Albert Léon Coppé-Exposées d`AC - Historical Archives of the

Transcription

Albert Léon Coppé
Fonds code
ALC-140
Date
1995
Title
Exposées d'AC
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European mo
could bit ·ob
By David Goodhart,
Labour Editor, in London
�
sort of impact il cou l et have nn
cmploymenl," said one.
Somc of 8uropc's main tracle
union centres, which have con·
� �· But the
Maastricht
trcat y
sccms lo rule out fiscal flcxibility
and to insist instcad on compli·
ance wilh llw arbitrary ccilings
imposee! on buclgct deficits and
gn vern mc nl clcbl."
UN
I
ON
EUROPEAN monetary union
siderablc influence in DG !i, arc
could cause a subslantial rise in
aIso startin g to rc vie w their sup·
unemployment according to an
port for Emu. The Euro pea n
The sludy also says mo vements
internai European Commission
Trades Union Congress still
of labour bctween countries will
study which was considered loo
not compensate for differences in
'backs F-n1u, but Brilain's TUC.
critical to be published.
or example, openly exprc�&c�r employmenl opportunities and
The report said that larger
f ha t clisparitics must be n·solved
scalc regional aid would he
oubts about .whcn i t t''m1 bn
by larger regional transfers.
needed within the EC to tacklc r 'mple mente(l an d wliiéh '('Ollll ·
Dnuhts a bout the e mploym cn t
unemploymcnt in uncompetitive
ries should qualify.
Th,
om mission stuc! y sa ys
impact of P-mu arc commonp l a cc
areas after the introduction of
Emu.
o utsid e the Commission but still
thal Emu will require gre�ter
The study, on the employment
regional tran§_f,c.rs than th o se
highly controversial even insidc
effects of monelary union, was
DG 5 which thinks of itself as
planne unàêf the EC Cohesion
produced last year for the then
Fund. W ithoul such transfers a
Europe's labour ministry.
DG 5 has been dominated by
social affairs com,missioner, Ms
high degree of national fiscal
eded if
F rench officiais who have nol
Vasso Papl}nclreou. f lexibi lit y
i1l b.�!
Although the Commission, and
growth and employment are-nol.,..·wavered in their support for Mr
DG 5, the social affair director
lo be ad versely .affecled.
Jacques Delors. European Comate, ;1re still committèd to the
mission president, on monetary
It ':'l�r)l� · "'I.:he rcmovnl of the
8mu limetable, a sîgnificant
\> ôssibili ( y of cxchangc rate
union or the social chaplcr. But
number of officiais in OG 5 have , adjustmenl when full monct a ry
the combinalion of a new social
privalely welcomcd the like l y
union is estaulishecl will elimi·,
affairs commissioncr. Mr l'aclraig
delay of Emu and even the recen t
nale a major ·t�cans of corrcctin�
J·'lynn of lrel::111cl. a ccntrc-righl
loosening of the m!change rate
govcrnmenl in l'rance>. and the
supply imba laÏ\.ecs a r-r n ss th-•
mechanis111.,_
Communily a1 d
n·stm'i:lg tho' cu1 rr.nt cmphasis on r.ompelilive
"Quite a i'êw of us herc are
ss
p a r ! icu l a .
nrs�. has led DG 5 to takc more
compe l i liV
'
highly relieved thal Emu looks as
countries o regions whir·h suffc;); intl'l'l'St in labour market nexibil·
if it has been held up, gi ven the
ity .
!osses in tracte share�.
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Hypoteekrente in EG kan verder dalen
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BRUSSEL (reuter) - De hypoteekrente kan in een aantal EG-Ianden
verder naar beneden gaan de komende zes maanden. Dat is de
mening van de hypoteekfederatie van de EG. De bij die federatie
aangesloten banken en hypoteekmaatschappijen vertegenwoordigen
zo'n 80 procent van de totale hypPteekmarkt in de EG. De evolutie
van het volume toegekende hypoteken zal afhangen van de manier
waarop de Europese ekonomieën al dan niet herstellen. Voorlopig
zou de aangroel beperkt blijven.
Yen
-1'-t.()'(J}
OR
IC
AL
rd
bereiktl
tegenoyè r& dol .a
en Belg is'� he frank
ST
TOKIO (reuter/tijd) - De yen heeft gisteren een rekordhoog
te
bereikt tegenover de dollar,
de
Belgische frank en
verscheidene andere Europese munten. De Japanse munt
1 01 ,80 yen per dollar en klom in
frank per 100 yen.
bereikte een piek van
D
HI
Brussel tot 35,74
Japanse
centrale
bank
kocht ten minste vier keer dollars
tegen yens en ze kocht oak mar·
ken legen yens. Vooral de onge
brurkelrJke aankoop van marken.
dreigrng van gekoôrdrneerde
d
rnt rventies met andere centrale
bankcn en wrrstnemrng zorgden
urterndeiiJk voor en lrcht herstcl
van de dollar Hel gro ne briJ t
op 102.20 yen tegcn
103. tl yen eergrstcr en
rncJrg d
over
De nieuwe Japanse regering
slak haar ongerustheid over het
zwakke presteren van de dollar
legenover de yen nrel onder
stoelen of banken. Minister van
frnanciën Hrrohrsa Fuj11 noemde
de durk van de dollar onder de
103 yen-grens e n ·zeer er nstrg
probleem' 7rJn kollega van ko
MRnac
plannrng.
nomrsclle
Kubota. zer dal de snelle slrjgrng
van de yen tegenover de dollar
ernstrge gevolgen voor de Ja·
panse ekonomie kan hebben.
Kubota voegde eraan toe dat
premier Morihrro Hosokawa een
krisisbijeenkomsl van hel ekono
misch kernkabinet heeft bijeen·
geroepen voor
daags voor de
19 augustus,
regering haar
maandelijks ekonomisch rapport
publiceert.
De
slijging
van
de
yen is immers slecht nieuws voor
de relatief zwakke Japanse eko
nomie en vooral voor de expor·
teurs.
Tsutomu Tanaka, onderminis·
ter van ekonomische planning.
merkte op dat de export danig
drergt te I1Jden onder de sterke
yen 'Drt rs en strop voor onze
ekonomre ·
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"Hallo
11
eartitlo
popular
in de torens van de kathedraal ingewijd. Van 08.00 uur tot
22.00 uur klinkt sindsdien elk kwartier een uniek stukje
muziek. Op een kwartier, een half uur en drie kwartier laat
UN
IO
het klokkenspel enkele seconden van zich horen, op het
hele uur een minuut lang. De muziek die gespeeld wordt is
de hymne van de schutspatrones van Benissa, de Purfs
Burgers van de lidstaten van de Europese Unie, die
in een ander land van diezelfde unie wonen, hebben
overeenkomstig het verdrag van Maastricht, het
recht, in het land waarin zij resident zijn, aan de
Het klokkenspel is computergestuurd en het zorgt ervoor
dat de vier klokken alle precies tegelijk gaan spe.len. De
omwonenden zijn ondertussen al aan het nieuwe geluid
AN
gemeenteraadsverkiezingen gehouden worden.
sima Xiqueta.
gewend, want sinds het systeem op 26 januari werd geïn
stalleerd werd het al diverse malen uitgeprobeerd.
Op zoek naar water
PE
Zoals u weet, zullen er op 28 mei 1995 in Spanje
Het ministerie van Landbouw van de Generalidad zet alle
wet aan te nemen (het ontwerp kwam van de Spaanse
Euro-parlementariër Ana Palacio van de Partido
Popular ) waardoor dit mogelijk werd. Op 15
december ji. nam de Raad van Europa deze wet
aan, zodat het een E.G.-richtlijn werd, die aileen nog
maar in het officiële E.G.-bulletin gepubliceerd moest
voorzien, nu de droogte aanhoudt en de boeren in de
problemen raken.
Op
veertien nieuwe plaatsen in het
gebied van de Vinalop6 en in de Vega Baja wordt naar
water geboord. Bovendien wordt op elf plaatsen in de
provincie water ontzilt. Andere maatregelen zijn de
capaciteitsverhoging van de waterzuiveringsinstallaties in
Villena en Elche en het overbrengen van water uit de Taag
of
Op 26 oktober ji. besloot het Europees Parlement de
EU
RO
zeilen bij om de landbouw in de provincie van water te
gemeenteraadsverkiezingen deel te nemen.
worden.
geluid. ln aanwezigheid van de burgemeester, de ge
meenteraad en veel inwoners werd het nieuwe klokkenspel
N
..�
Uniek klokkenspel in Benissa
Benissa werd afgelopen zaterdag verrijkt met een nieuw
en de Ebro. De Taag beschikt echter zelf ook niet over al
te veel water. Op de toto wordt er in de gemeente Calpe
ES
een nieuwe waterbron aangeboord.
Daarom bestaan er géén legale redenen, die de
CH
IV
Spaanse socialistische regering verhinderen, om
deze beslissing officiee! te erkennen, zodat het recht
van de
Europese burgers om te stemmen
standaardprocedure wordt. Dit is echter tot nu toe
AR
niet gebeurd en de tijd dringt.
De Partido Popular gelooft, dat de socialistische
regering probeert het recht van de Europese
CA
L
residenten om te stemmen, te blokkeren·, of
tenminste, de officiële erkenning ervan zo lang
mogelijk uit te stellen, zodat het moeilijk zo niet
onmogelijk wordt, dat men zich in het stemregister
RI
laat inschrijven. Op deze wijze hoopt men het aantal
buitenlanders, dat gaat stemmen, tot het minimum
ST
O
te beperken.
Financiering voor j onge ondernemers
Het Financieel lnstituut van de Comunidad
Valenciana
heeft in haar begroting 600 miljoen peseta's uitgetrokken
Wij van de Partido Popular oefenen, d.m.v. een
voor hulp aan jongeren die een onderneming willen
intensieve campagne, een zo groot mogelijke druk
opzetten. Daarnaast wordt nog geld besteed aan univer
uit op de socialistische Partij, zodat de Europese
HI
richtlijnen onmiddellijk in praktijk gebracht worden
en de periode van inschrijving in het stemregister
meteen kan beginnen. Wij stellen het zeer op prijs
ais wij op uw steun en samenwerking zouden kunnen
rekenen.
Heeft u vragen of suggesties,
belt u dan a.u.b. 588 80 31
van de Partido Popular te Alfaz del Pi.
sitaire onderzoeksprogramma's op dit vlak. Het doel van
de financiële steun is het stimuleren van initiatieven van
jongeren om een eigen onderneming te starten. Het
Financieel lnstituut is ervan overtuigd dat verstandig opge
zette
nieuwe
ondernemingen
werkloosheidsprobleem
onder
een
deel
jongeren
van
het
kunnen
wegnemen. Om het huidige tekort aan arbeidsplaatsen te
dichten zouden echter wei 5.000 nieuwe ondernemingen
nodig zijn. Belangrijk in dit opzicht is ook het contact met
de Universiteit omdat een goede opleiding in de richting
van het ondernemerschap al een hele stap in de goede
richting is.
•
Varia België
Onbeschermd tegen valse rijkswachters
•
gen, maar de dagen van Van Rossem ais kamerlid lijken
Wie tègengehouden wordt door een rijkswachter maar
stilaan geteld.
Voorzitter Kathy Allegaert noemde de afwezige Van Ros
laten controleren. De burger staat machteloos tegenover
sem in haar vonnis een "uiterst gewiekst" oplichter die niet
nep-rijkswachters die argeloze automobilisten doen stop-
aileen beleggers uit de hogere financiële kringen bedroog,
pen en hen beroven van hun bezittingen.
maar ook fraudeerde met het geld van de kleine spaarder.
UN
IO
twijfelt aan de echtheid van de politieman, moet zich toch
Noch het uniform, noch de dienstkaart van politiemensen
De rechtbank willigde de eis in van het openbaar ministerie:
zijn wettelijk beschermd, zegt de generale staf van de
vijf jaar effectief en een geldboete van 300.000 frank.
Van Rossem draait ook op voor het leeuwedeel van de
De jongste· weken maakten nep-rijkswachters Brussel
proceskosten, zo'n drie miljoen frank.
onveilig. Om deze misbruiken tegen te gaan, buigt de
De onmiddellijke aanhouding werd niet gevraagd.
AN
rijkswacht.
Daarvoor is de toestemming van het parlement nodig, en
besluit dat over enkele maanden de dienstidentiteitskaart
die kan pas gevraagd worden na een uitspraak waartegen
van de politieman wettelijk moet beschermen.
geen enkel verweer meer mogelijk is.
Op dit ogenblik is het namaken van die kaart niet strafbaar.
Dat zeiden althans woordvoerders van het parket.
politieman opvragen. Maar geen mens weet hoe die kaart
er precies moet uitzien.
Ais het koninklijk besluit van kracht is, wordt de kaart
gepubliceerd in het Belgische Staatsblad. Ook de produktie
en de verkoop van net echte politie- en rijkswachtersuni
formen kan zonder overtreding. Dat weet ook het criminele
ES
Autogordel verplicht voor
zwangere vrouwen
of
milieu.
EU
RO
Burgers kunnen bij eike controle de dienstkaart van de
PE
Raad van State zich over een ontwerp van koninklijk
Zwangere vrouwen worden verplicht een autogordel te
CH
IV
dragen. Dat heeft verkeersminister Elio Di Rupo bekend
gemaakt. Hij wil in het algemeen strengere medische
normen voor vrijstelling van het dragen van een autogordel.
Di Rupo kondigt nog meer veranderingen in het verkeers
reglement aan. De minister van Verkeer zal tegen Pasen
een koninklijk besluit uitvaardigen, waardoor de voorrang
AR
van voetgangers op zebrapaden onbetwistbaar en absoluut
wordt. Zo zullen automobilisten niet aileen moeten stop
pen voor voetgangers die zich op het zebrapad bevinden,
CA
L
maar ook voor voetgangers die aanstalten maken het
zebrapad te betreden. Het zal in de toekomst ook verboden
zijn in te halen net voor of op het zebrapad.
Thans geldt slechts een verbod op het inhalen van voer
tuigen, die stoppen voor een zebrapad.
RI
Er worden nog te veel voetgangers, die werden aangereden
op een zebrapad, door de rechtbank in het ongelijk gesteld.
ST
O
Di Rupo wil daar iets aan doen. Daarmee neemt hij een
wetsvoorstel van DP-kamerlid Johan De Mol over.
Een voorstel tot een gelijkaardig streng reglement met
betrekking tot oversteekplaatsen voèr fietsers nam Di
Van Rossem gevloerd. Hij weigert echter hoe dan ook voor
voorzitster Allegaert te verschijnen.
·
Leeuw van Waterloo wankelt op voetstuk
De Regie der Gebouwen trekt 25 miljoen frank uit voor
verstevigingswerken aan de noordwestelijke flank van de
heuvel waarop het gedenkteken van de Leeuw van Water
loo is aangebracht.
Deze wand raakte de jongste maanden erg aangetast
Rupo niet over.
door erosie en de werking van het noodweer.
HI
·
Hallo
t
N
12
Vijf jaar voor Van Rossem
werd 171 jaar geleden opgericht op de plaats waar koning
kamerlid Jean-Pierre Van Rossem bij verstek tot vijf jaar
het grondgebied van de gemeente Eigenbrakel staat, het
De Antwerpse correctionele rechtbank veroordeelde
effectieve gevangenisstraf wegens valsheid in geschrifte,
oplichting en bedrieglijke bankbreuk.
De advocaten van Van Rossem zeiden dat ze "zo goed ais
zeker" verzet zullen aantekenen tegen het vonnis.
De veroordeling heeft geen onmiddellijke politieke gevol-
De Leeuw zelf dreigt van zijn voetstuk te vallen. De Leeuw
Willem van de Nederlanden, tijdens de veldslag tegen
Napoleon, gewond werd. Nadien werd de Leeuw, die op
symbool van de beroemde slag van Waterloo.
Op 17 en 18 juni wordt de 180ste verjaardag van de
be.roemde Slag van Waterloo herdacht met onder meer
een klank- en lichtspel en een reconstructie van de wa
penfeiten.
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CONTRAINTES, IMPLICATIONS EN MATIERE DE SECURITE
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O RGANISATION DU T RAITE DE L'AT L ANTIQU E N O R D
N O R T H AT LA NTIC T R EATY O RGANIZATIO N
B - 1110 BRUXELLES
-
DIRECTEUR
DES AFFAIRES ECONOMIQUES
05 1995
ON
-
-
UN
I
- 8
Monsieur,
Le 24ème Colloque de l'OTAN, organisé par la Direction des Affaires
économiques et le Bureau de l'Information et de la Presse se déroulera au siège
thème de Cf)tte conféli
Atlantique sera-I
et la Coopérati
uivant : "/'
t-fl
u Conseil de CooRération Nord-
formes écbnomi ues tians /es
artenaires de la coo ération dans le m lieu des
nnées 9
a s
: chances contraintes
n tel sujet nous parait opportun
implications en matière de sécurité".
Le
ns le Programme de travail pour le
ce q i s'insère
Dialogue, té Partenari
28, 29 et 30 juin 1995.
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de l'Organisation (Salle de presse Joseph Luns) les
à l'heure
actuelle et, comme vous pourrez le constater dans le programme provisoire ci-joint,
x::;
plusieurs spécialistes éminents o
accepté de participer aux différents panels.
Considérant votli e
ence, j'espère vivement que vous serez en
mesure de participer au Colloque.
Comme /es années précédentes, /es débats
of
à la suite des présentations des Panels constitueront un élément
engagés
particulièrement intéressant et stimulant.
Vous ne devrez acquitter aucun frais, ni
IV
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pour l'inscription, ni pour les documents qui vous seront remis; en revanche, les
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et de séjour.
a vos frais de voyage
Veuillez vous munir d'une pièce d'identité (passeport, carte d'identité)
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pour l'inscription.
Afin de nous permettre une bonne organisation, nous vous serions
reconnaissants de nous faire savoir, en nous renvoyant le formulaire ci-joint,
si vous pourrez vous joindre
AR
plus tard le 1er juin,
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à nous. En raison du nombre
limité de places disponibles, je me permets de vous suggérer une inscription dès
AL
que possible
Je vous prie d'agréer, Monsieur, l'expression de mes meilleures
IC
salutations.
OR
4�� qWOt�
ST
Daniel GEORGE
HI
P.J.
Tél:
(32-2) 728.4780 - Fax: 728.5228
1
-$-
O RGANISATION DU TRAITE DE L'ATLA NTIQUE N O R D
N O RTH ATLA NTIC T REATY ORGANIZATIO N
B
TEL.
ECONOMICS
:
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UN
I
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DIRECTORATE
EU
RO
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23rd M ay, 1995
C olloque(95)115
Professer Al bert C o p pé
Lisken straat 2
B - 3080 Tervuren
of
Dear Professer C o p pé,
1 have pleasure in confirming that you have been registered a s a n officia l
IV
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the 1995 NATO Eco n omies C o l l oquium on "Status of Eco n omie Reform s
. n Partner C ountries in the m id-1990s:
Security l m p l
on 28th, 29t
a nd 3oth June.
CH
-
Opportunities, C o n straints,
ation s". T h e m eeting wil l take pl ace at N ATO Headquarters, Brussels,
HI
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Tha n k you for the interest you have shown in our work.
Yours sincerely,
��M argaret Grant
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.Announdng a 1lllo
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••.•
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East-Central European Economies in Transition
ON
a
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Authored by: Joint Economie Commlttee, u.s. Congress
Edited by: John P. Hardt; Richard F. Kaufman
This fact-filled volume makes the JEC's specially comrnissioned
expert reports on economie developments in East-Central Europe widely
available to bus1ness people. educators. and students
For ease of use. a
detailed subject 1ndex has been prov1ded 1n th1s ed1t1on. Top1cal coverage �
i ncl ude s :
.
*Economi e
pol itical
.
.
and social reform strategies:
*Privatization and economie restructuring:
*Creating of financial inf r astructure :
.
unemployment. and family incarnes:
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*Gender issues
of
*Defense conversion;
*Role of Western assistance programs;
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*Integrati on 1nto the world market:
.*Regional economie relationships: and
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*Complete s e r 1es of expert country studiesAlbania. Bosnia, Bulgaria. Croat i a Czech Republic, Eastern Germany.
Hungary, Macedonia. Poland. Serb1a, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
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Tables, appendix, index.
OR
728 pp.
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Publication Dare: June 1995
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COUNTRIES IN THE MID-1990s : OPPORTUNITIES, CONSTRAINTS,
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ETAT DES REFORMES ECONOMIQUES DANS LES PAYS PARTENAIRES
DE LA COOPERATION DANS LE MILIEU DES ANNEES 90 : CHANCES,
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THE P RIVATIZATIO N O F THE S LOVA K ECO N OMY
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NATO - ECONOMICS DIRECTORATE - OTAN - DIRECTION DES AFFAIRES ECONOMIQUES
BRUSSELS, 28-30 JUNE/JUIN 1 995, BRUXELLES
0712-95
The Priva�iza�ion of �he Slovak Economy
ON
-legislative framework and development
UN
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Paper prepared for NATO Economies Colloquium
by
of �he
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27�h J une �o 30�h J une, l9 9 5
Anna Zatkalîkovâ
National Council of the Slovak Republic
Background of the process of privatization
Priva�ization and restructuring
pillars
of
�ransformation
As �o i�s extent
IV
ES
postsocialis� countries .
economie
of
main
�he
of indus�ry belong �o
in
�he
and speed we can
speak abou� an unprecedented process in �he history of these
countries .
�he grea�es� concer�s
is �he minimal,
CH
One of
in fac�
AR
absence of, �heore�ical preparedness for this process and as
a resul� of this �he process is implemented in the manner of
j ust as
AL
a ca�paign ,
carried out in the
economie and
political
former regime, with very
IC
decisions were
the impor�ant
OR
lit�le scientific �heory or elaboration .
The emphasis pu� on privatization
ST
economie
goals .
�ransi�ion
It was
based
predominan�ly
hoped that i� would guarantee
effec�ive production
HI
was
as a basic pillar of
economy to grow. In
and at the same
on economie
an increase in
time cause the entire
the former socialist countries na�ional
1
proper�y had proved �o be inproduc�ive mainly as a resul� of
social
goals
Managemen� was
had
prevailed
profi�. and poli�ical
over
no� s�imula�ed �o a��ain
economie
profi� and was no�
in�eres�ed in lowering �he cos�s of produc�ion.
priva�iza�ion
priori�y in choosing me�hods
was
�he
rapidi�y
�ha�
and forms of
migh� guaran�ee �he
EU
RO
PE
AN
The bigges�
aims.
ON
and
i� was no� orien�ed on
UN
I
�he fac� �ha�
change from s�a�e �o priva�e ownership in a rela�ively shor�
�ime
and simul�aneously
effec�iveness.
1�
promo�e �he
would a� �he
increase of
economie
same �ime irreversibly
fix
�he desired ongoing social-poli�ical changes in �he coun�ry.
The experiences of priva�iza�ion of s�a�e proper�y in marke�
of
economies are ra�her dif feren� �o our own, primarily because
scale. Tha� is why �hey
IV
ES
of dif ferences of
could be used �o
a model and an exemplify only �o a very limi�ed ex�en�.
Besides �he above men�ioned
�he
grea�es�
priva�iza�ion
me�hods
capi�al
was
in
in
choice
of
s�andard
nonexis�ence
of
powerful
�he
priva�iza�ion of �he
O�her dif ficul�ies were
an undeveloped
AL
larger en�erprises.
�he
�he
in�eres�ed
AR
domes�ic
obs�acles
CH
of
requiremen� for speed, one
banking sys�em, an almos� non-exis�en� capi�al marke� and an
IC
absence of compe�i�ion and relevan� legisla�ion.
OR
Hence
�he
reason
why
�he
novel
" coupon " me�hod of
ST
priva�iza�ion was chosen in �he former Czechoslovakia as �he
preferred
HI
�he
me�hod. This
process of
lo��ery " , as
was an
unpreceden�ed experimen� in
priva�iza�ion. This
i� was popularly called,
2
form of
" na�ion-wide
succeeded in a shor�
transferring a great amount
time in
of state property into
private hands . As for its character, besides economie goals,
Management
were
Property
National
investment
driving
Fund .
funds
force
were
in
in 1 9 9 2 . Entirely
new
for
the
of National
During
Property and the
the privatization process
established .
its
Ministry
the
established
and Privatization
were very important
which
ones,
the crucial elections
mainly before
institutions
economie
UN
I
besides
EU
RO
PE
AN
goals,
ON
doubt, certain social and political
there were, without any
These
implementation .
A
acted
capital
as
the
market
started to exist in its embryonic stage .
privatization
long
and
time . As
for its
success, in
of privatization
as
to
position .
j bb
or
and
divided . Besides the speed
of
participation
CH
discrimination
analyses for sorne
its supporters agree with
the
will be, an
the privatization
IV
ES
transition process, opinions are
enabling
obviously
various economie and political
of
abj ect of
is,
all
its fairness in
citizens
They
without
can decide
stressed,
in its
for
work
AL
reward
AR
voluntarily how to manage their shares . The social aspect is
OR
shortcoming of
the
done
of coupon
IC
opponents
form
rise of
ST
effectively
as
in
compensation for
previous
years .
privatization state
this form is
so called
Critics
that the
that it bas
" strategie " owners
manage former
low financial
and
biggest
not brought about
who are able to
national property,
invest in it
HI
and ensure its productivity .
A great
number of individual owners
3
was created . Most
of these have not been able
to recognize the value of their
shares and cannot use them effectively. They are not able to
themselves
in
the
slowly
developing
capital
ON
orientate
UN
I
market . As a rule these owners often try to get rid of their
acquired shares very quickly , and below their value, thereby
depressing the priee of shares on the open market .
coupon
privatization
ownerless;
form,
but
behaviour was
era.
The
privatization
the
under
property
the
of
the
control
of
dominant
in
fact,
management
whose
that in the previous
institutional
entire
the
remai ned,
not very different from
legislative,
regulation
was
EU
RO
PE
AN
Vhile
process
and
was ,
organisational
and still is , so
is
obvious
that
in
the
case
IV
ES
It
of
imperfect that its nature is still mercurial and chaotic.
dispersal this
is a temporary phase
will
by
continue
a
gradua!
of
such property
of privatization which
merging
in
the hands of an
understanding
a process will
and
sk illed
market
continue more slowly than
AR
as
CH
increasingly small number of owners who will begin to behave
operators.
Such
the proponents of
AL
this method of privatization could have imagined .
The position of investment privatization funds needs an
IC
analysis at this
the strategie owners of
OR
role of
ST
fact
that
individual,
HI
launch
stage . The funds , i n fact ,
a
they
concentate
share
holders
comparatively
insuff icient
experience of
could play the
privatised enterprise. The
the
gives
shares
them
extensive
of
the opportunity to
portfolio .
managing investment
4
dif ferent,
But
the
funds, the
obscurity
of
the
entire
process
of
privatization
and
insuf ficient legislation causes government to find the funds
to
so
and
also
is
there
Obviously
opportunities.
entrepreneurial
strictly limit their
and
regulate
ON
suspicious
a sma l l group of proprietors
UN
I
a fear of the possibility that
and fund managers , managing the affairs of a large number of
and
In this
economie power .
EU
RO
PE
AN
investors, could gain a significant amount of both political
case the
transparency of the
activities of the funds' managers is even less than in those
enterprises having been already privatised .
As
yet
the
capital
market
itself
does
not
play
a positive role in the transition, as it is characterised by
leve! of
imperfection. Share
values are
of a more
of
a high
speculative character and they do not ref lect any reality as
longlasting
effectiveness
IV
ES
to
of
enterprises .
From
the
standpoint of severa! economists in S lovakia a large part of
suspicion
of
both
the
economie
CH
the
coupon privatization
is due to
the introduction of
AR
originating in coupon privatization
shares
and placed shares on an
market; namely that of
the so cal led RM
AL
improvised capital
and ethical side of
system. Because of the influence of the dominant position of
IC
the strongest IPFs , and as a result of evoking from the very
OR
beginning a mass selling
arase
a
hugely
response from coupon owners , there
unbalanced
situation
on
this
capital
HI
ST
quasi - market , - the offer of shares overwhelming the demand .
Republic
Ve may
coupon
note an interesting
privatization
finding .
evidently
5
In the
Czech
fulfilled
its
obj ecLive.
In
a paradoxical
siLUaLion.
ciLizens have
unambiguously manifesLed a
In
spiLe
Lhere
however,
Slovakia,
Lhe
of
is
faCL LhaL Lhe
posiLive aLLiLude
ON
poliLical
Lhe
second
wave
pracLically one
exceeded
million.
Lhose
In Lhe
ciLizens VOLed
Lhe
firsL
wave
elecLions which were
by
held
second wave of privaLiZaLion
EU
RO
PE
AN
nearly simulLaneously wiLh Lhe
in
UN
I
LO coupon privaLiZaLion - Lhe number of owners regisLered in
for Lhe parLies which
were criLical LOWards
voucher privaLiZaLion and LOday Lhey conLinue LO neglecL iL.
The
SLaLe
IV
ES
of
Legislative development and Lhe privatization process
need LO
Lransfer ownership
properLy required
large scale
which were implemenLed aL a
Lransference of
No
which seL
427 / 9 0 ,
Lhe
so
called
severa! Limes amended , followed
IC
No 9 2 / 9 1 , which
legislaLive measures ,
up Lhe
Lhe SLaLe properLy
AL
AcL
Lhe enLire
federal leve! from 1 9 90.
CH
firsL AcL
AR
The
of almosL
condiLions for
Lhe
LO privaLe persans
was
Small
privaLiZaLion AcL ,
by Lhe widely discussed AcL
legislaLively seL up Lhe process
of Lhe so
OR
called Big privaLiZaLion.
ST
One
poinL of
of Lhe
forms
of
privaLiZaLion and
parliamenLary decision-making aL Lhe
a difficulL
Lime was Lhe
HI
resLiLULion of properLy , inplemenLed in severa! rounds.
The
firsL SLage
Lhe
so called
6
Small resLiLULion
- was enabled by
aimed at moderating
Act No 4 0 3 / 9 0 and was
the consequences of sorne property inj ustices; citizens could
of
return
for
nationalized
the
property
nationalised
1 95 2 .
privatization started in
from 1 9 48 to
February 1 9 9 1 and
EU
RO
PE
AN
The small
without
In 1 9 9 1 Act 8 7 / 9 1 widened the scope of
compensation in 1 9 5 2.
restitutions
property
ON
the
UN
I
require
was completed in the first half of 1 9 9 3 . The programme dealt
with
more
than
belonging to
thousand
9 5 00
enterprises,
the
the small trade ( business)
restitution claims
made about
maj ority
of them
sector . From the 5
2 , 7 thousand
were
accepted . The remaining national property was sold at public
more than 1 4 million
Crowns which the National
of
auction for
Property Fund acquired . More thw1 half of the state property
leasing
privatized through
IV
ES
only partial ly
was
agreement. The
CH
citizens .
sale was
The Big privatization
was
a two
to five year
only permitted
initiated by Act No 9 2 / 1 9 9 1
methods was
AR
which was amended severa! times . The choice of privatization
limited by the
AL
have enough financial means
IC
and real estate , there was
fact that the
citizens did not
for the purchase of enterprises
no widely held positive attitude
OR
towards foreign capital in the process of privatization , and
foreign interest was not clearly expressed . This resulted in
an unusual
HI
ST
coupon privatization for the maj or part of this
--process. which should achieve quick privatization of state
enterprises
without
previous
restructuralization ,
7
using
a specifie coupon sys�em.
In�o �he firs� wave of �he Big priva�iza�ion wen� more
ON
5 3 3 of which were ei�her
�han 700 big na�ional en�erprises,
UN
I
en�irely or par�ly priva�ized by �he coupon me�hod.
The book value of �he en�erprises in �he firs� wave of
more
than 5
was 1 6 9 mld Slovak
USD
ion
at �he
Crowns ( some�hing
official exchange
represen�ed the proper�y
of 80 mld Slovak Crowns.
rate) and
EU
RO
PE
AN
coupon priva�iza�ion
to �he value
Approxima�ely 60% of the shares of
priva�ized enterprises were priva�ized by the coupon me�hod.
The
National Proper�y
temporarily
and
1 0%
Fund /NPF/
�ook 30%
permanetly.
O�her
of �he
shares
enterprises
were
shares and
proper�y to
domes�ic and
IV
ES
of
of
priva�ized by s�andard methods. "fhe NPF gained from the sale
foreign inves�ors
almos� 1 4 mld. SC. The firs� wave of privatization was ended
in Oc�ober,
1 9 9 3, in accordance
CH
plan.
agricul�ure.
From
�he
the
land
AL
to
righ�s
AR
A special problem was
wi�h the original
federal
posed by �he re-priva�ization of
�
very
beginning,
were
in
1 9 90, owners
re-in�roduced.
gradually
Legisla�ive, organisa�ional and o�her measures were direc�ed
the
IC
�owards
repara�ion
of
exis�ing
shor�comings
and
OR
eliminating �heir consequences.Legisla�ive measures involved
ST
specifically �he
issue of Act No
2 29 / 1 9 9 1 on amendments to
other agricul�ural proper�y ownership,
3 30 / 1 9 9 1
on land
HI
land and
Register of
arrangements and
Ac� No
real estate asseamen�. At
8
�he Act No
2 66 / 1 9 9 2 on the
present all Acts are
to be amended.
is based
legal relations,
mainly on
its
and
ownership
restitutions of original
in establishing simplified
ON
re -activation
land
in
re-establishment
The
methods in the
estate, in
system
on
the establishment
real
estate
and
in
arrangements.
bigge�t problem
The
shortcomings
in
the
of the
the proving of property and
by
of a
introduction of land
transition was considered
land ownership which was caused
evidence
the
state information
EU
RO
PE
AN
real
UN
I
proving of ownership and its registration to the register of
of
ownership
-
-
in
the
land register and also in uncertain inheritance provisions.
The
performed
of
co- operatives
special Act .
l'
1992 ,/ 909
transformed.
agricultural
986
agricultural
IV
ES
end
in
of
transition
succeeding
CH
applied
ave
In fact, by the
co- operatives
entities
of privatization
was
have
had
been
subsequently
involv
agriculture sector. 1 8 0 of this
number belonged to the food
industry and 4 3 to agricultural
AR
enterprises in the food and
AL
purchase enterprises.
IC
The transformation of co- operatives in the sense of the Act
is
now
finished.
Ve
can
j udge from the
OR
above- mentioned
transition process that many co- ops followed the law only in
The
HI
ST
a forma! sense, without any real interna! transition.
newl
transformed
previously consisted of bodies
1
co- operatives,
had, in fact,
without land ownership. They
9
now
own proper�y
shares from
�he �ransi� ion,
from �heir previous labour. A
origina�ing
large par� of proper�y shares
land ownership
compri se have
3 7 , 8% and
members wi�h
UN
I
wi�h
ON
is owned by non - members of co- opera�ives, abou� 4 1% . Members
work par�i cipation comprise only 1 5 , 3% .
An
Slovak
Republic
� f i ft
shows
culi �va�ed land,
share
�hat
�he
whole amoun� of
nearly 3 / 4 of i � . sta�e bodies
and the
rest is shared by priva�e enterprise.
Mos� of �he restitu�ional process
Vi�h
of
EU
RO
PE
AN
�he
inves�iga�ion performed by �he S�a�is�ical Off i ce of
reference �o
�he data
was during 1 9 9 1 and 1 9 9 2 .
mentioned above
1 3 2 6 9 2 ha of
land was re�urned �o 93 5 7 7 5 applicants .
�he
elec�ions
in
1992
�he
Slovak governmen�
of
After
-
and
decided to
slow
-
IV
ES
modified �he rapid s�rategy of the former federal governmen�
dawn
�he privatization
process. The
governmen� doubted the acceptability of coupon privatiza�ion
other forms. I� was motivated by the
need
�ransparency
increase
�he
AR
�o
CH
and began �o search for
of priva�ization, and
�ried �o a��ain this aim by s�ressing standard privatiza�ion
In
�he
f i rs�
AL
me�hods.
priva�ization
was almos�
half
of
1993
halted . The
�he
process
of
government aimed
at
Closely bef ore
OR
year.
IC
public auctions, a form abandoned in February and March last
ST
second government
i t ·1ost
the vote
of Vladimir Meciar
of confidence
approved a few
the
score
HI
direct sales.
In
Premier
the era
of the
Moravc îk ( March
so called
to December
10
big coalition formed by
1 9 9 4 ) the
government
inclined again to a quick implemen�ation of the second wave,
Crowns for
coupon privatization, later
But in the time at its
take more
1 0 0 mld Slovak
of nearly
the value
property to
was
ON
preparing
to
privatization . The government
stress on coupon
lowered to 70
mld.
disposai the government was not able
relevant steps
UN
I
with a
as to
its implementation , in
EU
RO
PE
AN
spite of the fact that 3 , 5 mill ion Slovak citizens expressed
agreement with coupon privati zation by the act of buying the
coupon booklet
government
and registering it .
was
apportioning
not
of
of
a
uni f ied
It
is obvious that this
attitude
or
methods
privatization
towards
the
the
to
privatization process as a whole .
December
reestablishment
1994 ,
the
government
privatization and
methods -
direct sale and
government programme of
Meciars
repeated
declared its
It was stated to be
AR
of
its criticism of
support of standard
in the
Decembe.r 1 9 9 4 , coupon privati zation
------->-
a fundamental method
implementation dependent on
was promesed quick
preparedness
government in
public auction . However ,
CH
was not rej ected .
and it
of
IV
ES
coupon
the
of
After
enterprise
privati zation
the
proj ects . In the
AL
Memorandum of Economie Pol icy of the government {April 1 9 9 5 )
to
IC
adressed
to speed
OR
wi l l ingness
the 1
the
up the
stress is on direct sale , sale
ST
public
auction
and
also
on
mani fested
transition process .
the
second
wave
its
The main
on the capital market and
&�
of coupon
sell the maj or share of every
HI
privat ization . The aim was to
government
enterprise to " s
11
1
/
1
J
According �o �his documen� . coupon pri va�i za�ion had �o
have
company shares
�o �he
value of
abou� 50
mld Slovak
on
J uly
�he
Priva�iza�ion by
firs� .
finish
and
in
s�andard me�hods was planned
J une
�o finish a�
the end of Sep�ember, 1 9 9 5 .
priva�iza�ion
a modifica�ion of �he governmen�al
EU
RO
PE
AN
These days �here is
s�ra�egy becausè
of �he
coupon priva�iza�ion as known in
in
fac� . prepared
in�ends �o
1996 .
UN
I
begin
ON
Crowns . The whole ac�ion, commenc ing wi�h �he pre-run, should
for in
�he firs� wave and as was ,
the second
priva�ize by s�andard
�he pri va�iza�ion by means
�otal disrup�ion of
wave. The governmen�
me�hods and �o
i mplemen�
of s�aff shares and par�icularly
of
through management ownership of ·the enterprises.
the
bes�
is of the
pre - conditions
dynamize i�s
opinion �hat management
IV
ES
The governmen�
developmen�.
to
re-s�ruc�ure
1 � wan�s
priva�ize business by
from
profit.
CH
chance �o
developmen� of
At
�o give managemen�
the
i ns�almen� paymen�s coming
also
the
further
i dea : �he
the ma��er of an
" workers " part �o be played by the employees.
present
we
IC
parliamentary debate
in
Slovakia
are
wai�ing for fur�her
on this subj ect and
is quite sure exac�ly how
OR
is
and
priva�e enterprise is also
AL
execu�ive ,
There
en�erprise
AR
�he
has
at presen� nobody
the process of priva�iza�ion will
HI
ST
continue.
12
ON
COUNTRIES IN THE MID-1 990s : OPPORTUNITIES, CONSTRAINTS,
SECURITY IMP LICATIONS
EU
RO
PE
AN
UN
I
ETAT DES REFORMES ECONOMIQUES DANS LES PAYS PARTENA IRES
ECO N O M IC R E FO RM , P RIVA TIZA TION
of
AND I N D U S TRIAL R E S TR U C T U RI N G
HI
ST
OR
IC
AL
AR
CH
IV
ES
N i ko G lozh eni
071 2-95
Current position :
UN
I
EU
RO
PE
AN
Niko G LOZH E N I
N ame:
Executive
ional Agency of Privatization,
Republic o
Pub lication s during l ast two years:
"I nform ation on
Privatisation in Alba nia",
of
Country Report:
ON
8 1· 0 G R A P H Y
Central East
Country Report:
IV
ES
European Privatisation N etwork publication s, 1993.
"I nform ation on
Privatisation in Alba nia",
European Privatisation N etwork publication s, 1 994.
CH
Public Relation for Privatisation, C ountry Report, co-author.
HI
ST
OR
IC
AL
AR
Num erous articles in different Albanian newspapers.
C entral
East
ECONOMIC IŒFORM, PRIVATISATION A N D lN Dl lSTR I .o\L
a
smal1 country, Albania ha&s al1 chatacteristic& and problem:.
on
b� couuuy . Th�.:
the ccouumy, and ahu tcchnical
EU
RO
PE
AN
50 year10-lona isolation and totally WTODg CG11cepts
or -
UN
I
'l11oup
ON
RESTilOCJUIUNG
education resulted in the fact that the need for the lor�ign tcchuolu�1"�tl and intdlc"tual
investment is
much more necessary thau Îll
the othcr countrics of E�tstcm and Cen 1 • 11 l
Europe.
It is said and accepted that priva&tiution i'
DOt
only an economie proccss. To guarantec its
succc�!l there is DDJch need of the political support of the Govcm n t�.:nl . Parliamenl �tnd the
importance
mt))Jt
of the pulitica l arc
of this support. Slaa1.Ïüg from the T,residcnt of the Republic,
IV
ES
t:onscious of the
sipî&IDl tactor thal
of
political parties. ln Albau.i• it b very
who without doubt is the most p u !àliv t: pa:110n conccruing the p rogrcss in privatisation ,
ministcrs, mcmbers of Parliamenl,
implcmenting
ubje\."tives of lh.e
procc�î. aud an: an import&wt
economie pru�ram and in particuhn of'
AR
privatisation.
ofp
ùu:
CH
instrument in
strungly auppo n. the
��:u:..:�
AL
of the process
IC
2 . Social justice and tl'anbpumcy
3. Developmart of 1i1DA11 and lllCiliwn !»ize
OR
lises.
ST
Privati.ution in Albaui.K. lik� in 11U countries ofbste111 and Ceuta al E uwp�.
important p•·obl"'D ofthe Economie .Refouu. bwta�!liÎilg uf tb� �connmic
HI
productive resoucccs, encoucaging
is the
most
cfficicau.:y ufthe
of cuwpdiûon betwcen th� di.tfcn�nl ecnnutui" u"tivily uf
cd�u�c�in�g�o�f�b�u�� pel��l'U- for �bfiid�s in th.: luss ma king CJ1l-=1prises,
increasillg ofputû.:ipation of foreign investors �umnic �cto r� arc
uf
the cntcrprises, r
some
1
soals this proce86 in Albani.� bcgan in August
independent activities
ON
"On smctioo.ing and protecting the private property, fTe� ;n;t ial ivt: attd privat�
and privati.zation".
UN
I
75 12
199 1 by pae;smg the Parliauncnt of th�: law No
The democratie govemment which took office in Albania in Mard• 1 QQ2 inhcrited an
V'··V\ r
- --
most ofthe eoterprise�; either closed or operating at a sn1all fra�litlll o f their capacity.
-
� to �tvert maln�inu
�
'
c;Wltry on that time relied on hu
·
·
------
ln view of relationabip between the
�th
The
prucess &d the uthe1 \:UIIIJHmcnt loo uf cnmumi�: t c: fuuu
the operationalization of the general privat::iDtion plan shuulû b�.: ll<muun i,.,al in l in� �tnù
content with the other atn�ats uf reform uf the
Snuu:w a.ud UluùJ.u� sysh:-1 11, th� �cnera1
IV
ES
of
alevduptwml of telt!l�umnuu.jcaliou, cn�alion of capital market!., etc .
While dw� 1992 liu: silu•liuu dc;leriurated a s wmparcd to 1 q q 1 . i n the succcd�.:d ycnrl.> du;
situation is iu coutinous stabillzation. As the rcsult of th� �\JUDUUIÏI... volicie� n.ltlowed.
of l>e�ember
AR
UnC'Wpluywent
a!l
AL
oor
.....,.._,
1 YY4 was
Tite inflation rate continued to f.a1l,
260,829.
reachin3 ite� luwc::sl u •uulltly • al�. I Q. �% iu Augu�1 . The
monthly inflation rate by the md of 1 994
wa�; CtiÛWII tÇ\f l \1
\.--
ST
OR
IC
3
8% ( S % in the a�ricultural sc�tor) was achived.
CH
iuL-·I"çll� \llo� tu the:: r,u•l �l
HI
((lrV\
?
/
._.....--
EU
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��\·-IL. Î;�
, I'
�
economy in profound crisis. Industrial production b.ad declined drastkally t;Ïm: , 1 989,
A/
ruvments have beeu acbicved in the liberùization uf1Jri�c�. Ouc of the fust stcps
2
some basic food artic:Ms and M Jimitt."ti numllc:r of t he other-t11;m-fond
articles broupt into circulation by
transportation. and
some hou5ing
gtate
enririea (CDergy. n&c;dh;inc, tdecotmul i�alionf., urban
constructa), all othe,. wboleSëtic: and reta il p•i�es have
been freed. The Govemntent bas tak.en stepl to
rate. At the timc o
.--""'-_,.,c
)
att possible to their real
the priees of bask
gonds aud
co:ot.
mentioned is tJac .iatroductioo of � unithnu aud free exchangc
ion
c
Albuian QWT•oy
was devu.lued h'
th� rate
of'
1 30 lekF 1 USD. Dy the eu of 1 9'J3 as weU u during the fu·st tinee months of 1 994 the lek
at rate of l 00 lek.s =- 1
USD. Ailerwanls the lel became stlnJCwhat st rungcr
�
and by th� middle of 1994 it had rea\.:bed the ale of 90 leks - 1 tJ SD
w:ls
b\:hmged
------
of
Due lo its indispensable cole w the progress of the ecc;mowi�; rcf{nm ecu�nt11y ,
2� woll :t!:
to
vitAl
IV
ES
the vory dir e financial situation o f state oWiliMI .ucrprises, priva.ti7.aliuu is considcrEù of
importane<: by all the politi�lll panics. Nwertheless,
despit� this lmanimous apprnval.
ther� lli'e somç differences ol' ovinion amoug die diftèrcnt
parties r�gardiug the 111�hods.
CH
tonns and specd ofthe privatizatioo proc�� u weU as Î.li111ues sm:h
11� ll1e
scove and tlepth of
1
mentioned. the basic law ou wblcll privatiMtion ii based is the Law on Sunctiouing and
---
IC
As
AL
Legal Framework
AR
privatization, the balu.ce belween privatizati-. ud rcstructuritlg, und \.1thers.
tltc llrotection ofPrivate .ltropcJ'ly Free ÙÙliaûve and htvMtization uf Augu!-.1 1 0, 1 99 1 . This
-
�
·
OR
law is considor\SCI •• very lib�;T.I and very
broM, in the seJJ \.:C thal il
allows
enough spacc
for
ST
functioning with the Govemment's ù�ision$. lt defines the National Ag�ncy o f l'rivali:ation
u th!!
c.ntrol institution rcspousiblc {\,,. th� tr811ibrmation of statc pwverty inlu private
prO]ierty, which eets the rulcs of the eotire pro�n: ofprivatiL.atiou up
HI
/
•� elo Ge
briatt even
EU
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AN
otber controlled articles.
ON
Except for controls on
UN
I
·
trausformatiou ofpropcrty.
3
tu
the total
An
othcr important law Ïi "On Protection ofForCÏHD IDvc�mcnt!>".
Thi� is
"----_
__
arbltration
free trans.fcr of capital to banb uut8ide �--------..
c---
)2X.___.-fl---JV��opcrty
returncd
Thcre is al110 a law "On Restitution", whicb
wbich will he
respousiblc.
forcigu
çou r1 s,
"'-rly lllipulates the
·
t
th,.
UN
I
of dilputes (reprcüng joÎilt v......) .in
EU
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•
il1i
ON
most liberal for foreign inveltors, with itA QIIIÏa qp�1s being:
wn�idcn:d
amou rtl of Jormcrly
l'riviltC
deliuition and tb� instit utions
of
Law "On Commercial Cumpanicl'" whicb ddhu dLc orgat•.W.tiuual finws nf rcgi!ottcrcù
IV
ES
companics in the .Rcpubliç of Albania. lt cleu"ly defines the relationship bclw�ccn partncJ's in
variuu' type!l of comp.ani<;:�t, llu;; wain condiûœw, iaclUdn.lg the cuntraL-1s anù stalutes of
compwes, th-= operations of and llinitations oa çompanies as weil
settling dispute5. And a1so
Council of Miaialters' Decrces relat�d to the ovcrall
AR
process or privatization.
sotnc:
the means of �tnd rights
CH
in
as
AL
Privatb.aûoa aad
rettru�harÏAK·
re1ationahip between pli'v a\Wition and r�g fo1· the enterpri�es in the Jlmc.. ss
OR
Th"
IC
--
has be� clarified. Sin� !ipceO of privatizaûoo il the batiic critcriuu, it h as be�n resolvcd thllt
ST
privatizatiott will guide r�litructUrlng.
arc
çemplex. or large 1:11t erp risc�. commissions of
to d""-ide on splitüu.� u.li sections wtdl litùe or nu tcchuulogical cunnection.
HI
oKports
ln wma:
4
lf one conaidera the macroeconomie and teclmical barriel'S that Cli.Ïst. privati:t.al ion's priority
ofby the private owner himself
be b�u �r tuken
UN
I
care
can
ON
over re&tnacturing is indisputable. lt is widely acceptcd ÙlJit rest ru\:t uring
A st at e-guided reitnacturing, however elaborated it may �. wt.'uld not tum out t o be
of the vigOt'OUi macro or microeconomie
EU
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efficeot in the end becausc the market prioritica might ch8Jlgc �,;onsidcra\11)' iu the dynamiws
chaates iD the coWttry
underso a process of re&tructw·w�:; an.a.:uuliu� lu
M
Still,
a
few enterp rit;et; will
"l'�X:iael l'' "�r am fumJ�,t h)'
Rank and to this end the Enterprise Restruc:turing Agen�.:y. was set up.
Privatizaûoa Re�ult11
Since the time ofits mandating in 1 992, Govemment t oo lo..
n�a:.ur c::.
of
�:.::.t..:��.:..:wer:.::_e::._!:p:_:riv:..:_-::11 ized tutHIIy
1 993
IV
ES
road transport. fi.shing motamaat�. and later in
,,., .
at
the
fil.;,.t
Wurltl
l" i v �tl iJ'-�tl iuu
as weil as �rvices,
-------
-
have heeu tH i v a t.it.c:•·l whnle�ale t r ;uic:.
ayoindu&tlw �or, hotelit, cl\;. Tire: yçar 1 994 tiU u u w 11111t l.. � t in: tu{J of 1)111<111 IIJtÙ rn�.:ùium
� �
euterpri.;e p&Îv•ÛUliUll, whc.:n; h•vc b"em privatiz.W liUc.:t=:;sfully th�.: wo:;t p;u1 of c.:unstx uc.:tiou
CH
sector, the foreign lnnle QJ.tcrpri:;cs, th� tourilm �"lor, inùustry ami élgii�ull 111 c. This
process ofprivat:ization is still going on for the remain pilrt
wdl
as
for ali diff�nmt
!>1at�
m�Lhod�; impl�ted in this pw��s ar� au�.:tions ln f1wori:t:in!l
AR
owned assets. (Th� stamllrrt
as
AL
cert.ùn wcial aratta .)
The privatisation of apartments is over and the restitution of th�,; land to cx-owncrs is
ex-own
OR
IC
__12>(�1> fini&hing. AgriçU]tural land is dividc:d to th
s of the
land. but of\.:ourS�;: tb-=rc bave
bccn complaints ou this matter and the court. arc dealiug with Îbc: dil>]JUh:s.
ST
Mass privatisation programme
Ap111 from what was �utioucd •ùuve, sinM•IIUl�tdy. The
M iur�l r y
of Fin au ce. National
HI
Ageucy of Privaliutiou and NlltiuUid Brwl., aurtcd inuuidcatdy the :<.tudy. draJliug and
i.wpleweutatiou ofMass Printi.atiuu !dicwc. So iu •
5
ver y :Jrur t ti u re: iL wa� drafted
ofjoint
b"tock c omp aniu and the distributiou s�h�nu.: of co.wpen&aliou
ON
privatization IICheme
h
for the diltribution
of priv ;�tio�.at itm vouchcrs, lllArkcd
he &tart of mau privatizatioo. Vouchers will be disaributed to 1\ lbauiuns who nrc over 1 8
years
�
old. lt will vary by 3 age group�>
and in eevoral pha�s. Tb� Buul.. of Albanie will be
re�onsible for p.rinting vouchers: and the
t
ein to the
.
ib e population.
EU
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/ -..J"VV
The President decree of March 199 5 ,
UN
I
vouchers for the population.
&aVÏJiis Ba.ul. will be J o:-.p uusihlc f(lr dil:>1 ributiug
Also the medium and lauge enterprises to be privatized through sh:uc auet ionf. n eed
into joint
tnan sformed
:itlo\:k
to he
wwpiW..Ï\:�> ;u;\.:ordiag to the Law On Transformation of SOE-s
of
into COII.IIIlm'-ial Companies which passcd April 20, 1 99 � .
w�:�:1.b. Euh:& pli��
will
IV
ES
Th e share auctions will b e held a t th e a t the UÛOilal Jçvçl vv�o:J " tw.x.imum p�riml o f �veral
�ç olf"'r� for soalt:
ali thcir
prepar11tion ls complc1cd and rcsl hul lllll
claims ar·e seltlcd. Th.: c:nterpri� wbich will be off.ered for shaJ �,.; aU\;\Îtms will he announçtd
CH
in advance and basic information on thç çut.nplÜica; will �\: availabk
v ouchcr� iuto
inv�:stw�t
TI1e invesunent funds are e&tablisbed u joint stock companic� which is uudcr
AL
funds.
hold�s will have the choi,çe to invcsl lhcir
AR
lu lhe MPP, vuu�er
OR
IC
preparation.
program Information on the privatiz.ation proaram is dcsigncd
to ra ise
public knowh:dgc
ST
and famili.arity on. privati.t.aliou. Then:fon:. iaûorwaliou will lJ� w iùdy ùi��cmiu�tteù "" the
followina: how and when eligible cili.t.eus � pk:lr. up lhei• vuu�.,;hc• � - auclion lime�, places
HI
aud proccs��ea� ..id basic iufonnation on the œterpri:K:� 11nù a �S\: 1 � whid•
6
;uc
l11.:iu�
suld.
of strategie �eton� &!> the power sector,
etc will be made after the
specia1 laws for thMa wiU be draftcd. ·n,� group!> withiu the Jinc
cooperate with the conuni&ion Ql'fttod fu.r matis yrivatisat i\)11 program
UN
I
ministrie§ will
telecom1 1 1uuil.:ïtt ion�. watt:r supply,
ON
The privatisation
EU
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Ladies and Gentelmen.
This is an outlinft of the economie reform in Alb•nia and the p.rivoti�ul ivn
as a
cruci�tl
element of it . What is happening in Albania � limilar to the pr·o"a;s�s of an lhc e<>untrie::. of
Eastern Europe. Of cow�, each
�
country bu iu &pe«.}itics und dilli..:r cncics, but in èt'·mcral the
reform in a11 these c.ountrie� il; go.ing througb dae
From the
so
as
it
saane s1agcs with
bcgimùng, 1 mentioned Ùlllt AlbiUÙa .bu suff��e
\:IUl
,liffèrcut del�tys in tiwe.
str�gt:st dictature �
-i,_
tr_
o._
pc._
.
be understood the �conomic refoœ .in AJb!UWt is b�iug �.;anicd
out
......
with a lot of
HI
ST
OR
IC
AL
AR
CH
IV
ES
of the rcform and its achievemeuts.
of
difficulties and is a ralh�:r pllinful proce� AJbegjan Gov�mmcnt is O)ltimistic orthe resu1ts
7
_
_
_
�
·�
ON
COUNTRIES IN THE M ID-1990s : OPPORTUNITIES, CONSTRAINTS,
EU
RO
PE
AN
PA N E L 0
AR
CH
IV
ES
of
E S T R U C T U RING
AL
IC
OR
ST
HI
UN
I
CONTRAINTES, IMP LICATIONS EN MATIERE DE SECURITE
. . ...
.. . ..
...,..
1
1
.
t
.
UN
I
ON
COUNTRIES IN THE MID-1 990s : OPPORTUNITIES, CONSTRAINTS,
EU
RO
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AN
DE LA COOPERATION DANS LE MILI EU DES A NNEES 90 : CHANCES,
1
Î
IV
ES
of
/
HI
ST
OR
IC
AL
AR
CH
P eter Rutland
""'
L
r
1
1
BRUSSELS, 28-30 JUNE/JUIN 1 995, B RUXELLES
0712-95
l arge ly home -grown and s e l f -admini s t ered . 2 1
both the C z ech and Rus s i an prograrns
a dec entra l i z ed imp l ementation mode l ,
re spons ibi l i ty
enterpr i s e
' Priva t i z ing
Arbes s . )
GKI
( Th i s has been des c r ibed as
the priva t i zat ion proc es s '
I n the Rus s i an case ,
the
danger o f
the c en t er ,
to
Thi s decentral i z a t i on
whi ch wou ld probably occur
the nat i onal
However ,
by a t t orney Dan i e l
8 0 plusreg i onal branches o f
an admi n i s trat ive and po l i t ic a l
paperwork and too many of
up
the
a l s o p l ayed an important ro l e .
minimi z ed
at
l eve l .
if
the
and to
opportun i t i es
s teer
too rouch o f
authori t i es .
bureaucracy a l s o carry certain drawbacks .
inc r e a s e
the
the
( Th i s
spec i a l i z ed
Dec entra l i z a t ion may
f or corrup t i on ,
t h e c entral
economy .
·
log- j am
the di f f i cul t dec i s ions were shi f t ed
dec entral i z a t i on and the crea t i on o f
weaken t h e abi l i ty o f
the
shi f ted
EU
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down to
in which rouch o f
for drawing up priva t i z a t ion plans was
adop t ed
ON
Interes t ingly ,
UN
I
prograrn was
and bo th
authori t i e s
is
factors
to rai s e revenue
a par t i cu l arly acu t e prob l em
in Rus s i a . ) Obvious ly , one c anno t c reate a s eparate bureaucracy
to deal with each new ec onomie prob l em that ar i s e s ( al though
thi s pa t t ern i s a l s o v i s ibl e even in deve loped cap i t al i s t
soc i e t i e s ) .
Two c onc lus i ons
t
s
f rom this
survey o f
the checkered
desp i t e
all
for
a surpr i s ing extent
through ' .
the
talk o f
succ e s s ,
trans i t i on mode l s
and
economie po l i cy has pro c e eded t o
through the
fami l i ar pro c e s s
IV
ES
First
s t andard f o rmulas
of
hi s to ry of priva t i z a t i on in the f o rmer s o c i al i s t c ountr i e s .
of
' muddl ing
Al though drama t i c p o l i cy dec i s ions have been taken ,
the way priva t i z a t ion programs were des igned and imp l emented in
Rus s i a and C z echo s lovakia provides
ayekian argument
but tha t
open-ended proc e s s
s eems
S e c ond
thi s
for the
through a comp l ex and
o f human ac t i on . 2 2 Thi s was true in the Wes t ,
to be
true
in the Eas t
( no t
to ment i on
e s s ay evaded the que s t ion o f
the Far
j us t how
suc c e s s ful Ehe priva t i z at i on prograrns have real ly been . It
too early t o s ay whe ther the resul t s are worth the e f f or t ,
to
answer
AL
impo s s ib l e
might have b e e n
the pres ent
the c ount er - f ac tual
' ano ther way '
author ' s
IC
is
for a l l
f o rward towards
hal l
g1ng the
e
ther e
trans i t i on .
ten years
the ir
that
f l aws ,
is
and
But
it
f rom now the
wi l l be
s e en as
ec onomie prosperi ty and c iv i l
ST
OR
s t eps
an
o
intu i t ion that
C z ech and Rus s ian programs ,
dec i s ive
s oc i e ty .
to
evo lves
AR
and i t a l s o
Eas t ) .
it
CH
s orne bluepr int ,
f irm evidenc e
that cap i t a l i sm does no t emerge according
21
The
exc ep t i o n was
HI
f inanc ed by US
i n the
22
F.
AID ,
a
group
of
two
do z en W e s t ern
who h e lped eva lua t e
c omp e t ing
c onsu l t an t s ,
f i rm p ro j e c t s
f i r s t wave o f pr ivat i z a t i on .
Hayek ,
Order
- With or Without Design ?
Res earch into C ommuni s t E c onomi es ,
17
1989 ) .
( London :
Center
for
ON
COUNTRIES IN THE MID-1990s. : OPPORTUNITIES, CONSTRAINTS,
EU
RO
PE
AN
UN
I
ETAT DES REFORMES ECONOMIQUES DA"NS LES PAYS PARTENAIRES
PARTI C I PANTS
of
OF
IV
ES
LIST
HI
ST
OR
IC
AL
AR
CH
( Late participants are not i n cluded on this list)
.
0712-95
·
ST
HI
AL
IC
OR
IV
ES
CH
AR
of
EU
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AN
UN
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ON
NATO E C O N O M I C S COL LOQU I U M
28th to 3 0th J u n e 1 995
ON
PARTI C I PANTS
UN
I
LIST OF
Germ a n Employers' Association , Kôln
ADAM EK Josef
Brussels, Be�gium
ALPMAN Serpil
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ankara , Turkey
A R M ITAGE David
Department of Defe nse, Washington D C , U SA
BAR RY Michael
Department of Defen se, Washington D C , U SA
BENSA I D Bernard
I nstitut Français du Pétrole, Rueil-Malmaison, France
B E R C EA Vladimir
Romanian M i nistry of I ndustri es, Bucharest
B O BA Silvia
Rome, ltaly
BR OWN H arry
Ministry of Defence, London, U K
IV
ES
of
EU
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ABEL Klaus
BU I TTA M assimo
Palerm e , ltaly
BU ITTA Rozalea
CH
Palerme, ltaly
BUZKOVA Helena
Samara State Aerospace U niversity , R ussia
N ational l n stitute for Strategie Studies, Kiev, U kraine
C O L I J N Leendert
R a bobank/R IAS, Amersfoort, The N etherlands
AL
AR
C H ER E D N I C H E N KO Victor
C O MA N E S C U Lazar
OR
IC
C O PP É Albert
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bucharest, Remania
KO P I NT-DATO R G , Buda pest, Hungary
DABKU S Algis
Lithuanian Liaison Officer to NATO
DA I A N U Daniel
N ational Bank of Rem ania, Bucharest
HI
ST
C SABA Lazlo
DAVI D D I Renzo
IPAGRA-g:�a'llc\colloque\95\1 52
European Com missio n , Brussels
.
-1 -
-2-
State Department, Washington O C , USA
D E LARGENTAYE Bertrand
European C o m m ission, Brusse l s
D E R O B ERTIS AntonG iulio
Alcide de G asperi Foundation, Rom e , ltaly
D ESMYTER Etienne
B I OTETRA NV, Gent, Belgium
D I C HIARO Joseph
Bonn I nternational Center for C onversion, Germ any
D RABEK Zdenek
GATI, Geneva, Switzerland
ECO F F EY Bernard
Etat-Major Généra l , Berne, Switze rland
ELLMAN M ichael
U niversity of Am sterd a m , The N etherlands
E N G E L I C H Albert
Austrian Em bassy, Brussels
FALC O N M ichael
European C o m m ission, Brussel s
F E RJ E N TS I K Kol o m a n
M i n i stry of Economy o f Czech Republic, Prague
F ESH BAC H Murray
Georgetown U niversity, Washi ngton O C , USA
IV
ES
of
EU
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PE
AN
UN
I
ON
DA VIS Ronald
F I L I N O V Igor
Belarus State Polytech nic Academy, M i nsk
F I L I POV Lubom i r
Bulga rian N ational Bank, Sofia
F I TU N I Leonid
CH
Centre for Strategie and G lobal Stud ies, Moscow
F O R N I Cesare
AR
N ovara , l taly
GASSLER Robert Scott
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G I M P E LSO N Vla d i m i r
OR
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Vesalius College, U LB , Brussel s
l nstitute of World Economy a n d I nternational
Relations, M oscow
C h ancellory of the SEJ M , Warsaw, Poland
N ational Agency for Privatizatio n , Tirana, Albania
G RE G O RY Paul
U niversity of H ouston , H ouston, Texas, USA
G RO S B E RG Jack
VP GARAS, Brussels, Belgium
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G U M M I C H Andreas
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Deutsche Bank Research , F ra nkfurt am Main
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G UYADER Daniel
European Com mission, Brussels
HAKO G I M asum i
Tohoku U n iversity, Japan
HAM E N D E Benoît
I S D E E , Trieste , ltaly
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HARBO O RT Julien
ON
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Libra ry of Congress, Washington D C , U SA
HARDT, John
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HATRY Paul
G KY Economie Resea rch C o . , Budapest, Hungary
HEG E D U S M i klés
HELSS � N Constant
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U F S IA, Brussels
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C ranfield U niversity, Swindon, U K
HJO RTH-HA N S E N C h ri stian
Hvidovre, Denmark
H O HMA N N Hans-Herm ann
B I O ST, Këln , Germany
HO RN E J . Paul
Sm ith Barney lnc. , Paris, F rance
HUG HES Sa ndra
State Department, Washington D C , U SA
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H I LTO N Brian
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Fédération de Russie en Belgique , Brussels
IVAN OVA Van i a
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European C o m m i ssion , Brussels
J O SSE Rog ier
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J O S EP H Philip
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M iddelburg , The N etherla nds
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Rom a n i a n M i n i stry of I ndustries, Bucharest
Bognor Reg i s, U K
lnstitute for Germ an Studies, U niversity of
Birmingham , U K
Conflict Studies Research C entre, Sandhurst, U K
KHRO M O V Yuri
Russia's lnstitute for Strategie Studies, M oscow
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Bank of F i nland, Helsinki
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KO STEC KI Ja nusz
Ce ntral Office of Planning, Warsaw, Pola nd
K R O G SAETER C athrine
C HO D N orway
KUZNYETSOV Vl adimir
Admini stration of President of U kra ine, Kiev
LAC HAUX Claude
C o m missariat à l ' Energie Atomique , Paris, France
LATTER R i ch a rd
Wilton Park, Steyning, U K
LEF E BVR E M aurice
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L O R CA C O R R O N S Alejandro
M a d rid, Spain
L O S C H Dieter
I nstituts for Economie Research, Hamburg, Germany
LU N N Sim on
North Atlantic Assembly, Brussels
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European Commision , Brussels
EXA I nternation a l SA, Gennevilliers, F ra n ce
Open M edia Research I nstituts , Prague
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M I HALKA Michael
U niversity of Pau, F rance
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European l n vestment Bank, Brussels
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Czech N a tional Bank, P rague
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London Busi ness School, U K
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Ministry of Defence, Rom e , l taly
PALAN Josef
Parliamentary I nstituts , Prague, Czech Republic
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WAS M E, Lowestoft, U K
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Warsaw School of Economies, Poland
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European League for Economie Coop. , Brussels
REZN ITC H E N KO Gennady
Sam ara State Aerospace U niversity, Russia
RI BA KOVA, Tatiana
DIW, Berlin, Germ any
R I MSHEVIC HS l l m a rs
Bank of Latvia , Riga
ROB I N SON-MARK San d ra
Fra n k l i n Advisory Services, Brussels
RODC H E N KO Vassily
Kiev I nternational Civil Aviation U n i versity, U krai n e
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OECD, Paris, F rance
British l nstitute of Energy Economies, London, U K
European Comm ission, Brussels
U niversity of Bundeswehr, Munich , Germ a ny
DIW, Berl i n , Germ a ny
SELS Annabel
Catholic U niversity, Leuve n , Belgium
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Ban k of Estonia, Tal l i n n
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Ministry of Economy of Czech Republic, Prague
STAPLES Catherine
European C o m m ission, Brussels
STE E L E M a rk
Boston U n iversity, U K
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Ministry of l ndustry a n d Trade, Bud a pest, Hungary
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U n ited N ations, N ew York, USA
TA RDOS M â rton
Hun arian N ationa l Assembly, Bud apest
TRZEC IA K-D U VAL Alexan d ra
O E C D , Paris, F rance
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Kiev I nternational C ivil Aviatio n U niversity, U kra ine
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Centra l Office of Planning , Warsaw, Poland
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U nited N ations, N ew York, USA
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European Parliame nt, Brussels
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American I nternational Tra d i n g , Brussels
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I n stitut I S M EA, Paris, F ra n ce
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C E P I I , Paris, France
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D IW, Berl i n , Germ any
W I L L I A M S Keith
North Atlantic Asse m bly, Brussel s
WI NTE R B ER G Jërg
Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftun g , St. Augusti n , Germany
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l n stitute of N ational Economy, Buch a rest
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Fachhochschule fu r Tech n i k und Wirtschaft,
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/'{ 'mon et surtout par la confinuation définitive de la nature intergouvernementale de la Pese. le projet
de monnaie unique perdralf son soutien essentiel. celui de l'A llemagne. Les principales a u tontés
allonandcs ont mdiqué à pllmcurs reprises que la renonciation à la monnaie nationale n 'était poss1blc
que? dans le contcxle d'une \'éntablc Union politiqu e, à réaliser certes progressivement. mais déjà
AL
dalron,•nf Jc ss mée dans le no1n·ea u Traité issu de la CIG: ce n 'est pas un avertissement dont l 'on
l'ar/,· \'Oionflers.
ni à Paris.
ni dan s certaines autres capitales,
mais il est clair et d'ailleurs
IC
Jlar_kmonent compréhensible. compte tenu de la signification qu 'a la monnaie unique dans l'esprit du
ch<1nn·her Kohl amsi que de l 'ex-chancelier Schm idt (vo1r cette mème rubrique dans
EUROPE du
30 septemb re).
Sans dessein po/uique am hitieux et sans Union économique et monétaire, le financement de
OR
/'1 n11m �era profondément b o u le versé. Ou bien qurlqrt 'un s 'imagine-t-il peut-être q u 'on aura quand
m: m, tl 1ci que lq ues an n é e s . l 'é q u i \ 'D ie n t des "paquets De lors " qui avaient accompagné l 'A cte unique
er
le 7 r<� l té de Afaastncht
7
Soyon s sérieux: ce qui resterait Je la constmction communautaire serail
ST
,· s <'lill• lle nr e nt le grand marché et quelques rè g l e s communes pour le fai re fonctionner. A u nom de
qum ccrrams pays. a l'ec les dij{icultés b udgétaires que tous désomrais connaissent. dn rQ / e ll f - i ls
_[i!l,mccr les po l1 1 1 ques stmcrurelles d 'aurmi
ma1 ·
a n· c
d, ' li ll <'<'
nt
_?
Les mécanismes de la politique régionale subsisteront.
de s dotations radicalement réduites: une partie des financements est d'ailleurs explicllemcnt
à faCi ll l e r la com·crgence (Fonds d
/Cf'fJ
1</tln�
l 'a \·cmr de la Pese (po l1 1ique é1rangère et de sécurité com m une) ou du
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et
la m�hodc <'om muna utaire
•
UN
I
•
ON
La finalité démocratique � fédérale de l'Union Européenne ne r�ulte d'aille urs pas en
premier lieu - une fois que le procesSU) a été mis en marche d'w1 choix politi4ue
volontariste des acteurs dans les différentes étapes; elle est plutôt une résultante d'une
part des intérêu de l'ensemble des membres, i lloavoir de l'interét commun, d'autre part
de la méthode communautaire.
Les effo11s entreptis par te� instances communautaires de fonnuter les interêts de
l'ensemble des membr� ou l'interet co mmun mènent JogjtJuemcnt à de:� !foluLions
démocratfsa.Lion ct la fédëraJj:-ation, car 1'1uterêt prioritaire des membres
est de profrter au ma'<i mum des p<ttcntialités de runion. Cela veut dire que chaque
EU
RO
PE
AN
fa vorisants la
membre, tout en veillant à maintenir sa propre autonomie et sa pmpre capa(.,ité d'agir
dans le sy�;1ème communautttire afin d'augmenter ses profits (politiques, é<.:onomiques,
financiers, de preslige, de sécurit é etc. ), a également tout interêt de vnir se dëvelopper
la capacité de l'Union à produire des bénéfices (politiques, économiques, financiers; de
prestige, de sécurité etc.)
4.
La flnallté
doit être toujoun reactivi
il faut se poser la question de lA stratégie à Nivre puur fuire de la Cuntër�nce
de révision du traité de M.atitrieht (dite Conférence Intergouvernementale) un succès.
La logique des choses ne produit pas un automatif'me. la finalité pol itique, a savoir l a
finalité fédérale et democratique doit toujours être activé par •ta volonté de l'homme" .
F.t pour a(...-ti\·er cette volonté. pour faire bouger le� hommes et les femmes responsables
à tirer les cons�uence.1 adéquats de la ''logique des choses•, il faut des mobilisateurs
ou des forces mobilisatrices.
CH
-
IC
AL
AR
Ceci dit
IV
ES
of
Cette tendance est soutenue par la méthode rommunautaire qui garantit qu�l n'y a pas
de subordination - ni des membres Sl'Wi une volonte générale, ru de l'Union sous une
volonté particulière - mais un équilibre entre les pouvoirs des membres fédérés et le
pouvoir établi par t'ensembl� ùes tëdét'és, à savoir la Communauté (ou l'Union ou la
Fédération).
S. Les forces mobilisatrices
torees mobilisatrices qui pownicnt
OR
Le�
exercer
cet
effet en vue de la C.IG '96:
ST
- le débat politique sur les enjeux de la révi sion préwe, débat auquel participent déjà
avec beaucoup d'cngagcme11t les repréSCfltants des tbrces SOGiales et cullureUes. créant
ainsi
les intérêts investis dans le projet de l'u nifk.ation européenne qui risquent d'être perdu
ce processus {vers la normali�atioo du sy!itème politique i� de J'intégration: ven> sa
HI
�
si
un consensus incontournable;
démocratisation et sa fédéralisation) serait arr�té;
.
NOVEM B R E
1 995
CENTRE BREdEROdE
RUE BREdERodE
EN COMpi.ÉMENT À lA jOURNÉE d'ÉTudE NOUS VOUS CONViONS À
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EXploiTATION poUR lE COMpTE d 'UN cliENT (iNSTiTUT dE
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9 . 00 H INTRODUCTION AU TÉLÉTRAVAIL
1 1 . 4 5 H LE TÉLÉTRAVAIL CONSTinJE-T-IL UNE
DANS lE TÉlÉTRAV�il, UNE obliGATION
ruER À UNE obliGATION dE MOYENS. OuE
dE lA BE/qiAN
liONS dE TRAVAil? LE CONTRAT clAssiQUE dE TRAVAil EST�il ENCOR
AdApTÉ À lA RÉAliTÉ du TÉlÉTRAVAil? QuEllES M ESURES CONVIEN�
MODERATEUR:
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CHEF DE CABINET DU MINISTRE DE L/EMPLOI
ET DU TRAVAIL ET DE LA POLITIQUE DE L �GAUTE DES CHANCES
L /EMPLOI ET DU TRAVAIL.
PosiTioN d E lA CoMMUNAUTÉ EURopÉENNE:
PARTICIPANTS AU PANEL:
EuRoiwlowÈTRE EffECTUÉ dANs lEs l� ETATS M EMbRES
M. ERIC MAiwER, ADJOINT AU OIEF 0//JN/TE
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MME GENEVIEVE MEUNIER JURISTE AU SERVICE D 'ETUDE DE
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LA CONFEDERATION DES SYNDICATS CHRETIENS
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M. NOEL ORAIN, AsSOCIATION
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M. CHRISTIAN ]AVAUJÇ ASSOCIATION
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biliTE dE €0MPAGNiES AÉRiENNES, bANQUES d
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SANCES TEChNi ' ES? PEU NT•ils CONSTilUER UN MOYEN pERMET�
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dANS lES ENTREpRiSES?
UNALITES EUROPEEN.
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J<ErsER CoNSEILLER GENERAL DE L /UNION
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TÉLÉTRAVAIL, NOTRE\.MODE DE VIE
ENVIRONNEMENT GÉOGRAPHIQUE
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NOTRE
siGNifiCATif du TÉlÉTRAVAil? Oud EN SERAiT l'iMpACT EN MATIÈRE
dE TRANSpoRT ET d'AMÉNAGEMENT du TERRITOIRE, d'ENVIRONNEMENT,
de fisCAliTÉ ET dE REC ES p bliQUES, dE RÉpARTITION de
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MME PATRICIA GERARD, TELETRAVAIUEUSE
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MME NEUY BRISBOJS, CENTRALE GENERALE DES SYNDICATS
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Association des Di plômés de l ' I nstitut d 'Ad m i nistration et de Gestion
de l ' U niversité Catholique d e Louvain
A.S. B. L .
ON
Lo vain-La- Ne uve', l e 23 octobre 1 995
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Chers A mis,
Les télécom m unications, vous en ent ndez
er tous l e s j o rs ... et nous les u t i l 'so
en plus. A uj ourd'hui, o n com m u n i q u, p l u s sou n t, p l us loi , pour moins
.ç �
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Ces o u t i l s de p l u s en pl us performa ts , nous ne pouvons p s
cette q uestion q ue t
l e s uti l i ser au m i e u x po ur dével opp�t nos e n t reprises ?
s de notre déj e uner d u
répondre notre prochai n orateur, A ndré de Valensart
novem bre prochain. Directeu r chez A SCOM, an. i
e l 'I AG e t fidèle sponsor de
André de Valensart a choisi le ritre suivant:
de p l u s
tera de
·
util hier, une
of
" Les Télécommunications dans l'Entr rise : un
Arme stratégique aujourd' hui " ?
/
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Nous sommes évidemment tous concernés, donc il n'y a aucun doute q u e ce déjeuner sera - à n�u
- un s uccès.
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Agenda :
CH
Jacques CA RNIER
Heure : l �h \ 5
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Adresse du j o u r :
1 .400 Fr pour les membres
\ . 600 Fr pour l es non-mem bres
PARC
SAVOY
Réscr•alion obl i gatoire
(au plus tard le jeudi prét:édcnt)
cio Géry Delacroi x
(Cercle des Nations)
DI RECT I V E s.a
2 5 ,av. F. Roosevelt
1 0 5 0 Bruxe l l e s
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Siège social : Place des Doyens, 1
1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
Banaue : 191 ·0330461·45
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Fax : (010) 47 83 1 8
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9. 00 h 1 n t rnd uct inn a u téh'-t ra " a i l
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* i\ quel type de travail !> · applique-t -i l? A quelle typologie de fonctions s' adresse-t-i\?
< )uels t ypes de person nes peuve n t -ê t re concemées par le télé-travail?
IV
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l\ '1 . X a , icr 1 1 /\ R l\ I S T /\EDTER Président de l a nelgian TeleWorking Association asbl
9.30 h P os i t i o n (h•s insta nn·s voliti(JUCS en matière de tèlé-travai 1 ct de société de
CH
l ' in formation
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Position d e la ( 'om m u na u t é européen n e :
l\ lmc Dnmt hcc n r r Z
1\ 'h.mhr
d u < ahinet de Mon si eu r n ANGEM ANN, Membre
Posit ion d u Cio u vememen l d e la région Wallonne
Position des
(demandée)
tiropéen s à t ra vers un sondage Eurobaromètre e f fectué dans les
OR
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de la ( 'nmmission des ( 'om n n m ;� u t és e u ro pé e nn es .
membres
15
Etats
ST
l\1. Fric T\'LI\ R J l E R . adj oi n t au chef d ' u nité " sondage d ' opinion" de la Commission
HI
des ( ' o m m u n a u t és européennes
1 0 . 3 0 h Paus('
t 0 . 45 h Télé-travail et popu l a t i o n s spécifiques (hand i capés, invalid es, prisonniers.)
T .e t é l é - t rava i l o f fre-t-il des pe rs pe c tive s exceptionelles pour des populations spécifiques
1\.: l o d ér a t c u r :
'
l\ 'f. Noel OR AIN - Associa t ion Di f fërences
EU
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Participants au P a ne l :
l\ r. ( 'hristian .T A V Al l X - Associa tion chrétienne des invalides et handicapés
1 1 . 4 " h L(.• t l• l l•- t r a v a i l const i üu•-t- i l u ne lorme w n tempora i n c d ' esclavage d es
t ravailleurs et en pa rt iculier d e s t ravail leuses.
nans le t élé-travaiL un e ob l iga t i o n de résultats va se substituer à une obligation de
moyens. ()uelles p o una ie n t être les c onséquences de cef"te mutation fondamentale dans
les relations de tra , ·a i l ?
d u t élé-trava i l ? < Juell es
J .e co n t ra t classique de travail est-il encore adapté à l a réalité
mesures conviendrait-il de prendre pour maintenir les droits
of
soc i a u '\ <les t ravaillcms?
IV
ES
M o dé ra te u r:
f\ A me Fr:mç oisc c 1< W F l NET, e x pe rt e au Sen�ce des relat ions collectives du travail . du
f\ fini�t ère fëdér:-� 1 d e l em p loi et d u t rava i l . ( Cellule Actions posi tives)
'
CH
Pm1icipan t s au pa nel :
T\ lme Nelly B R 1 S BOIS, Ce n trale ( rénérale des Syndicats Liberaux de Belg1que .
AR
l\ l m e Cicncvievc T\,fFl TN T FR , j 1 11i s t e .-.u Service d ' étude de la Confédérat ion des
SyndicaiH ( 'hrét iens
1 3 0011
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1 3. 0 0 - Déjeuner hu ffet
1 4h30 - Le Télé-tra v a i l ct l ' e mploi
* J c 1 �1�-t r:n::-�il a-t -il une i n tlucncc S\11" le volume de l ' emploi? Ne modifie-t-il p(lS en
réali1� la ré part i t ion spa c ia l c d ' un volume existant d ' emplois? Cette délocalisation est
HI
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f\ r . l e Profcssctlr J'vl ichel 1\ 'f E R ( · n ·. R , Président du Comité de gestion de 1 ' Agence
Wallonne po ur l in t égra t i o n de� personnes handicapées.
ON
qui ont des d i l l ïc.ult '.s de d é pl él c e men t { handicapés, invalides, ptisonniers . . )'?
elle pa rt icl lt: cl l c m porairc ou au c o n t nt i rc défmitive.
* 1 a d él nc a li� a l i o n de cnl<�im�� acl ivilés de services ( comp l ab i l i l é de compagnjcs
arrit:nnes. h a nqucs de do n n ées . . . . ) vers des pays à b as salaire cons t i t ue-t-elle u n e
con<.:é J l iCtt<.: c iJl(S i u c l ab lc de la mondalisa l ion de l ' éco�omic el de la so�ié l é de
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l ïn fot n t a l ion'.
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a m é li orer l ' c l l icaci l é des e n t re p r is e s cl nolammcnl des Prvlli gr a c e à un mcilku adcès
aux con n aissance� t ec h n iq u e �? J >cm·cn l -ils consti t uer u n moyen pcrmeltanl d ' in t roduire
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.,, La t élérn a t iqm: au senice de l ' e nseignement - activités acl uciJcs cl perspec t i ves
d ' :t venir. 1 :t I L�! G r o r m a l ion p e u l -il pe rm e t t re un rccyclnge professionncl tknn:tncnt des
çnl
1\ lud é r a l c ur :
i\ 1 . le Pt o l l:sst:ur 1\lht:t t COPPE, a n cit:n \ icc P résidc n t de la Com.mjssion des
-
( ' n n u n u n ;1 1 1 l és <: l l l·opéL·nncs
l n l crvcn:ml
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R L' pt ésw l a n l de la n . n . d<: l e m p l o i cl des rela t ions industrielles
'
( 'omnH I I W I I I és t' I ll opécnncs
Commission des
of
I\ 1 . 1 :rn n � De K E Y S E R C o n s e i l ler générnl de l ' Union des .Entrcptic;cs de Bru.xdles
IV
ES
i\ 1 . T h i el 1 �· 1\ I O N KH l E T I\ l a n a gi n g Direct or de la soc i é t é EDUN.ET sprl
H cprést' fl l il n t de 1:1 f 'édùation G éné ra le du Travail de J 1elgique
l\ !me l\ l ; .uiane P< H fi\ 1 A Y -
<. 'hercheur au service
d es te chn ol ogies de l ' éducation du
Université de Liège.
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1 7 . UO I l Le télé-t ravail
-
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Professeur Dieudonné L E C L E R C '<)
1 6. 45 h- 1 7. 00 h pa usr
( )uelles pou tT::Jienl ê t re les con sé q ue n ce s sur notre mode de vie et notre environnement
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é ogr;� p h ique d ' ml rléveloppeme n t si n i ticat i f du télé-travail.? Qu el e n sera i t l i m pac t
en m a t i ère de t ra nsport et d ' aménagement du tenitoire, d ' em.ironnement, de f isca l i t é et
de recettes publiq ues. de ré pa r t i t i o n de l e m p l oi entre zones urhaines et turales . . . .
'
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OR
l n l crvcn a n l s :
i\ 1 . 1 idier < ' < JS l l T N . i\ f ini s t re du < iouvemement de l a Région nmxelles-Capitale
ST
1
Communication" Université
HI
i\ r. l e Pro fesseur V:m BINST Ser'\ice "Télématique e t
1 ibre d e J 1 ruxelles.
UU lO h - Les t élécom m u n iutions a u service d es télé-travai lleurs
Vicomte Dirk FR IJ'\'IOUT - Directeur R echerche Dévclopp e menl à BELGACO 1
B - . J O l ' R N t<: t<:s PO R J'I<: S O l I V Ii� R T t<:S . ll' l N l T l AT J O N A U T E L �> T H A VA l L
fi:T A LA
S O C l f i: T fi: D l� L ' I N IT O R 1 \1 AT T ON " 1 5 & 1 6 N O V K M O R K 1 995
T n t ro d l l c t inn :l U \ :l l l l t n m l c f; de l ' i n f·o rmJ tion et au têlé-travail - fonctionnement et
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>1\ I P l l S F P \ . E l'l I NTER N E T - Accès aux 1onnns et banques de données
A t elier pert l l J n e n t de J opéra t eurs
h a n d ic a pé s
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qui se relaieront à une station de télé
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t r:n:;�il inst;�llée en e xp l oit:t l ion pour le compte d ' un c lient ( institut de sond:tge )
* 1 )émPn�tra l ion d ' u n outil de m es s :t ge ri e vocale et de secrétariat vi11uel.
"' 1 )émoll�t r;� t ioll d · un système de télé-trJvail dest iné aux PME et professions li hérales.
( cnmment une P l\ fE pc n t ;�ccèder :'t c list;�llce à de n ouvelles compétences e t échanger de
r e:xpérience J \ 'CC d . :tu t res Pl\ JE )
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a p p l i q u i'e s ' i n s c r i n n t d a ns Ir cad re d C' l a semaine européenne d u t élé-travail,
o r g a n i si'l· e n l i a ison an·c la Bdgian Tc.·lc.·Working Assodation, sous le patronage de
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l n ( 'nnHn i"sion d rs ( ' n m n m n a u tc's r u rn péennes .
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nature
VOL 378
A research cou nci l \ for Eu rope?
·--
23 NOVEMBER 1995
ON
\J A.TURE
UN
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Everybody ls anxious to help mould Europe's research pollcy. The place to start ls to say that episodic fundlng ( by
means of 'framework' programmes) ls a bad ldea. What ls needed ls a truly European research council.
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extended. The recipe for such an agency is easily defined:
a supervisory board that commands respect among work
ing scientists (but whose composition will be rotated regu
larly), an impartial secretariat recruited by merit (usually
experience) and a budget transferred from the commission
in which the donors will have no further say.
White the functioning of such an agency is easily
described, it is a fair bet that its routine operations would
not instantly work weil. Two or three years might go by
befàre it settled down. Then it would be possible to think
of extending its terrns of reference, w�ich would of course
require the compliance of the Council of Ministers (on
which national govemments are represented), no doubt
influenced and informed by the constitutional direction
Europe is then taking. Inevitably, there would be petty
arguments (which would have to be dismissed) about
questions such as whether the ultimate contributors to the
funds were deriving benefits in proportion to the sums
handed over .
At this early stage (in 1995), it is too soon even to guess
at what might become of such an ageney. It might never be
more than a mechanism for infrastructure grants and for
helping countries not doing enough to help themselves.
But if, in an ideal world, such an agency became a means
of making grants to good people without their having to
promise that they will engage Europeans of other nation
alities in their projects, Europe could find that it has a
powerful motor of European research at its service. As
things are, national research councils hug to themselves
the most imaginative proposais steered in their direction.
It will be a state of grace when they can put the shoe on
the other foot, seeing whether they can hive off the most
imaginative proposais to the central agency, reckoning
that, if they succeed, they will have more to spend on the
national interest.
Naturally it will not be easy to get from here to there.
But that is ali the more reason for beginning soon. The
Royal Society seems, from its judicious comment on the
Fifth Framework Programme, to be inclined in that direc
tion. It will be no surprise if other research councils and
academies are similarly disposed. In that case, ESF should
give the venture a hearing. And certainly it should say in
its advice next spring that the time has come to abandon
the 'framework' concept. Other functions of the European
enterprise are funded annually. Why should research be
different?
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THE Royal Society of London has done a public service by
:naking public its response to a request from the European
Science Foundation (ESF) for opinions on the European
Commission's Fifth Framework Programme, now being
worked up in Brussels to cover the period 1997-2001.
ESF's slightly subversive plan i s that i t should collect the
\iews of its member organizations, national research coun
:ils and academies, and deliver an amalgamated opinion
to the commission in the spring of next year. Unintention
:ùly but helpfully, the Royal Society's opinion reflects
national ambivalence about the now-substantial volume of
::-esearëllSi:ï- orreâ iromBrussels, muëh-of whicn fs coi:n
:nin� to proj�ts in_(!QI>lied science: as in telecommünica
:io� Logic would suggeStt nar Brussels shoûld be more
:lCtive in research, but suspicion of the commission's pro
:edures and hankering after the doctrine of subsidiarity
. that the centre should be responsible only for what
national organizations cannot do) makes the Royal Society
;mil back from that conclusion.
The chief of the society's worries is that basic research
,...ill be short-changed, for which reason it asks that 10 per
:ent of the budgets of individual projects should be set
:lSide for basic research, but spent through a different
:nechanism. Referring to the present procedures for pro
_:ect selection and the award of grants, the society pleads
for greater transparency. lt argues that there are sorne
fields in which the commission could usefully subcontract
w other organizations the business� f �nd mg the
3waroof research grants:- It asks th at there sho-uld be regu
:.ar mid-têrrn rev1ews of the commission's major projects,
:md that the European Science and Technology Assembly
should play a central part in responding to these evalua
:ions. If followed, these recommendations would make for
::. better-managed Fifth Framework Programme. But they
� short of being what the commission needs to be told.
Whether or not Europe becomes a formai federation of
�..s member states, it is only a matter of time before there
has to be a European research council of sorne kind. At
:he !east, there will be a need to make grants for infra
ffi1.lcture development or for making sure that young peo
?ie from countries whose habit is to spend too little on
i.:ience are nevertheless are caught up in the swim. (The
Royal Society has sensible proposais on both counts.) So
..-ny not make a start by creating such a grant-making
.1g_ency here and now, with the intention that when (not if)
: : has proved its worth, its terrns of reference will be
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Albert Léon Coppé-Exposées d`AC - Historical Archives of the

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