Molecular and Medical Parasitology Leistungsnachweise (9 LP)

Molecular and Medical Parasitology
Mosquito feeding
on human blood
Leishmania amastigotes
bursting from a macrophage
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Leistungsnachweise (9 LP)
•  Klausur (4 LP)
–  2 Stunden
–  Format: 10-14 Fragen
•  Praktikumsprotokoll (2 LP)
–  Gruppenprotokoll (2 Studenten/Gruppe)
•  Seminarvortrag (3 LP)
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Seminars
What do I expect?
•  Two meetings with me (Starting literature & final check)
•  20-25 min Powerpoint presentation
•  Printed reference list on the day of the seminar
•  One question relating to each seminar (relevant for exam)
Content?
• Address your fellow students!
• Thorough introduction
• Use of research papers (not just internet resources)
• German or English (English highly recommended)
Marking?
• Style and content!
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Some hints for a good presentation
•  About 1 (or less) slide/minute
•  Make slides simple
•  Textbook figures are often too
complex
•  Use illustrations rather than text
•  Use good quality images
(sufficient resolution)
•  Don’t do jokes (unless you are
really good at it)
•  See “Genetik” Teaching
Website for more infos
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The microtubule system
Centrosome
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Microtubules in Mitotic cell
Chromosomes
Centrosome
Mitotic Spindle
Centrosome
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Molecular and Medical Parasitology SS2014
Seminars
Name
Thema des Vortrags
Wolter, Madita
Weisert, Nadine
Simmler, Julia
Schrüfer, Sebastian
Schöps, Anna-Lena
Schmidt, Stefanie
Schließner, Marcel
Schirber, Fabian
Schalles, Simone
Reichert, Anja
Priesnitz, Chantal
Newald, Josephine
Misun, Jan
Michalski, Marlen
The molecular biology of life cycle differen4a4on in T. brucei Development of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly How does Trypanosoma cruzi survive inside the host cell? How does Leishmania survive inside the host cell? The role of mosquitoes in the transmission of infec4ous diseases Transgenic mosquitos to control vector popula4ons Sexual differen4a4on in malaria parasites The current status of malaria vaccina4on The current status of malaria chemotherapy Hemoglobinopathies and protec4on from malaria Func4on of Toll-­‐like receptors in the immune response against infec4ons Metabolic adapta4ons of parasites Tapeworm genomes and adapta4ons to parasi4sm Molecular mimicry by pathogens Mezei, Agnes
Meier, Anja
Lubosch, Alexander
Dinges, Gesa
Chelius, Xenia
Breu, Mike
Bayer, Katharina
Molecular interac4ons and signaling mechanisms during erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites Mechanisms of drug resistance Chemosensory behaviour of parasite Parasite-­‐induced behavioural altera4ons of the host: fact or fic4on? Virulence mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii Ectoparasites: Lice and 4cks Virulence mechanisms of Entamoeba histoly4ca 12.5.
12.5.
12.5.
19.5.
19.5.
19.5.
26.5.
26.5.
26.5.
2.6.
2.6.
2.6.
16.6.
16.6.
16.6.
23.6.
23.6.
23.6.
30.6.
30.6.
30.6.
Location: Seminarraum S33, Mondays 17:00-19:00
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Recommended Literature
•  Roberts,L. and Janovy, J.:
Foundations of Parasitology, 8th
ed., McGraw-Hill, 2009
•  Bogitsh, B.J. et al.:
Human Parasitology, 4th ed.,
Academic Press 2013
•  Lucius, R. and Loos-Frank, B.:
Biologie von Parasiten, 2nd ed.,
Springer, 2008
•  Additional Literature on
Teaching-website of Genetics
Department
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Additional online-Material
•  Website: Lehrstuhl Genetik->Teaching
–  http://www.genetik.uni-bayreuth.de/teach/39/SS-14
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Access: username:para password:malaria14
Powerpoints of lectures (as PDF)
Additional Literature (papers)
Handbook of the Practical
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Aims of this module
•  Overview of important parasites causing diseases in
humans
•  Factors leading to the spread of infectious diseases
(biological and socio-economic)
•  Appreciate the diversity of parasites and their lifestyles
(e.g. protozoa, worms, ticks)
•  Insight into molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis
•  Insight into parasite strategies to survive inside a hostile
environment
•  Pathology and treatment of diseases
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Humans are potential hosts to numerous
parasites
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Parasites of humans
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Infectious Diseases as Major Cause of
Mortality
World
Coronary heart disease
Stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases
Lower respiratory infections
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Diarrhoeal diseases
HIV/AIDS
Tuberculosis
Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
Road traffic accidents
Prematurity and low birth weight
Deaths in millions % of deaths
7.2
5.71
4.18
3.02
2.16
2.04
1.46
1.32
1.27
1.18
12.2
9.7
7.1
5.1
3.7
3.5
2.5
2.3
2.2
2
Source: WHO 2004
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The global importance of infectious
diseases
Mortality/100.000
Infectious diseases
Noncommunicable
(e.g. cancer,
cardiovascular)*
Injuries
230
573
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Low income regions
636
757
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High income
regions
380
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Global
*Note
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that certain cancers and autoimmune diseases are linked to infections
Source: WHO World Health Statistics 2012 (data for 2008/9)
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Infectious Diseases as Major Cause of
Mortality in Poor Countries
Low-income countries
Lower respiratory infections
Coronary heart disease
Diarrhoeal diseases
HIV/AIDS
Stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Tuberculosis
Neonatal infections
Malaria
Prematurity and low birth weight
Deaths in millions % of deaths
2.94
2.47
1.81
1.51
1.48
0.94
0.91
0.9
0.86
0.84
11.2
9.4
6.9
5.7
5.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
Source: WHO 2004
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A brief history of infectious diseases
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Plague
•  Killed up to 60% of population in the Middle Ages
•  Several epidemics till the 19th century
•  Still endemic in Asia (India)
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Flu
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Smallpox
•  e.g. “Spanish Flu” 1918, 50 million deaths
•  During the Middle Ages about 10% of all children died of smallpox
•  The first infectious disease considered eradicated worldwide due to vaccination campaign
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Malaria
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HIV/AIDS
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Tuberculosis
•  1.3 million deaths per year
•  37 million deaths since ~1990
•  1.8 million deaths per year, re-emerging
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SARS/EHEC/Flu/CJD/BSE/???
•  Transmission across species borders
•  spread of drug resistances
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The global burden of neglected infectious
diseases
DALYs Infected globally Deaths/year 1 Hookworm infec<on Disease 22.1 million 576 million 65.000 2 Ascaris 10.5 million 807 million 60.000 3 Trichuris 6.4 million 604 million 10.000 4 Lympha<c filariasis 5.8 million 120 million 0 5 Schistosomiasis 4.5 million 207 million 280.000 6 Trachoma 2.3 million 84 million 0 7 Onchocerciasis 0.5 million 37 million 0 52.1 million >1 billion Total Source: WHO 2010
DALYs = Disability Adjusted Life Years:
The sum of years of potential life lost due to premature 17
mortality and the years of productive life lost due to disability.
Why is it still difficult to control
or eliminate Infectious Diseases?
•  Which factors contribute to the continuing persistence of
infectious diseases?
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Growing Problems in Controlling
Infectious Diseases
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Population growth
Breakdown of civil infrastructures
Wars
Failing health care systems
Drug resistance
Few new drugs
Western societies are not (yet) affected
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Infectious Diseases are a global
problem
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Travel & Migration
Military engagements
Climate change
Emerging or re-emerging diseases
Drug resistance
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Global development: Example Drinking water
quality
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Lack of improvements is often, but not
always, based on income
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Lack of improvements is often, but not
always, based on income
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Increased use of antibiotics contributes to the
emergence of resistances
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Increased use of antibiotics contributes to the
emergence of resistances
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Shifts in the usage of antibiotics are due to
new resistance patterns
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Increasing costs of treatment due to increase
in resistance
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Lack of investment into infectious diseases
research, control and treatment
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What is a parasite?
Well, a parasite is an organism that is
studied by parasitologists
Greek: parasitos, one who eats at the table of another
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With very few exceptions, we all
interact with other species
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Inter-species interactions
Symbiosis
•  General term to describe close inter-species associations
Commensalism
• Non-obligatory, unilateral or mutual benefit
• Phoresis (Transport commensalism)
• Protective commensalisms
• Cleaning commensalism
Mutualism
•  Usually obligate, mutual benefit, usually essential
Predator/Parasitoid
• Death of prey (However: “micropredators don’t usually kill)
Parasitism
• Unilaterally obligate, unilateral benefit, (damage to host)
• A well adapted parasite usually does not kill its host!
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Protective/Transport
commensalism (Phoresis)
Hermit crab/anemone
Fly/lice
•  Usually not harmful, but sometimes close to parasitism
•  Often beneficial to one or both partners
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•  Commensalism (latin: sharing the table, Tischgenosse)
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Synoecious commensalism (de: Entökie
“Einmietung”)
•  Pea crab (Pinnotheres pisum) lives in the shell of certain mussles
•  For the crab, this association is essential
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Cleaning symbiosis
cleaner wrasse/Putzerfisch
Possible application in
biological control of fish
farms
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Mutualism
(sometimes also described as Symbiosis)
Cow
Termites
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Predator/Prey
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Parasitoid
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Usually insects (e.g. parasitic wasps)
Essential for development of parasitoid
Association is highly species-specific
Always results in death of infected organism
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Brood parasitism
Reed warbler (Teichrohrsänger) feeding a cuckoo chick
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Parasitism
Wuchereria bancrofti
Lymphatic filariasis
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Parasites come in various forms
Dracunculus medinensis
(Guinea worm)
Schistosoma
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Parasites can undergo dramatic changes
during their life cycle
Adult dog tapeworm
cysts of a dog tapeworm after
surgery
5 mm
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What is the definition of a parasite?
1.  Distinction between micro- and macroparasites
I.  Microparasites are pathogenic bacteria and viruses
•  Usually covered by medical microbiology
II.  Macroparasites are eukaryotic organisms
•  Protozoa (e.g. Plasmodium falciparum)
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Worms • Trematodes (e.g. Schistosomes)
Endoparasites
• Cestodes (e.g. pig tapeworm)
• Nematodes (e.g. roundworm Ascaris)
•  Arthropodes (e.g. ticks, lice, midges)
Ectoparasites
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A functional definition of parasitism
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A parasite lives for an appreciable time of its life in or
on another organism
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Parasites are absolutely dependent on their hosts
-  They require at least one host to complete their
reproductive life cycle
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Parasites benefit from this association at the hosts
expense and cause damage to the host (loss of fitness
to death)
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Parasites are of no benefit to their hosts
Is this statement really true?
• What about infections as a driving force of evolution and
socialisation?
• Development of the immune system
• Close co-evolution between hosts and parasites
• Possible transition from parasitism to mutualism/
symbiosis
• Emergence of widespread parasitic diseases during
colonialism/destruction of traditional settlement
patterns
• However, no immediate benefit (within an individuals
life span) is obvious.
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Sources of Information
Books:
Roberts & Janovy: Foundations of Parasitology,
McGraw-Hill, 8th edition, 2009
Bogitsh, B.J. et al.: Human Parasitology, 4th ed.,
Academic Press 2013
Lucius & Loos-Frank: Biologie on Parasiten,
Springer Verlag, 2. Auflage, 2008 (online version available)
Websites:
http://www.who.int/en/
http://www.who.int/tdr/
http://www.cdc.gov/
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http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/default.htm
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