GLOSSARY OF STONE INDUSTRY TERMS

Transcription

GLOSSARY OF
STONE INDUSTRY TERMS
Additional references are listed at the end of this glossary.
A
Abate
repellents, coloring agents or to adjust
the curing rate of the concrete or mortar.
In stone carving, to cut away material, Adoquin
A volcanic, quartz based stone containing a
leaving parts in relief.
variety of colored aggregates and pumice
Abrasive Finish
in a quartz matrix. Quarried in Mexico.
A non-reflective surface finish. An abrasive
finish may be defined by the grit size of Agate
A variegated, translucent, cryptocrystalthe abrasive.
line variety of quartz showing colored
Abrasive Hardness (Ha)
bands or other markings (clouded, mossA measure of the wearing performance like, etc.).
of stone for floors, stair treads, and other
areas subjected to abrasion by foot traffic. Agglomerated Stone
A manmade product composed of crushed
Refer to ASTM C241 and C1353.
stone combined with resin. See also enAbsorption
gineered stone and cultured stone.
The amount of water absorbed by a stone,
expressed as a percentage by weight. Refer Aggregate
A small mass of rock, having occurred
to ASTM C97.
naturally (as in sand or gravel) or by means
Abutment
of manufacture (as in a crushed aggregate
A solid stone “springer” at the lowest product), used either in a loose, noncohesive
point of an arch or vault.
state, or as an ingredient in mortar or
concrete products.
Accelerator
In masonry, any ingredient added to mortar
or concrete to speed the curing process.
Acid Wash
A treatment applied to the face of a stone
to achieve a texture or finish that is distressed. Most acidic chemical treatments
are effective only when applied to calcareous stone varieties.
Alabaster
A fine grained and translucent variety
of gypsum, generally white in color. Commonly used in decorative applications as it
is can be cut and carved easily with a knife
or saw. Term is often incorrectly applied
to fine grained marble.
Alkaline
Pertains to a highly basic, as opposed to
acidic, substance; for example, hydrogen
Used in reference to stone veneer, or carbonate of sodium or potassium.
secured and supported by adhesion of
an approved bonding material over an Allowable Capacity
approved backing.
The safe load that can be resisted by a
stone anchor, determined by dividing the
Admixture
ultimate capacity by the factor of safety.
A material other than water, aggregates,
lime or cement, added to concrete or Ambient Temperature
mortar at the time of mixing. Admixtures Temperature of the surrounding environare typically added to function as water ment.
Adhered
Glosssary of Terms | ® 2011 Marble Institute of America
www.marble-institute.com 23-1
Anchor
A corrosion resistant metal fastener used
for securing dimension stone to a structure or adjacent stone units. Anchor types
for stonework include those made of flat
stock (straps, dovetails)and round stock
(rod cramp, rod anchor, eyebolt and dowel).
Angle of Repose
Anchorage
The means by which slabs are secured to a
self supporting structure.
Angle of Repose
Apron
Argillite
A weakly metamorphosed compact rock
composed mainly of clay and shale. Used
locally as building stone, although rarely
produced commercially.
Arkose
A feldspar-rich sandstone containing 10%
or more clastic grains of feldspar. Also
called “arkosic sandstone” and “feldspathic
sandstone.”
Arris
The angle a normal pile of loose material A slight, although measurable, chamfer
makes to the horizontal. Used as an indi- where two surfaces meet
cator of flowability; the steeper the slope,
Artificial Stone
the more sluggish the flow.
A manmade product attempting to
Anisotropic
replicate the look of natural stone. This
Having properties, either visual or me- term is actually a misnomer, as it includes
chanical, that differ based on the direction an obvious contradiction of terms. Stone
in which they are measured. All stones are is naturally occurring earth material. See
anisotropic to some degree, but the sedi- engineered stone and cultured
mentary stones typically have the greatest marble.
degree of anisotropy.
Anorthosite
Ashlar
Apron
ASI
A stone façade of generally square or
rectangular units having sawed or dressed
beds. There are three generally recogANSI
nized distinctions:
American National Standards Institute
1. random ashlar: ashlar set with
Antique Finish
stones of varying length and height so
A finish that replicates rustic or distressed that neither vertical nor horizontal
textures. Produced through mechanical joints are continuous.
or chemical means to simulate the naturally
2. coursed ashlar: Ashlar set to form
occurring effects of the aging process.
continuous horizontal joints.
Apex Stone
3. stacked ashlar: Ashlar set to form
Uppermost stone in a gable, pediment, continuous vertical joints.
vault or dome.
A dark-colored igneous rock consisting
mostly or entirely of calcic plagioclase.
Arch
Architrave
Arris
23-2
www.marble-institute.com
(Allied Stone Industries)
A trim piece under a projecting stone top, The Allied Stone Industries is made up of
stool, etc.
stone quarriers, fabricators, and the supArch
pliers of natural building materials and
The curved or pointed construction over related machinery and tools.
a doorway or opening. Arch shapes range
from flat to semicircular or semielliptical ASTM International
A consensus standards authoring organito acutely pointed.
zation originally founded 1896 as AmeriArchitrave
can Society for Testing Materials.
The beam or lowest division of the entablature in the classical orders, spanning Axed Work (British)
from column to column. The decorated Hand-dressed stone surface showing finesurrounds of a window or door at the to-course, generally linear toolmarks made
by axe, pick or bush hammer.
head and jamb.
B
Basalt
A dark colored, igneous rock commercially known as granite when fabricated
Any of a variety of anchors that extends as dimension stone. The fine-grained and
from the back surface of a stone panel, extrusive equivalent of gabbro.
as opposed to anchors that penetrate the Base
edges of a stone panel.
In masonry, the bottom course of a stone
wall, or the vertical first member above
Backer Rod
grade or a finished floor.
A flexible and compressible type of closed
cell foam polyethylene, butyl rubber, or Basic
open-cell or closed-cell polyurethane, In geology, one of four subdivisions used
to classify igneous rocks based on silica
rounded at surface to contact sealant. content: acidic, intermediate, basic and
The backer rod is positioned within the ultra-basic. Said of igneous rock containjoint so as to maintain appropriate depth ing relatively low silica content (approx.
and crosssectional shape of the bead.
45 to 50%).
Batted Work (British)
Back-parging
Hand-dressed
stone surface scored top
The process of slathering the back of an
to
bottom
in
narrow
parallel strikes, using
adhered stone unit with an adhesive maa batting tool. Strokes may be vertical
terial to reduce or eliminate voids in ad- (in which case the surface may be called
hesive contact. Also used in travertine or tooled) or oblique, and may range from
with the application of damp proofing. 8 to 10 per inch. Batting is also called
Also referred to as “back-buttering.”
“broad tooling,” “droving,” or “angle dunting.”
Back Anchor
Backsplash
A vertical covering of the wall where a
countertop surface meets the wall surface, designed to protect the wall from
moisture. Backsplashes range from a few
inches in height to “full height backsplashes”
that extend from the countertop surface
to the underside of the upper cabinets.
Coursed Ashlar
Random Ashlar
Bearing Check
A slot, generally not continuous, cut into
the back or bed of dimension stone to
allow entry of a supporting angle or clip.
Bed Joint
A horizontal joint between stones, usually
filled with mortar or sealant.
Bed
1. The top or bottom of a joint, natural
bed; surface of stone parallel to its
A structural support wall erected behind stratification.
stone or brick facing.
2. In granites and marbles, a layer or sheet
of the rock mass that is frequently
Baluster
horizontal, commonly curved and
A short post or vertical member in a
lenticular, as developed by fractures.
series that supports a railing or coping Sometimes also applied to the surface
forming a balustrade. Balusters are tradi of parting between rock sheets.
tionally decorative forms that are turned 3. In stratified rocks, the unit layer formed
on a lathe.
by sedimentation; of variable thickness,
and commonly tilted or distorted by
Balustrade
A railing system with top rail, balusters subsequent deformation.It generally
develops a rock cleavage, parting, or
and bottom rail.
jointing along the planes of stratification.
Backer Rod
Back-up Structure
Band Course
See string course.
Banker
Bench of timber or stone (may be a single
block) on which stone is worked.
Bearing Check
Bedding Plane
Plane of sedimentary stone in the position
of its original formation. This plane may
be horizontal, coincident with mountain
slopes, or random.
Bedding Plane
Bedrock
Block
General term referring to the rock un- See quarry block.
derlying other unconsolidated material,
Bluestone
such as soil.
A fine- to medium-grain, quartz based
Belt Course
stone of the U.S. Appalachian Plateau.
A continuous horizontal course, marking The stone is well known for relatively
a division in the wall plane.
easy cleavage along generally flat planes,
Bench
making it a common choice for naturally
Steps formed in a quarry by removal of cleft products such as flagstone. The term
stone. Also, a long seat of cubic stone. “bluestone” may be used in other parts of
bevel. A term describing the intersection the world to describe very dissimilar reof two surfaces meeting at an angle other gional products.
than 90 degrees.
Bollard
Black Granite
Book Match Pattern
Rock species known to petrologists as diabase, diorite, gabbro and other varieties
quarried as dimension stone. As dimension blocks or slabs, they are valued specifically for their dark grey to black color
when polished. Scientifically, they are far
removed in composition from true granites though they may be satisfactorily used
for some of the purposes to which commercial granites are adapted. They possess
an interlocking crystalline texture, but
unlike granites, they contain little or no
quartz or alkalic feldspar, and are characterized by an abundance of one or more
of the common black rock-forming
minerals (chiefly pyroxenes, hornblende,
and biotite).
Blade Dressing
A maintenance process required periodically to restore optimum performance
of diamond abrasive cutting tools. The
process consists of cutting or grinding
into a softer material which will abrade
at the matrix and expose new diamond
surfaces. Dressing is frequently done with
manufactured dressing sticks, soft brick,
and some abrasive sandstones.
A free standing stone post or guard.
Bond
1. Pattern of joints in successive courses.
2. To stick or adhere.
Book Match Pattern
A vein matching technique where opposite faces of adjacent slabs are exposed,
producing a repeating mirror image of
the veining trend of the material. Bookmatched material is most commonly
polished to allow the greatest visibility of
the veining character of the stone.
Border Stone
Usually a flat stone used as an edging
material. A border stone is generally used
to retain or define the pattern around the
field of paving.
Boss
In masonry, a roughly shaped stone set to
project for carving in place. A carved
ornamentation to conceal the jointing at
the junction of ribs in a Gothic vault.
Boulder
Bleed
Naturally rounded rock fragment larger
than 256 mm diameter. Used for crude
walls and foundation, generally in mortar.
Blending
Breccia
Staining caused by corrosive metals,
oil based putties, mastics, caulking, or Bowing
A warping or curving of a stone unit.
sealing compounds.
The random positioning of adjacent
veneer panels, floor slabs, or tiles, to
prevent large regions of uniform color,
contrasted by adjacent large regions of
dissimilar uniform color.
23-4
Rock characterized by course, angular
fragments, either the result of crushing
and recementing essentially in place, or
deposition of angular pieces that become
consolidated. Numerous marbles owe
their distinctive appearance to the BSI
brecciation caused by metamorphism. (Building Stone Institute)
Italian for, “broken stones, rubble.”
A trade association of quarriers, fabricators, dealers, and others working with
Brecciated Marble
Any marble composed of angular natural stone. Founded in 1919, sponsor
of the Tucker Architectural Awards.
fragments.
Bridge Crane
A hoisting system that consists of a hoist,
normally using cables, which moves on
a beam or “bridge” spanning an opening between two rails. The hoist moves
laterally along the bridge and the bridge
moves longitudinally along the rails,
allowing the hoist to be over any position
within the rectangle contained within the
lengths of the two rails.
Bridge Polisher
A single spindle polishing machine that
travels along a beam, or “bridge”, which
travels atop two rails. Also known as a
“gantry” polisher.
Bugged Finish
A smooth finish produced in limestone by
grinding with power sanders.
Building Stone
Rock material in its natural state of composition and aggregation as it exists in the
quarry and is usable in construction
as dimension building stone. Also used
interchangeably with the term dimension
stone.
Bullnose
Convex rounding of a stone edge, such as
a stair tread or countertop.
Bush Hammering
A process which produces textured
A saw that travels along a beam, or surfaces with small evenly spaced pits
“bridge”, which travels atop two rails. produced by hand or pneumatic hammer.
These saws are typically powerful and The spacing between the pits is often
fitted with large diameter blades. A defined as “6-cut,” “4-cut,” etc.
rotating table is positioned below the Butt Joint
saw, allowing for skew cuts, and the saw An external corner formed by two stone
arbor typically rotates, allowing for panels with one finished edge in a lap
angled cuts.
joint configuration.
Bridge Saw
Broach
1. To drill or cut out material left
between closely spaced drill holes.
2. A mason’s sharp-pointed chisel for
dressing stone.
3. An inclined piece of masonry filling
the triangular space between the base
of an octagonal spire and the top of a
square tower.
4. A type of chisel used for working
narrow surfaces.
Bullnose
Buttering
Placing mortar on stone units with a
trowel before setting them into position.
Butt Joint
C
Calcarenite
Limestone composed predominantly of
cemented sand-size grains of the mineral
calcite (more rarely aragonite), usually
as fragments of shells or other skeletal
structures. Some calcarenites contain
oolites (small, spherical grains of calcium
Brownstone
A trade term applied to ferruginous dark carbonate that resemble fish eggs) and
brown and reddish-brown arkosic quartz may be termed oolitic limestone. Calbased stone extensively used for construc- careous sandstones, in which the calcium
tion in the U.S. during the 19th century. carbonate is present chiefly as bonding
material, are not included in this category.
Brushed Finish
A subtly textured surface finish achieved Calcareous
by wet brushing a stone with a coarse Refers to substances containing or comrotary-type abrasive brush.
posed of calcium carbonate.
Calcite
Carve
A common rock forming mineral. The To shape a solid material such as stone by
chief constituent of limestone and precisely cutting it with a tool.
most marble.
Caulk
Calcite Limestone
To seal a joint with an elastomeric, adheLimestone containing not more than five sive compound.
percent of magnesium carbonate.
Cantilever
Cavity Vent
Calcite Marble
An opening in joints of stone veneer to alA crystalline variety of limestone containing low the passage of air and moisture from
not more than 5% of magnesium carbonate. inside the wall cavity to the exterior. The
vents may be weep holes, plastic tubing,
Calcite Streaks
White or milky streaks occurring in or wicks.
stone. It is a joint plane usually wider than Cavity Wall
a glass seam which has been recemented A multi-wythe masonry wall built with a
by deposition of calcite in the crack. It is continuous cavity between the outer mastructurally sound.
sonry, typically brick or stone, and the
Calibration
Overhang
Cap or Capital
inner wall, typically concrete block or
Within the stone industry, the process in frame construction. The cavity is vented
which stone slabs or units are abraded to reduce the amount of condensate that
to achieve a more precise thickness will collect in the space, and is wept to
tolerance (±1mm) than what would provide an evacuation path for any moisnormally be produced by standard sawing ture that collects within the space.
techniques. The term is most frequently
used in the production of stone tile, which Cement Putty or Butter
must have limited thickness variation to See neat cement.
allow installation using thinset adhesive. Chamfer
The term gauge is essentially synony- A flat treatment, produced by either
mous, although is more commonly used grinding or cutting, to eliminate the sharp
to describe less precise techniques.
edge where two surfaces meet.
Canopy
A sheltering roof, as over a niche or a
doorway.
Cantera
Caulk
Chat Sawn Finish
A rough, gang-sawn finish produced by
sawing with coarse abrasives.
Chert
A volcanic, quartz based stone with qualiHard, dense sedimentary rock composed
ties similar to adoquin, but not as dense.
of interlocking quartz crystals and posQuarried in Mexico.
sibly amorphous silica (opal). SynonyCantilever
mous with “flint”.
A structural member supported at only one
end. The term is loosely used, although Chiseled Edge
not technically correct, to describe an The rustic, aged appearance produced by
mechanically chipping the stone edge.
overhang.
Cladding
Cap or Capital
The culminating stone at the top of a col- Exterior veneer stone covering. Non-load
bearing stone veneer used as the facing
umn or pilaster, often richly carved.
material in exterior wall construction.
Carbonic Acid
Chamfer
23-6
A weak acid with the formula H2CO3. It is
also a name sometimes given to solutions
of carbon dioxide in water.
Clast
An individual grain or constituent of a
sedimentary rock.
Cleavage
The ability of a rock mass to break along
natural surfaces; a surface of natural
parting.
Cleavage Plane
Plane or planes along which a stone may
likely break or delaminate.
Cleft Finish
Column
A vertical support, usually consisting of a
base, shaft, and capital.
Compressive Strength
(ASTM C170)
A measure of the resistance of the stone
to crushing loads, generally tested per
ASTM C170.
Rough-surfaced stones such as slates or
sandstones that are cleaved or separated
along a natural seam are referred to as
natural cleft.
Conglomerate
Closer (British)
The joint between two separate placements of concrete.
1. In equidimensional stone masonry, a
stone trimmed to non-uniform length
to close a course next to a quoin or
other end unit.
2. A stone course running from one
window sill to another (a variety
of string course).
CNC Machine
A computer numeric controlled, multiaxis, vertical spindle machine designed to
use rotating milling and profiling tools to
produce shapes, cut outs, holes, finishes,
and various other operations in stone that
are otherwise accomplished by more
labor intensive techniques.
Cobblestone
A dimension stone large enough for use
in paving. A term commonly used to describe paving blocks, usually granite, and
generally cut or cleft to approximately
rectangular prisms.
Colonnade
A range of columns supporting an entablature or one side of a roof.
Color Enhancer/Sealer
A product that is designed to enrich,
brighten and enhance the color and/or
character of the stone. Stone enhancers
are more frequently used on honed or
textured surfaces where the stone color
and/or character are muted by the finish.
Enhancers are also used to match the
color of an exposed slab edge to that of a
resin treated slab face.
A coarse-grained sedimentary rock, with
clast grains larger than 2 mm.
Construction (cold) Joint
Contractor, stone
Company or person that erects and
installs fabricated dimension stone.
Control Joint
Column
A partial depth joint that is either
formed or sawed in concrete to control
the location and frequency of shrinkage
cracking.
Conveyor
A general term, often used interchangeably with belt conveyor, but applicable
to all conveyor types including pans,
screws, buckets, pneumatics, radial
stackers and others.
Control Joint
Coping
A stone used as a cap on freestanding
walls.
Coquina
Limestone composed predominantly of
shells or fragments of shells loosely
cemented by calcite. Coquina is coarse
textured and has a high porosity. The
term is applied principally to a very
porous rock quarried in Florida.
Coping
Corbel
A projection or bracket extending from
the face of a wall to support an element
above it.
Core
The cylindrical mass of stone that results
from drilling a hole in stone with a
hollow core bit, often times is used as a
sampling technique in quarries.
Core bit
A hollow cylindrical drilling tool that
bores a hole by abrading only the perimeter
of the core, utilizing less abrasive than a
bit that would abrade the entire diameter
of the hole.
Cornice
Coursed Veneer
A ceremonial stone at an exterior corner
of a building, generally engraved with
pertinent information about the building’s construction, including the date.
Also used to describe a masonry stone
unit erected at an exterior corner from
which lines can be strung to control the
linear position of subsequent stone units.
Crowfoot
Any projecting ornamental molding that
crowns or finishes the top of a building
or wall.
Cup Wheel
A horizontal range of stone units the
length of a wall.
Coursed Veneer
A veneer achieved by using stones of the
same or approximately the same height
with stones that achieve that height in
multiple courses. Some horizontal joints
run the entire length of the veneered area.
Vertical joints are constantly broken, so that
no two joints will be over one another.
Dimension units more than 2 inches thick
e.g., cubic limestone, cubic marble.
Cultured Marble
An artificial, manmade product somewhat resembling marble.
Shop tool used to remove large amounts
of material from the edge of a stone.
These can be used to aid in the creation of
edge profiles and larger radii.
Curbing
Stone, generally in cubic forms, bordering streets, walks, etc. Sometimes spelled
“kerbing.”
Cure Time
A concave molding, typically found at
the sloped or arched junction of a wall
and ceiling.
A non-bearing exterior stone cladding
supported by an anchoring system. Used
to protect a building from the elements.
Cove Molding
Curtain Wall
Crack
Cushion
Cramp
Cubic Stone
A concave stone molding. See base.
A man-made break, split, fracture, separation, cleavage, or elongated narrow
opening, visible without magnification to
the human eye and extending from the
surface into the stone, which must extend
through the grain or matrix of the stone.
23-8
See stylolite.
The time required for a chemical reaction (polymerization or hydration) to be
completed in a sealant, concrete, mortar,
or other construction element until the
finished visual and performance attributes are developed.
Cove Base
Cramp
Cross-cut
The process of cutting the initial block
of stone parallel to the natural bedding
A drilling process by which a section of plane. The effect is a mottled or cloudlike
rock is taken for the purposes of testing appearance. Synonymous with fleuri cut,
although the term cross cut is most often
and evaluation.
used when describing travertine materials.
Cornerstone
Course
Cove Molding
The arrangement of laminations of strata
transverse or oblique to the main planes
of stratification.
Core sampling
Cornice
Cove Base
Cross-bedding
A U-shaped metal anchor used to hold
two adjacent units of stone together.
A resilient pad placed between adjoining
stone units and other materials to absorb
or distribute loads.
Cut Stone
Currently, stone that has been fabricated
to a finished size and configuration and
ready to be installed. Historically, the
term “cut stone” was used to describe
limestone products.
Cycle Time
Time for a machine to complete one
cycle, i.e., load, haul, dump, return.
D
Damp Proofing
One or more coatings of a compound that
is impervious to water. Usually applied to
the back or face of the stone or the back
of the wall at or near grade.
Digital Layout Application
Software designed to allow CAD drawing
files to be used with scaled digital photographs to allow a fabricator to preplan
the layout of his slab or tile project prior
to cutting.
Digital Templating
A process for virtual, digital measurement
of site conditions which eliminates the
need to make physical templates. Digital
Dead Load
templating information can be interfaced
Permanent gravity induced loads, such
with various CAD and CNC systems to
as those developed by the structure, finallow rapid transfer and utilization of the
ishes, and permanently affixed elements.
information.
See also live load.
Dentil
Block projections on an entablature.
Dentil Course
Mold course immediately below the
cornice, comprising of small, uniformly
spaced blocks referred to as “dentils.”
Dimension Stone
A natural stone product that has been cut,
machined, and/or finished to specific size
or shape.
Dolomite
1. The mineral form of calcium magnesium carbonate. Constituent
Derrick
A hoisting device, usually made up of a of some building limestones.
guyed mast and hinged boom with pulleys 2. A crystalline variety of limestone
containing in excess of 40 percent
and cables.
magnesium carbonate as the
Diamond
A carbon based mineral, usually man- dolomite molecule.
made, used as an abrasive in stone cut- Also called “dolostone”.
ting equipment.
Dolomitic Limestone
Diamond Match
Limestone that contains more than 10
A vein matching technique in which percent but less than 80 percent of the
contiguous faces of adjacent slabs are mineral dolomite.
“unfolded” about two perpendicular axes,
producing a vein pattern which has Dolostone
See entry 2 under dolomite.
approximate symmetry about a point.
Diamond Wire Saw
A machine using cable of various diameters
and lengths, impregnated with diamond
dust or more commonly fitted with
cylindrical diamond coated segments.
Diamond wire saws are used in quarrying,
slabbing, and contour sawing operations.
Die
Dovetail Slot
A continuous groove with a trapezoid
section resembling a dove’s tail.
Diamond Match
Die
Dovetail Slot
Dowel
A short piece of cylindrical nonferous
metal used as a stone anchor.
Drafted Margin (British)
A covering layer of interior stone from
wainscot to ceiling.
Tooled border around the face of a stone.
Also called “margin draft”.
Digital Inventory Management
Dressing
A software and camera system allowing
fabricators and distributors to have a photographic inventory of their materials.
Curtain Wall
The shaping and squaring of natural stone
blocks for storage and shipment. Sometimes called “scabbing”.
Dowel
Drafted Margin
Drill Rigs
Machines used in quarry operations to
bore holes in a linear path to facilitate
separation of the stone loaf from its
insitu position.
Drip
A groove or slot cut beneath and slightly
behind the forward edge of a projecting
stone member, such as a sill, lintel or coping to cause water to drop at that location
and prevent water from running down
the face of the wall
Drip Stone
Drip and Drip Stone
Edge Chiseling Tool
Tool with carbide jaws used to create a
“pitched”, “quarry”, or “chiseled” edge
without using a hammer and chisel.
Edge Profile
The specific contour to which an exposed
edge has been shaped, normally for decorative purposes.
Efflorescence
A salt deposit, in the form of a white
powder residue that forms on the surface
of stone, brick, or mortar. It is caused by
alkalis leached from the masonry or soil
and carried to the surface by moisture
A projecting molding over the heads of
doorways, windows and archways to throw
Elevation
off the rain. Also known as a “hoodmold”
A drawing of the vertical faces and
and, when rectangular, as a “label”.
elements of a structure, either interior or
Dry Seam
exterior.
A naturally occurring unhealed fracture Encrinal Marble
in stone which may be a plane of weakness.
Marble deriving decoration from fossils
(encrinites) or shells.
Dry Stack
In rubble masonry construction, a self- Engineered Stone
supporting wall erected without mortar. A manmade product composed of a blend
Dual Finish
of natural minerals (generally quartz) and
Multiple contrasting finishes, such as manmade agents (such as polyester, glass,
thermal and polished, on one piece of stone. epoxy, and other such ingredients).
Entablature
Entablature
Durability
The measure of the ability of natural
building stone to endure and to maintain
its essential and distinctive characteristics
of strength, resistance to decay, and
appearance, while exposed to the elements encountered in its application
environment.
Dutchman
1. A small piece of stone inserted as
a patch in a larger piece of dimension
stone.
2. A small piece of stone inserted in
an ashlar wall.
The slight convexity designed in a column shaft for aesthetic purposes. This is
done intentionally to offset the perceived illusion of concavity of a perfectly
straight shafted column.
Epoxy Resin
E
Eased Edge
Erection
Eaves
23-10
Entasis
A flexible, usually exothermic curing
resin made by the polymerization of an
epoxide; used as an adhesive.
A slightly arrised, chamfered, or radiused
edge to eliminate the sharpness of the
fabricated stone edge.
Entasis
A composite beam member carried by
columns and made up of an architrave
(bottom), frieze (middle), and cornice
(top).
The underside of a sloping roof that overhangs a wall.
The process of setting vertical dimension
stone into place.
Etched
A decorative surface pattern created by
a variety of methods, produced either by
chemical or mechanical methods.
Exfoliation
Fieldstone
Expansion/Contraction Joint
Filler Strip
F
Fines
Peeling or scaling of stone surfaces caused A naturally occurring, irregularly shaped
by chemical or physical weathering.
stone, as found in a field, used for various
building applications without further
Expansion Anchor or Bolt
A socket that grips a drilled hole in con- fabrication. Field stone are commonly
crete by expanding as a tapered bolt is used in freestanding walls, veneers, walkways, and garden bed linings.
drawn into it.
Expansion Anchor or Bolt
A flexible joint between stone units designed See backer rod.
to expand or contract to accommodate Filling
movements due to temperature change
A trade expression used to indicate the
or dynamic structural movement.
filling of natural voids in stone units with
Exposed Face
cements or synthetic resins and similar
The visible side of any stone element.
materials.
The powder, dust, and silt- or sand-sized
Used in reference to dimension stone, material resulting from processing, usuit means having undergone cutting, ally crushing, stone.
machining, or other processes in order Finish
to refine the product for its intended Process applied to the exposed surfaces
application manufactured and ready for of dimension stone during fabrication
installation.
to achieve the desired aesthetic and/or
performance characteristics of the stone.
Face
The exposed surface of stone on a structure. The finish may be applied early or late in
the fabrication sequence.
Fabricated
Fascia
Any flat horizontal member, generally
between moldings, most frequently used
when referring to elements of a classical
architecture cornice.
Expansion/Contraction Joint
Fissure
An industry term describing any naturally
occurring separation along crystalline
boundaries visible in exposed surface of
the stone. Note that the industry use of
Feed Rate
The rate of speed with which routing, this term is different than the scientific,
cutting, or sawing blades and bits travel as geological use of this term.
they are cutting the material.
Flagstone
Thin slabs of stone with irregular shapes
Feldspar
A group of crystalline minerals, all silicates and split edges used for paving surfaces
of aluminum with potassium, sodium, such as walks, driveways, and patios. The
calcium, or barium. An essential constituent term is used to describe any stone used in
this pattern, although is most often used
of nearly all crystalline rocks.
to describe sedimentary stones that have
Ferruginous
been cleft into their final thickness.
Said of limestone or sandstone containing
Flamed Finish
a high proportion of iron oxide.
See Thermal Finish.
Fiberglass Backing
A fine grid mesh reinforcement that is
adhered to the back surface of stone slabs
which have limited stability. The primary
intent of this reinforcement is to reduce
safety risks in the handling of fragile slabs.
Fleuri
The mottled random effect obtained
when slabs of certain stone varieties are
sawn parallel to their natural bedding
planes. See also Cross Cut.
Fleuri
Fleuri Cut
To cut slabs of quarried stone parallel to
the natural bedding plane.
Flexural Strength
A bending strength test, normally performed per the ASTM C880 test method,
in which a sample of stone of the project
thickness is supported by two support
rods creating a span of at least 10 times
the thickness, and loaded to failure by two
rods positioned at quarter points of the
span.The results are reported as the stress
experienced by the stone sample at the
time of specimen failure, and expressed as
a force per unit area (lbs/in² or pascals).
See also modulus of rupture.
Flute
Frieze
23-12
Gallet (British)
A stone chip or spall.
Gang Saw
A mechanical device employing a series
of parallel reciprocating saw blades to cut
stone blocks into slabs of predetermined
thickness. The most common variety of
gang saw used in the stone industry uses a
slurry containing steel shot as the abrasive
medium; but diamond segments mounted to steel blades are commonly used in
gang sawing softer stone such as marble
or limestone.
Gauge
Any process, although most frequently
grinding, done to reduce the effects of the
tolerances of stone slab thickness. GaugFlooring
ing may be done to a precise thickness
Stone used as an interior pedestrian with a specific tolerance, or may simply
walking surface.
be done to two or more stones until the
thickness of the lot is uniform.
Flute
One of series of shallow, concave, parallel See also calibrate.
grooves running vertically on the shaft of Glass Seam
a column, pilaster, or other surface.
A trade term in the limestone industry
Fracture
for a former fracture or parting that has
Any break or separation of fabric within been naturally recemented and annealed
the stone as a result of mechanical stress. by deposition of transparent calcite. Similar to calcite streak, but transparent.
Freestone
A stone that may be cut freely in any Compare with dry seam.
direction without fracture or splitting. Gloss Meter
Also called “universal stone.” See isotropic. An instrument designed to measure the
reflectivity of a surface.
Frieze
1. A decorated band along the upper
Gneiss
part of an interior wall.
Coarse-grained, metamorphic rock with
2. The middle member of the entablature, discontinuous foliation caused by planar
located above the architrave and
alignment of plate and lath-shaped minerals.
below the cornice.
When used for building stone, generally
classed as trade granite. Most gneiss is
Front-end Loader
A heavy equipment earth moving ma- dark and composed mainly of quartz,
chine with a hydraulically powered bucket feldspar, mica and ferromagnesian minon two booms (or arms) extending in eral (iron-magnesium silicates).
front of the tractor portion of the ma- Grain
chine. The bucket may be replaced with 1. A quarry term for a plane of parting
other devices to accomplish specific tasks in a metamorphic rock, e.g. slate; the
in stone quarrying operations.
direction along which a stone is more
G
easily broken, split, or cut. The main
direction of the mineral composition
Gabbro
A group of dark-colored basic intrusive and arrangement in stone.
igneous rocks composed chiefly of labra- 2. A very small (less than a few mildorite or bytownite and augite. It is the limeters diameter) particle of rock,
approximate intrusive equivalent of basalt. such as a sand grain.
3. A general or descriptive term used
to describe the relative size of crystal line rock components, as in
“fine-grained” and “course-grained.”
Granite (commercial definition)
A term that includes granite (as defined
below) plus gneiss, gneissic granite, granite gneiss, and the rock species known to
petrologists as syenite, monzonite, and
granodiorite, species intermediate between them, the gneissic varieties and
gneisses of corresponding mineralogic
compositions and the corresponding varieties of porphyritic textures. The term
commercial granite shall also include other
feldspathic crystalline rocks of similar
textures, containing minor amounts of
accessory minerals, used for special
decorative purposes, and known to
petrologists as anorthosite and larvikite.
Granite (scientific definition)
A visibly granular, crystalline rock of predominantly interlocking texture composed essentially of alkalic feldspars and
quartz. Feldspar is generally present in
excess of quartz, and accessory minerals (chiefly micas, hornblende, or more
rarely pyroxene) are commonly present.
The alkalic feldspars may be present (1)
as individual mineral species, (2) as isomorphous or mechanical intergrowths
with each other, or (3) as chemical intergrowths with the lime feldspar molecule,
but 80 + 3% of the feldspar must be
composed of the potash or soda feldspar
molecules.
Greenstone
A metamorphic rock, typically with poorly
defined granularity, ranging in color
from medium-green or yellowish-green
to black. Refer to greenstone group in
ASTM C119.
Grind
To remove portions of stone material by
any abrasive method. Grinding may be
part of producing a finish, shaping a profile, achieving a specific dimension, creating flatness between adjacently installed
pieces, or part of a restorative effort.
Grout
1. A mixture of cementitious material
and water, with or without aggregate,
proportioned to produce a plastic
consistency without segregation of the
constituents; also a mixture of other
composition but of similar consistency.
2. To place and tool grout in the joints
of stonework.
3. In quarrying: a term describing the
product of the quarry which is
unusable for dimension stone,
often piled near the extraction site.
Guillotine
A device used for cutting stone slabs to
sizes by means of wedges driven by
hydraulic pressure. The resultant fracture
is of low precision, with a ragged, chipped
appearance.
H
Halite
Rock salt; the mineral form of sodium
A very hard, crystalline, igneous rock, chloride (NaCl); a sedimentary rock.
gray to pink in color, composed of feldspar, Hardness
quartz, and lesser amounts of dark ferro- In stones, hardness most frequently refers
magnesium materials. Gneiss and black to stone’s resistance to abrasion, particu“granites” are similar to true granites in larly abrasion due to foot traffic, as tested
structure and texture, but are composed by either ASTM C241 or C1353. In minof different minerals. Commercial and erals, hardness generally refers to the
scientific definitions of the granite group mineral’s rank within the Moh’s Scale of
are explained in detail in ASTM C119.
Mineral Hardness.
Granite
Granular
Stones having a texture characterized by
particles that are apparent to the unaided
eye. For sedimentary rocks, particles less
than 4 inches in diameter and approximately equal in size.
Head
The exposed surface of the jointed end
of any given piece of stone with a gauged
dimension not more than the minimum
thickness of the material specified. Also
known as “return head.”
Hearth
1. The floor of a fireplace together with
an adjacent area of fire-resistant
material that extends into the room. 2. An area permanently floored with
fire-resistant material beneath and
surrounding a stove.
Hearth Stone
Hearth
Originally the single large stone or stones
used for the hearth, now most commonly
used to describe the stone in front of the
fire chamber and many times extending
on either or both sides of the front of the
fire chamber.
Keystone
23-14
Inscription
Lettering cut in stone.
Isolation joint
A joint separating a concrete slab from
another element, such as a column or wall.
J
Joint
A space between installed stone units or
between a dimension stone and the
adjoining material.
Jointing Scheme
ILIA
L
The intentional pattern created by the
direction and position of stone joints as
determined by the design professional for
Hysteresis, thermal
A residual or permanent volume change aesthetic reasons.
in stones after the temperature has been K
normalized, generally causing the stone Kaolinite
panel to bow. Most commonly associated A hydrous aluminum silicate mineral.
with fine grained true marbles used in
Kerf
thin panel applications.
1. A slot, either local or continuous, cut
I
into the edge of a stone with a saw
Igneous
blade for insertion of anchors.
Any of the various volcanic rocks, 2. The width of a cut when sawing
solidified after the molten state, such as through stone blocks or jointing slabs.
granite. Igneous is one of the three main
rock classifications. Compare with meta- Keystone
The central stone of an arch, sometimes
morphic and sedimentary.
sculpted or otherwise embellished.
(Indiana Limestone Institute of America)
A trade organization established for the
dissemination of information on limestone standards, recommended practices,
grades, colors, finishes, and all technical
data required for specifying, detailing,
fabricating, and erecting Indiana Limestone. Publishers of the Indiana Limestone Handbook and other technical
publications, founded in 1928.
Impregnators
Lamination
To cut inwardly or engrave, especially in
a “V” shaped profile, as in an inscription.
Honed
A satin-smooth surface finish with little
or no gloss.
Kerf
Incise
Any applied repellent that penetrates the
stone and resides below the plane of the
finished surface. Impregnators may be
hydrophobic (water-repellent), oliophobic
(oil repellent), or both, and are used in
some stone varieties to increase stain
resistance.
Lamination
Two or more thicknesses of stone slab
adhered together at an exposed edge,
usually in decorative work such as countertops, creating an aesthetic effect that
suggests that the stone is thicker than
it actually is. Laminated edges may be
dressed or profiled to a variety of shapes
for additional decorative value.
Laser
An acronym for Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation, which
produces an intense narrow beam of coherent, monochromatic light. Lasers are
used in the stone industry for a variety
of cutting machine alignment aids, layout
aids, and leveling instruments.
Lathe
Any machine that spins a block or multiple blocks of material about a horizontal
axis for the purposes of creating shapes
that have symmetry about the axis of
rotation, such as columns, balusters,
and urns.
Lead Buttons
Although not often used in modern
masonry construction, these were small
shims made of lead or similar malleable
metal alloys used in horizontal joints to
support the stones until the mortar has set.
Lewis
A lifting device consisting of multiple sections of metal forming a tapered shape
which is inserted into a dovetail shaped
preparation cut into the stone. Although
uncommon in current industry use, lewis
lifters were frequently used for hoisting
quarry blocks or for heavy, cubic sections
of finished stone work. Also known as
“box lewis.”
Lewis Pin
A pin, usually with an eye at the upper
end, used in pairs and fitted to holes
drilled at opposing angles in cubic stones
for hoisting purposes.
Limestone
Lintel
A horizontal stone spanning over the
opening of a door, window, or other
opening that acts as a beam to carry the
weight of the wall above it.
Lippage
The planar offset of the finished surfaces
of two adjacent stone units.
Live Load
The portion of a load on a structural
member that is variable, such as occupants, furniture, traffic, and wind.
See also Dead Load.
Load Cell
Lug Sill
In stone masonry, a sill that projects into
the jambs of a window or door opening
(compare slip sill).
M
Machine Finish
Line (edge) Polisher
A metamorphic crystalline rock composed predominantly of crystalline grains
of calcite, dolomite, or serpentine, and
capable of taking a polish. Commercial
and scientific definitions of the marble
group are explained in detail in ASTM
C119.
An additional block or strip of stone adhered and doweled to the back face of a
stone panel for the purpose of providing a
horizontal surface which can be supported
by a shelf angle. The liner material may
or may not be of the same stone species
as the panel. Also known as “liner block”
or “cleat.”
Liner
In limestone, the generally recognized
standard machine finish produced by the
planers. Also known as “machine smooth”
or “planar” finish.
Maintenance
Liners
Lewis Pin
An electronic device (transducer) that
emits an electric signal based on the force
applied to the device.
A sedimentary rock composed primarily
of calcite or dolomite. The varieties of
limestone used as dimension stone are
usually well consolidated and exhibit a
minimum of graining or bedding direction.
See definition of limestone group in
ASTM C119.
A large production machine which utilizes
one or more spindles to achieve a finished
edge profile on a piece of stone as it is fed
through a conveying line.
Lewis
Cleaning and/or other remedial activity
performed on a scheduled basis: daily,
weekly, etc. in order to remove dirt, dust
and other contaminants that degrade the
stone’s appearance and/or performance.
Lintel
Marble
Lippage
Marble (commercial definition)
A crystalline rock, capable of taking
a polish, and composed of one or more
of the minerals calcite, dolomite, and
serpentine. Commercial and scientific
definitions of the marble group are
explained in detail in ASTM C119.
Lug Sill
Marble Institute of America
(MIA)
An international trade association whose
membership is composed of producers,
fabricators, contractors, exporters, importers, distributors, sales agents, and
vendors who provide products and/or
services to the dimension stone industry
and building owners. MIA traces its roots
back to the National Association of Marble
Dealers, founded in 1907, which joined
with the National Association of Marble
Producers in 1944 to form the Marble
Institute of America (MIA). The National
Association of Marble Builders merged
with MIA in 1962.
Masonry
1. Built up construction, usually individ ual units set in mortar.
2. That branch of construction dealing
with plaster, concrete construction,
and the laying up of stone, brick, tile
and other such units with mortar.
Metamorphic Rock
Rock altered in appearance, density,
crystalline structure, and in some cases,
mineral composition, by high temperature and intense pressure. Includes slate
derived from shale, quartz based stone
from quartzitic sand, and true marble
from limestone.
Mockup
A sample section of stonework that is
installed, often including other related
construction components, for the purpose of obtaining designer and owner
approval prior to commencement of
quarrying, fabricating, or installation of
stonework. The mockup may be independent of the project or may be part of the
project and remain in place as part of the
completed work.
Modular
Refers to standard patterns used throughout
the stone industry that are usually based
on multiples of a given height or size.
Modulus of Elasticity
Tested per ASTM C1352, the ratio of
stress to corresponding linear strain of
a material, expressed as a force per unit
area (lbs/in² or pascals), and used as a
measure of a material’s stiffness. Also
known as “Young’s Modulus.”
Modulus of Rupture
A bending strength test, normally
performed per the ASTM C99 test
method, in which a small sample of stone
(8” x 4” x 2¼”) is supported by two support rods, and loaded to failure by a third
rod positioned at the center of the span.
Metamorphism
The results are reported as the stress exThe change or alteration in a rock caused
by exterior agencies, such as deep-seated perienced by the stone sample at the time
heat and pressure, or intrusion of rock of specimen failure, and expressed as a
force per unit area (lbs/in² or pascals).
materials.
See also flexural strength.
Microcrystalline
Miter
23-16
Said of a stone that consists largely or Moh’s Scale
wholly of crystals that are so small as to A relative scale of mineral hardness develbe recognizable only under magnification. oped by German Mineralogist Friedrich
Milling
Mohs in 1822 ranking ten common minIn the stone industries, comprehensive erals by their scratch resistance.
term for processing quarry blocks
through sawing, planning, turning and Moldings
cutting techniques to finished stone.
Decorative stone deviating from a plane
surface by projections, curved profiles,
Miter
Any condition of stone veneer, coping, recesses or any combination thereof.
paving strips, etc, where a corner condition is accomplished by two stones with Monolithic
angular cuts, with the angles of the cuts Shaped from a single block of stone,
being equal to the bisection of the total in contrast to a unit that was created by
angle. See also quirk miter.
using multiple units of stone.
Mortar
A mixture of cement paste and fine aggregate used in setting stone units or filling
joints between stone units. Mortar may
contain masonry cement, or may contain
hydraulic cement with lime (and possibly
other admixtures) to afford greater plasticity and workability than are attainable
with standard portland cement mortar.
Mosaic
A decorative installation, usually a graphic
or artwork display, made up of an assemblage of small units of different colored
stones or glass to create the total image
or pattern.
Movement Joint
In tile installations, a joint where only
the finish material is separated by an
elastomeric filler, and the substrate is
uninterrupted. Also known as a “generic
movement joint.”
MSDS
posed of granite producers in the United
States. Collectively, these companies
provide a major portion of the domestically quarried architectural granite
produced in the U.S.
Neat Cement
A fluid mixture of portland cement and
water, with or without other ingredients;
also the hardened equivalent of such mixture. Commonly used in a thick, creamy
consistency to parge the stone surfaces
and strengthen the bond between a stone
and a setting bed. Also called “cement butter,” “cement paste” and “cement cream.”
See also back parging and parge.
Niche
A recess in an interior or exterior wall
usually for a statue or an urn, often semicircular in design.
NIOSH
The National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health
The abbreviation for Material Safety Data
Sheet.The information required by OSHA’s
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
to convey hazardous information to
downstream customers.
Nonstaining Mortar
Mullion
Notch
A structural unit that separates two
window units
N
Natural Bed
The horizontal stratification of stone as it
was formed in the deposit.
Natural Cleft
Stone that is split (cleaved) parallel to its
stratification, yielding a surface that is irregular to a degree that corresponds with
the flatness of the material’s layering.
Natural Stone
Mortar composed of materials which individually or collectively do not contain
material that will stain the adjacent materials to which it comes in contact.
A V-shaped cut made on the edge or head
of a stone.
NTCA
(National Tile Contractors Association)
A trade association whose active membership consists of ceramic and stone
tile installation contractors in the United
States, with an associate membership of
those who supply products and services
to the industry. Founded in 1947.
O
Obsidian
A product of nature. A stone such as granite, A glassy phase of lava.
marble, limestone, slate, travertine, or
sandstone that is formed by nature, and is Off Fall
Also “fall off.” See Remnant.
not artificial or manmade.
NBGQA
The abbreviation for the National Building Granite Quarries Association, a trade
association whose membership is com-
Ogee
A stone molding roughly resembling an
“S” shape, with a reverse curved edge:
concave above, convex below.
Ogee
Onyx
A frequently translucent and generally
layered, cryptocrystalline calcite with
colors in pastel shades, particularly off
white, yellow, tan, and green. Commercial definitions of onyx are given in ASTM
C119 as part of the marble group.
P
Palletize
To stack and secure stone units to a pallet
for ease, safety, and efficiency in handling
and transport.
Panel
A term used to describe either a single
A calcite-cemented calcareous stone unit of fabricated stone veneer, or a preasformed of shells and shell fragments, sembled panel including multiple stone
practically noncrystalline in character. units affixed to a structural panel frameIt is found in massive deposits located work.
almost entirely in Lawrence, Monroe, Parapet
and Owen Counties, Indiana; and in Ala- A low wall along the edge of a terrace,
bama, Kansas, and Texas. This limestone roof, or balcony, which is usually simply
is characteristically a freestone, without the extension of the exterior wall below it.
cleavage planes, possessing a remarkable Parge
uniformity of composition, texture, and To apply a thin coat of mortar, thin-set, neat
structure.
cement, or other bonding agent to the
Open-faced Quarry
back of stone units, or to the face of the
A quarry with relatively large lateral ex- backup material, normally for the purpanse when compared to its depth, in pose of reducing the voids, increasing
contrast to traditional derrick quarries bond strength, or waterproofing. See also
which had relatively short lateral dimen- back parging and neat cement.
sions and great depths.
Patina
OSHA
The change in color or texture of the
The acronym for Occupational Safety and surface of natural stone due to age or exposure to various elements
Health Administration.
Oolitic Limestone
Overhang
Out-crop
That part of a geologic formation or
structure that protrudes above or at
ground level.
Outriggers
Pedestal
A temporary support extending from
machinery, such as cranes, to provide
greater stance width and improve stability
when handling loads with extended boom
lengths.
Overburden
Paver
A single unit of fabricated stone for use as
an exterior paving material.
Paving
Stone used as an exterior wearing surface,
as in patios, walkways, driveways, etc.
Pedestal
In classical architecture, the support for
a column or statue, consisting of a base,
dado, and cap.
Pediment
Waste stone, earth or other material cov- The gable end of a roof in classical architecering the deposit of stone which must be ture. Located above a horizontal cornice
removed to gain access to the desired stone. member, it comprises the raking cornices
Overhang
and the tympanum. It is typically triangular,
The portion of a stone that protrudes past but can also be curved when applied as a
decorative element over windows.
the surface on which it is set.
Pediment
23-18
Oxalic Acid
A relatively strong acid that is used, typically as an additive to other polishing
compounds, in the polishing of many
marbles and limestones.
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit: PELs are
established and enforced by OSHA to
protect workers against the health effects
of overexposure to hazardous substances.
Percussion Drilling
Any method of drilling that includes a
combination of hammering blows along
the longitudinal axis of the bit with rotation of the bit. Also called “hammer”
drilling.
Plutonic
Applies to igneous rocks formed beneath
the surface of the earth, typically with
large crystals owing to the slowness of
cooling.
Pointing
The final filling and finishing of mortar
One which contains a considerable joints that have been raked.
number of relatively small openings, Polished Finish
often called pierced wall or screen wall. A glossy, highly reflective surface finish
that brings out the full color and character
Pergola
of the stone.
Garden structure formed by two rows
of posts or pillars with joists and open Polishing
framing above, often covered by climbing A process utilizing abrasives in combination with specific polishing powders and/
plants and shading a walkway.
or chemicals to produce a glossy, highly
Phenocryst
reflective surface finish on the stone.
One of the relatively large and ordinarily Polishing Compounds
conspicuous crystals of the earliest gen- Any of the powders or chemicals used in
eration in a porphyritic igneous rock.
addition to the abrasive machine heads
that are used to achieve a polished finish.
Pilaster
A shallow, engaged pier or column Polishing Cream
projecting from a wall, only decorative in A polishing compound that is supplied in
a cream or paste consistency.
function.
Perforated Wall
Pillowed
Polishing Pads
A tile finish that features softly rounded Small diameter flexible disks with embededges, thus giving the tile a pillowed look. ded abrasives used with handheld tools or
small portable machines for polishing of
stone. These pads may be used in combiPit Quarry
nation with compounds, and may be used
Below ground-level quarry.
either wet or dry.
Pitch Faced
Pergola
Porphyry
Pilaster
A rustic finish for veneer stone created
An igneous rock characterized by diswith a split or chiseled face, and dressed
tinct and contrasting sizes of coarse and
along the stone’s perimeter to produce
fine-grained crystals. Used as a decorative
convex projection. See also rock faced.
building and/or paving stone.
Pitched Stone
See pitch faced.
Plinth
1. The base block at the junction of the
stone base and trim around a door or
other opening.
2. The bottom stone block of a column
or pedestal.
Plucked Finish
A stone surface produced by setting a
planer blade so deep that it removes stone
by spalling rather than by shaving.
Portico
A porch formed by a roof supported with
columns, similar to a temple front.
Poultice
Any absorbent material (powder, cloth,
etc) used in a saturated condition with
water or solvent based fluids and applied
to a stone surface for the purpose of removing embedded stains.
Plinth
PPE
The abbreviation for Personal Protective
Equipment, such as protective clothing,
safety toe shoes, helmets, goggles, etc.,
designed to protect the wearer’s body
from injury from exposures in the work
environment.
Preassembled Units
Q
Quarried Stone
Stone which has been extracted from
the earth by means of man power and
machines.
A composite unit consisting of a structural backing, usually steel or concrete,
multiple panels of stone, and necessary Quarrier
anchorage and connection hardware that Company or person that extracts natural
is built off-site and transported to the stone from a quarry.
construction site for erection.
Quarry
Precast
In stone facades, refers to a bi-material
panel consisting of multiple stone face
units and a concrete backer panel. The
panel is cast off-site, then transported to
the construction site for erection.
1. The physical site, open or under ground, where stone is extracted
from the earth.
2. The process of extracting stone from
open pit or underground mine.
Pressure Relieving Joint
Quarry Block
See expansion joint.
Primer
1. A unit or package of ignition devises
used to initiate other explosives or
blasting agents in the quarry.
2. A liquid coat applied to increase
bond strength of a joint sealant.
Privacy Partition
A thin stone panel between urinals.
See urinal screen.
Producer
Company or person that quarries and
supplies dimension stone to the commercial market.
Profile Wheel
Any grinding wheel that has convex or
concave shapes and can be adapted to a
router, hand held grinder, or CNC
machine for the purpose of producing a
desired shape to a stone edge.
Projections
Any stone that is installed in a position
outward of the balance of the wall for
aesthetic or water control purposes.
Generally, a piece of rough stone as it
comes from a quarry, generally dressed or
wire sawed to the shape of a rectangular
prism (having three pairs of roughly
parallel faces) for shipment.
Quarry Run
A term used by some producers to mean
the lot of material has not been culled or
otherwise limited for range of color and/
or features, and includes the entire spectrum of material that is yielded by that
particular deposit.
Quarry Sap
A term used by the limestone industry to
describe the natural moisture in freshly
quarried stone.
Quartz
A silicon dioxide mineral that occurs in
colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.
One of the hardest minerals of abundance
in stones such as sandstone, granite, and
quartzite.
Quartz Based Stone
A dimension stone group that includes
both sedimentary (as in sandstone) or
The practice of locating mineral deposits metamorphic (as in quartzite) stones
of commercial value.
and are characteristically high in free silPumice
ica content. Definitions of the classes of
Exceptionally cellular, glassy lava resem- stone which form the quartz based stone
bling a solid froth.
group are explained in ASTM C119.
Prospecting
23-20
Quartzite
A dense, hard metamorphic quartz based
stone typically formed from sandstone.
In some deposits, intrusion of minerals
during the formation process creates unusual coloration. See ASTM C119.
position of the anchor so that it doesn’t
occupy any of the joint region, allowing
full movement capability of the joint
dimension.
Recess
A variety of sandstone including higher
content of free silica and siliceous cements
than typical quartz-based sandstones.
Any feature cut into a stone that is set
back or indented from the balance of the
stone surface, either to accommodate another element, such as anchorage, or for
aesthetic appeal.
Quirk Miter
Recrystallized Limestone
Quartzitic Sandstone
An external corner formed by two stone
panels with beveled (usually 45°) edges
and blunted, finished noses to reduce the
chipping vulnerability of the sharp edges
that occur with a common miter.
Quoin
A limestone in which a new pattern of
crystallinity has pervasively replaced the
crystal orientation in the original clastic
particles, fossils, or fossil fragments, and
interstitial cement.
Quirk Miter
Rabbet
Refinishing
One of the decorative dressed stones or The process of insitu finishing of existing
bricks used at the corner of a building. stonework to return it to its near original
Quoins are usually laid so their faces are appearance.
alternately large and small.
R
Rabbet
A groove cut into the surface along an
edge so as to receive another piece.
Rain Screen
A curtain wall system in which the outer
façade shields, or “screens,” rain from
infiltrating the wall cavity, but is not
actually sealed. The cavity is pressure
equalized with the outside air, avoiding
pressure differences that would otherwise draw water into the cavity. Minor
amounts of water that penetrate the rain
screen are evacuated via weep systems designed into the system.
Raked Joint
A mortar joint in which the mortar, while
still soft, has been scraped back to a specified
dimension with a square-edged tool. It is
generally used to accentuate the joint due to
the pronounced shadow line produced.
Random Slab
A stone slab of length and width that are
not prespecified, but rather determined
by the size of the block from which it
was cut.
Rebated Kerf
A kerf that includes a second cut at 90°
to the kerf axis which accommodates
Reglet
A narrow groove cut in stone to receive
flashing.
Raked Joint
Reinforcement
Any element, metal, fiberglass, stone,
etc. that is embedded in or applied to the
stone panel for the purpose of increasing
strength.
Relief
Carving or embossing raised above a
background plane, as in a bas-relief.
Relieving Arch
Rebated Kerf
One built over a lintel, flat arch or smaller arch to divert loads, thus relieving the
lower member from excessive loading.
Remnant
A leftover portion of a slab that cannot be
utilized in the primary project, but is
salvaged for possible use in another project.
Reprise
Reglet
The line formed by the intersection of
two like profiles upon meeting at an interior corner.
Resin
Any of a number of clear or translucent
substances, either from plant origin or
synthetics, used in producing lacquers,
adhesives, plastics, polyesters, epoxies,
silicones, etc.
Relieving Arch
Resin Patching Sticks
Rock Faced
Resin Polishing
Rock
A stone patching material supplied as a
solid substance and installed in a heated
condition to facilitate flowing into surface
imperfections to be filled.
Return
Reveal
A reference to abrasive pads used for hand
tool polishing, in which abrasives are embedded in a resin matrix.
A rustic finish for veneer stone created
with a split or chiseled face, and dressed
along the stone’s perimeter to produce
convex projection. See also pitch faced.
1. Geologically, any natural mass of earth
material that has appreciable extent. 2. In engineering, solid natural material
Resined Slab
that requires mechanical or explosive
Slabs that have been treated with a cos- techniques for removal.
metic improvement process prior to pol- 3. In the quarry industries, the term
ishing, in which a resinous adhesive, usu- stone is more common and means
ally epoxy, is applied to the face of the firm, coherent, relatively hard
slab, filling various voids in the stone sur- earth material.
face. The resin is cured at elevated temperature, after which it is polished, allow- Rodding
ing the resin to remain in the voids. This A reinforcement technique used principroduces a more cosmetically attractive pally in countertop fabrication wherein
surface without the interruptions of the metal or fiberglass rods are embedded
into shallow kerfs in the underside of the
natural defects.
stone slab at narrow regions of the counRestoration
Remedial action taken to return an exist- tertop, such as the portion in from of a
ing installation of stone to its original or sink. See reinforcement.
Roman Arch
acceptable “near original” condition.
A semicircular arch. If built of stone, all
The right-angle turn of a stone surface, units are wedge shaped.
either a molding or flat, as in a window Rough Back
jamb condition.
The outermost slab produced when
slabs are sawn from a block, having one
Return Head
side sawed and the other rough from the
See head. original quarry block face. Also known as
Reveal
“skin.”
The exposed portion of a stone between
its outer face and a window or door set Rough Sawn
into an opening.
A surface finish resulting from the gang or
wire sawing process.
Ribbon
Narrow bands of rock within the quarry Rubbed Finish
deposit of contrasting color and/or tex- A stone finish between smooth machine
ture due to varying mineralogical compo- finish and honed, obtained by mechanical
sition
rubbing to a very smooth surface.
Return
Rodding
Rift
Direction in which stone splits most readily.Term is most commonly used for granite or other stone without visible stratification or foliation. Riprap
Roman Arch
23-22
Large, irregular shaped stones randomly
placed on an embankment to prevent or
minimize soil erosion
Rubble
A term applied to dimension stone used
chiefly for walls and foundations, consisting of stone units that may be highly irregular or partly trimmed or squared, generally with one or more split faces, and
selected and specified with a size range.
Rubble stone may be installed randomly
or coursed.
Rustication
ized by thin foliae that are composed
predominately of minerals of thin platy
or prismatic habits and whose long dimensions are oriented in approximately
parallel positions along the planes of foliation. Because of this foliated structure,
S
schists split readily along these planes
and so have a pronounced rock cleavage.
Saddles
The more common schists are composed
See thresholds.
of mica-like minerals (such as chlorite)
Sample
and generally contain subordinate quartz
An actual piece of dimension stone in a and/or feldspar of a comparatively finesmall size used to demonstrate the gen- grained texture; all gradations exist beeral color, markings, and finish of a given tween schist and gneiss (coarsely foliated
variety of stone.
feldspathic rocks).
Any embellishment done to the joints in
stonework, either chamfers or grooves,
for the purpose of visually accentuating
the joint by increasing the shadowline.
Sandblasted
Scotia
A matte-textured surface finish produced
A deep concave molding
by small particles (“sand”) striking the
stone surface at high velocities.
Screed
A flat board or other straight piece used
Sandstone
Sandstones are sedimentary rocks usu- to level freshly placed concrete, mortar,
ally composed of quartz cemented with or sand by sliding it over prepositioned
silica, iron oxide or calcium carbonate. guides that determine the height of the
Sandstones range from very soft and fri- concrete or mortar.
able to very hard and durable, depending
on the depth at which it was buried and
the nature of the cement. Generally, the
most durable sandstones are cemented with
silica.Sandstone has a wide range of colors
or textures. See quartz based stone.
Sawed Edge
A clean-cut edge generally achieved by
cutting with a diamond blade.
Sawed Face
A finish obtained from the process used in
the cutting of the blocks, slabs, or other
units of building stone without further
embellishment. It varies in texture from
smooth to rough, and is typically named
for the type of material used in sawing,
e.g. diamond sawn, sand sawn, chat sawn,
and shot sawn.
Sawyer
One who operates a saw.
Scabbing
See dressing.
Schist
A loose term applying to foliated metamorphic (recrystallized) rock character-
Sculpture
A three-dimensional art form cut or chiseled from a monolithic block of stone.
Sealant
An elastic adhesive compound used to
seal stone veneer joints while still allowing differential movement between the
stone units.
Sealer
A protective coating or treatment which
prevents or retards foreign liquid or matter from penetrating the stone by closing
the pores in the surface.
Sealing
The process of applying a sealer.
Seam Setter
A tool designed to pull two pieces of stone
together and make the surfaces flat with
each other. The tools are made with suction cups and attached with a set of steel
glides. The tool will allow the installer to
apply adhesive, pull the stone together,
shim if necessary to make flat, while the
tool is holding the pieces together until
the adhesive dries.
Sedimentary
Rocks formed by deposition of particles,
or “sediments” laid down in successive
strata and cemented together by another
agent. The materials of which they are
formed are derived from preexisting rocks
or the skeletal remains of sea creatures.
Serpentine
Setting Space
Shim
A common hydrous magnesium silicate
rock-forming mineral; generally dark
green in color with markings of white,
light green, or black. Rocks composed
predominantly of such minerals are
correctly called “serpentinites”, and are
commercially sold as a marble because
they can be polished. The definition of
serpentine is given in ASTM C119 under
the marble group.
Shop Ticket
A document used by a stone fabricator
describing the fabrication details of an individual piece of dimension stone, most
commonly employing graphics in addition
to text, and possibly including production
and/or quality control monitoring. Also
referred to as a “cutting” or “cut” ticket.
Shot Sawed
Description of a finish resulting from using steel shot abrasive in the gang sawing
process without further embellishment.
This surface will normally have random
linear markings for a rough surface texture.
Silica
An oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, found abundantly in nature as
sand quarts, or other rock components,
Setter
The dry cutting or grinding of silica will
A field mechanic who specializes in the produce silica dust, which when airborne
in particles of respirable size, are a well
installation of dimension stone.
known health hazard to those exposed to
Setting Space
The distance from the finished face of it without adequate PPE.
a stone unit to the face of the backup Siliceous
material. (Note: in some regions, the A rock bearing abundant silica.
term is used to describe the distance beSill
tween the back of the stone and the face
of the backup material. See also “cavity”) The bottom horizontal part of a window
or opening in a structure.
Setting
The installation of dimension stone units.
Siltstone
A fine-grained, non-carbonate clastic rock
composed of detrital grains of quartz and
A fine grained sedimentary stone formed silicate minerals of silt size. Siltstones are
by the compaction of clay, silt, or mud.
rarely marketed as such but commonly are
considered as fine-grained quartz-based
Shear
A force that causes, or attempts to cause, stones (sandstones). Siltstone is texturinternal adjacent planes of material to ally transitional between quartz-based
stones and shales (mudstones). Many
slide along one another.
bluestones and siliceous flagstones fall
Shim
within this category. The term is included
A piece of plastic or other non-corrosive,
in these definitions chiefly to explain the
non-staining material used to temporarily
relationship of some siliceous flagstones
or permanently adjust the position of a to the quartz-based stone category.
stone unit.
Shale
Sill
Shop Drawing
Simulated Stone
A detailed fabrication and installation
drawing showing layout, joinery, dimensions, materials, finishes, methods of anchorage, and/or any other information
pertinent to the fabrication or installation
of the stone material.
23-24
An artificial manmade product that attempts to resemble natural stone.
Slab
A flat “sheet-like” section of natural stone
sawn to a prescribed thickness, with
length and width determined by the size
of the quarry block from which it was sawed.
Slabs will generally receive a face finish
and further fabrication processes to become usable dimension stone products.
Slate
A very fine grained metamorphic rock
derived from sedimentary shale rock,
with excellent parallel cleavage, and
entirely independent of original bedding,
slate may be split easily into relatively
thin slabs. See definition of slate in ASTM
C119.
Soundness
A property of stone used to describe relative freedom from cracks, faults, voids,
and similar imperfections found in untreated stone. One of the characteristics
encountered in fabrication.
Spall
A chip or splinter separated from the main
mass of a stone. Also known as sprawl.
Spandrel
A type of strap, typically in the form of
a “loop”, made of high-density cloth and
rated for the intended load, which is
wrapped around an object that is being
lifted.
1. The often-decorated triangular area
between an arch and a wall, or
between two arches.
2. In modern high-rise construction, the
panel area between the head of one
window and the sill of the one above
it. Can be clad in stone, metal,
or glass.
Slip Joint
Splay
Slip Sill
Split
Sling
A connection which permits vertical or
horizontal movement of a stone unit relative to the adjacent unit.
A stone sill set between jambs. (compare
lug sill).
Slurry
A suspension of insoluble particles in a
liquid.
Slip Joint
Slip Sill
A surface that makes an oblique angle
with another surface, such as the non-vertical riser face frequently seen on steps.
Division of a rock by cleavage.
Split-faced Stone
Stone on which the face has been broken
to an approximate plane.
Split-stone Finish
In building stone, a rough face formed
by splitting slabs in a split-face machine.
A finish of minimum textural quality, pre- Generally the slabs are sawed parallel to
senting the least interruption of surface. bedding in stratified stone, so that the
Smooth finish may be applied to any sur- split face exposes the bedding in natuface, flat or molded. It is produced by a ral orientation or overturned, but some
stone is sawed perpendicular to bedding
variety of machines.
and then split with the bedding vertical,
Snapped Edge
either exposed as a cleft surface or vertical.
See Guillotine.
Smooth Finish
Soapstone
Spot or Spotting
The mortar applied to the back of dimenA talc-rich stone with a “soapy” feel, used sion stone veneer to bridge the space
for hearths, tabletops, chemical-resistant between a stone panel and the backup
laboratory tops, stove facings, and clad- wall. Often used to describe the plaster
ding; known for its heat, chemical, and or mortar spot used with wire tie anchorage.
stain resistant properties.
Soffit
The underside of any architectural element, such as an arch, beam, lintel, or
balcony.
Spandrel
Spreader Bar
A beam with two lifting slings or cables,
one on each end, intended to spread the
lifting points while the bar is hoisted from
its center.
Splay
Stacked Bond
Stone that is cut to one dimension and
installed with unbroken vertical and horizontal joints running the entire length
and height of the veneered area.
Sticking
Support
An angle, plate or other stones which carry
a gravity load.
T
TCNA
(Tile Council of North America)
An organization of manufacturers serving
the ceramic tile industry, with overlapping interest in the stone tile industry,
particularly in installation. The TCNA
Stone
Sometimes synonymous with rock, but publishes the Handbook for Ceramic Tile
more properly applied to individual Installation and serves as the Secretariat
blocks, masses or fragments taken from for the ANSI accredited A108 and A118
their original formation or considered for committees. Established in 1945 as the
commercial use. In commercial use, the Tile Council of America (TCA), it beterm stone is more frequently used, while came the Tile Council of North America
scientifically, geologists and petrogra- (TCNA) in 2003 to reflect its memberphers more frequently use the term rock. ship expansion to all of North America Canada, Mexico and the United States.
The butt edge repair of a broken piece of
stone, now generally done with dowels,
cements, or epoxies. The pieces are
“stuck” together; thus “sticking.”
Stool
Template
The interior sill of a window.
Stratification
Stool
The layered structure in sedimentary
stone deposits as a result of the deposition of sediments in beds or layers (also
“strata” or “lamina”).
String Course
A horizontal band of masonry, generally
narrower that other courses, extending
across the façade of a structure and in
some structures encircling such decorative features as pillars or engaged columns. May be flush or projected, and flat
surfaced or decorated. Also called belt
course or band course.
String Course
Stripping
To remove coatings that block a stone’s
ability to breathe which may cause spalling (when the stones crack, pop, or shale).
Some examples of common coatings are
topical acrylic sealers, janitorial waxes,
and polyurethanes.
Stylolite
Threshold
23-26
In limestone and marble, generally a bedding
plane, along with differential solution
of the material on each side has caused
interpenetration of points, cones, or
columns, forming a contact surface that
is rough when separated. Also known as
crowfoot.
A pattern for a repetitive marking or fabricating operation.
Terrazzo
A flooring surface of marble or granite
chips in a cementitious or resinous
matrix, which is ground and finished
after setting.
Texture
Surface quality of stone independent
of color.
Textured Finish
Any of the rough surface finishes used in
dimension stone, selected for aesthetic
reasons or as friction performance for
walking surfaces.
Thermal Finish
A textured surface treatment applied by
brief exposure to intense heat.
Thin Stone
Dimension stone units that are 2” (50
mm) or less in thickness.
Threshold
A flat or profiled strip of stone projecting above the floor between the jambs of a
door, often marks the transition between
two different flooring materials. Also
known as a “saddle.”
Tile
A thin modular stone unit, less than
¾” (20 mm) thick, and not exceeding
24” (600 mm) in its greatest dimension.
Tilt Shop Cart
A device used in stone fabrication areas
to move slabs and/or cut-to-size pieces
within the shop. The cart has a bed that
tilts, allowing it be loaded with a slab in a
vertical orientation but unload the same
slab in a horizontal orientation.
Tin Oxide
A powder used in the polishing of granite
with a talc-like appearance and applied
with a felt pad and slow speed buffer.
Tolerance
The permissible limit of variation from
the specified dimension.
U
Ultimate Capacity
The load resisted by a stone anchor at
failure. This load must be divided by the
factor of safety to determine a safe load,
or allowable capacity.
Undercut
Cut so as to present an overhanging part.
Unit
A piece of fabricated cubic or thin dimension stone.
Urinal Screen
A thin stone panel used as a privacy partition between urinals.
V
Vacuum Cups
A device used in the handling of smooth
surfaced stone which secures itself to the
stone surface using vacuum contained
Tooled Finish
A finish that customarily has four, six, within an enclosed chamber that is sealed
or eight parallel, concave grooves to against the stone via gasketing.
the inch. See also bush hammered.
Vacuum Lifter
Any stone handling device using vacuum
Translucence
A characteristic of light colored onyxes cups as a means of securing itself to
and some light colored marbles allowing the stone.
light to diffuse as it passes through.
Travertine
A variety of limestone formed by chemical precipitate from hot springs. Some varieties of travertine take a polish and are
known commercially as marble. ASTM
C119 classifies travertine in both the
limestone and the marble groupings.
Tread
A flat stone used as the top (horizontal)
walking surface on steps.
Trim
Tread
Vein Cut
Vein Cut
A cut in quarried stone that is perpendicular to the natural bedding plane,
exposing the veining of the material.
Vein
A layer, seam, or narrow irregular
body of mineral material contrasting
the surrounding material in either color,
texture, or both.
Veneer
A non-structural facing of stone, interior
or exterior, serving as ornamentation and
a weather barrier.
The framing or edging of openings and Venting
other features on the interior or exterior See Cavity Vent.
of a building, including baseboards, picVug
ture rails, cornices, and casings.
A pocket-like natural cavity in stone,
Tumbled Finish
generally the result of solution or recrysA weathered, aging finish created when tallization. Size not limited, but most are
the stone is tumbled with sand, pebbles, between a small fraction of 1 inch and a
or steel bearings.
few inches in average diameter. May be
Veneer
lined with crystals or botryoidal layers of
mineral materials. Most common in dolomite, limestone and marble. Adj.: vuggy
W
An interior veneer of stone covering the
lower portion of an interior wall.
Wall Tie
In masonry, a type of anchor, generally
a metal strip, used to secure facing to
backup wall or to connect the wythes of a
cavity wall. Ties are mortared into joints
during setting, and thus do not require
that slots or anchor holes be cut.
Walls, bearing
A wall supporting a vertical load in addition to its own weight
Wash
Waxing
The practice of filling minor surface imperfections such as voids or sand holes
with melted shellac, cabinetmaker’s wax,
or certain polyester compounds. In the
dimension stone industry, it does not
refer to the application of paste wax to
make surfaces shinier.
Wear
The removal of material or impairment
of surface finishing through friction or
impact use.
Water Repellent
Wire Sawing
A wall in which the inner and outer
wythes are separated by an air space but
tied together with metal ties.
Weathering
Natural alteration by either chemical or
Wash
The slope on the top of a stone unit mechanical processes due to the action of
intended to shed water.
constituents of the atmosphere, soil, surface waters, and other ground waters, or
Water Jet
A machine which uses extremely high by temperature changes.
pressure water and an abrasive to cut
stone material in complex and exacting Wedging
shapes from slabs or tile.
Splitting of stone by driving wedges into
planes of weakness or holes in the stone.
Water Recycling System
Any system that recovers water used in Weep Holes
shop fabrication machinery and restores it
to a reusable condition by filtering and/ Openings for drainage in veneer joints or
or chemical neutralization, after which it in the structural components supporting
the veneer.
is returned to service.
Water Table
A course that projects from the face of
a wall, generally near grade and having
a beveled top and a drip cut in the projecting underside, to deflect water.
See Damp Proofing.
Walls, cavity
Any of several types of liquid-applied formulations used to render masonry walls
less absorptive. These treatments are said
to maintain a material’s ability to breathe
away moisture, as distinct from “sealers”
which form impervious, non-breathing
coatings.
23-28
A surface treatment performed by using
water under extreme high pressure.
Waterproofing
Wainscot
Wainscot
Water-jet Finish
A method of cutting stone by a wire or
cable. Traditionally, the term applied
to the use of a twisted wire carrying an
abrasive slurry as the cutting agent. Currently, the term is more frequently used
to describe the use of a cable that is fitted
with diamond abrasive segments at regular intervals, cooled with water.
Wythe
The inner or outer part of a cavity wall.
References
American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI.
ASTM International. ASTM C119: Standard Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone.
West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
Amrhein, James E., and Michael W. Merrigan. Marble and Stone SlabVeneer.
Los Angeles: Masonry Institute of America, 1986.
Bates, Robert L. and Jackson, Julia A., ed. Dictionary of Geological Terms. 3rd edition.
The American Geological Institute.
Carnella, Enrico. The Architect’s Handbook of Marble, Granite and Stone,Volume I,Technical
Guide; New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.
Chacon, Mark. Architectural Stone: Fabrication, Installation, and Selection. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
Donaldson, Barry, ed. New Stone Technology, Design and Construction for Exterior Wall
Systems. ASTM Special Technical Publication 996. West Conshohocken:
ASTM International, 1988.
Indiana Limestone Institute of America, Inc. Indiana Limestone Handbook. 22nd Edition.
Bedford: ILIA, 2007.
McGraw-Hill Construction. Sweet’s Catalog.Chicago: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2010.
National Building Granite Quarries Association, Inc. Specifications for Architectural
Granite. Washington, DC: NBGQA, 2011.
National Tile Contractors Association. NTCA Reference Manual. 2011.
Jackson: NTCA.
Patton, John B. Glossary of Building Stone and Masonry Terms. Geological Survey
Occasional Paper 6; Bloomington: Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources, 1974.
Pit & Quarry. Glossary of Terms. By: P&Q Staff, 2007.
Prestressed Concrete Institute. StoneVeneer-Faced Precast Concrete Panels.
Chicago: PSI, 1988.
R.E.D. Granti S.p.A. Stone Industry Technical Glossary. Massa: promorama, 2003.
Tile Council of America. Tile Council of North America Installation Handbook.
Princeton: TCA, 2011.
Winkler, Erhard M. Stone in Architecture. 3rd ed. Notre Dame: University of Notre
Dame, 1994.

GLOSSARY OF STONE INDUSTRY TERMS

Transcription

Similar documents

Newsletter January 2014 - Stone Gardens Assisted Living

Relaxing - Homeworks Builders

H. P. Berlage and Amsterdam Stock Exchange, a reflection on the

Druim Mor Cupmarks

Annual Report - Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture

palette of the past

Were these instructions helpful? Please send comments to tools

Spring, 2014

Sample file