Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin in Maize in 3

Transcription

Aflatoxin contamination in production
chain of maize product in Java and
its relevance to the risk assessment
Harsi D. Kusumaningrum
SELAMAT Seminar , Bogor 25th June 2008
Dept. Food Science and Technology
Bogor Agricultural University
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture Science &
Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University
Maize utilization in Indonesia
• The second most important cereal crop after rice
• Shifting of utilization, but maize products are still popular
Year
Consumption
Food Industry
Feed Industry
Total
(000) ton
(%)
(000) ton
(%)
(000) ton
(%)
(000) ton
1980
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
3705
5703
4657
4567
4478
4388
4299
93.99
86.44
43.48
41.76
40.11
38.53
37.01
0
499
2340
2415
2489
2564
2638
0
7.56
21.85
22.08
22.29
22.51
22.71
237
396
3713
3955
4197
4438
4680
6.01
6.00
34.67
36.16
37.59
38.96
40.29
3942
6598
10 710
10 937
11 164
11 390
11 617
Average
4478
40.18
2489
22.29
4.197
37.53
11 164
(Suryana et al. 2005)
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25th June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
Maize Production in Indonesia by Province
Province
2006
2007*
2008**
(Ton)
(Ton)
(Ton)
East Java
4.011.182
4.252.182
4.415.982
Central Java
1.856.023
2.233.992
2.355.619
Lampung
1.183.982
1.346.821
1.351.624
South Sulawesi
696.084
969.306
967.289
North Sumatera
682.024
804.651
823.966
Gorontalo
416.222
571.936
626.563
East Nusa Tenggara
582.964
513.447
597.140
West Java
573.263
579.533
594.299
North Sulawesi
242.714
406.759
462.565
D.I. Yogyakarta
223.620
258.187
254.924
11.609.463
13.286.173
13.883.194
Indonesia
*) Preliminary
**) First Forecast
Source: BPS, 2008. Available at:http://www.bps.go.id
Southeast Asian Food and Agriculture
&
Download at 6th Science
June 2008
Moulds and mycotoxins of world-wide importance
Mould species
Mycotoxins produced
Aspergillus parasiticus
Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2
Aspergillus flavus
Aflatoxins B1, B2
Fusarium sporotrichioides
T-2 toxin
Fusarium graminearum
Deoxynivalenol (or nivalenol)
Zearalenone
Fusarium moniliforme (F. verticillioides)
Fumonisin B1
Penicillium verrucosum
Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus ochraceus
Ochratoxin A
FAO, 2003 http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y1390E/y1390e00.htm#Contents
A.flavus appears to have a greater capacity for survival in maize
cob debris and have greater potential than A. parasiticus for
natural infection of maize kernels (Zummo, 1990, Plant Dis. 74:978-981)
Prevention of aflatoxin contamination
Good
Agricultural
practices
Good
Handling
Practices
Genetic
modification
Preharvest
General strategy to alter the conditions under which the crop
is grown so that infection by the offending mold is avoided
Harvesting and Drying
• Timing of harvest can have major consequences for the
ultimate level of mycotoxin accumulation
• Reducing grain moisture by artificial drying is valuable tool
for arresting fungal development and mycotoxin production
Storage
• Grain storage practices can be altered to decrease the
likelihood of postharvest mycotoxin development
Several well-characterized sources are identified for
resistance to A. flavus infection or aflatoxin production
Current conditions in Java
of maize products for human consumption
• Sampling Location: Regency of
– Bogor-West Java
– Boyolali-Central Java
– Bojonegoro-East Java
• Sampels: (2007-2008)
– 25 samples for aflatoxin analysis
Harsi Kusumaningrum,
Bogor 25 June
SELAMAT
Seminar analysis
– 102
samples
for2008,A.
flavus
th
Aflatoxin B1* contamination on maize products
• 10 of 25 (40%) samples contain aflatoxin B1
(4 of 25 (16%) samples exceed 20 ppb)
• 3 of 25 (12%) samples are free from aflatoxin B1
• in 12 of 25 (48%) samples, aflatoxin B1 are traced (<4ppb)
* Method: TLC, Tropical Product Institute, 1980, BIOTROP
A. flavus contamination on maize products
20.0
16.0
12.0
8.0
<
4.0
<
<
0.0
Corn
flour
Corn
snack
Total Mold (Log CFU/g)
3.0
Total A.flavus (Log CFU/g)
3.0
<1
<1
38.84
<4
Aflatoksin B1(ppb)
<
<
<
<
<
<
Grits
Grits Maizena Maizena Maizena
Tortila
brand 1 brand 2 Brand 1 Brand 2 Brand 3
2.8
<1
9.8
<
<
<
Trad
corn
Trad
fried
Trad
puff corn
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
2.0
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
2.0
29.65
<4
<4
7.92
<4
<4
9.64
2.0
137.53
• No corelation between A. flavus and aflatoxin levels on processed
products
• Aflatoxins most probably formed before processing step rather
than after processing
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25 June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
th
Aflatoxin Control
by controlling A. flavus growth
Farmer
FARMER
Sheller
Dryer
SHELLER
FIRST TRADER/
COLLECTOR
DRYER
Collector
CENTRAL MARKET
RETAILER
Central Market
CONSUMER
Retailer
INDUSTRY
SUPERMARKET
At which level?
Production chain of maize products
Chain
Description
Farmer
Field location where maize are harvested. All samples were
still on cobs
Sheller
Location where maize on cobs are shelled to maize grain.
Samples from this chain were collected before drying.
Dryer
Place where maize grain are dried. Some dryer are located at
the same place as sheller. Samples from this level were
collected after drying process.
Collector/ Traders that buy/collect maize grain from sheller/dryer. In some
first trader cases this first traders collect/accumulate the maize grain to a
certain quantity before sell it to the next chain.
Central
market
Market where maize grain are sold.
Retailer
Market/place where maize grain from central market or
collector are sold. This chain provides grain in a less quantity
than centralHarsimarket.
Kusumaningrum, Bogor 25 June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
th
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination on sweet
corn, Bogor regency, West Java
Farmer
First trader/Collector
Supermarket
Central market
Retailer
Consumer
n = 14, p = 0.07
n
p
A. flavus
(Log CFU/g)
Mould counts
(Log CFU/g)
Farm
2
0
< 1.0
5.9
Collector
2
0
< 1.0
6.2
Central Market
4
0.25
1.9
4.2
Retailer
6
0
< 1.0
6.0
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination on maize
grain, Boyolali regency, Central Java
FARMER
SHELLER/DRYER
COLLECTOR
CENTRAL MARKET
RETAILER
n = 16, p = 0.88
CONSUMER
n
p
A. flavus
(Log CFU/g)
Mould counts
(Log CFU/g)
Farmer
2
0.5
1.0
5.5
Sheller/dryer
2
1
2.6
3.9
Collector
3
1
2.7
4.7
Central Market
6
1
2.6
4.4
0.7
1.7
4.1
Retailer
325
Harsi Kusumaningrum, Bogor
th
June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
grain, Bojonegoro, East Java
FARMER
SHELLER
FIRST TRADER/
COLLECTOR
DRYER
CENTRAL MARKET
RETAILER
CONSUMER
INDUSTRY
SUPERMARKET
• Traditional
• Collaboration PEMDA-BPPT (‘binaan’)
• The biggest integrated unit process of maize in Java
grain, Bojonegoro, East Java
n
p
A. Flavus
Mould counts
(Log CFU/g) (Log CFU/g)
Farmer
10
0.40
1.5
3.7 (2.6-5.0)
Sheller
10
0.70
2.1
3.6 (1.0-5.2)
Dryer
8
0.50
1.7
3.3 (1.0-4.3)
Collector
8
0.88
2.5
4.1 (3.7-5.0)
Central Market
10
0.70
2.2
3.9 (3.5-4.8)
n = 46, p = 0.63
Bivariate analysis on assessed parameters
Independent
parameter
A. flavus
Dependent
parameter
Aflatoxin
N
20
Bivariate test
results
0.427 (n.s)
Moisture content
RH
Temp.
Length of storage
A. flavus
A. flavus
A. flavus
A. flavus
52
52
52
36
0.277* (signif.)
0.442** (signif.)
0.046 (n.s)
0.376* (signif.)
* signifinat at 5%
** significant at 1%
Moisture contents of Maize Grain
Min. Agriculture limits: 14%
Shelf Life of yellow maize
grain (FAO, 2003)
• 1 month if moisture
content is <16%
• 3 months if moisture
content is <14%
• 3 years if moisture
content is <12%
Center for Integrated Fungal Research, 2005
Moisture
content
Farmer
10
14.1
Sheller/Miller
10
13.9
Dryer
8
12.7
Collector
8
13.3
Central Market
10
14.2
Moisture content (%)
n
Moisture contents of
Maize Grain
• Positive correlation to A.
flavus contamination
• Relatively conform to the
regulatory standard (14%)
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Number of Sampel
The length of storage, Bojonegoro
Source
Sampel
Storage
Length of storage
3-7 d (after
harvesting)
Farm
Cob
Plastic bag on the floor, some are hung
at room temperature
Sheller
(traditional)
Grain
Plastic bag on the floor, at room
temperature
3-7 d or until sold
Sheller (BPPT
and PEMDA)
Grain
temperature
3d
Dryer
Grain
temperature
3d
Dryer (BPPT
and PEMDA)
Grain
Plastic bag on the floor of seperate
room, at room temperature
3d
Collector
Grain
temperature
Central Market
Grain
Plastic/jute bag on the floor/wooden
pallet,
at room
temperature
Harsi
Kusumaningrum,
Bogor
25 June 2008, SELAMAT Seminar
7 -30 d until certain
quantity
1-3 d or until sold
th
The Length of storage, Boyolali
n
p
A. flavus
(Log CFU/g)
Mould counts Length of
(Log CFU/g) storage (d)
Farmer
2
0.5
1.0
5.5
3.5
Sheller/dryer
2
1
2.6
3.9
2.5
Collector
3
1
2.7
4.7
9.5
Central Market
6
1
2.6
4.4
7
Retailer
3
0.7
1.7
4.1
6.4
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination, moisture content and
length of storage of maize grain, Bojonegoro, East Java
n
p
Moisture
content (%)
Length of
A. Flavus
Mould counts
storage (d) (Log CFU/g) (Log CFU/g)
Farmer
10
0.40
14.1
1-3
1.5
3.7 (2.6-5.0)
Sheller
10
0.70
13.9
1-3
2.1
3.6 (1.0-5.2)
Dryer
8
0.50
12.7
3
1.7
3.3 (1.0-4.3)
Collector
8
0.88
13.3
7-30
2.5
4.1 (3.7-5.0)
Central
Market
10
0.70
14.2
1-3 or until
sold
2.2
3.9 (3.5-4.8)
• The highest contamination was found at collector (first trader)
• Probably due to the length of storage, since moisture content
<14%
grain, Lampung
n
Moisture
A. Flavus
content (%) (Log CFU/g)
Aflatoxin B1
(ppb)
Farmer
4
22
2.7
48.05
Sheller
7
20.3
3.9
165.29
Collector
4
15.9
4.3
188.55
Central Market
16
14.9
3.8
98.13
Retailer
4
19.7
2.9
61.60
There was a positive correlation between A. flavus
and aflatoxin levels on maize grain
(Dharmaputra et al, 1993)
Prevalence of A. flavus contamination at production
chain of maize based product , n=102, p=47%
Sample
Sweet corn (cob)
Maize grain
Intermediate product
End product
Chain
N
Prevalence A. flavus (%)
Farmer
2
0
Collector
2
0
Central market
4
25
Retailer
6
0
Farmer (cob)
12
42
Sheller
12
75
Dryer
8
50
Collector
11
91
Central Market
16
81
Retailer
3
67
Retailer
8
38
Retailer
18
6
RESUME
• No correlation between A. flavus and aflatoxin levels on
processed products
• On maize based food products, aflatoxins are formed
before processing step rather than after processing
(during period of storage to consumption)
• There was found a positive correlation between A. flavus
and aflatoxin levels on maize grain (Dharmaputra et al,
1993)
RESUME cont’d
• Maize grain:
– Positive correlation between the
moisture content as well as the length
of storage to A. flavus levels
– The moisture contents were found
relatively conform to the regulatory
standard (14%)
– A. flavus contamination at farm and
sheller/dryer were lower than that at
first trader (collector)
– Handling practices at first trader
(collector) need a particular attention
Microbiological Risk Assessment
A scientific-based
approach facilitating
estimation of the
probability and
severity of a health
disturbance as a
consequence of
consumption of food
Dose
response
assessment
Risk
characterization
Hazard
identification
Exposure
assessment
Exposure Assessment
Data:
•Food consumption
•Food contamination levels
•Growth rates
•Storage times
•Storage temperatures
Next work:
Modelling:
•Levels at food chain
•Growth at food chain
•Thermal inactivation
•Levels in food at
consumption
to evaluate the
level of microorganisms or
microbial toxins
in the food at
the time of
consumption
To find appropriate handling
condition at collector level
Simulation to predict the
Next work:
growth of A. flavus in maize
• Appropriate growth model in maize
• Function of time, since one important factor is the length
of storage
• Fungal growth involves germination and hyphal
extension, eventually forming mycelium
• Need some assumptions
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
•
Directorate General for Higher Education Indonesia which provided
the research funding to conduct this research through Competitive
Research Grant Scheme 2007-2008
•
Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology
(SEAFAST) Center and Dept of Food Science and Technology, IPB
•
The research team:
Sinung J. Wartoro, Sindhu H. Putra, Aldilla S. Utami, Aris D. Toha,
all respondents, and others.
Thank you
Terima Kasih
Terima Kasih

Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin in Maize in 3

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