Dana Rodden Presentation

Detecting Validity and Deception in Interviews
and Statements
Metacentre.net
Meet Elvis: The virtual border official who knows if
you're lying
By Tim Hume, CNN
updated 6:54 AM EDT, Wed August 15, 2012
(CNN) -- A lie-detecting virtual border official nicknamed "Elvis" is the latest
high-tech approach to securing borders in the United States.
Developed by University of Arizona researchers in collaboration with U.S.
Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the computer is known as the
Automated Virtual Agent for Truth Assessments in Real-Time -- or AVATAR
-- kiosk.
It uses sensors to screen passengers for unusual physiological responses to
questioning -- which can indicate a subject is lying.
"What we're looking for is changes in human physiology," said Doug Derrick,
a member of the University of Arizona team behind the project.
"We've had great success in reliably detecting these anomalies -- things that
Eliciting cues to deception and truth:
What Matters are the Questions Asked.
http://www.investigativeinterviewing.co.n
z/news/articles/eliciting-cues-todeception-and-truth/
Deception is an attempt to
distort perception
Appearance, sound, touch, words
self-deception is often beyond awareness and
begs the question “Is it deliberate?”
Deception is a mechanism of self-protection
and often indistinguishable from essential
editing
Deception/sincerity is evident in two forms physiologically and in language.
To perceive deception/sincerity in language the
interviewer needs to analyze the statement.
To perceive deception/sincerity physiologically the
interviewer needs to experience the subject.
Detection
To detect deception/sincerity in the
statement we need to compare the
statement with itself and with other
evidence.
To detect deceptive/sincere non-verbal
behaviour we need to compare the
subject with themselves.
Physiological Symptoms can be
detected in three ways
Non-verbal behaviour
Can be indicative of internal conflict
about what is being said
Requires intense and unbroken attention
made difficult by note taking and reading
prepared questions.
We need to be careful interpreting emotion
behind the mask and what it means
Expectations
General interviewer better at detecting
truthful than deceptive behaviour.
Investigative Interviewer better at
detecting deceptive than truthful.
Pre-knowledge, (evidence) will bias the
interviewer to ignore non-verbal.
behaviour and focus on content, (what is
said).
Less pre-knowledge will lead to focus
more on non-verbal and less on content.
The OPTICS principle
Observation
Perceived risk
Time
Interaction
Context
Sophistication
Observation
Accessing Cues
Relaxed
Breathing
From the abdomen
Facial
Mouth
Stressed
Top of the chest
Shallow / rapid jerky /
sighing
Jowls sag / cheeks relax/
Raised or furrowed
colour is even and more robust eyebrows / cheeks tighten
/ less colour – blanched /
flared nostrils
Lips fuller / deeper colour
Lips narrow / tight /
whitish-purple /
swallowing / licking /
clicking tongue
Skin
moisture
Pulse
Smooth / dry
Cold / moist / clammy
Slow / deep / even
Rapid / shallow
Body
posture
Voice
Relaxed / open
Closed / rigid
Varying pitch / soft / even
Weak or loud / high
tone and rate
pitch / rapid / strained /
throat clearing / stuttering
Observation
Eye Movement
Visual
Auditory
sounds
digital processing
Kinesthetic
sensations emotions
taste
smell
Perceived Risk
The greater the consequences the
greater the stress.
As stress elevates, the more apparent
are physiological symptoms.
How the subject perceives their risk will
determine the degree of expressed
stress.
What do you perceive the subject has to
lose or gain or both?
Does the subject perceive their risk the
same as you do?
Do they expect the worst?
Perceived risk is affected by
confidence
The story is:
-true but with omissions.
-part true, part false.
-an outright lie.
False stories are rarely entirely fabricated
nor true stories a complete articulation of
internal memories.
Most deceptive statements are true.
Perceived risk
Do you want to elevate stress? Perhaps
to see how the subject looks before
focusing on critical issue questions. To
shake the subject’s confidence.
Do you want to decrease stress to
establish rapport and differentiate the
meaning of general anxiety from specific
concerns?
Does the victim or witness fear
retaliation? Is their fear realistic?
Time
The interviewer needs to accelerate the process of
establishing familiarity before assigning
significance to behaviours.
The interviewer needs to spend sufficient time with
the subject to vary the subject’s stress level before
asking critical issue questions.
(compare appearance while eliciting different
internal states)
Interaction
An interview is a process of interaction
where each response affects the next
response generating a unique path that
cannot be entirely anticipated. The
dynamic interaction and lack of
predictability does not allow either party
to completely control their physiological
revelations which results in general
anxiety.
Context
Every interview brings together unique
individuals, circumstances and
environment.
The meaning of expression can be
confidently approximated only if the
response clearly relates to the context.
Most reliable Non-verbal cues
to deception
Speak in higher pitch
Fewer arm/hand/finger movements*
Fewer illustrations*
Take longer pauses
Fewer legs/feet movement*
Detect non-verbal
behaviour
Look for both congruence and
mixed messages
Deceptive subjects can be
confronted with contradictions
Post-interview analysis
•
•
•
Requires accurate documentation
Audio-visual or audio recording preferred
Transcriptions should include all
mistakes, pauses and incoherences.
Backmasking
Britney Spears reversed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGY95TsZvYY
• Patternicity is the tendency to find
meaningful patterns in meaningless noise.
• Apophenia is the experience of seeing
meaningful patterns or connections in
random or meaningless data
•
Pareidolia a form of apophenia such as
seeing the man in the moon or hearing
messages in reversed recordings.
We need to recognize patterns instantly to survive.
I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd
waht I was rdanieg
The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid!
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer inwaht oredr the ltteers
in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the
frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset
can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit
a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos
not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a
wlohe. Amzanig huh? Yaeh, and I awlyas thought
slpeling was ipmorantt.
Preparation Pitfalls
Similar cases bias expectations - the
more experience the more likely you
engage in:
Premature closure - selective attention
to what “fits” and disregard
inconsistent information.
Confirmation bias - type of question
filters and moulds answers.
Defensive avoidance - material that is
inconsistent is ignored or disregarded.
The Statement Profiler for
Dummies
• All statements are edited versions of
fragments of experience. Ask statement:
1) Does this story tell you when, where, who,
what, how, and why without prompting?
2) What is important that has been left out?
3) What do the words say?
• 4) Does the story make sense? Reconstruct
• 5) Imagine you were telling the story. How
would you tell it?
Weighting
• Calculate the number of words or
lines to describe sections of the
statement:
• 1. Prologue: leading up to event
• 2. Critical issue: event itself
• 3. Epilogue: repercussions
Weighting factor is more
useful the less the
investigator interrupts the
subject’s version
•
•
•
Prologue
Should give verifiable information
such as time, date, location.
If it contains more lines than
epilogue, 85% likelihood it is
deceptive.
More than 33% of statement
- likely deceptive.
• I got to work at 8:00.
Fred was on me right
from the start like he’d been all week. He
told me to get a car into bay 3. It was
buried behind two other vehicles. The lot
was full. It took me a 1/2 hour to get the
car on the lift. He came at me and started
shouting at me. I told him where to get off.
We walked toward each other yelling. I
had an extension cord in one hand and an
air drill in the other. After I got the car off
the lift the manager came in and told me to
go home. He didn’t tell me a reason and I
still don’t know why I was fired.
Following your intuition proves to be very
accurate!
•
Going With Your Gut Feeling: Intuition Alone Can Guide
Right Choice, Study Suggests
In a behavioral experiment, Prof. Marius Usher of Tel Aviv
University’s School of Psychological Sciences and his fellow
researchers found that intuition was a surprisingly
powerful and accurate tool. When forced to choose
between two options based on instinct alone, the
participants made the right call up to 90 percent of the
time.
The participants were able to calculate the different values
accurately at exceptional speed, the researchers found.
They were also able to process large amounts of data — in
fact, their accuracy increased in relation to the amount of
data they were presented. When shown six pairs of
numbers, for example, the participants chose accurately
65 percent of the time. But when they were shown 24
pairs, the accuracy rate grew to about 90 percent.
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