracy.
The book is a worldwide bestseller that sold 80 million copies as of
2009[update] and has been translated into 44 languages. This makes it, as of 2010,
the best selling English language novel of the 21st century and the 2nd biggest
selling novel of the 21st century in any language. Combining the detective,
thriller, and conspiracy fiction genres, it is Brown's second novel to include the
character Robert Langdon, the first being his 2000 novel Angels & Demons. In
November 2004, Random House published a Special Illustrated Edition with 160
illustrations. In 2006, a film adaptation was released by Sony's Columbia Pictures.
The book generated criticism when it was first published, due to its
inaccurate description of core aspects of Christianity, the history of the Catholic
Church, and descriptions of European art, history, and architecture. The book has
received mostly negative reviews from Catholic and other Christian communities.
Many critics say that Brown should have done much more research before
publishing this book. On February 22, 2004, an article titled "The Last Word: The
Da Vinci Code" appeared in the New York Times by writer Laura Miller. Miller
attacks The Da Vinci Code on multiple levels, referring to it as "based on a
19
notorious hoax", "rank nonsense", and "bogus." She points out how heavily the
book is based on the fabrications of Pierre Plantard (the Priory of Sion did not
exist until Plantard created it) who in 1953 was arrested and convicted of fraud.
The book opens with the claim by Dan Brown that "The Priory of Sion —
a European secret society founded in 1099 — is a real organization". The Priory
of Sion itself was actually a hoax created in 1956 by a Mr. Pierre Plantard. The
author also claims that "all descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents …
and secret rituals in this novel are accurate"; but this claim is disputed by almost
all academic scholars in the fields the book discusses.
Numerous works have been published that explain in detail why any claim
to accuracy is difficult to substantiate, while two lawsuits have been brought
alleging plagiarism in The Da Vinci Code. The first suit for copyright
infringement was filed in February 2006 in a British court by the authors of The
Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, a purportedly nonfiction account of Mary
Magdalene's role as the wife of Jesus of Nazareth and the mother of his child, was
found in Dan Brown's favor. No verdict has yet been rendered on a second suit,
filed in August of the same year, in the United States by Jack Dunn, the author of
The Vatican Boys.
A third author, Lewis Perdue, alleged that Brown plagiarized from two of
his novels, The Da Vinci Legacy, originally published in 1983, and Daughter of
God, originally published in the year 2000. He sought to block distribution of the
book and film. However, Judge George Daniels of the US District Court in New
York ruled against Perdue in 2005, saying that "A reasonable average lay observer
20
would not conclude that The Da Vinci Code is substantially similar to Daughter of
God" and that "Any slightly similar elements are on the level of generalized or
otherwise unprotectable ideas." Perdue appealed, the 2nd US Circuit Court of
Appeals upheld the original decision, saying Mr. Perdue's arguments were
"without merit".
Dan Brown himself dilutes the suggestion of some of the more
controversial aspects being fact on his web site: "The FACT page makes no
statement whatsoever about any of the ancient theories discussed by fictional
characters. Interpreting those ideas is left to the reader". However, it also says that
"these real elements are interpreted and debated by fictional characters", "it is my
belief that some of the theories discussed by these characters may have merit."
and "the secret behind The Da Vinci Code was too well documented and
significant for me to dismiss." Brown's ambiguity on the matter continues to fuel
debate over the factual content of the novel.
Brown's earlier statements about the accuracy of the historical information
in his book, however, were far more strident. In 2003, while promoting his novel,
he was asked in interviews what parts of the history in his novel actually
happened. He replied "Absolutely all of it." In a 2003 interview with CNN's
Martin Savidge he was again asked how much of the historical background was
true. He replied, "99% is true ... the background is all true". Asked by Elizabeth
Vargas in an ABC News special if the book would have been different if he had
written it as non-fiction he replied, "I don't think it would have." More recently
Brown has avoided interviews and has been rather more circumspect about the
21
accuracy of his claims in his few public statements. He has also, however, never
retracted any of his earlier assertions that the history in the novel is accurate,
despite substantial academic criticism of his claims.
In 2005, UK TV personality Tony Robinson edited and narrated a detailed
rebuttal of the main arguments of Dan Brown and those of Baigent, Leigh and
Lincoln, "The Real Da Vinci Code", shown on British TV Channel 4. The
program featured lengthy interviews with many of the main protagonists cited by
Brown as "absolute fact" in The Da Vinci Code. Arnaud de Sède, son of Gérard de
Sède, stated categorically that his father and Plantard had made up the existence
of the Prieuré de Sion, the cornerstone of the Jesus bloodline theory - to quote
Arnaud de Sede in the program, "frankly, it was piffle". The program also cast
severe doubt on the Rosslyn Chapel association with the Grail and on other
related stories like the alleged landing of Mary Magdalene in France.
The novel has also attracted criticism in literary circles for its alleged lack
of artistic or literary merit and its allegedly stereotyped portrayal of British and
French characters.
Stephen Fry has referred to Brown's writings as "complete loose stoolwater" and "arse gravy of the worst kind." In a live chat on June 14, 2006, he
clarified, "I just loathe all those books about the Holy Grail and Masons and
Catholic conspiracies and all that botty-dribble. I mean, there's so much more
that's interesting and exciting in art and in history. It plays to the worst and laziest
in humanity, the desire to think the worst of the past and the desire to feel superior
to it in some fatuous way."
22
In his 2005 University of Maine Commencement Address, best-selling
author Stephen King put Dan Brown's work and "Jokes for the John" on the same
level, calling such literature the "intellectual equivalent of Kraft Macaroni and
Cheese." The New York Times, while reviewing the movie based on the book,
called the book "Dan Brown's best-selling primer on how not to write an English
sentence". The New Yorker reviewer Anthony Lane refers to it as "unmitigated
junk" and decries "the crumbling coarseness of the style." Linguist Geoffrey
Pullum and others posted several entries critical of Dan Brown's writing, at
Language Log, calling Brown one of the "worst prose stylists in the history of
literature" and saying Brown's "writing is not just bad; it is staggeringly, clumsily,
thoughtlessly, almost ingeniously bad." Roger Ebert described it as a "potboiler
written with little grace and style," although he did say it did "supply an intriguing
plot."
http://www.rbooks.co.uk/product.aspx?id
2.4
Context of the Novel
The context of the story will be seen through the biography of the writer and
the setting of the story. The biographical approach is used to show us the life of
Dan Brown that inspires himself to write about thriller novels.
Dan Brown (Danielle Brown) was born and raised in Exeter, New
Hampshire, USA. Brown grew up on the campus of Phillips Exeter Academy,
where his father, Richard G. Brown, was a teacher of mathematics. Brown's
interest in secrets and puzzles stems from their presence in his household as a
23
child, where codes and ciphers were the lynchpin tying together the mathematics,
music and languages in which his parents worked. When he was young Brown
spent hours working out anagrams and crossword puzzles, and he and his siblings
participated in elaborate treasure hunts devised by their father on birthdays and
holidays.
After graduating from Phillips Exeter, Brown attended Amherst College.
Brown spent the 1985 school year abroad in Seville, Spain, where he was enrolled
in an art history course at the University of Seville. Brown graduated from
Amherst in 1986.
In 1991 he moved to Hollywood to pursue a career as singer-songwriter and
pianist. To support himself, he taught classes at Beverly Hills Preparatory School
but in 1996, Brown quit teaching to become a full-time writer.
The Da Vinci Code was released in 2003 and received immediate attention
from critics. It was the book that achieved lasting literary success and popularity
for Dan Brown. All of his books are about thriller. He used his experience about
codes in writing his novel. We can see the same theme in Digital Fortress, one of
the novels written by Dan Brown.
The story takes place in Paris. It starts off with the murder of Jacques
Saunière (one of the Grand Masters of Priory of Sion). Sauniere’s body is
positioned as “The Virvituan Man”, Leonardo Da Vinci’s famous painting.
Around his body, there are codes written with his own blood. There is a message
24
for Sophie Neveu, who is his granddaughter and Robert Langdon. Sauniere knows
that Langdon has skills in deciphering codes. Therefore they are chased by the
police since the police think that Langdon murdered Sauniere. Later on in the
story, Neveu and Langdon get help from Sir Leigh Teabing, a British historian.
Langdon and Neveu start to sort through the riddles, and they find a trail that leads
to the work of Leonardo Da Vinci, and the secret society, the Priory Sion.
The Priory Sion think that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were married. Here
they find out that Sauniere was a member of the Priory. Jacques Sauniere wants to
tell this secret to Sophie Neveu, but their relationship getting worse since Sophie
Neveu saw her grandfather having a ritual sex. Since that time, she had not met
her grandfather. At the end of the story, Sophie Neveu finds her long-lost
grandmother and her brother.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of four sections. The first is subject matter. It deals
with the subject of the study. The second is approaches. It deals with the literature
approaches that I use to analyze the novel. The third is data collection. It deals
with the sources that I use in analyzing the study. The fourth is procedures. It
deals with the steps in completing the thesis.
3.1 Subject Matter
The subject matter here is a novel that I choose to be analyzed. It is
entitled The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown. This novel is about 489 pages and
published by Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc New York in year
2003. This novel originally written in English and was translated into 44 different
languages.
This novel tells a story about Robert Langdon, a writer and also lecturer.
When he came to Paris, he was accused as the murdered to Jacques Sauniere.
Jacques Sauniere wrote a mesage which led Sophie and Langdon to find a series
of riddles and anagrams. Here the secret behind the work of Leonardo Da Vinci
came up. Leonardo Da Vinci has purpose in making the painting such as
Monalisa, Madonna of The Rock, The Last Supper. In the end of the story, they
find Sophie’s long lost grandmother and brother.
25
26
3.2 Approach
This study uses the psychological approach. It discusses human
motivation, personality and behavior patterns of a person in literary work that
built his or her characters. The psychological approach supported the writer to
reveal the Jacques Sauniere’s motivation in leaving a message before he died. It
could be realized, since as proposed by Rohrberger and Woods, the psychological
approach involves various theories of psychology to explain the character’s
personality in a story. Each character’s behavior could be referred to a psychology
of human being.
3.3 Procedures
It is a library study; therefore I did the primary and secondary source. I use
Dan Brown novel entitled The Da Vinci Code as the primary source.
The secondary sources of my study are the materials that support the
evidence for the problem formulation study. They are dictionaries, encyclopedias,
text books, some newspaper and magazines articles both from the library and the
internet.
My first procedure of this study was deciding the topic. It was begun with
excitement of studying motivation. After that I had to find the ideal literary media
that could be best to describe my topic.
It is a must to understand the topic before, during and after the study,
therefore, I would not get lost in the comprehension more books, e-books and the
articles that support both again from the library and the internet simply can help it.
27
It is also important to read the novel carefully and over again. I also underlined
some important lines to me and wrote some notes on the novel that would help me
in the analyzing.
After the analyzing is completed, I create a teaching learning sets design
that associated to the topic using the novel as implementation of teaching English
skills.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
To answer the problems stated in the first chapter, I first would like to
examine the character of Jacques Sauniere and Sophie Neveu. Then I would like
to discuss Jacques Saunire’s motivation for writing his last message.
4.1 The Character of Jacques Sauniere
According to Henkle (1977: 97) the characters are divided into major
characters and minor characters. In this novel, Jacques Sauniere is the minor
character. His presence is only Sophie’s side of the experience. Though he is a
minor character, his influence is important in this novel.
Jacques Sauniere is seventy six years old man. He is the guard of Louvre
Museum in Paris, where there are some art of Leonardo Da Vinci. He is a
Frenchman. He is a member of Priory Sion. As a member of Priory Sion, he
worships goddess. A Priory Sion is a secret community which worshiping to
goddess. This community also believes that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were
married.
Jacques Sauniere was considered the premiere goddess iconographer on
earth. Not only did Sauniere have a personal passion for relics relating to
fertility, goddess cults, Wicca, and the sacred feminine, but during his
twenty-year tenure as curator, Sauniere had helped the Louvre amass the
largest collection of goddess art on earth-labrys axes from the priestesses’
oldest Greek shrine in Delphi, gold caducei wands, hundreds of Tjet ankhs
resembling small standing angel, sistrum rattles used in ancient Egypt to
dispel evil spirit, and an astonishing array of statues depicting Horus being
nursed by the goddess Isis. (25)
28
29
In his last time, Sauniere still considered to make a message. He made a
decision to pose like The Virvituan Man. He also wrote a message 13-3-2 21-1-18-5 O, Draconian Devil! Oh, lame saint! P.S find Robert Langdon. This message
leads to sequence riddles that make Sophie had to begin her adventure. She has to
find out what her grandfather wanted her to do. Although he is an old man, he is
still strong enough. His eagerness made him strong and before he reached what he
wanted.
“Mr. Sauniere suffered a bullet wound to his stomach. He died very
slowly. Perhaps over fifteen or twenty minutes. He was obviously a man of
great personal strength.” (37)
4.1.1 Tough
Sauniere is a tough person. He would not give up easily. During ten years
bad relationship with his granddaughter, he always tried to reach her. He always
sent Sophie letters, cards, even phoned her, but Sophie always ignored him. Her
grandfather tried desperately to reach her. Sending cards and letters, begging
Sophie to meet him so he could explain. (81)
Incredibly, Sauniere had never given up on her, and Sophie now possessed
a decade’s worth of correspondence unopened in a dresser drawer. To her
grandfather’s credit, he had never once disobeyed her request and phoned
her.
“Sophie?” his voice had sounded startlingly old on her answering
machine. “I have abided by your wishes for so long…and it pains me to
call, but I must speak to you. Something terrible has happened.” (82)
When someone hurts other’s feeling, it will difficult to forgive. The only
way is explaining everything and ask for apology. There is something that Jacques
Sauniere wanted to talk to her. That is the reason he always tried to reach her. He
30
wished that someday he could talk to Sophie. He wished he could explain
everything and make their relationship well.
4.1.2 Loving
Jacques Sauniere is a loving person. He loves Sophie much. When Sophie
was on her ninth birthday, she tried to find her birthday present. Unintended, she
found a necklace with a key in it. She was wandering whether the necklace was
for her or not. When her grandfather caught her, he asked Sophie to return it.
Sophie thought that she would not receive a birthday present after what she had
done. “I know, sweetie. You’re forgiven. I can’t possibly stay mad at you.
Grandfather and granddaughters always forgive each other.” (120)
Jacques Sauniere loves his granddaughter that is why he did not give
punishment or shout to Sophie. He had his own way in treating his granddaughter.
After what Sophie had done, she still received a birthday present from her
granddaughter.
4.1.3 Melancholic
Though Jacques Sauniere is a tough person, he is a melancholic man. This
happened when Sophie and he went to Scotland and when they were going back
to Paris. Jacques sauniere felt so sad. There is something that made him hard to
leave that place.
“Why are you crying, Grand-pere?
He picked her up and held her close. “oh Sophie, you and I have said
goodbye to a lot of people this year. It’s hard.”
31
“To a dear friend whom i love very much,” he replied, his voice heavy
with emotion. “And I fear I will not see her again for a very long time.”
(471-472)
Leaving someone that we love is hard to do. It also happens to Jacques
Sauniere. He felt sad when having separated with someone he loves.
4.2 The Character of Sophie Neveu
Sophie Neveu is one of the main characters in the novel. Neveu has
studied cryptography in England at Royal Holloway and she works as a
cryptographer at Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire in Paris, which is the
national authority of the criminal division of the French National Police.
Sophie Neveu was one of DCPJ’s biggest mistakes. A young Parisian
dechiffreuse who had studied cryptography in England at the Royal
Holloway, Sophie Neveu had been foisted on Fache two years ago as part
of the ministry’s attempt to incorporate more women into the police force.
(55)
Though Sophie Neveu is a woman, she can enter and work as
cryptographer for Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire in Paris. Her existence
does not get much appreciation to her superior, Bezu Fache. They think that
letting the woman work in police is that kind of work is especially threatening for
some of the men. They think that women will disturb their work. That is why the
captain of the Cenatral Directorate Judicial Police, Bezu Fache, is not impressed
by her and he is of the opinion that women do not belong in the police force.
“Women not only lacked the physicality necessary for the police work, but
their mere presence posed a dangerous distraction to the men in the field.”
(55)
32
He is afraid that because Neveu is an attractive woman, she would draw
away the police men’s attention from their work. He also thinks that she as a
woman should have nothing to do with the police force, since women are not as
strong as men, but that could be considered a pretext, since Neveu is a
cryptographer, and that does not acquire any physical strength. It is not only Fache
who is annoyed with a female co-worker. There are also cryptographers, who do
not want to work with her, and it is not her looks that concern them, it is her great
knowledge of symbology and her ability to show it.
4.2.1 Beautiful
According to Murphy, a character can be recognized by his/her physical
appearance. In this novel Sophie Neveu is described as a beautiful simple and
elegant woman. It can be seen from her appearance.
Unlike the waifish, cookie-cutter blondes that adorned Harvard dorm room
walls, this woman was healthy with an unembellished beauty and
genuiness that radiated a striking personal confidence. (56)
She was moving down the corridor toward them with long, fluid stides… a
haunting certainty. Dressed casually in a knee-length, cream color Irish
sweater over black leggings, she was attractive and looked to be about
thirty. Her thick burgundy hair fell unstyled to her shoulders, framing the
warmth of her face. (55)
The way she dressed described that she is a simple but elegant woman.
She does not waste her time to make up herself. Dressing casually but still in
elegant looking. Though she is thirty, she still looks pretty.
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4.2.2 Stuborn
Sophie‘s relationship with her grandfather, Jacques Sauniere was not good
since her coming home for holiday when she was studying in university. To her
surprised, she found that her grandfather was having a ritual sex. She went away
and left her grandfather.
Sophie never responded except once-to forbid him ever to call her or try to
meet her in public. She was afraid his explanation would be more
terrifying than the incident itself. (81)
It seems that she cannot forgive her grandfather. She did not want to hear
any explanation from her grandfather. For ten years, they were having bad
relationship. Her grandfather always sent her cards, letters, even reach her on the
phone but she ignored him. She did not want to talk to him or hear any
explanation.
4.2.3 Smart
As stated above that she works for Paris Judicial Police. Her ability makes
her senior above her. She brings the new methodology of cryptography to solve
the cases in Paris police department.
At thirty-two years old, she had a dogged determination that bordered on
obstinate. Her eager espousal of Britain’s new cryptologic methodology
continually exasperated the veteran French cryptographers above her. (55)
As a woman she is not expected to know much, especially not more than
men, therefore she becomes a threat to them, and therefore they dislike her. It is
34
not her personal qualities that disturb them but it is the fact that she is a woman,
and because of that not supposed to be so prominent.
When Sophie knows that her grandfather, Jacques Sauniere was murdered,
and the police were accused Langdon, she makes a quick decision how to get
Langdon out, so that he would not be in jail because she knows that Langdon was
not guilty. She tells Langdon that he got a message from the U.S embassy. When
Langdon calls the number given by Sophie, he is surprised. The voice on the
phone is Sophie’s voice which was recorded. Sophie gives some directions.
And yet the more he listened, the more he sensed Sophie Neveu was
speaking in earnest. Do not react to this message. Just listen calmly. You are
in danger right now. Follow my directions very closely. Filled with
uncertainty, Langdon had decided to do exactly as Sophie advised. (71)
If we know new people, we will not believe to him/her easily in short time.
It will take time to have someone’s trust. With her ability, Sophie could gain
Langdon’s trust in short time. Sophie can ensure Langdon as if as Langdon had no
choice, except follow her though they never met each other.
If the smartest thing you could do. If you let Fache take you into custody
now, you’ll spend weeks in a French jail while DCPJ and the U.S Embassy
fight over which courts try your case. But if we get you out of here, and
make it to your embassy, then your government will protect your rights
while you and I prove you had nothing to do with this murder.” (85)
Langdon has no choices except follow her. He does not want to be in jail
because he is not guilty. It is possible for someone to trust someone else in short
time easily. In this case Sophie can ensure Langdon that she can help him.
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4.2.4 Curious
Since Sophie still kids, her curiosity was in her. She likes to play puzzle.
Her grandfather always gave the birthday present or Christmas present indirectly.
Sophie had to break the several codes, riddles or treasure hunt to get her present.
It was the day before her ninth birthday. She was secretly combing the
house, searching for hidden birthday presents. Even then, she could not
bear secrets kept from her. (117)
Her curiosity makes Sophie always wandering. When something is on her
mind, she would find the answer by herself. She does not like secret. She would
never give up until she finds the answer that makes her satisfied.
4.3 Jacques Sauniere’s Motivation for Writing His Last Message
Most people in the world, whether they realized or not live in an organize
way. They manage their daily activities. They know when they have to go to work
or to school, to go with friends, to visit relatives, to have a vacation, or just to
enjoy the day with the person they love. Everything goes like they want and they
do not have to worry about it. But what if something unexpected happens? Most
people do not prepare themselves for the unexpected things. They are happy with
what they are and what they have. So, when something unexpected happens, they
do not know what to do.
The same condition also happens in a family. Jacques Sauniere is left by
his granddaughter, Sophie Neveu. It is the hard thing he faced, since Sophie
Neveu is his beloved granddaughter. Sophie live with him since Sophie’s parents
36
got an accident when she was still kid. Until his last times, he tried to call Sophie.
There is something he wanted to talk.
“We had a falling – out ten years ago,” Sophie said, her voice a whisper
now. “We’ve barely spoken since. Tonight when Crypto got the call that
he had been murdered, and I saw the images of his body and text on the
floor, I realized he was trying to send me a message.” (76)
Because his effort is not success, in his last minutes he tried to attract
Sophie. He posed as The Virvituan Man one of Leonardo da Vinci famous
painting. The Virvituan Man is Sophie favorite painting. Jacques Sauniere hopes
that by posed like that in his death, Sophie will come. “The Virvituan Man,” she
said flatly. “That particular sketch has always been my favorite Da Vinci work.
Tonight he used it to catch my attention.” (76)
Saunire looked remarkably fit for a man of his years… and all of his
musculature was in plain view. He had stripped off every shred of
clothing, placed it neatly on the floor, and lain down on his back in the
center of the wide corridor, perfectly aligned with the long axis of the
room. His arms and legs were sprawled outward in a wide spread eagle,
like those of a child making a snow angel… or, perhaps more
appropriately, like a man being drawn and quartered by some invisible
force. (38)
As stated in chapter 2 that people’s behavior in influenced by certain
motives. These motives lead them to behave in their manner to get some
achievement. Motivation seems to provide the “why” behavior. To discover why
Jacques Sauniere leaves a message before he died, the theory of motivation
especially Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is utilized.
According to Maslow, there are five basic needs in the hierarchy of needs.
There are psychological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem
37
needs, and self actualization needs. Maslow argues that usually the lowest need on
the hierarchy being satisfied. (Globe 38-43)
4.3.1 Fulfilling Sophie’s Safety Needs
Leaving the message “P.S find Robert Langdon” Jacques Sauniere wanted
Sophie to find Robert Langdon so that she would not be alone. As the
granddaughter of the Priory Sion’s grandmaster, Sophie is always in danger.
member of Priory Sion, Jacques Sauniere is one of the Grandmasters of Priory
Sion. He thinks that it is the right time to him to tell the truth to Sophie. He loves
Sophie very much. He does not want something happen to her. Jacques Sauniere
wanted to make his relationship well.
“You cannot be mad forever. Have you not read the letters that I’ve sent
all these years? Do you not yet understand? He paused. “We must speak at
once. Please grant your grandfather this one wish. Call me at the Louvre.
Right away. I believe you and I are in danger.” (82)
As the member of Priory Sion, he is always in danger. He can be killed
anytime, so does with Sophie. After their relationship is bad for ten years,
Sauniere wanted to explain and tell the truth. Sophie does not know that her
grandfather is one of the members of Priory Sion.
4.3.2 Fulfilling Sophie’s Belongingness and Love Needs
Jacques Sauniere felt that he does not longer live anymore. In her last time,
Jacques Sauniere did not want Sophie live alone. Through the message he left, it
38
leads to several riddles that finally leads Sophie find her grandmother and her
brother. Sophie thinks that she has no more family since her grandfather death.
“Princess…” her grandfather’s voice cracked with an emotion Sophie
could not place. “I know I’ve kept things from you, and I know it has cost
me your love. But it was for your own safety. Now you must know the
truth. Please, I must tell you the truth about your family.” (82)
Sophie suddenly could hear her own heart. My family? Sophie’s parents
had died when she was only four. Their car went of the bridge into fast
moving water. Her grandmother and her brother also in been in the car and
Sophie’s entire family had been erased in an instant. She had a box of
newspaper clippings to confirm it. (82)
The only family she has is her grandfather. Jacques Sauniere thought when
someday he passed away, Sophie will be alone. Being lonely is uninteresting
thing. That is why through the sequence messages, Jacques Sauniere wanted
Sophie to meet her grandmother. Having family, she would get affection and feel
belonging. Her grandmother loves her. She was worried about her when she heard
that Jacques Sauniere passed away, but she was happy that Sophie is safe.
Marie came over and stood beside him. “Mr. Langdon, when I first heard
of Jacques Sauniere’s murder. I was terrified for Sophie’s safety. Seeing
her standing in my doorway tonight was the greatest relief of my life.
(476)
Though Jacques Sauniere passed away, Sophie can get affection from her
family. That is from her grandmother and her brother. What Jacques Sauniere
wanted is done.
Leaving by people that we love will make us sad. That also happens to
Sophie. After her grandfather’s death, she felt that she would be alone in this
world. As far as Sophie knew, her family was only Sauniere.
39
Sophie could not imagine that only yesterday she had felt so alone in the
world. And now, some how, in this foreign place, in the company of three
people she barely knew, she felt at last that she was home. (475)
Having a family is important needs. If we do not know who is our family,
we will lack of affection, love, and attention. Here Sophie finds her family and she
gets love from her grandmother and her brother. Jacques Sauniere wants to fulfill
Sophie’s needs of love, especially love from her family.
4.3.3 Fulfilling Sophie’s Self Esteem Needs
In this novel, Sophie only knows that her only family is her grandfather,
Jacques Sauniere. Her parents passed away in a car accident when she was in four
years old. Since that time, she was living with her grandfather. In the end of the
story, when Sophie met her grandmother, she told Sophie what had happened.
In the story Marie Chauvel, Sophie grandmother told that the night before
Sophie’s parents got an accident, they planned to take a vacation. Fortunately,
they changed the plan. Sophie’s parents went without their children. When they
got the accident, Jacques Sauniere told the police that Sophie’s grandmother and
brother are also is the car. Later on, they are underground with the Priory, while
Sophie and Sauniere stay in Paris. It is hard being separated from the family.
Jacques and Marie only met infrequently
Sophie now understands why Sauniere wanted her to meet her grandmother,
and she has to break sequence riddles set by him.
Incredibly, both had been from Merovingian families-direct descendants of
Mary Magdalene and Jesus Christ. Sophie’s parents and ancestors for
protection, had changed their names of Plantard and Saint Clair. Their
children represented the most direct surviving royal bloodline and therefore
40
were carefully guarded by the Priory. When Sophie’s parents were killed in
a car accident whose cause could not be determined, the Priory feared the
identity of the royal line had been discovered. (476)
Jacques Sauniere’s motivation is to fulfill Sophie self esteem needs. We will
be proud if we know who we are; where we are from, who are our parents,
moreover if we come from unordinary people, like Sophie.
“Sophie....” her grandfather said on the machine. “I have been waiting for
years to tell you. Waiting for the right moment, but now time has run out.
Call me at the Louvre. As may be in danger. There's so much you need to
know.” (83)
On the other hand, Jacques Sauniere actually wants to fill his needs.
Leaving by her grandaughter makes him feel alone. He wants to repair the ten
year bad relationship with his grandaughter. By telling the truth, he wishes Sophie
could understand and make his relationship well.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This last chapter serves as the closures of the whole study. It includes the
conclusion and suggestion. The conclusion concerns with the answer of the
formulated problems. The suggestion concerns the implementation of literary
work in language teaching.
5.1
Conclusion
Based on the discussion in previous chapter, this study concludes that: first
Jacques Sauniere is an old loving French man. He is a tough person who never
give up easily. On the other hand, he is a melancholic.
In the meantime, Sophie Neveu is a middle age woman. She works for
DCPJ (Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire) in Paris. She is beautiful, smart,
and curious. On the other side, she is stubborn.
The last conclusion deals with the Jacques Sauniere’s motivation for
writing his last message. In this study we can see that Jacques Sauniere wants to
fulfill Sophie’s safety needs, belonging and love needs, and self esteem needs.
Those three needs are actually Jaques Sauniere's needs. By giving those
three needs Jacques Sauniere's hopes that he could repair his ten year bad
relationship with Sophie.
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42
5.2
Suggestion
5.2.1
For the future researchers
Analyzing novel is an interesting thing. We can freely see the author’s
work from varies different point of view. We can have so many interpretations
considering with how the story was told. We have seen someone’s motivation for
writing his last message.
In this study, I chose to analyze Jacques Sauniere’s motivation for writing
his last message. The result is Jacques Sauniere wants to fill her granddaughter
needs, they are; safety needs, belongingness and love needs, and self esteem
needs. In fact, those three needs are actually Jacques Sauniere’s needs.
For the future researcher, I might be able to give some ideas of interpreting
The Da Vinci Code. The future researchers can analyze the centrality of human
relationships, especially male-female relationships.
5.2.2
For the Teachers
I choose the writing for the implementation of literary work, in this case
The Da Vinci Code in teaching English. A novel can be a rich resource of
inspiration for the teachers to use in the teaching learning process. Novel offers
potential benefits of a high order for English as a second or foreign language. All
aspects in the novel can be used in teaching English. Language, literature, and
culture are closely related to each other. More important, when students read
novel in English they are exposed to the language, the authentic English language.
43
We can use the literary work, in this matter The Da Vinci Code. By reading the
novels, we can learn English in a more fun way.
5.2.2.1 The Implementation of The Da Vinci Code in Teaching Writing
In this study I will focus on writing composition. This teaching learning
activities is dedicated for the students at advanced level. We can use The Da Vinci
Code in teaching writing based on four kinds of composition. There are:
explanation and analysis, argument, description and summary, and narrative. The
teacher can pick one model of The Da Vinci Code. Then, the teacher distributes
the model to the students and asks them to read. After that, the teacher can ask the
students to write a narrative composition similar to the example given base on the
teacher’s instruction. Here is the procedure of how to conduct it in teaching
writing:
1. The teacher selects a passage from The Da Vinci Code according to a
certain type of composition. The selection of the passage must consider
with
the
vocabularies,
sentence
structure,
punctuation,
content
organization, development of ideas and type of composition.
2. The teacher distributes the passage to the students.
3. The teacher asks the students to read the passage.
4. The teacher and the students discuss the difficult words.
5. The teacher gives brief explanation of the type of the composition of the
passage.
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6. The teacher asks the students to write based on certain topic selected by
the teacher.
7. The teacher asks the students to submit their works.
REFERENCES
Abrams, M. H. Glossary of Literary Terms. 6th ed. Forth Worth: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston Inc. 1993.
Brown, Dan. The Da Vinci Code. New York: Anchor Books. A Division of
Random House, Inc. 2003.
Goble, Frank G. The third Force: The Psychology of Human Behavior. New
York: Pocket Book. 1971.
Guralnik, David B. New Webster’s New World Dictionary. New Delhi: Oxford &
IBH. 1975.
Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Fourth Edition. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. 1994.
Kalish, Richard A. The Psychology of Human Behavior. 3rd ed. California:
Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. 1973.
Maslow, Abraham H. The Farther Reaches Human of Human Nature. Middlesex:
Penguin Books Ltd. 1976.
Montagu, Ashley. The Natural Superiority of Women. New York. McMillan.
1953.
Murphy, M. J. Understanding Unseen. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
1972.
Petri, Herbert L. Motivation: Theory and Research. Belmont, California:
Wadsworth Inc. 1981.
Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. Reading and Writing about
Literature. New York: Random House Inc. 1971
Stanton, Robert. An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston Inc. 1964.
Van De Laar, E. and Schoonwoerd. An Approach to English Literature. (s.l):
L.C.G. Malmberg. 1957.
Worchel, Stephen, and Joel Cooper. Understanding Social Psychology. New
York: The Dorsey Press. 1979
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46
Online Sources
Collin
Hansen. 2008. Breaking The Da Vinci Code. August 2008.
(http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/news/2003/nov7.html, accessed on
May 2, 2010).
Darrell L. Bock, Ph.D. 2006. Christian Analysis of Da Vinci Code: What Dan
Brown Did Not Tell You - Three Major Errors Plus a Few More.
September 2006. (http://www.thetruthaboutdavinci.com/christian-analysisof-da-vinci-code.html, accessed on May 10, 2010).
Lenny Esposito. 2006. Why True Beliefs Make a Difference. June 2006.
(http://www.thetruthaboutdavinci.com/why-true-beliefs-make-a difference.
html, accessed on May 2, 2010).
Pdt. Juswantori Ichwan, M.Th. 2006. The Da Vinci Code. August 2006.
(http://www.gki.or.id/content/doc.php?doctype=N&id=22, accessed on
May 5, 2010).
Appendix 1
THE COVER OF THE DA VINCI CODE
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Appendix 2
SUMMARY OF THE DA VINCI CODE
The story starts off with the murder of Jacques Saunière (the Grand Master
Of Priory of Sion, although virtually no one knows that at the time) by Silas
(acting on behalf of someone known only as The Teacher) to extract the location
of the "keystone", an item that leads to the Holy Grail. The police summon Robert
Langdon, who is delivering a lecture in Paris, to the murder scene and ask for his
help in deciphering the code Sauniere left on and near his body. Bezu Fache, the
Captain of the Central Directorate Judicial Police, believes Langdon is the prime
suspect in the murder.
Sophie Neveu shows up at the murder scene as a police cryptographer and
quickly gains Langdon's trust. Jacques Saunière was Neveu's grandfather and they
were very close to each other until she discovered him participating in a pagan sex
ritual (Hieros Gamos) at his home in Normandy, when she made a surprise visit
there during a break from boarding school. (That she had observed something is
mentioned and hinted at several times throughout the story, but what it is that she
saw is revealed to no one, including the reader, until near the end when she tells
Robert).
Langdon and Neveu find a baffling cipher near Saunière's body. These
clues were meant to lead to a second set of clues. By deciphering her grandfather's
clues, Neveu finds the painting, which has a key hidden behind it with an address
and symbols of the Priory of Sion were written on it. Working together, Langdon
and Neveu trick the police, flee the scene and figure out the secret of the key. The
key opens a safe deposit box at the Paris branch of the Depository Bank of Zurich.
Saunière's account number at the bank is a 10-digit number listing the digits of the
first eight Fibonacci numbers: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21.
48
49
Inside the safe deposit box they find the keystone which is actually a large
cryptex, a cylindrical device supposedly invented by Leonardo Da Vinci for
transporting secure messages. To open it the combination of rotating components
must be arranged in the correct order. If the cryptex is forced open an enclosed
vial of vinegar ruptures and dissolves the message, which was written on papyrus.
The rosewood box containing the large cryptex contains clues to the combination
of the cryptex, written in backwards script in the same manner as Leonardo's
journals.
The instructions that Saunière revealed to Silas at gunpoint are actually a
well-rehearsed lie, namely that the keystone is buried in the Church of SaintSulpice beneath an obelisk that lies exactly along the ancient "Rose Line" (the
former Prime Meridian which passed through Paris before it was redesignated to
pass through Greenwich). The message beneath the obelisk simply contains a
reference to a passage in the Book of Job (38:11a) which reads in part "Hitherto
shalt thou go and no further."(KJV) When Silas reads this, he realizes he has been
tricked.
Still being chased by the police, Langdon and Neveu take the keystone to
Sir Leigh Teabing (an expert in the Holy Grail and Langdon's friend). They flee
the country in Teabing's private plane, and on the plane figure out how to open the
cryptex, but the large cryptex actually contains a second smaller cryptex with a
second riddle that reveals its combination. The riddle, which says to seek the orb
that should be on the tomb of "a knight a pope interred," refers not to a medieval
knight, but rather to the tomb of Sir Isaac Newton, who was buried in
Westminster Abbey, and was eulogized by Alexander Pope (A. Pope).
It turns out that Teabing is the Teacher who assigned Silas to kill Jacques
Saunière and he also had information on the identities of the leaders of the Priory
of Sion who then bugged their offices and had Silas assassinate them. Rémy is his
collaborator. It is Teabing who contacted Bishop Aringarosa, hiding his identity,
50
and tricked him into financing the plan to find the Grail. He never intended to
hand the Grail over to Aringarosa but is taking advantage of Opus Dei's resolve to
find it. Teabing believes that the Priory of Sion has broken its vow to reveal the
secret of the Grail to the world at the appointed time. He plans to steal the Grail
documents and reveal them to the world himself, ruining the church, which he
blames for the event. It was he who informed Silas that Langdon and Sophie
Neveu were at his chateau. He did not seize the keystone from them himself
because he did not want to reveal his identity. He summoned Silas to seize the
keystone in his house, but himself thwarted Silas, in order to gain Langdon and
Sophie's further help with decoding the cryptex. Subsequently, the police raid the
house, having followed the tracking device in the truck Langdon had stolen while
escaping from the bank. Teabing led Neveu and Langdon to the Temple Church in
London, knowing full well that it was a dead end, in order to stage the hostage
scene with Rémy and thereby obtain the keystone without revealing his real plot
to Langdon and Neveu.
To erase all knowledge of his work, Teabing kills Rémy by giving him
cognac laced with peanut powder, knowing Rémy has a deadly allergy to peanuts.
Thus, Rémy dies of an anaphylactic shock. Teabing also anonymously tells the
police that Silas is hiding in the London headquarters of Opus Dei.
In a showdown with Teabing in Westminster Abbey, Langdon secretly
opens the second cryptex and removes its contents before destroying it in front of
Teabing. Teabing is arrested and led away while fruitlessly begging Langdon to
tell him the contents of the second cryptex and the secret location of the Grail.
Bezu Fache finds out that Neveu and Langdon are innocent after Bishop
Aringarosa contacts him privately to confess. Fache then cancels the warrants for
the arrest of Neveu and Langdon.
Silas accidentally shoots Aringarosa outside the London headquarters of
Opus Dei while fleeing from the police. Realizing his terrible error and that he has
51
been duped, Aringarosa tells Bezu Fache to give the bearer bonds in his briefcase
to the families of the murdered leaders of the Priory of Sion. Silas dies from his
fatal wounds.
The final message inside the second keystone actually does not refer to
Rosslyn Chapel, although the Grail was indeed once buried there, below the Star
of David on the floor (the two interlocking triangles are the "blade" and "chalice,"
i.e., male and female symbols).
The docent in Rosslyn Chapel is Sophie's long-lost brother. Sophie had been told
as a child that he was killed with her parents and grandmother in a car accident.
The guardian of Rosslyn Chapel, Marie Chauvel, is Sophie's long-lost
grandmother, and the wife of Jacques Saunière. She is the woman who
participated in the sex ritual with Jacques Saunière. It is revealed that Sophie is a
descendant of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. The Priory of Sion hid her
identity to protect her from possible threats to her life.
Even though all four of the leaders of the Priory of Sion are killed, the
secret is not lost, since there is still a contingency plan (never revealed) that will
keep the organization and its secret alive.
The real meaning of the last message is that the Grail is buried beneath the
small pyramid (i.e., the "blade," a male symbol) directly below the inverted glass
pyramid of the Louvre (i.e., the "chalice," a female symbol, which Langdon and
Sophie ironically almost crashed into while making their original escape from
Bezu Fache). It also lies beneath the "Rose Line," which is similar to "Rosslyn."
Langdon figures out this final piece to the puzzle in the last pages of the book, but
he does not appear inclined to tell anyone about this.
http:// www.nndb.com/people/977/000027896/The_Da_Vinci_Code
Appendix 3
Secret of the Holy Grail
Detail of “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci
In the novel Leigh Teabing explains to Sophie Neveu that the figure at the
right hand of Jesus in Leonardo da Vinci's painting of "The Last Supper" is not the
apostle John, but actually Mary Magdalene. In the novel, Magdalene was the wife
of Jesus Christ and was pregnant with his child when Jesus was crucified. Leigh
Teabing says that the absence of a chalice in Leonardo's painting means Leonardo
knew that Mary Magdalene was the actual Holy Grail and the bearer of Jesus'
blood in the form of the child she was carrying. Leigh Teabing goes on to explain
that this idea is supported by the shape of the letter "V" that is formed by the
bodily positions of Jesus and Mary, as "V" is the symbol for the sacred feminine.
The absence of the Apostle John in the painting is explained by knowing that John
is also referred to as "the Disciple Jesus loved", code for Mary Magdalene. The
book also notes that the color scheme of their garments are inverted: Jesus wears a
red blouse with royal blue cape; John/Mary wears a royal blue blouse with red
cape — perhaps symbolizing two bonded halves of marriage.
According to the novel, the secrets of the Holy Grail, as kept by the Priory of Sion
are as follows:
•
•
The Holy Grail is not a physical chalice, but a woman, namely Mary
Magdalene, who carried the bloodline of Christ.
The Old French expression for the Holy Grail, San gréal, actually is a play on
Sang réal, which literally means "royal blood" in Old French.
52
53
•
•
•
•
•
The Grail relics consist of the documents that testify to the bloodline, as well
as the actual bones of Mary Magdalene.
The Grail relics of Mary Magdalene were hidden by the Priory of Sion in a
secret crypt, perhaps beneath Rosslyn Chapel.
The Church has suppressed the truth about Mary Magdalene and the Jesus
bloodline for 2000 years. This is principally because they fear the power of the
sacred feminine in and of itself and because this would challenge the primacy
of Saint Peter as an apostle. More than that, it would prove that Jesus was
human, and therefore not divine.
Mary Magdalene was of royal descent (through the Jewish House of
Benjamin) and was the wife of Jesus, of the House of David. That she was a
prostitute was slander invented by the Church to obscure their true
relationship. At the time of the Crucifixion, she was pregnant. After the
Crucifixion, she fled to Gaul, where she was sheltered by the Jews of
Marseille. She gave birth to a daughter, named Sarah. The bloodline of Jesus
and Mary Magdalene became the Merovingian dynasty of France.
The existence of the bloodline was the secret that was contained in the
documents discovered by the Crusaders after they conquered Jerusalem in
1099 (see Kingdom of Jerusalem). The Priory of Sion and the Knights
Templar were organized to keep the secret.
The secrets of the Grail are connected, according to the novel, to Leonardo Da
Vinci's work as follows:
•
•
Leonardo was a member of the Priory of Sion and knew the secret of the
Grail. The secret is in fact revealed in “The Last Supper”, in which no actual
chalice is present at the table. The figure seated next to Christ is not a man, but
a woman, his wife Mary Magdalene. Most reproductions of the work are from
a later alteration that obscured her obvious female characteristics.
The androgyny of the Mona Lisa reflects the sacred union of male and female
implied in the holy union of Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Such parity between
the cosmic forces of masculine and feminine has long been a deep threat to the
established power of the Church. The name “Mona Lisa” is actually an
anagram for "Amon L'Isa", referring to the father and mother gods of Ancient
Egyptian religion (namely Amun and Isis).
A number of different authors also speculate about the possibility of Jesus
becoming a father. There are at least three children attributed to him, a
daughter Tamar, born before the Crucifixion, and two sons Jesus (the Jesus
Justus from the New Testament) and Josephes, both born after the
Resurrection. Although their names are now part of the common culture of
54
conspiracy writers, only two decades ago, when The Holy Blood and the Holy
Grail was written, the names were not mentioned. The royal descents that lie
at the heart of The Da Vinci Code mystery centre on the family of Josephes,
who is supposed to be the grandfather of Aminadab del Graal, first of the
"Fisher Kings". However the genealogies that are quoted in Grail lore appear
to record too few generations, with children regularly being born to fathers in
their 40s.
http:// www.nndb.com/people/977/000027896/The Secret of Holy Grail
Appendix 4
BIOGRAPHY
Born: 22-Jun-1964
Birthplace: Exeter, NH
Gender: Male
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Novelist
Nationality: United States
Executive summary: The Da Vinci Code
Father: Dick Brown (Math teacher at Phillips
Exeter Academy)
Mother: Connie Brown
Sister: Valerie (b. 1964)
Brother: Gregory (b. 1975)
Wife: Blythe Brown (2 children)
High School: Phillips Exeter Academy (1982)
University: BA English, Amherst College (1992)
Teacher: Phillips Exeter Academy (ex-) Mensa
Psi Upsilon Fraternity
Official Website:
http://www.danbrown.com/
Early life and Education
Dan Brown (Danielle Brown) was born and raised in Exeter, New Hampshire,
USA, the eldest of three children. Brown grew up on the campus of Phillips
Exeter Academy, where his father, Richard G. Brown, was a teacher of
mathematics, and wrote textbooks from 1968 until his retirement in 1997. Both of
Brown's parents are also singer/musicians and served as church choir masters,
with his mother serving as church organist. Brown was raised as an Episcopalian.
Brown's interest in secrets and puzzles stems from their presence in his household
as a child, where codes and ciphers were the lynchpin tying together the
mathematics, music and languages in which his parents worked. The young
Brown spent hours working out anagrams and crossword puzzles, and he and his
siblings participated in elaborate treasure hunts devised by their father on
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56
birthdays and holidays. On Christmas, for example, Brown and his siblings would
not find gifts under the tree, but would follow a treasure map with codes and clues
throughout their house and even around town in order to find their hiding place]
Brown's relationship with his father inspired that of Sophie Neveu and Jacques
Sauniere in The Da Vinci Code, and Chapter 23 of that novel was inspired by one
of his childhood treasure hunts.
After graduating from Phillips Exeter, Brown attended Amherst College, where he
was a member of Psi Upsilon fraternity. He played squash, sang in the Amherst
Glee Club, and was a writing student of visiting novelist Alan Lelchuk. Brown
spent the 1985 school year abroad in Seville, Spain, where he was enrolled in an
art history course at the University of Seville. Brown graduated from Amherst in
1986.
After graduating from Amherst, Brown dabbled with a musical career, creating
effects with a synthesizer, and self-producing a children's cassette entitled Synth
Animals which included a collection of tracks such as "Happy Frogs" and "Suzuki
Elephants"; it sold a few hundred copies. He then formed his own record company
called Dalliance, and in 1990 self-published a CD entitled Perspective, targeted to
the adult market, which also sold a few hundred copies.
In 1991 he moved to Hollywood to pursue a career as singer-songwriter and
pianist. To support himself, he taught classes at Beverly Hills Preparatory School.
He also joined the National Academy of Songwriters, and participated in many of
its events. It was there that he met Blythe Newlon, a woman 12 years his senior,
who was the Academy's Director of Artist Development. Though not officially
part of her job, she took on the seemingly unusual task of helping to promote
Brown's projects; she wrote press releases, set up promotional events, and put him
in contact with individuals who could be helpful to his career. She and Brown also
developed a personal relationship, though this was not known to all of their
associates until 1993, when Brown moved back to New Hampshire, and it was
learned that Blythe would accompany him. They married in 1997, at Pea Porridge
Pond, a location near Conway, New Hampshire.
In 1993, Brown released the self-titled CD Dan Brown, which included songs
such as "976-Love" and "If You Believe in Love".
In 1994, Brown released a CD titled Angels & Demons. Its artwork was the same
ambigram by artist John Langdon, which he later used for the novel Angels &
Demons. The liner notes also again credited his wife for her involvement,
thanking her "for being my tireless cowriter, coproducer, second engineer,
significant other, and therapist." The CD included songs such as "Here in These
Fields" and the religious ballad "All I Believe."
57
Brown and Blythe moved to his home town in New Hampshire in 1993. Brown
became an English teacher at his alma mater Phillips Exeter, and gave Spanish
classes to 6th, 7th, and 8th graders at Lincoln Akerman School, a small school for
K–8th grade with about 250 students, in Hampton Falls.
While on holiday in Tahiti in 1993, Brown read Sidney Sheldon's novel The
Doomsday Conspiracy, and was inspired to become a writer of thrillers. He
started work on Digital Fortress, setting much of it in Seville, Spain, where he had
studied in 1985. He also co-wrote a humor book with his wife, 187 Men to Avoid:
A Guide for the Romantically Frustrated Woman, under the pseudonym "Danielle
Brown". The book's author profile reads, "Danielle Brown currently lives in New
England: teaching school, writing books, and avoiding men." The copyright is
attributed to Dan Brown.
In 1996, Brown quit teaching to become a full-time writer. Digital Fortress was
published in 1998. His wife, Blythe, did much of the book's promotion, writing
press releases, booking Brown on talk shows, and setting up press interviews. A
few months later, Brown and his wife released The Bald Book, another humor
book. It was officially credited to his wife, though a representative of the
publisher said that it was primarily written by Brown. Brown subsequently wrote
Deception Point and Angels & Demons, the latter of which was the first to feature
the lead character, Harvard symbology expert Robert Langdon.
Brown's first three novels had little success, with fewer than 10,000 copies in each
of their first printings. His fourth novel, The Da Vinci Code, became a bestseller,
going to the top of the New York Times Best Seller list during its first week of
release in 2003. It is now credited with being one of the most popular books of all
time, with 81 million copies sold worldwide as of 2009. Its success has helped
push sales of Brown's earlier books. In 2004, all four of his novels were on the
New York Times list in the same week, and in 2005, he made Time magazine's
list of the 100 most influential people of the year. Forbes magazine placed Brown
at #12 on their 2005 "Celebrity 100" list, and estimated his annual income at
US$76.5 million. The Times estimated his income from The Da Vinci Code sales
as $250 million.
Brown's third novel featuring Robert Langdon, The Lost Symbol, was released on
September 15, 2009. According to the publisher, on its first day the book sold over
one million in hardcover and e-book versions in the U.S., the U.K. and Canada,
prompting the printing of 600,000 hardcover copies in addition to the five million
first printing. The book takes place in Washington D.C. over a period of 12 hours,
and features the Freemasons. Brown's promotional website states that puzzles
hidden in the book jacket of The Da Vinci Code, including two references to the
Kryptos sculpture at CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia, give hints about the
sequel. This repeats a theme from some of Brown's earlier work. For example, a
puzzle at the end of the book Deception Point decrypts to the message, "The Da
Vinci Code will surface."
58
Brown has stated that he has ideas for about 12 future books featuring Robert
Langdon.
Characters in Brown's books are often named after real people in his life. Robert
Langdon is named after John Langdon, the artist who created the ambigrams used
for the Angels & Demons CD and novel. Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca is named
after "On A Claire Day" cartoonist friend Carla Ventresca. In the Vatican
Archives, Langdon recalls a wedding of two people named Dick and Connie,
which are the names of his parents. Robert Langdon's editor Jonas Faukman, is
named after Brown's real life editor Jason Kaufman. Brown also said that
characters were based on a New Hampshire librarian, and a French teacher at
Exeter, Andre Vernet. Cardinal Aldo Baggia, in Angels and Demons, is named
after Aldo Baggia, instructor of modern languages at Phillips Exeter Academy.
In interviews, Brown has said that his wife is an art historian and painter. When
they met, she was the Director of Artistic Development at the National Academy
for Songwriters in Los Angeles. During the 2006 lawsuit over alleged copyright
infringement in The Da Vinci Code, information was introduced at trial which
showed that Blythe did research for the book. In one article, she was described as
"chief researcher".
Influences and Habits
In addition to Sidney Sheldon, Dan Brown has been quite vocal about a number of
other literary influences who have inspired his writing. He appreciates wit and
humor, as shown when he talked about Shakespeare's Much A do About Nothing:
"I didn't understand how funny this play Much A do About Nothing truly was
until I became an English teacher and had to teach it. There is no wittier dialogue
anywhere." He also lists personal friend, mystery writer Harlan Coben, and Robert
Ludlum's Bourne series of books. On Ludlum, he states, "Ludlum's early books
are complex, smart, and yet still move at a lightning pace. This series got me
interested in the genre of big-concept, international thrillers." Recurring elements
that Brown prefers to incorporate into his novels include a simple hero pulled out
of their familiar setting and thrust into a new one with which they are unfamiliar,
strong female characters, travel to interesting locations, and a 24-hour time frame
in which the story takes place.
Because of the research-intensive nature of his novels, Brown can spend up to two
years writing them. In order to remain focused on such projects, Brown ensures
that when he chooses a theme for the novel (what he refers to the "big idea"), and
its subject, that they be those that can hold his interest. In Brown's view, the ideal
topic does not have an easily defined right or wrong view, but presents a moral
grey area that can lend itself to debate. Because his favorite subjects include
codes, puzzles, treasure hunts, secretive organizations and academic lectures on
obscure topics, he tends to incorporate those into his novels. Because Brown
considers writing to be a discipline that requires constant practice, he has
59
developed a routine to maintain his abilities. He rises at 4:00am when there are no
distractions (a practice he began with Digital Fortress when he had two daytime
teaching jobs) and when he feels most productive, in order to give symbolic
importance to the first order of business each day. He keeps an antique hourglass
on his desk, so that he can stop briefly every hour to do push-ups, sit-ups and
stretching exercises in order to keep his blood flowing. Brown does his writing in
his loft. He has also told fans that he uses inversion therapy to help with writer's
block. He uses gravity boots and says, "hanging upside down seems to help me
solve plot challenges by shifting my entire perspective."
Film adaptations
In 2006, Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code was released as a film by Columbia
Pictures, with director Ron Howard; the film starred Tom Hanks as Robert
Langdon, Audrey Tautou as Sophie Neveu and Sir Ian McKellen as Sir Leigh
Teabing. It was much anticipated and served to launch the 2006 Cannes Film
Festival, though it received overall poor reviews. It currently has a 24% rating at
the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, derived from 165 negative
reviews of the 214 counted.It was later listed as one of the worst films of 2006 on
Ebert & Roeper, but also the second highest grossing film of the year, pulling in
$750 million USD worldwide. Brown was listed as one of the executive producers
of the film The Da Vinci Code, and also created additional codes for the film. One
of his songs, "Phiano", which Brown wrote and performed, was listed as part of
the film's soundtrack. In the film, Brown and his wife can be seen in the
background of one of the early book signing scenes.
The next film, Angels & Demons, was released on May 15, 2009, with Howard
and Hanks returning. It, too, garnered mostly negative reviews, though critics
were kinder to it than to its predecessor. As of September 2009[update], it has a
36% meta-rating at Rotten Tomatoes.
Copyright infringement cases
In August 2005, author Lewis Perdue unsuccessfully sued Brown for plagiarism,
on the basis of claimed similarity between The Da Vinci Code and his novels, The
Da Vinci Legacy (1983) and Daughter of God (2000). Judge George Daniels said,
in part: "A reasonable average lay observer would not conclude that The Da Vinci
Code is substantially similar to Daughter of God".
In April 2006, Brown won a copyright infringement case brought by authors
Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, who claimed that Brown stole ideas from
their 1982 book Holy Blood Holy Grail for his 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code. It
was in the book Holy Blood Holy Grail that Baigent, Leigh, and co-author Henry
Lincoln had advanced the theory that Jesus and Mary Magdalene married and had
a child and that the bloodline continues to this day. Brown even alluded to the two
authors' names in his book. Leigh Teabing, a lead character in both the novel and
60
the film, uses Leigh's name as the first name, and anagrammatically derives his
last name from Baigent's. Mr Justice Peter Smith found in Brown's favor in the
case, and as a private amusement, embedded his own Smithy code in the written
judgment.
On March 28, 2007, Brown's publisher, Random House, won an appeal copyright
infringement case. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales rejected the efforts
from Baigent and Leigh, who became liable for paying legal expenses of nearly
$6 million USD. A contributing factor for the outcome of the case is that these
authors presented their work as nonfiction. Fiction writers often draw upon
nonfiction resources for content research.
Philanthropy
In October 2004, Brown and his siblings donated US$2.2 million to Phillips
Exeter Academy in honor of their father, to set up the Richard G. Brown
Technology Endowment to help "provide computers and high-tech equipment for
students in need."
Criticism
Brown's prose style has been criticized as clumsy. Much criticism also centers on
Brown's claim found in the preface to The Da Vinci Code that the novel is based
on fact in relation to Opus Dei and the Priory of Sion, and that "all descriptions of
artwork, architecture, documents and secret rituals in [the] novel are accurate".
In an interview with Matt Lauer on The Today Show in September 2009, Brown
responded by saying, "I do something very intentional and specific in these books.
And that is to blend fact and fiction in a very modern and efficient style, to tell a
story. There are some people who understand what I do, and they sort of get on
the train and go for a ride and have a great time, and there are other people who
should probably just read somebody else."
Works
CDs
•
•
•
•
•
SynthAnimals, a children's album
Perspective, 1990, Dalliance. Music CD
Dan Brown, 1993, DBG Records
Angels & Demons, 1994, DBG Records
Musica Animalia, 2003, a children's CD comprising 15 tracks songs
portraying animals in poem & song. Proceeds benefited for the Families
First charity.
61
Humor writing
•
•
187 Men to Avoid: A Survival Guide for the Romantically Frustrated
Woman, 1995, Berkley Publishing Group (co-written with his wife under
the pseudonym Danielle Brown). ISBN 0-425-14783-5, Scheduled for rerelease in August 2006
The Bald Book, 1998, co-written with his wife Blythe Brown. ISBN 0-78600519-X
Novels
•
•
•
•
•
Digital Fortress, 1998
Angels & Demons, 2000
Deception Point, 2001
The Da Vinci Code, 2003
The Lost Symbol, 2009
Films
•
•
The Da Vinci Code, 2006
Angels & Demons, 2009
Signature
http://www.nndb.com/people/977/000027896/
Appendix 5
Lesson Plan for Teaching Writing
Subject / Skill
: English / Writing
Time Allocation
: 2 x 45 menit
Grade
: XII Senior High School
I. Standard Competence
Identify the meaning in the narrative texts.
II. Based Competence
Identify the meaning in the written texts formal and informal using the written
text accurately, fluently and received in a contexts.
III. Indicator
1.
2.
3.
4.
Using the grammar, vocabularies, marks, and spelling accurately.
Writing the main idea.
Making draft, and revision.
Identify the main idea in narrative texts.
IV. Learning Activities
-
Discussion
Question and Answer
Before entering the class, the teacher selects a chapter from The Da Vinci
Code which represents a narrative text and copies it before entering the class.
No
Kind of Activity
1
Pre-Teaching
2
Teaching Learning
Activities
- Greeting
- The teacher explains what they
will study.
- The teacher gives some guided
questions.
- The teacher explains about the
narrative texts.
62
Time
Allocation
5’
10’
3
Post Teaching
- The teacher gives the copy of the
text.
- The students take the text.
- The teacher asks the student to
read the text in silence and
underline the difficult words.
- The students read it in silence.
While reading they underline the
difficult words which they do not
understand.
- After the students finish their
reading, they ask the difficult
words to the teacher.
- The teacher answers and explains
the difficult words.
- The teacher gives a brief
explanation about the structure of
narrative texts. (brainstorming)
- The teacher asks the students if
there are any questions related to
narrative writing.
- The students do the task.
- After finishing the writing, the
students submit their works
V. Teaching Media
-
Copy of the chapter 12 , taken from The Da Vinci Code
Answer sheets
Blackboard
Chalks
Dictionary
I. EVALUATION
Students are asked to write a narrative composition individually.
63
15’
10’
10’
35’
5’
64
Pre-Discussion Question
Topic : Confusion
1. Have you ever been in a confusing condition?
2. How did you make yourself out of the situation?
Read the passage carefully, and answer the questions below!
1. How does Robert Langdon find himself in a confusing condition?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. How does Robert Langdon face his confusion?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. How does Robert Langdon solve his confusion?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Individual Task
Make a short writing about your experience in a confusing situation!
This guideline may help you.
-
How did the confusion appear?
-
How did you face your confusion?
-
How did you solve your confusion?

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Transcription

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