San Vicente - Palawan Knowledge Platform for Biodiversity and

Transcription

BASELINE REPORT ON COASTAL RESOURCES
for San Vicente, Municipality
September 2006
Prepared for:
PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Palawan Center for Sustainable Development
Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines 5300
Email: [email protected]
Tel.: (63-48) 434-4235, Fax: 434-4234
Funded through a loan from :
JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Prepared by:
PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL
in association with
ALMEC Corporation
CERTEZA Information Systems, Inc.
DARUMA Technologies Inc.
Geo-Surveys & Mapping, Inc.
Photo Credits:
Photos by PCSDS and SEMP-NP ECAN Zoning Component
Project Management Office
This report can be reproduced as long as the convenors are
properly acknowledged as the source of information
Reproduction of this publication for sale or other commercial
purposes is prohibited without the written consent of the publisher.
Printed by:
Futuristic Printing Press, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines
Suggested Citation:
PCSDS. 2006. Baseline Report on Coastal Resources for San Vicente, Municipality,
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
v
vii
x
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
xi
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS
1
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussions
Conclusions
Recommendations
1
8
8
15
20
21
CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES
22
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
22
22
22
27
31
Introduction
Results
Discussions
Conclusions and Recommendations
CHAPTER III: SEAGRASS AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS
32
12.0
13.0
14.0
Introduction
Results
14.1 Benthic Cover
14.2 Species Composition, Distribution, and Diversity
14.3 Resource Use to Animals, Other Bottom Features
32
32
34
34
42
54
15.0
16.0
Discussions
54
58
____________________________________________________________________________________
iii
CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS AND SEA TURTLES
59
17.0
18.0
19.0
Introduction
Methods
Results
19.1 Respondent Background
19.2 Dugongs
19.3 Turtles
19.4 Dolphins
19.5 Whales
19.6 Threats
19.7 Conservation Awareness
59
59
62
62
63
64
65
67
67
68
20.0
Discussions
20.1 Dugongs
20.2 Marine Turtles
20.3 Cetaceans
20.4 Seasonality of Animal Sightings
20.5 Threats
20.6 Knowledge and Conservation Awareness
70
70
70
71
72
72
73
21.0
73
CHAPTER V: MANGROVE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
74
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
74
74
74
75
83
83
88
27.0
Introduction
Objectives
Expected Outputs
Methods
Results and Discussions
26.1 Biodiversity Assessment
26.2 Mangrove Vegetation Structural Analysis
26.3 Pattern of Uses and Existing Land Uses/Forest Conditions of
Mangroves
92
Recommendations
93
REFERENCES
98
APPENDICES
103
____________________________________________________________________________________
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table
No.
Title
Page
No.
1
Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for the coral cover
trend of the MPA in Port Barton, San Vicente, Palawan. All four
statistics show that the three zones (core, buffer and outside zones), in
general, did not have significant differences with each other (data
were square-root transformed) although the observed power is very
low. Data for August 1998 were not included in the analysis due to
lack of replicates. See also Figure 13
Simple contrast relative to the core zone of the MPA in Port Barton,
San Vicente, Palawan. The coral cover trend of the core zone is only
significantly different from the outside zone in May 1999 (p=0.040)
and September 2004 (p=0.036). (Data were square-root transformed)
Proposed (ECAN 2004) and Established (Socrates and Amihan 2001)
Coral Reef Core zones in San Vicente, Palawan. Note that the percent
coral cover in the established core zones are below the 50% criterion.
The discrepancy in the cover estimate of corals in Manta Ray Shoal or
Reef is probably due to a slightly different area that was observed
(GPS used in this study was a GARMIN GPSMap 168 with Luzon as
the map datum). The 3 sites under Arquiza (1999) are fish
Species richness of reef fishes from 92 sampling stations, San Vicente,
Palawan, September 2004
Live Coral Cover of the different Sites visited by PCSDDS (2000).
The study proposed 8 core zones; 4 with high live (hard and soft)
coral cover and the other 4 with the presence of giant clams
(Tridacna)
Monitoring Sites of the MPA in Port Barton, San Vicente, Palawan
(Socrates and Amihan 2001). Core zone in solid squares (Manta Ray
Reef, black Coral, Exotic Island and Al baguen Sanctuary), buffer
zone in crossed square (Aquarium, Oyster Pt. and Capsalay), and
outside core zone or multiple use zone in open squares (Albaguen
North, Middle Rock and Wilson Head)
Number of Indicator, Major, and Target Fish Species form Ninety
Two (92) Sampling Stations, San Vicente, Palawan, September 2004
Shore Positions, Estimated Extent of Vegetation (mean ± SEM, in
meters) and Substrata of Seagrass bed Stations Survey in San Vicente,
Visual estimates of Vegetative Cover on Bottom (as mean % ± SEM),
San Vicente, Palawan, September 2004 (nplots=total number of
observations; • denotes stations with incidence of ≥50% leaf canopy
cover in the plots)
Species composition and diversity (as species richness, N) of seagrass
communities in San Vicente, September 2004
16
2
3
4
5
4
5
6
7
8
15
20
24
5
6
29
35
38
43
____________________________________________________________________________________
v
Table
No.
Title
Page
No.
9
San Vicente, September 2004 – characteristics of macrophyte
environments (extent from shore incidence, presence/absence of
siltation), seagrass communities (canopy cover, diversity, ecological
group), and habitat use-altogether used as criteria for identifying
candidate ECAN core zones. Legend: a, see Figure 8 for description
of groups; b, includes a relatively rarely-occurring species; •, with
incidences of >50% cover on plots along transects
Fisherfolk Population in Areas Surveyed, San Vicente, Palawan, 2004
Geographical Coordinates of Large Marine Wildlife Sightings, San
Vicente, Palawan, 2004
Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Reasons on the necessity for
Animal Protection
Law Implementation
Location and Position of Belt Transects Surveyed, San Vicente,
Palawna, 2004
List of True and Associate Mangrove Species Identified and Recorded
in San Vicente, Palawan, 2004
Distribution and Abundance of Top Fifteen Mangrove Species in
different Sampling sites of San Vicente, Palawan, 2004
The Diversity Indices of 61 Sampling Sites in Mangrove Forest of San
Vicente, Palawan Calculated Using Different Diversity Formula
The Relative Values of Shannon Diversity Index and Evenness of
Mangroves Species Distribution in San Vicente, Palawan based on
Fernando Biodiversity Scale (1998)
RF, RDen, RDom, and IV of top 15 mangrove species, San Vicente,
Palawan, 2004
Average Stocking (N/ha) of Timber and Pole Size Trees/Transect, San
Stand Volume (m3/ha) of Timber and Poles by Transect in San
Proposed Management Strategies of Mangroves in San Vicente,
Palawan
55
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
60
61
69
69
76
86
84
85
87
89
89
91
94
____________________________________________________________________________________
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No.
Title
Page
No.
1
Station locations of the coral reef study conducted by the Silliman
University Marine Laboratory (SUML 1996), see Figure 3 for benthic
cover details
Benthic lifeform summary of the reefs assessed by the Silliman
University Marine Laboratory (SUML 1996). Only the first three
sites (Boayan, Albaguen and Manta Ray Reef) had hard coral cover of
more than 50%
Coral reef assessment of San Vicente, Palawan in the PCRA of 1997
Substantial coral cover, especially hard corals, was recorded in reefs
around Port Barton, no Corals were recorded for Barangay
Alimanguhan
Coral reef study of Curran and Comer (1998) showing the sites within
the marine protected area (solid circles) and one outside (open circle).
Reefs within the MPA had a hard coral cover of around 30% while the
site outside had only about 15%
Live coral cover of the different sites visited by PCSDS (2000). The
study proposed 8 core zones; 4 with high live (hard and soft) coral
cover and the other 4 with the presence of giant clams (Tridacna)
Monitoring sites of the MPA in Port Barton, San Vicente, Palawan
Reef, Black Coral, Exotic Is. And Albaguen Sanctuary), buffer zone in
crossed squared (Aquarium, Oyster Pt. and Capsalay), and outside
core zone or multiple use zone in open squares (Albaguen North,
Middle Rock and Wilson Head)
Trend of hard coral cover inside and outside the marine protected area
(MPA) of San Vicente, Palawan (Socrates and Amihan 2001).
Protection given to a core zone is considered working when the
variance is minimized shaded area). Period 1-5 are: August 1998,
May 1999, October 1999, April 2000 and October 2001
Coverage of the manta tow reconnaissance survey in San Vicente,
Palawan (this study)
Manta tow survey areas with coral category scores of zero (0) and one
(+). Category 1 is 10% cover or less (this study)
Manta tow survey areas with coral category scores of 2 (yellow dots).
Category 11 is 30% cover (this study)
Manta tow survey areas with coral category scores of 3 (green dots).
Category 3 is 31-50% cover (this study)
Manta tow survey areas with coral category scores of 4 (blue dots) and
5 (red dots). Category 4 is 51-75% cover and category 5 is 76-100%
cover (this study)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
____________________________________________________________________________________
vii
Figure
No.
Title
Page
No.
13
Trend in coral cover of the MPA in Port Barton, San Vicente,
Palawan, August 1998 was not included in the statistical analysis
because of lack of replicates. The core zone was significantly
different from the outside zone only in May 1999 (MANOVA, Simple
Contrast, p=0.040) and September 2004 (MANOVA, Simple Contrast,
p=0.036). Values are means standard deviation, see also Table 2
COT occurrence is at the heart of the coral reefs of San Vicente,
Mantr Ray Reef, considered a coral reef core zone in Port Barton, has
an outbreak population of the coral-eating Acanthaster (this study)
Macroalgae (Sangassum sp.) observed on Coral Reefs of San Vicente
First Forty Two (42) Reef Sampling Stations, San Vicente, Palawan,
2004
Reef Sampling Stations (43 to 92), San Vicente, Palawan 2004
Recommended Core Zones based on Reef Fish Species Richness, San
Vicente, Palawan, Stations 35-Shark Point, 63-Cayasalay and 92Manta Ray Reef
San Vicente Stations of previous surveys and of the current baseline
survey of seagrass and associated seaweed habitats in 8 out of 10
coastal barangays, September 2004 (green dots; station numbers at
right)
Shoreward extent of Continuous Seagrass beds and Associated
Seaweeds in Stations Surveyed, San Vicente, Palawan, September
2004 (scaled by the size of symbols) (range =∼300m). Graph shows
the grequency distribution of stations by estimated bed widths
Profiles of Depth (top graph) and of Canopy Cover (bottom graph) in
the Stations visited, San Vicente, Palawan, September 2004
San Vicente, September 2004 – scaled estimates (%) of seagrass leaf
canopy cover per station (range = 2 ± 1 to 48 ± 8%)
Scaled estimated of Seaweeds Cover 9% in each Station (range = 0.1
to 50 ± 9%), San Vicente, Palawan, September 2004
San Vicente, September 2004 – relative occurrence of each seagrass
species (A-J, scaled by sizes of symbols, range to to 100%) in each
station
San Vicente, September 2004 - the distribution of seagrass species
richness N, scaled by sizes of symbols (range=1 to 8) and the
frequency distribution of stations by N (bar graph)
Dendrogram from TWINSPAN’s classification of stations showing
the two major groups of seagrass communities in San Vicente, the
distribution and relative occurrence of seagrasses (categories 0 to 5)
and a summary of ecological characteristics of each station group
Relative Occurrence (range 1 to 100% of Species indicators in the
differentiation of Seagrass Communities in San Vicente, Palawan,
September 2004 (Group 1, red circles; Group 2, green circles)
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
17
19
23
23
28
33
36
37
39
41
48
49
52
43
____________________________________________________________________________________
viii
Figure
No.
Title
Page
No.
28
Seagrass areas proposed as ECAN core zones in San Vicente (blue
lines). Superimposed green numbers are values of N (seagrass species
richness); red symbols indicate locations of dugong graze marks
(down arrows) and rarely occurring seagrass species (diamonds) (see
also Figure 6, I-J)
Respondents Age Groups, San Vicente, Palawan, 2004
Respondents Commonly used Fishing Gears, San Vicente, Palawan,
2004
Dugong Sightings, 2004
Turtle Sightings 2004
Dolphin Sightings 2004
Dugong and Turtle Mortalities April-September 2004
Satellite Map showing the Municipality of San Vicente, Palawan 75
57
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
62
63
63
65
66
68
____________________________________________________________________________________
ix
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
No.
Title
Page
No.
1
The crown-of thorns (COT) seastar, Acanthaster planci, is a natural
predator of corals that may wipe out reefs in outbreak population. A
high number of COTs was found in Manta Ray Reef
COTs collected in Manta Ray Reef later transported and buried in a
nearby beach
San Vicente, September 2004 – Halophila and Halodule off Station
14 (mainland)
San Vicente, September 2004 – mixed seagrasses and Enhalus stands
in Sambayen (Station 40)
Enhalus stands near the port area (pier, Station 41), San Vicente,
San Vicente, September 2004 – Lush cover of seagrasses and
associated seaweeds (largely brown) in Panindigan (Station 42)
San Vicente, September 2004 – Lush mixed vegetation in Capsalay
Island (Station 43)
San Vicente, September 2004 – The occurrence of Sargassum in
Enhalus – dominated beds and core reef zone in Capsalay Island
(Station 20)
Respondent using photos to identify cetaceans present in the area, San
Vicente, Palawan, 2004 (Photo:MF Digdigan)
Turtle hatchling identified to be a Chelonia mydas (Photo: MF
Digdigan)
Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricate, in San Vicente waters
(Photo: ARF Montebon)
Picture showing the lay-outing of ransects, San Vicente, Palawan,
2004
Picture showing Rhizophora apiculata
16
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
18
40
40
42
50
51
51
60
64
71
79
84
____________________________________________________________________________________
x
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
San Vicente municipality is in the northwestern area of mainland Palawan
between 11o33’—12o3’ north latitude and 119o45’—120o12’ east longitude. It is open to
the South China Sea and is directly exposed to the southwest monsoon.
Being one of the models for coastal resource management project (CRMP),
extensive studies have been conducted for San Vicente describing its socio-political and
natural resources (Arquiza 1999). The present study augments the coral reef data with
the aim of giving a more generalized status at the municipal level.
San Vicente is not spared from the degradation of coral reef environments that is
widespread in the Philippines. Survey results resulted in less than 1% of the reefs areas
have coral cover of over 50%. Observations during the survey confirmed that some of
the reefs did suffer sedimentation stress especially in the embayments of Caruray, Port
Barton and Poblacion. Most of the land clearing could be occurring deeper inland and
outside the visual field from the coastline coupled with the Crown of Thorns (COTs)
infestation. The destruction of coral reefs of San Vicente has allowed the macrophytes,
in particular Sargassum sp., to colonize large portions of the reef areas of the
municipality diminishing the ability of the reef to recover. Recruitment and growth of
corals will be very difficult under these circumstances (McCook et al. 2001).
On the basis of the survey results, it is recommended that immediate harvesting of
COTs be carried out especially in Manta Ray Reef . Further, the following sites are
recommended as coastal/marine core zones- New Canipo, Double Island, Niapuray and
Middle Rock.
Reef fish survey on the other hand revealed a relatively good reef fish condition.
The fish communities were well represented in terms of number of species and the
trophic guilds they represented. However, it was observed that target fishes were
relatively small and few, with the dominant species belonging to Scaridae or parrotfishes,
which are of low commercial value. It is possible that the reef fish communities in the
area are under high fishing pressure in many sites in San Vicente. This underscores the
need to implement some form of protective management of reef fishes and their habitats
in order to allow the resource to recover in the area.
From the 92 sampling stations surveyed, at least 3 were identified as potential
core zones based on species richness as the criterion for selection - Stations 35 – Shark
Point, 63 – Capsalay, and 92 – Manta Ray Reef had 87, 72 and 71 species, respectively.
These stations are located in off shore areas and may require higher levels of effort to
protect effectively as compared to areas closer to the mainland. However, it is important
to protect sites of high species richness in order to preserve areas that may be sources of
recruits for more degraded and exploited areas.
______________________________________________________________________________
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
xi
The basis of the rapid baseline assessment of marine macrophyte consisted of
estimates of bottom cover by seagrasses and seaweeds, the composition of vegetation,
and substratum features of the 28 geo-referenced stations on eight (8) coastal barangays
(Binga to Caruray, except Santo Niño and Alimanguan). Macrophyte cover on the sandy
bottoms was dominated by seagrasses, which extended from narrow (<100 m) to
moderate widths (~300 m) from shore incidence. Estimated leaf canopy cover was low
for each station (range 2 ± 1 to 48 ± 4%; 22 ± 1% overall) and incidences of >50%
estimates were few. Ten species occurred in San Vicente in mixed meadows of 2 to 8
species, with the most speciose communities found in Brgy. Port Barton. Seaweeds
associated with seagrasses contributed 9 ± 1% to total bottom cover (max = 50 ± 9%) and
were represented by 17 genera.
The meadows of San Vicente were classified into two major groups: (a)
communities composed of 2 or 3 species; and b) mixed communities of 2 to 8 species.
Graze marks of Dugong dugon were apparent in only 2 stations – 14 (Caparii, Brgy.
Poblacion) and 20 (Capsalay Is., Brgy. Port Barton). From the combination of ecological
characters (relatively high bottom cover, seagrass diversity) and/ or habitat use to a suite
of animals (fish, large mammals, turtles) or rarely occurring seagrass species, the
following were identified candidate ECAN core zones – Station 2 in Brgy. Binga, Station
3 in New Canipo, the northern peninsula of Brgy. Poblacion (Stns. 14 and 42), the middle
coast of Brgy. Kemdeng (Sambayen, Stn. 40), Capsalay Island (Stns. 20, 43, and 44),
German Island (Stn. 39), and Station 21 (Kayumanggas) in mainland Port Barton.
Meanwhile, marine mammal and sea turtle survey data suggest that San Vicente’s
coastal waters are within the range of dugongs’ movement from one feeding area to
another. Since fishermen utilize the same area for fishing, incidental captures in fish nets
are high for dugongs as well as for sea turtles which are commonly distributed in
nearshore coastal waters.
Turtle nesting sites occur in the long stretch of beach in Barangay Poblacion. It is
assumed that hawksbill nests are among those found in the area based on high sighting
frequencies of the species. It is critical that these nests be protected.
The prospect of wildlife ecotourism is a potential alternative for the protection of
marine mammals and sea turtles in the municipality based on common occurrences of
marine turtles, regular sightings of dolphins, and frequent sightings of whales during the
month of May. It is emphasized however that the goal is to ensure that socioeconomic,
scientific and educational benefits of wildlife tourism are sustainable and conducted
without disrupting the life processes of the animals. The local communities should be
made part of any ecotourism development plan for no conservation project can survive on
its own unless the people of the area get involved and derive benefits from it.
People participation in the protection of dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans needs
to be re-established in the municipality. Intensive information education campaigns on
marine wildlife should be conducted to include methods to minimize incidental catches
and peoples’ roles to ensure the survival of these animals.
______________________________________________________________________________
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
xii
Meanwhile, mangroves in San Vicente had been subjected to commercial cutting
from early 70’s to late 80’s and afterwards, had been continuously utilized for domestic
or local consumption. There were mangrove areas converted into fishponds in the 80’s
but were not fully developed and remain unproductive. Areas cleared for fishponds and
not excavated, particularly in Port Barton and Caruray are now densely vegetated with
pole size trees but those excavated portions are devoid of vegetation. Newly constructed
fishponds along Caruray River, Port Barton and Alimanguhan were likewise documented.
Cuttings of mangrove for poles and fuelwood are rampant in Port Barton specifically in
Sitio Cata, Isla Velasco, Buhanginan, Dapi, Pagdanan and Sitio Nagbalisong; Barangay
Caruray particularly along Caruray and Decala River and Sitio Candamia; and Barangay
Alimanguhan and New Agutaya. Cuttings for charcoal are rampant in Sitio Buhanginan,
Isla Velasco, Dapi and Queen Bee of Barangay Port Barton; Sitio Pulang Bato of
Barangay Poblacion; and Sitio Pinag-iyutan of Barangay Caruray. Mangroves along the
landward zone are also cultivated/planted with coconut and cashew in Buayan Is., New
Agutaya and Sitio Panuayon of barangay Kemdeng.
On the other hand, mangrove survey resulted in identification of 18 true
mangrove species and 20 mangrove associates. Rhizophora apiculata (Bakauan-lalaki)
was consistently recorded as the most widely distributed with the highest recorded
Relative Frequency, Relative Density, Relative Dominance, and Importance value.
Following the DENR stocking classification, the survey team documented open/cleared
stocking ranges from 22 to 417 trees/ha in all transect stations resulting to an overall open
stocking classification for San Vicente of 131 trees/ha mostly in pole sizes.
Average stand volume was recorded at 31.00 m3/ha, classified as low volume
forest stand by DENR and FAO standard. However, extreme values were recorded in
Transects 15 So. Nilabungan, Brgy Kemdeng (133 m3) and in Transect 12 Brgy
Poblacion at 0.92 m3/ha.
Though the entire mangrove forest of the province is identified as strict areas of
protection under core zone, mangrove areas with open, logged over and inadequate stock
with low stand volume are recommended as areas needing rehabilitation employing
assisted natural regeneration (ANR) intended for conservation specifically in – Transect
15 So. Nilabungan,Kemdeng; Transect 31 So. Tugdunan,Port Barton, Transect 56 Decala
River; Caruray , Transect 57 Decala River, Caruray and Transect 58 Caruray River,
Caruray. On one hand, Transect 4 Brgy Alimangguan; Transect 60 Caruray River; and
Transect 61 Caruray River are areas with clearings and developed but unproductive
fishponds, abandoned and not covered with FLAs and are therefore proposed for aqua silviculture applications.
______________________________________________________________________________
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
xiii
CHAPTER I
CORAL REEFS
1.0
INTRODUCTION
One of the early studies on coral reefs of San Vicente was conducted by Silliman
University Marine Laboratory in 1996. The study covered eight (8) sites distributed from
Caruray to New Canipo but centered mainly on islands fronting Port Barton (Figure 1).
Identified corals numbered 163 species in the report (SUML 1996 in Arquiza 1999) although
these were not enumerated in Arquiza (1999). Six of eight sites (75%) had total live (hard and
soft) coral cover of more than 50% (Figure 2). These were Boayan Island, Albaguen Island,
Manta Ray Reef (shoal), Imuruan Island, Capari and Shark Point (refer to Figure 1).
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
4
Imuruan Is
10.65
New
Canipo
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
NorthLatitude(degrees)
Alimanguan
Cagnipa Is
2
Poblacion
8
3
Tagbolo Is
10.45
New Agutaya
Albaguen
10.50
7
San Isidro
5
1
10.55
Manta Ray
Kemdeng
Capsalay Is
Catalat Is
6
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Garcia Is
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
East Longitude (degrees)
Figure 1. Station Locations of the Coral Reef Study Conducted by the
Silliman University Marine Laboratory (SUML 1996). See Figure
3 for Benthic Cover Details.
____________________________________________________________________________________
1
Cover
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Boayan Is (1)
Albaguen Is (2)
HC
Manta Ray Reef,
Capsalay Is (3)
SC
DC
Algae
Imuruan Is (4)
Capari, Poblacion
(5)
Seagrass
OT
R
S
Catalat Is (6)
SI
RCK
Shark Point, Port
Barton (7)
Baybay Daraga,
Port Barton (8)
Figure 2. Benthic Lifeform Summary of the Reefs Assessed by the Silliman University
Marine Laboratory (SUML 1996). Only the first three sites (Boayan,
Albaguen and Manta Ray reef) had hard coral cover of more than 50%.
A participatory coastal resource assessment or PCRA of San Vicente followed in 1997
(Siar 1997). Workshops and fieldwork lasted about two (2) months and covered 27 sites in nine
(9) barangays. Only barangay Alimanguan was not surveyed. Results of the coral reef
assessment are depicted in Figure 3. Only two (2) sites had hard coral cover of about 50%
(Albaguen Island and Capsalay Island). Hard and soft coral cover (total live corals) of more
than 50% were found in eight (8) sites, viz., Old Caruray, Barongbong, Albaguen Island,
Queen’s Bay, Capsalay Island, Port Barton, New Agutaya and Cauban.
The study of Curran and Comer (1998) was perhaps the first to observe coral reef
conditions within and outside a recognized marine protected area (MPA). Three sites within the
MPA (Albaguen, Paraiso Reef and Manta Ray Reef) were compared to one site outside the
MPA which is west of Albaguen Island (Figure 4). Hard coral cover outside the MPA was only
about half of those observed inside the MPA, which is still relatively low at about 30%.
____________________________________________________________________________________
2
C over
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
P OB LA C ION
P inagmalucan
P anindigan
P oblacion
D aplac
C asoyan
P ulang B ato
C A RURA Y
C atalat Is
S ta. C ruz
Gawid
Old C aruray
P ORT B A RTON
B arongbong
A lbaguen Is
Queen's B ay
C apsalay Is
P ort B arton
P amuayan
Naonao/B igaho
B aybay/D araga
NE W V ILLA F RIA
NE W A GUTA YA
S A N IS ID RO
S TO NINO
NE W C A NIP O
B INGA
Imuruan Is
B inga P roper
W edge Is
C auban
A LIMA NGUHA N
H ard corals
Soft corals
Abiotics
Figure 3. Coral Reef Assessment of San Vicente, Palawan in the PCRA of 1997.
Substantial coral cover, especially hard corals, was recorded in reefs
around Port Barton. No corals were recorded for Barangay
Alimanguhan.
____________________________________________________________________________________
3
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
Imuruan Is
10.65
New
Canipo
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
North Latitude (degrees)
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Cagnipa Is
New Agutaya
Albaguen
10.50
Paraiso Reef
Poblacion
Manta Ray
Tagbolo Is
Kemdeng
10.45
Capsalay Is
Catalat Is
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Garcia Is
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
Figure 4. Coral Reef Study of Curran and Comer (1998) Showing the Sites Within the
Marine Protected Area (solid circles) and One Outside (open circle).
Reefs within the MPA had a hard coral cover of around 30% while the site
outside had only about 15%.
Another extensive coral reef initiative was conducted at the turn of the century (PCSDS
2000). Twenty-two (22) sites were surveyed, of which, only four (4) had live coral cover (hard
and soft corals) of more than 50% (Figure 5). These sites, proposed as core zones, are New
Canipo, Double Island, Niapuray and Middle Rock. Another four (4) sites were proposed as
core zones by virtue of the presence of giant clams (Tridacna sp.). These aere Wilson Head (a
shoal), Exotic Island, Albaguen and Oyster Reef.
____________________________________________________________________________________
4
% Live Coral Cover
11
Binga
25
Wedge Island
59
New Canipo
40
Rocky Inlet
19
Lampinigan
27
Wilson Head
67
Double Island
26
Manta Ray
24
New Agutaya
1
San Isidro
60
Niapuray
46
Caruray
49
Capsalay
12
New Villafria
21
Boayan Shoal
36
North Albaguen
Exotic Is
33
41
Black Coral
82
Middle Rock
27
Albaguen
47
Oyster
44
Aquarium
0
20
Proposed core zones:
40
60
High coral cover,
80
100
w / Tridacna
Figure 5. Live Coral Cover of the Different Sites Visited by PCSDS (2000). The study
proposed 8 core zones; 4 with high live (hard and soft) coral cover and the other
4 with the presence of giant clams (Tridacna).
Socrates and Amihan (2001) had compiled monitoring data that encompassed gradient
areas of Port Barton MPA, i.e., core, buffer and outside zones (Figure 6). Figure 7 shows the
trend of coral cover in each zone of the MPA. The shaded area of the graph illustrates roughly
____________________________________________________________________________________
5
the amount of variation in coral cover each zone undergoes. Within the given period, the
narrower shaded area on the graph for the core zone indicates less variation there than in either
buffer or outside zones. This alludes to a more stable condition inside the core zone, a situation
that is expected when an area is highly protected. Of course, through time, the shaded area will
also increase especially when coral cover is progressively increasing until reaching maximum
coral cover.
Binga
10.75
10.70
New
Canipo
10.65
Sto Niño
10.60
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Wilson Head
New Agutaya
Albaguen Sanctuary
10.50
Albaguen North
Exotic Is
Black Coral
Middle Rock
10.45
Manta Ray Reef
Capsalay
Poblacion
Kemdeng
Oyster Point
Aquarium
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
Figure 6. Monitoring Sites of the MPA in Port Barton, San Vicente, Palawan
Reef, Black Coral, Exotic Is and Albaguen Sanctuary), buffer zone in
crossed square (Aquarium, Oyster Pt and Capsalay), and outside core
zone or multiple use zone in open squares (Albaguen North, Middle Rock
and Wilson Head).
____________________________________________________________________________________
6
Core Zone
70
60
% cover
50
Manta Ray Reef
40
Black Coral
30
Exotic Island
20
Albaguen
Sanctuary
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
Buffer Zone
70
60
% cover
50
Aquarium
40
Oyster Point
30
Capsalay
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
Outside Core Zone
70
60
% cover
50
Albaguen North
40
Middle Rock
30
Wilson Head
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 7. Trend of Hard Coral Cover Inside and Outside the Marine Protected Area
(MPA) of San Vicente, Palawan (Socrates and Amihan 2001). Protectio given
to a core zone is considered working when the variance is minimized (shaded
area). Periods 1-5 are: August 1998, May 1999,
October 1999, April 2000 and October 2001.
____________________________________________________________________________________
7
It is evident from the collection of studies addressed above that coral reefs of San
Vicente have deteriorated over the years. Rapid declines have been observed even in areas
proximate to established coral reef core zones. There is a serious need to protect this critical
ecosystem and the present study endeavors to gain a synoptic assessment of San Vicente coral
reefs and update the existing information as well as provide new data for management
strategies.
2.0
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field survey protocols were followed from the Technical Manual, which were mainly
patterned after English et al. (1997). The manta tow reconnaissance technique was primarily
employed in the surveys. Due to constraints in time and resources, only particular stretches of
reefs were chosen. Spot dives were also employed to check smaller reefs on occasion. This
strategy was employed to cover the widest possible area within the given constraints.
The location of each tow was recorded using a global positioning system (Garmin
GPSMap 168) with Luzon Philippines as the map datum. Scoring categories outlined in the
Technical Manual are those of English et al. (1997) and modified in Montebon (1997) as
follows: 0=no cover, 1= 1-10%, 2=11-30%, 3=31-50%, 4=51-75% and 5=76-100%.
Conspicuous coral genera and lifeforms were also noted together with observations on reefal
features such as algae and substrate type.
Available time-series data at the different zones (core, buffer and outside) of the marine
protected area (MPA) of Port Barton is available. This was augmented with the present study
and analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Prior to using MANOVA,
data were square-root transformed to achieve homoscedasticity. The first data set of August
1998 was excluded in the analysis because of lack of replicates in each independent factor. A
post-hoc contrast (simple) was employed to compare the core zone to the buffer and outside
zones through time. All analyses were done using SPSS.
3.0
RESULTS
Survey coverage is shown in Figure 8 and was intensive in Port Barton because of the
established marine protected area (MPA). In total, there were 1,283 data points or tows done in
San Vicente and majority of these (87.3%) had a manta score of 0-1, which means that most of
the area surveyed had a hard coral cover of 10% or less (Figure 9). Areas with hard coral cover
between 11-30% constitute only 10.5% (Figure 10) of the data while even fewer areas, 1.5% of
the survey area, scored between 31-50% hard coral cover (Figure 11). Those that qualify for
core zones, hard coral cover of over 50%, are not many. These are plotted in a map in Figure
12.
____________________________________________________________________________________
8
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
Imuruan Is
10.65
New
Canipo
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Cagnipa Is
New Agutaya
Albaguen Is
10.50
Poblacion
Exotic Is
Capsalay Is
Tagbolo Is
10.45
Kemdeng
Catalat Is
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Garcia Is
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
Figure 8. Coverage of the Manta Tow Reconnaissance Survey in San Vicente,
Palawan (this study).
____________________________________________________________________________________
9
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
Imuruan Is
10.65
New
Canipo
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Cagnipa Is
New Agutaya
Albaguen Is
10.50
Poblacion
Exotic Is
Capsalay Is
Tagbolo Is
10.45
Kemdeng
Catalat Is
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Garcia Is
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
Figure 9. Manta Tow Survey Areas With Coral Category Scores of Zero (0) and One (1).
Category 1 is 10% cover or less (this study).
____________________________________________________________________________________
10
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
Imuruan Is
10.65
New
Canipo
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Cagnipa Is
New Agutaya
Albaguen Is
10.50
Poblacion
Exotic Is
Capsalay Is
Tagbolo Is
10.45
Kemdeng
Catalat Is
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Garcia Is
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
Figure 10. Manta Tow Survey Areas With Coral Category Score of 2 (yellow dots).
Category 2 is 11-30% cover (this study).
____________________________________________________________________________________
11
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
Imuruan Is
10.65
New
Canipo
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Cagnipa Is
New Agutaya
Albaguen Is
10.50
Poblacion
Exotic Is
Capsalay Is
Tagbolo Is
10.45
Kemdeng
Catalat Is
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Garcia Is
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
Figure 11. Manta Tow Survey Areas With Coral Category Score of 3 (green dots).
Category 3 is 31-50% cover (this study).
____________________________________________________________________________________
12
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
Imuruan Is
10.65
New
Canipo
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Cagnipa Is
New Agutaya
Albaguen Is
10.50
Poblacion
Exotic Is
Capsalay Is
Tagbolo Is
10.45
Kemdeng
Catalat Is
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Garcia Is
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
Figure 12. Manta Tow Survey Areas With Coral Category Scores of 4 (blue dots) and 5
(red dots). Category 4 is 51-75% cover and category 5 is 76-100% cover (this
study).
____________________________________________________________________________________
13
Figure 13 shows the updated and processed data from Figure 7. Data from the core,
buffer and outside zones were compared through time using MANOVA. After excluding the
August 1998 data because of lack of replication, analysis shows that the coral cover trend over
time is not significant (Table 1). Further analysis, however, reveals that the core zone is
significantly different from the outside zone both in May 1999 (Simple contrast, p=0.040) and
September 2004 (Simple contrast, p=0.036). The core zone is not significantly different from
the buffer zone. See Table 2.
Trend in coral cover
Marine Protected Area, Port Barton, San Vicente
9
% c o v er (s qu are-ro ot)
8
7
6
Core
5
Buffer
4
Outside
3
2
1
Aug-98
May-99
Oct-99
Apr-00
Oct-01
ECAN
Sep-04
Figure 13. Trend in coral cover of the MPA in Port Barton, San Vicente, Palawan.
August ’98 was not included in the statistical analysis because of lack of
replicates. The core zone was significantly different from the outside
zone only in May 1999 (MANOVA, Simple Contrast, p=0.040) and
September 2004 (MANOVA, Simple Contrast, p=0.036). Values are
means standard deviation. See also Table 2.
____________________________________________________________________________________
14
1. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) for the Coral Cover Trend of the MPA
in Port Barton, San Vicente, Palawan. All four statistics show that the three
zones (core, buffer and outside zones), in general, did not have significant
differences with each other (data were square-root
transformed) although
the observed power is very low. Data for August
’98 were not included in the
analysis due to lack of replicates. See also Figure 13.
Statistic
Pillai's trace
Wilks' lambda
Hotelling's trace
Roy's largest root
Value
F
1.492
0.034a
13.001
11.669b
1.175
0.887
0
4.668
Hypothesis df Error df Significance
10
10
10
5
4
2
0
2
0.475
0.638
.
0.186
a
Exact statistic
b
An upper bound on F that yields a low er bound on the significance level.
c
computed using alpha=0.05
Powerc
0.170
0.092
.
0.250
Table 2. Simple Contrast Relative to the Core Zone of the MPA in Port Barton, San
Vicente, Palawan. The coral cover trend of the core zone is only
significantly different from the outside zone in May 1999 (p=0.040) and
September 2004 (p=0.036). (Data were square-root transformed).
Zone (Simple) Contrast Contrast Results (K Matrix)
May-99 Oct-99
Core vs. Buffer
Contrast Estimate
Hypothesized Value
Difference (Estimate - Hypothesized)
Standard Error
Significance, p
0.659
0
0.659
0.368
0.133
-0.483
0
-0.483
1.106
0.681
Core vs. Outside
Contrast Estimate
Hypothesized Value
Difference (Estimate - Hypothesized)
Standard Error
Significance, p
-1.012
0
-1.012
0.368
0.040
-0.199
0
-0.199
1.106
0.865
4.0
Apr-00
Oct-01
-0.515 7.12E-03
0
0
-0.515 7.12E-03
0.982
1.368
0.622
0.996
0.101
0
0.101
0.982
0.922
0.661
0
0.661
1.368
0.649
Sep-04
-2.457
0
-2.457
1.269
0.111
-3.603
0
-3.603
1.269
0.036
DISCUSSIONS
San Vicente is not spared from the degradation of coral reef environments that is widespread in
the Philippines. To date, less than 1% of the surveyed reefs have coral cover of over 50%.
Initially, it was thought that the coral reefs of the municipality are generally still intact because
most of the land vegetation or forest are still relatively undamaged. This was postulated since
one of the main causes of reef degradation is siltation due to deforestation (Rubec 1986, Gomez
et al. 1994). Observations during the survey confirmed that some of the reefs did suffer
sedimentation stress especially in the embayments of Caruray, Port Barton and Poblacion. Most
of the land clearing could be occurring deeper inland and outside the visual field from the
coastline.
____________________________________________________________________________________
15
Monitoring data from the MPA of Port Barton have been very useful in augmenting the
information on coral reefs. Analysis using MANOVA showed that the zones (core, buffer and
outside) did not have a significant change in coral cover over time despite the recognizable
decreasing coral cover of the buffer zone (see Figure 13). The results, however, have a very
low power so that the conclusion of no significant change is weak (Table 1). This is evident
from the succeeding analysis (Simple Contrast) displayed in Table 2 when each dependent
variable (time) is inspected relative to the core zone. Between May 1999 and September 2004,
the core zone is not significantly different from the buffer zone but is significantly different
from the outside zone at 2 points in time — in May 1999 and September 2004. One could
expect from Figure 13 that in May 1999, a significant difference in coral cover between the
core and buffer zones will result in the analysis. This upset is brought about by the large
variation of the buffer zone data in that period.
Apart from the illegal fishing techniques that were operated in the municipality (Arquiza
1999), destruction of coral reefs has also been due to the crown-of-thorns (COT) seastar,
Acanthaster planci (Plate 1). Figure 14 shows the distribution of COT observed in San Vicente
during the marine surveys of September 2004. Manta Ray Shoal (reef) was actually infested
and a clean-up operation was conducted by the team for a day (Plate 2). Hundreds of COTs
were taken out of the reef yet many still remained after the day’s work. Unfortunately, taking
care of this infestation was not the primary objective of the team so that only a limited time and
resources were channeled to this contingency. It must also be noted that the observed bleached
corals generally coincided with the areas where COTs were observed (see Figure 15).
Plate 1. The crown-of thorns (COT) seastar, Acanthaster planci, is a natural predator
of corals that may wipe out reefs in outbreak populations. A high number of
COTs was found in Manta Ray Reef.
____________________________________________________________________________________
16
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
New
Canipo
Imuruan Is
10.65
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Cagnipa Is
New Agutaya
Albaguen Is
10.50
Poblacion
Exotic Is
Manta Ray
Reef
Tagbolo Is
10.45
Kemdeng
Catalat Is
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Number of COT
1-2
Garcia Is
3-5
10.30
6 - 10
Caruray
11 - 25
> 100
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
Figure 14. COT occurrence is at the heart of the coral reefs of San Vicente. Manta
Ray Reef, considered a coral reef core zone in Port Barton, has an
outbreak population of the coral-eating Acanthaster (this study).
____________________________________________________________________________________
17
Plate 2. COTs collected in Manta Ray Reef later transported and buried in a nearby
beach
The destruction of coral reefs of San Vicente has allowed the macrophytes, in particular
Sargassum sp., to colonize large portions of the reef areas of the municipality. Figure 15 shows
where these macroalgae have been observed. It should be noted that once reef areas have been
taken over by macroalgae like Sargassum, the ability of the reef to recover is diminished. This
is due to the canopy cover that will reduce ambient light and the scouring effect of the thalli
when they sway back and forth. Recruitment and growth of corals will be very difficult under
these circumstances (McCook et al. 2001).
The management issues discussed above are nothing new to present day coral reefs (see
Nystrom et al. 2000). For San Vicente, in particular, these have already been identified
including several others in a PCRA conducted in 1997 (see Tables 9.1 and 9.2 of Arquiza 1999).
An action plan has also been formulated which includes ECAN zoning (see Box 10.2 of Arquiza
1999) that recognized PCSD Resolution 94-44. Though resource maps have been presented in
the substantial report of Arquiza (1999), no ECAN zones were delineated yet.
There is no attempt to come up with an ECAN zoning in this subcomponent report on
coral reefs. Status of the coral reefs is given with focus on reef areas having more than 50%
cover. These are the candidate coral reef core zone areas. Identifying this is just one of the
____________________________________________________________________________________
18
many inputs to the ECAN zoning process. Existing MPAs and fish sanctuaries will be respected
and will be part of the core zone areas in the final ECAN zones. See Table 3.
Binga
10.75
Wedge Is
10.70
Imuruan Is
10.65
New
Canipo
Sto Niño
10.60
Boayan Is
Alimanguan
San Isidro
10.55
Cagnipa Is
New Agutaya
Albaguen Is
10.50
Poblacion
Exotic Is
Capsalay Is
Tagbolo Is
10.45
Kemdeng
Catalat Is
Endeavor Is
10.40
Port Barton
10.35
Garcia Is
10.30
Caruray
10.25
118.95
119.00
119.05
Figure 15. Macroalgae
Coral Reefs Of San
Vicente.
119.10
119.15
119.20
119.25
119.30
119.35
(Sargassum sp.) Observed On
____________________________________________________________________________________
19
Table 3. Proposed (ECAN 2004) and Established (Socrates and Amihan 2001)
Coral Reef Core Zones in San Vicente, Palawan. Note that the percent
coral cover in the established core zones are below the 50% criterion. The
discrepancy in the cover estimate of corals in Manta Ray Shoal or Reef is
probably due to a slightly different area that was observed (GPS used in
this study was a GARMIN GPSMap 168 with Luzon as the map datum).
The 3 sites under Arquiza (1999) are fish
Source
Site
E-Longitude
N-Latitude
% coral cover
ECAN 2004
Kemdeng
Kemdeng
Off SWof Endeavor Is
CapsalayIs, SW
CapsalayIs, SW
Manta RayShoal
119.20964
119.21070
119.12645
119.16471
119.16447
119.16944
10.48552
10.48445
10.40499
10.45865
10.45795
10.47044
76-100
76-100
51-75
51-75
51-75
51-75
Socrates and
Amihan 2001
Manta RayShoal
Black Coral
Exotic Island
Albaguen Is
119.17050
119.15550
119.15133
119.15017
10.46933
10.48683
10.49050
10.50067
38.0
11.0
28.0
18.8
Arquiza 1999
Albaguen Is
Nagolon Is
Kinabuga-an Pt
5.0
Remarks
Pocillopora damicornis
Pocillopora damicornis
COTinfested
Coral cover as of 2001
Resolution #110 s. 1997 and
Municipal Ordinance #3 s. 1997
CONCLUSIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Secondary data for San Vicente are available but focused mainly on the MPA in Port
Barton.
Large tracts of coral reefs have been destroyed and are being replaced by macroalgae
(Sargassum).
Siltation is evident.
Blast and poison (cyanide) fishing have been a problem but were no longer observed
during the surveys.
COT infestation is presently a big problem.
Less than 1% of the surveyed reefs were in excellent condition.
____________________________________________________________________________________
20
6.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
•
•
•
•
Establish as core zones the sites listed in Table 3 under ECAN (Figure 12). Note
that one area, Manta Ray Reef, is already part of the existing MPA
Continue protection and monitoring of the established marine protected area of
Port Barton
Implement protection for the fish sanctuaries of San Vicente (Table 3)
Immediate harvesting of COTs especially in Manta Ray Reef
____________________________________________________________________________________
21
CHAPTER II
REEF FISHES
7.0
INTRODUCTION
A survey of the coral reefs and reef-associated fishes in San Vicente, Palawan was
conducted for the Marine and Coastal Resources Survey and Research Component of the
SEMP-ECAN Zoning Project. Data on the fish communities of the Municipality of San Vicente
are an important contribution in assessing the resources of the coral reefs in the area.
A baseline survey of reef fishes was conducted in San Vicente. This survey is rapid and
qualitative in nature. It will help construct and contribute to the listing of fish species that occur
in specific reef sites in San Vicente and its surrounding islands. It also aims to identify sites
with the highest species richness as potential core zones.
8.0
A baseline survey was conducted to observe the reef fish assemblages at specific coral
reef sites in San Vicente. Using snorkeling equipment, an observer swam along the reef for
about 10 to 20 minutes (depending on factors such as water visibility, number of observable fish
species, etc.). Fish were observed within a 50m by 5m survey corridor covering a total area of
approximately 250m2 for each station. All fish observed were identified to the lowest possible
taxon and recorded on an underwater slate. Fishes were identified based on visual appearance
and comparing these with photographic references (Allen, 1991; Randall et al., 1997; FishBase,
2000; and Lieske and Myers, 2001). Fish were later categorized as target, indicator or major
fish species based on the “importance” data compiled in FishBase 2000 (Froese and Pauly,
2000).
The survey method limited the observations and subsequent species listing to
numerically dominant and visually obvious species of fish. Cryptic and small species of reef
fishes were difficult to detect and identify using this technique. Furthermore, abundances and
biomass of fish were not determined. Geo-references of the fish survey stations were
determined and recorded with a Garmin Summit GPS.
9.0
RESULTS
A total of 92 sampling stations were surveyed in San Vicente (Figures 16 and 17).
Stations were mainly situated at or near the reef crest where most of the fish occur. However,
the observer commonly traversed the reef flat and reef slope areas thereby covering a wider
range of reef zones (Table 4). Furthermore, benthic cover and the dominant substratum also
varied across stations including dominant stands of coral, Sargassum beds, sandy areas and
rocky reefs (Table 4).
____________________________________________________________________________________
22
Figure 16. First Forty Two (42) Reef Sampling Stations, San Vicente,Palawan. 2004
Figure 17. Reef sampling stations (43 to 92). San Vicente, Palawan. 2004
____________________________________________________________________________________
23
Table 4. Species richness of reef fishes from 92 sampling stations, San Vicente, Palawan, September 2004.
Station
Species
Coordinates
Waypoint
Locality
1
36
N10 24 51.8 E119 10 03.7
648
Kayumagas
2
43
N10 24 56.4 E119 09 37.2
660
White Beach
3
51
N10 24 57.6 E119 09 17.8
671
White Beach
4
50
N10 24 37.6 E119 08 49.9
677
Kiling Island
5
31
N10 24 24.6 E119 08 13.4
698
Velasco Island
6
43
N10 25 22.5 E119 08 14.8
728
Velasco Island
7
41
N10 24 47.0 E119 08 07.2
741
Velasco Island
8
33
N10 24 20.2 E119 07 28.7
758
Sitio Bunuangin
9
31
N10 25 13.3 E119 06 46.5
763
Pagdanan
10
45
N10 25 54.4 E119 06 58.0
776
Pagdanan
11
54
N10 26 46.0 E119 07 26.7
793
Aquarium
12
33
N10 27 30.4 E119 06 46.9
800
Villa Pena
13
34
N10 27 44.5 E119 06 45.2
809
Tagbalisong
14
46
N10 28 35.8 E119 07 15.0
818
Burabod
15
16
19
28
N10 29 04.9 E119 06 31.9
N10 20 18.3 E118 57 33.7
844
844a
Kalipayan
Garcia Island
Barangay
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Caruray
Remarks
sargassum, sand area about 4m,
visibilty 4m
slope to crest, sand area 3-7m,
sargassum
slope, high biomass, high coral
cover, species richness
slope, sargassum
low visibility, west point of the
island
slope, rubble, sargassum
reef flat, sand, settlement
slope, mangrove area, high coral
cover
high coral cover, sargassum
reef flat, moderate coral cover
slope, rocky, clear water
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24
Table 4 continued . . .
17
33
N10 19 51.7 E118 56 46.7
856
Garcia Island
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
25
50
22
28
36
44
32
41
61
36
38
42
35
N10 18 39.2 E118 58 23.4
N10 19 29.4 E118 59 32.7
N10 20 28.7 E119 00 07.0
N10 21 05.4 E118 59 19.6
N10 21 07.4 E118 58 18.5
N10 22 27.5 E118 58 18.3
N10 26 45.0 E118 59 59.8
N10 26 30.2 E119 00 59.6
N10 26 08.5 E119 01 33.5
N10 24 44.9 E119 02 07.5
N10 24 19.0 E119 02 47.7
N10 24 36.7 E119 04 23.4
N10 25 24.5 E119 03 42.2
861
871
883
895
908
919
927
940
954
966
972
979
999
31
39
N10 29 11.4 E119 04 16.7
8
Kagnipa Island
32
43
N10 29 21.6 E119 03 32.5
16
Kagnipa Island
33
52
N10 30 40.9 E119 04 38.0
40
Kagnipa Island
34
54
N10 30 09.1 E119 04 50.6
47
Kagnipa Island
35
87
N10 29 04.4 E119 04 41.6
63
Shark Point
36
42
N10 25 17.8 E119 04 21.5
64
Barungbong
37
37
N10 25 18.3 E119 04 55.6
78
Barungbong
38
38
N10 26 36.3 E119 05 08.5
97
Barungbong
39
29
N10 26 59.7 E119 04 28.8
102
Barungbong
40
33
N10 27 59.4 E119 04 39.2
118
Barungbong
Pagbulo Island
Katalat Island
Katalat Island(mainland)
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Caruray
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
DCA
sargassum, sand area about 4m,
visibilty 4m
poor coral cover, clear water
sargassum
rock, sargassum
rock, poor coral cover
sargassum
COT, clear water
sargassum
rock boulders, DCA
rubble, DCA
rock, sargassum
DCA
moderate coral cover
moderate coral cover
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25
41
32
N10 28 52.5 E119 05 01.4
125
Baybay Daraga
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
41
47
64
52
41
48
50
50
59
43
21
39
40
38
36
59
N10 29 04.5 E119 05 41.5
N10 33 10.1 E119 07 51.8
N10 33 03.1 E119 07 20.8
N10 32 32.0 E119 06 58.3
N10 33 10.0 E119 06 41.4
N10 33 09.7 E119 06 57.3
N10 34 05.1 E119 07 45.9
N10 35 15.1 E119 07 38.3
N10 35 14.9 E119 09 36.4
N10 34 44.7 E119 10 11.5
N10 33 25.1 E119 11 44.6
N10 33 51.1 E119 11 09.8
N10 33 50.8 E119 09 45.2
N10 33 31.0 E119 08 38.9
N10 33 06.2 E119 08 21.2
N10 32 33.1 E119 09 17.1
126
133
149
150
151
152
162
167
183
196
207
231
247
252
270
273
Baybay Daraga
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island
Buayan Island (Wilson Point)
58
30
N10 27 02.5 E119 10 45.6
273a
Capsalay
59
33
N10 27 15.0 E119 10 41.5
282
Capsalay
60
47
N10 27 31.5 E119 10 27.6
297
Capsalay
61
43
N10 27 28.6 E119 09 52.1
314
Capsalay
62
63
N10 27 14.1 E119 09 40.3
329
Capsalay
63
72
N10 27 37.1 E119 09 09.7
355
Capsalay
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Poblacion
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
Port
Barton
DCA, sargassum
slope, sand, rubble, few corals
slope, sand, DCA
slope, rubble, DCA
sand, rubble
rock boulders
rubble, clear water
Sand
flat to slope, DCA, sand patch
slope, live corals
sand, rubble, eagle ray
Sand
flat to slope, DCA, padina
crest to slope, live corals, rubble
live coral, sand
shoal, live corals, rubble
slope, DCA, settlement
slope, DCA, rubble, settlement
slope, DCA, rubble, sargassum
slope, DCA, rubble, sand patch
crest, live corals, slope, DCA,
rubble
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26
A total of 300 species of fish distributed among 51 families were recorded from the
sampling stations. At least 22 fishes from 12 families were not identified to species level. A
complete listing of the species observed and their occurrences is summarized in (Appendix 1).
Of the total species listed, 27 were indicator species, 137 were major species and 136 were
target species (Appendix 1). Indicator species are highly associated with their environment and
their presence or absence may indicate the present condition of their habitat. Target species are
fish commonly exploited in fisheries and are of commercial value, while major species are fish
with no commercial value in fisheries but occupy specialized niches in the marine environment
and function as important tropic links.
The 27 indicators species were members of 4 families (Appendix 1). The majority of
these were coral feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) and a few wrasses (Labridae) and a
damselfish (Pomacentridae). The other indicator species were associates of certain coral
lifeforms (i.e. Chromis ternatensis is associated with branching Acropora), while others are
common in silty environments (i.e. Chelmon rostratus). The vast majority of the major fishes
were comprised of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) and wrasses (Labridae) while the rest was
divided among the other 23 families (Appendix 1). Major fishes represented at least 6 feeding
guilds, including: herbivores, omnivores, planktivores, benthic carnivores, detritivores and
piscivores. The 136 species of target fish were representatives of 28 families (Appendix 1).
Among these were the high value target species including: juveniles of the humphead wrasse
Cheilinus undulatus which was observed in 5 stations; the grouper Plectropomus leopardus (in
19 stations) and the panther or humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis (in 1 station) (Appendix
1).
Species richness among the 92 stations ranged from 12 to 87 species per 250 m2 (mean
of 41 species per 250 m2). Species richness varied across stations with gradual increments of
increases. Station 85 – Bigaho had the lowest richness with only 12 species per 250 m2 (Table
4). This station is a thick Sargassum bed with some coral patches, rubbles, and dead corals with
algae (Table 4). Station 35 – Shark Point had the highest species richness of 87 species per 250
m2 and this station is characterized with moderate coral cover (Table 4). It is also interesting to
note that this station is subject to episodes of strong currents since it is situated in a channel
between Kagnipa Island and Barungbong (Figure 18; Table 4).
10.0
DISCUSSIONS
Based on the results of the baseline survey the fish communities of San Vicente appear
to be in good condition in terms of diversity and structure. The fish communities were well
represented in terms of number of species and the trophic guilds they represented. However, it
was observed that target fishes were relatively small and few, with the dominant species
belonging to Scaridae or parrotfishes, which are of low commercial value (Appendix 1). It is
possible that the reef fish communities in the area are under high fishing pressure in many sites
in San Vicente. This underscores the need to implement some form of protective management
of reef fishes and their habitats in order to allow the resource to recover in the area.
____________________________________________________________________________________
27
Figure 18. Recommended Core Zones Based on Reef Fish Species Richness, San
Vicente, Palawan, Stations 35-Shark Point, 63-Caysalay and 92Manta Ray Reef
Considering species richness as the criterion for selecting potential core zones for reef
fishes, at least 3 sites surveyed were identified. Stations 35 – Shark Point, 63 – Capsalay, and
92 – Manta Ray Reef had 87, 72 and 71 species, respectively. It is interesting to note that
except for Station 92, there were more target species than major species at Stations 35 and 63
(Table 5). This, together with the high species richness at these stations, will give significance
to any measure of protection that will be implemented at these areas.
____________________________________________________________________________________
28
Table 5. Number of Indicator, Major, and Target Fish Species From Ninety Two
Sampling Stations, San Vicente, Palawan, September 2004
Station
85
83
89
15
75
52
20
84
87
18
82
16
21
39
74
58
91
5
9
90
24
41
8
12
17
40
59
13
30
1
22
27
56
37
73
79
28
38
55
31
53
54
70
7
Indicator
1
3
0
4
0
0
1
2
1
1
2
2
5
3
2
0
4
1
2
4
1
4
3
0
4
1
2
0
4
6
3
3
4
4
1
2
2
3
5
2
3
2
3
5
Major
7
8
11
3
9
11
9
16
16
9
15
10
14
10
12
11
19
16
21
17
9
16
18
17
20
13
17
17
16
22
17
18
15
18
19
20
14
19
16
17
22
20
19
20
Target
4
4
5
12
11
10
12
6
7
15
8
16
9
16
15
19
7
14
8
10
22
12
12
16
9
19
14
17
15
8
16
15
17
15
17
15
22
16
17
20
14
18
18
16
Total Species
12
15
16
19
20
21
22
24
24
25
25
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
31
32
32
33
33
33
33
33
34
35
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
38
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
____________________________________________________________________________________
29
Table 5 Continued . . .
25
29
36
86
2
6
32
51
61
64
88
23
10
72
78
14
43
60
47
69
81
4
19
48
49
3
33
45
67
11
34
68
66
80
76
50
57
65
77
26
62
44
92
63
35
Total
2
5
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
2
3
3
4
1
3
6
4
3
4
3
4
3
6
7
6
5
2
8
3
5
3
4
3
2
4
4
1
2
1
9
5
3
5
5
5
27
17
21
19
18
18
19
17
17
18
20
19
23
19
22
21
20
20
19
20
22
27
17
22
19
27
18
19
23
23
24
21
18
24
26
30
29
26
24
30
27
27
29
36
32
39
138
22
16
20
22
22
21
23
22
22
21
21
18
22
22
21
20
23
25
24
23
18
30
22
24
17
28
31
21
26
25
30
32
28
27
22
26
32
34
29
25
31
32
30
35
43
136
41
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
44
45
45
45
46
47
47
48
48
49
50
50
50
50
51
52
52
52
54
54
54
55
55
56
59
59
60
60
61
63
64
71
72
87
____________________________________________________________________________________
30
11.0
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The reef fishes of San Vicente are in relatively good condition. From the 92 sampling
stations surveyed, at least 3 were identified as potential core zones. These stations are located in
offshore areas and may require higher levels of effort to protect effectively as compared to areas
closer to the mainland. However, it is important to protect sites of high species richness in order
to preserve areas that may be sources of recruits for more degraded and exploited areas.
It is recommended that a detailed assessment of these 3 sites be conducted to generate
more information on the status and condition of the fish communities and their habitat. It is also
suggested that the same detailed assessment be conducted in other areas of special interest (i.e.
high live hard coral cover) in order to find other potential core zone candidates.
____________________________________________________________________________________
31
CHAPTER III
SEAGRASS AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS
12.0
INTRODUCTION
The compiled information on seagrasses of San Vicente (51 data records; CI, 2003) has
been based on the monograph by Meñez et al. (1983) and on surveys by Ogawa (1987) and
PCSDS (2001). The database cited 14 data source locations – mostly in barangays Kemdeng
and Port Barton (their coordinates appear as ambiguous entries) – from which 10 species of
seagrasses have been recorded (Fig. 19). There were 220 records on seaweeds in the database
(CI, 2003), largely derived from surveys by Cordero and Modelo (1987), Modelo et al. (1987a,
b), and PCSDS (2001). These records of 76 species were from 20 data source locations (Brgys.
Poblacion to Caruray) with similarly ambiguous entries for coordinates (Fig. 19).
As the ECAN-Zoning exercise requires at least a baseline assessment of coastal and
marine resources, a survey was conducted along the coast and in islands of the municipality in
September 2004 following a systematic layout of stations (1) to gather geo-referenced primary
data on seagrasses (and associated seaweeds) needed for the subsequent classification of
shallow coastal areas of a municipality into various ECAN zones, and (2) to augment and
update the existing macrophyte database. This report covers results of the field campaign of
seagrasses and seaweeds and their environments.
13.0
The field campaign of September 2004 covered a municipality-wide spatial scale, so that in the
survey plan, 38 sampling stations were systematically allocated along the coastline of the
mainland (30 stations up to 2 km apart) and in 8 selected islands (8 stations). New positions
were sought whenever planned waypoints did not have seagrasses/ seaweeds.
Transects (n=2, 50 to 100 m apart) from shore to sea were established (bearings due
north noted) in each station then marked with buoys. Plots of 10 m2 (5 m swathe x 2.5 m front
radius of observer) from the macrophytes’ incidence on the shore (edge) then at intervals of 10
m (pre-calibrated for each observer based on freestyle swimming ‘kicks’) along the transects up
to the macrophytes’ seaward end, were observed for baseline parameters. Substrates beyond the
coral zone were inspected for the occurrence of small seagrasses, e.g., Halophila and/ or
Halodule. Bottom depths were measured at similar intervals within a transect established
between the surveyed ones. The positions of the edges and ends were all marked as new
coordinates in the GPS, which has been configured to the Luzon datum.
____________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER III: SEAGRASS AND SEAWEEDS
32
Baseline parameters included bottom type (mud, sand, rubble/ rock), leaf canopy cover
of seagrasses and bottom cover of patchy associated seaweeds (%, modified from the categories
used by SeagrassNet, Short et al., 2002), taxonomic composition (seagrasses – species level
identification; seaweeds – usually up to genus level), and other bottom features (the presence of
____________________________________________________________________________________
33
feeding craters/ trenches of dugongs, small and bare sand patches, sand mounds/ ‘volcanoes’,
and conspicuous invertebrates). Site features were photo-documented whenever possible.
All data were transcribed by each observer then later on encoded as a database. All data
records were reviewed, after which summaries of macrophyte cover, taxonomic composition,
and habitat features were obtained for each station, and then pooled. The distributions of each
seagrass species, species richness and of macrophyte cover were each plotted on a map to
evaluate spatial patterns at the municipality-wide scale. Local (= station) seagrass species
distributions (as relative frequencies, %) were utilized as attribute to classify the stations using
Two-Way Indicator SPecies ANalysis (TWINSPAN; Hill, 1979). Candidate core zones were
proposed based on the criteria set for seagrass habitats (PCSDS, 1994).
14.0
RESULTS
There were 711 rows of compiled data in the survey database, which represented the total
number of plots observed along 56 transects in 28 stations (8 barangays, Table 6) (Sto. Niño
and Alimanguan stations were not found with macrophytes).
More than half of the stations (n=16) were narrow macrophyte beds (≤ 100 m), and the
rest (n=12) approached 300 m maximum (Table 6, Fig. 20). Bed sediment was mostly sand and
often mixed with either harder substrates (pieces of rock, coral rubble) or mud (Table 6).
Intertidal sections were apparent in some narrow and moderately wide meadows in reef flats
(Fig. 21, top graph); some populations/ communities were found established in deeper subtidal
bottoms. Fish corrals were found spread in Station 27 (Sakura Pearl Farm, Brgy. Port Barton),
and an ongoing culture of Cassis cornuta was noted in Station 31 (Cagbolo Is., Brgy. Caruray).
14.1
Benthic cover
Seagrasses dominated the marine vegetation in San Vicente. Leaf canopy cover
estimates usually peaked in the center of the narrow meadows (diamonds in Fig. 21, bottom
graph) or, in the case of wider beds, were relatively higher (though most dynamic) beyond 200
m (squares in Fig. 21, bottom graph). A few plots in some stations were found with cover
exceeding 50% of 10 m2 (Table7), but pooled canopy cover per station was generally low to
intermediate, and did not exceed 50% (range 2 ± 1 to 48 ± 4%; Table 7, Fig. 22).
____________________________________________________________________________________
34
Table 6. Shore Positions, Estimated Extent of Vegetation (mean ± SEM, in meters), and
Substrata of Seagrass Bed Stations Surveyed in , San Vicente, Palawan.
September 2004
Barangay
1. Binga
2. New
Canipo
3. San Isidro
4. New
Agutaya
5. Poblacion
6. Kemdeng
7. Port
Barton
Station #/
Location
Substratum type/ Siltation
2
10.746730 119.330010 180 ± 20
3
10.716350 119.340050 260 ± 110 Sand, fine sand
4
5
11
Sand, rock
10.691280 119.336250 100 ± 50
10.700430 119.310740 25 ± 5
10.568020 119.296930 55 ± 5
Sand
Sand
Sand
12
10.554370 119.282940
Sand
13
14
Caparii
10.545030 119.270650 200 ± 30
10.547360 119.238320 290 ± 60
16
Boayan Is.
10.569255 119.153753
41
42
18
40
Pier
Panindigan
Tandan
Sambayen
10.530040
10.532550
10.482230
10.488050
20
Capsalay Is.
10.465230 119.163490 135 ± 15
43
44
21
22
23
25
26
Capsalay Is.
Capsalay Is.
Kayumanggas
Endeavor Is.
Darapiton
Albaguen Is.
Cagnipa
Sakura Pearl
Farm
Barombon
Sta. Cruz
German Is.
Binuhanginan
Sinangharian
Cagbolo Is.
10.452870
10.460660
10.414620
10.417310
10.384250
10.500990
10.495650
27
8. Caruray
Bed width
N
E Longitude
(m)
Latitude
28
29
39
45
30
31
Imoruan Is.
119.250340
119.239260
119.219300
119.226710
55 ± 25
80 ± 30
140 ± 10
180 ± 50
120 ± 10
290 ± 10
119.181240 130 ± 50
119.167970 85 ± 5
119.162630 85 ± 25
119.140220 130 ± 10
119.133260 70 ± 10
119.135290 15 ± 5
119.026460 55 ± 15
Sand, fine sand
Sand, fine sand
Rocky, rocky sandy, fine sand with
mud
Sandy rocky, sand, sandy muddy
Sandy rocky, sand, sand with coral
Sand, some rubble
Sand, sandy rocky
Sand, sandy rocky, sand with coral/
rubble
Sand, sandy rocky
Sand with rubble, sandy rocky
Sand with rock
Sand, sand with rock/ coral
Sandy muddy
Sand
Sand, fine sand
10.461830 119.105360 100 ± 30
Sand, sand with rock
10.419750
10.402490
10.462700
10.402400
10.399770
10.455400
Sand, fine sand, sandy muddy
Sand with mud, fine sand
Sand, sand with rock
Sand, sandy rocky
Sandy muddy, fine sand with mud
Fine sand
119.090270 100 ± 40
119.073830 85 ± 25
119.151840 100 ± 20
119.121320 125 ± 45
119.034710 70 ± 30
118.999930 65 ± 25
____________________________________________________________________________________
35
10.8 N, 119.4 E
14
12
nstations
10
8
6
4
2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Bed width, m
10.2 N, 119.0 E
Figure 20. Shoreward Extent of Continuous Seagrass Beds and Associated Seaweeds in
Stations Surveyed San Vicente, Palawan, September 2004 (scaled by the size of symbols) (range
= ~15 to ~300 m). Graph shows the frequency distribution of stations by estimated bed widths.
____________________________________________________________________________________
36
seaward extent from onshore incidence, m
0
100
200
0
1
depth, m
2
3
4
5
narrow w / intertidal
6
narrow -shallow subtidal
moderately w ide w / intertidal
7
moderately w ide-shallow subtidal
narrow beds
moderately wide
leaf canopy cover, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
seaward extent from onshore incidence, m
Figure 21. Profiles of Depth (top graph) and of Canopy Cover (bottom graph) in the Stations
Visited, San Vicente, Palawan September 2004
____________________________________________________________________________________
37
Table 7. Visual Estimates of Vegetative Cover on Bottom (as mean % ± SEM), San
Vicente, Palawan, September 2004. (nplots = total number of observations; ●
denotes stations with incidence of ≥50% leaf canopy cover in the plots)
Barangay
1.
2.
Binga
New
Canipo
3.
4.
San isidro
New
Agutaya
5.
Poblacion
6.
Kemdeng
7.
Port
Barton
8.
Caruray
nplots
(Σ=710)
Seagrass
communities
2
38
17 ± 3
3
44
4
5
11
Station
#
Seaweed associates Total bottom cover
13 ± 2
29 ± 4
10 ± 1
-
10 ± 1
22
7
13
4 ± 1
11 ± 6
8 ± 2
-
4 ± 1
11 ± 6
8 ± 2
12
13
10 ± 3
-
10 ± 3
13
14
16
41
42
18
40
42
60
18
29
38
26
60
33
48
6
11
24
24
42
3
4
2
2
3
5
4
●
-
33
48
56
26
36
24
58
20
29
13 ± 4
●
43
44
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
39
45
30
31
28
19
19
28
16
5
13
22
22
19
22
27
16
15
25
13
8
18
16
2
8
9
27
18
35
13
14
25
●
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
5
3
3
4
4
1
3
2
2
3
6
3
3
3
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
0.1
50
15
12
0.5
16
±
±
±
±
±
9
4
3
0.3
3
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
3
4
8
4
5
4
4
28 ± 5
41 ± 5
10
13
16
12
0.3
25
7
15
34
26
24
31
16
27
14
24
27
28
49
22
15
26
10
14
8
0.4
0.3
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
3
4
5
4
0.3
9
3
3
4
5
1
0.2
0.2
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
5
5
6
4
4
9
3
3
2
3
5
3
3
3
____________________________________________________________________________________
38
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
Figure 22. San Vicente, September 2004 – scaled estimates (%) of seagrass leaf canopy cover
per station (range = 2 ± 1 to 48 ± 8%).
____________________________________________________________________________________
39
Low-cover meadows (≤ 25%) occurred in 21 stations (Table 7) that were next to
tributaries while two stations emerged with pooled cover over 40% (Station 14 in Brgy.
Poblacion (Plate 3) and Station 40 ( Plate 4) in Brgy. Kemdeng) The remaining 5 meadows had
intermediate leaf canopy cover. The overall contribution of seagrasses to bottom cover was low
at 22 ± 1%.
Seagrass-associated seaweeds were patchy in distribution and did not cover a significant
area (range 0.1 to 50 ± 9%, pooled contribution only 9 ± 1%; Table 7, Fig. 23).
Plate 3. San Vicente, Sept 2004 – Halophila and Halodule off Station 14
(mainland).
Plate 4. San Vicente, Sept 2004 – Mixed seagrasses and Enhalus stands in Sambayen
(Stn 40)
____________________________________________________________________________________
40
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
Figure 23. Scaled Estimates of Seaweed Cover (%) in Each Station (range = 0.1 to 50 ± 9%),
San Vicente, Palawan, September 2004
____________________________________________________________________________________
41
14.2
Species Composition, Distribution, and Diversity
There were 10 species of seagrasses in San Vicente with Halophila ovalis, Halodule
uninervis1, and Enhalus acoroides as the most frequently encountered and dominant species (>
35% of all plots pooled in 12 to 24 stations, Table 8). The first two small species were more
ubiquitous in distribution (Fig. 24, A-B) than E. acoroides (Fig. 24, C), the latter even found
with fruits and apparent female flowers – Stations 16, 23, 39, 40, 41, 43, and 45. Thalassia
hemprichii was associated with populations of E. acoroides (Table 8, Fig. 24, D). Cymodocea
rotundata, C. serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halophila decipiens, Halophila beccarii and
Thalassodendron ciliatum were less common in San Vicente (Table 9, Fig. 24, E-J). Except for
the stands of E. acoroides in Stations 41 (Plate 5) (Brgy. Poblacion’s pier) and 23 (Darapiton in
Brgy. Port Barton) (Table 8), the meadows were mixes of 2 to 8 species. The combination of 2
species, i.e., H. ovalis and H. uninervis, was modal (11 stations, Fig. 25) followed by mixes of 3
and 6 species (Table 8). Overall, speciose communities (≥ 5 species) were found mostly in
Brgy. Port Barton (5 stations) and dispersed in Brgys. Binga (1), Poblacion (1), and Kemdeng
(1) (Table 8, Fig. 25).
Plate 5. – Enhalus stands near the port area (Pier, Stn 41), San
Vicente, Palawan September 2004
1
Our summary of H. uninervis included all entries that were identified as ‘H. pinifolia’ in the field, since
the latter’s leaf tip characters were similar to the former, even it leaf widths were quite narrower (based
on examined samples from El Nido and Roxas). These two ‘species’ were also suggested as
conspecifics, according to unpublished genetic studies (Green and Short, 2003).
____________________________________________________________________________________
42
Table 8. Species composition and diversity (as species richness, N) of seagrass communities in San Vicente, September 2004.
Barangay
1. Binga
2. New Canipo
3. San isidro
4. New Agutaya
5. Poblacion
6. Kemdeng
7. Port Barton
8. Caruray
Station # N
2
3
4
5
11
12
13
14
16
41
42
18
40
20
43
44
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
39
45
30
31
5
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
1
6
2
8
7
6
6
6
3
1
3
2
4
2
2
6
3
2
3
Halophila Halodule Enhalus Thalassia Cymodocea Cymodocea Syringodium Halophila Halophila Thalassodendron
ovalis uninervis acoroides hemprichii rotundata serrulata isoetifolium decipiens? beccarii?
ciliatum
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
43
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
A) Halodule uninervis
B) Halophila ovalis
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
44
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
C) Enhalus acoroides
10.2 N, 119.0 E
D) Thalassia hemprichii
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
45
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
E) Cymodocea rotundata
10.2 N, 119.0 E
F) Cymodocea serrulata
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
46
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
G) Syringodium isoetifolium
10.2 N, 119.0 E
H) Halophila decipiens
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
47
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
I) Halophila beccarii
10.2 N, 119.0 E
J) Thalassondendron ciliatum
Figure 24. San Vicente, September 2004 – relative occurrence of each seagrass species (A-J, scaled by sizes of
symbols, range 1 to 100%) in each station
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
48
10.8 N, 119.4 E
12
10
5
Binga
nstations
8
3
2
6
2
New
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
species richness N
4
2
2
6
3
2
2
2
2
3
1
San Isidro
8
6 76
4
3
2
2
2
New
6
Poblacion
6
3
Kemdeng
1
Port Barton
Caruray
10.2 N, 119.0 E
Figure 25. San Vicente, September 2004 – the distribution of seagrass species richness N,
scaled by sizes of symbols (range = 1 to 8) and the frequency distribution of stations by N (bar
graph).
____________________________________________________________________________________
49
Two types of seagrass meadows in San Vicente were distinguished by the classification
analysis (TWINSPAN) based on species composition and frequency of occurrence (Fig. 26) –
(1) those composed of 2 to 3 species where H. uninervis and H. ovalis as the most frequent, and
(2) Enhalus stands and communities composed of 2 to 8 species, in which mixes of E.
acoroides, T. hemprichii, H. uninervis, and H. ovalis were common (Fig. 26). These groups
were distinguished by three indicator species (Fig. 27) – E. acoroides, H. uninervis, and T.
hemprichii.
There were 17 genera of seaweeds recorded in San Vicente at survey time but mixes
were limited to a maximum og 6 per station ( Plate 6 and 7). The brown seaweed Sargassum
was the most frequently noted genus; Padina, Turbinaria (Plate 8). Records of other taxa from
the present and previous works are indicated in Appendix 2.
Plate 6. San Vicente, Sept 2004 – Lush cover of seagrasses and associated seaweeds
(largely brown) in Panindigan (Stn 42).
____________________________________________________________________________________
50
Plate 7. San Vicente, Sept 2004 – Lush mixed vegetation in Capsalay Island
(Stn 43)
Plate 8. San Vicente, Sept 2004 – The occurrence of Sargassum in Enhalusdominated beds and fore reef zone in Capsalay Island (Stn 20)
____________________________________________________________________________________
51
26 25 31 5 4 12 13 14 18 28 29 30 11 3
Station group
Halophila beccarii ?
H. decipiens ?
H. ovalis
Halodule uninervis
Enhalus acoroides
Thalassodendron ciliatum
Syringodium isoetifolium
Cymodocea serrulata
C. rotundata
Thalassia hemprichii
Seagrass N
Seagrass canopy cover
Seaweed cover
Siltation
Dugong feeding trails
Other features
1
5
5
16 21 43 44 42 27 2 20 39 40 41 22 23 45
2
5
5
5
-
5
5
5
-
5
4
-
5
5
-
5
5
-
5
5
-
5
5
-
5
5
-
5
5
-
5
5
-
5
5
-
4
5
-
5
3
5
-
2 species minimum & modal, 3 maximum
low, 18% on average, highest station mean=45%
low, <10% on average, highest station mean=25%
apparent in 10 stations at survey time
Yes, Station 14
uncommon seagrass Halophila beccarii ? in Station
3
3
5
5
5
4
3
5
4
4
5
4
4
5
4
4
5
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
3
4
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
4
3
5
5
-
5
5
3
5
-
4
2
5
-
1 species minimum, 6 modal, 8 maximum
apparent in 8 stations at survey time
Yes, Station 20
uncommon seagrasss Thalassodendron ciliatum in
Station 40
Figure 26. Dendrogram from TWINSPAN’s classification of stations showing the two major groups of seagrass
communities in San Vicente, the distribution and relative occurrences of seagrasses (categories 0 to 5), and a
summary of ecological characteristics of each station group.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
52
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
E. Acoroides
H. uninervis
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
10.8 N, 119.4 E
10.2 N, 119.0 E
T. hemprichii
Figure 27. Relative Occurrences (range 1 to 100%) of Species Indicators in the Differentiation of Seagrass
Communities in San Vicente, September 2004. (Group 1, red circles; Group 2, green circles)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
53
14.3
Resource Use To Animals, Other Bottom Features
Feeding tracks/ trenches of the marine mammal Dugong dugon were observed only in
two stations (14 – Caparii, Brgy. Poblacion, and 20 – Capsalay Is., Port Barton; Fig. 26).
Marine turtles were sighted in Stations 12 (Brgy. New Agutaya), 14 (Caparii, Brgy. Poblacion),
20 (Capsalay Is., Brgy. Port Barton), and 26 (Cagnipa, also in Port Barton). In addition,
juveniles of snappers (bisugo; Fam. Lutjanidae) siganids (danggit; Fam. Siganidae), and
anchovies (dilis; Fam. Engraulididae) were noted in Stations 12, 20, 22 (Endeavor Is., Brgy.
Port Barton), 27, 39 (Sta. Cruz, Brgy. Port Barton), and 40 (Sambayen, Brgy. Kemdeng);
unidentified fish juveniles were also recorded in Stations 26 and 31 (Cagbolo, Brgy. Caruray).
Small sand patches and mounds from turbative activities of burrowing shrimps were observed in
all the meadows and the scatter of small heads of live massive and branching corals were
common. Aggregations of the black-spined urchins, Diadema setosum, were noted in Stations
42 (Panindigan, Brgy. Poblacion), 43 (Capsalay Is., Brgy. Port Barton – most numerous), and 45
(Binuhanginan, Brgy. Port Barton). Other invertebrates noted were sponges, seastars, jellyfish,
representatives of the sticky sea cucumber Synapta, ascidians or sea squirts (Didemnum molle)
on seagrass leaves, holothurians, and cone shells (Conus). An individual each of a ray and
seasnake was encountered on separate occasions in Stations 2 (Brgy. Binga) and 43 (Capsalay
Is., Port Barton), respectively.
15.0
DISCUSSIONS
Considering seagrass resources, the present survey was able to consolidate key
information from a wider spatial area (municipality scale) from which recommendations of
seagrass areas as ECAN core zones could be based (Table 9, Fig. 28). For the ECAN-zoning
exercise of San Vicente’s seagrass areas, however, the minimum bottom cover of 50% 9 (as
stipulated in the PCSD Resolution in 1994) was reduced to 40%, the ‘resource use to dugongs’
criterion was retained, and diversity (as species richness N) was included as third criterion as
what have recently been done in other Northern Palawan municipalities. From the combination
of two to three of these criteria, three stations – 14, 20, and 40 – emerged as highly qualified
candidate core zones. The combined cover of H. uninervis and H. ovalis in Station 14 (Caparii,
Brgy. Poblacion) was highest for San Vicente, and dugongs graze the meadow (Table 9). The
meadow in Station 20 (Capsalay Is., Brgy. Port Barton) was diverse (7 species) and equally
grazed by dugongs, and although its bottom cover appeared altogether low, portions of the
meadow were observed to exceed the 50% cut-off (Table 9). Bottom cover and diversity in
Station 40 (Sambayen, Brgy. Kemdeng) were satisfactory, as it harbors the relatively rare
species T. ciliatum, and the area is a probable nursery ground, e.g., for anchovies at least.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
54
Table 9. San Vicente, September 2004 – characteristics of macrophyte environments
(extent from shore incidence, presence/absence of siltation), seagrass
communities (canopy cover, diversity, ecological group), and habitat use –
altogether used as criteria for identifying candidate ECAN core zones. Legend:
a
, see Figure 8 for description of groups; b, includes a relatively rarely-occurring
species; ●, with incidences of >50% cover on plots along transects
Barangay
Station N
#
Latitude
E Longitude
Leaf Species
Macrophyte
Ecological
Siltation canopy richness
zone extent
group a
cover
N
Habitat
used by
ECAN
core
zone?
Binga
2
10.746730 119.330010
Moderate (<
300 m)
+
17 ●
5
1
New Canipo
3
10.716350 119.340050
Moderate
+
10
3b
2
4
10.691280 119.336250
Moderate
+
4
2
2
5
10.700430 119.310740
Narrow (<
100 m)
+
11
2
2
San Isidro
11
10.568020 119.296930
Narrow
+
8
2
2
New Agutaya
12
10.554370 119.282940
Narrow
10
2
2
13
10.545030 119.270650
Moderate
33 ●
2
2
14
10.547360 119.238320
Moderate
48 ●
2
2
16
10.569255 119.153753
Narrow
6
4
1
41
10.530040 119.250340
Moderate
+
11
1
1
42
10.532550 119.239260
Moderate
+
24 ●
6
1
18
10.482230 119.219300
Moderate
+
24 ●
2
1
40
10.488050 119.226710
Moderate
+
42 ●
8b
2
Anchovies
999
20
10.465230 119.163490
Moderate
13 ●
7
2
Dugongs,
anchovies,
siganids
999
43
10.452870 119.181240
Moderate
+
25 ●
6
2
9
44
10.460660 119.167970
Narrow
+
13
6
2
9
21
10.414620 119.162630
Narrow
+
8
6
2
9
22
10.417310 119.140220
Moderate
18 ●
3
2
23
10.384250 119.133260
Narrow
+
16 ●
1
2
25
10.500990 119.135290
Narrow
+
2
3
1
26
10.495650 119.026460
Narrow
+
8
2
1
Poblacion
Kemdeng
Port Barton
+
9
Rays
9
Turtles,
fish
fingerlings
Dugongs,
turtles
999
9
Siganids
Turtles,
fish fry
_____________________________________________________________________________________
55
Barangay
Caruray
Station N
#
Latitude
E Longitude
Leaf Species
Macrophyte
Ecological
Siltation canopy richness
zone extent
group a
cover
N
27
10.461830 119.105360
Moderate
28
10.419750 119.090270
Moderate
29
10.402490 119.073830
Narrow
39
10.462700 119.151840
45
30
31
Habitat
used by
9
4
2
+
27
2
1
+
18
2
1
Moderate
35 ●
6
2
Siganids
10.402400 119.121320
Moderate
13 ●
3
2
Fish
10.399770 119.034710
Narrow
14
2
1
10.455400 118.999930
Narrow
+
25
3
1
ECAN
core
zone?
Anchovies
Fish fry,
jacks,
mollusk
culture
(Cassis
cornuta)
Marine consumer counterparts apparently utilize seagrass and associated seaweed
habitats in San Vicente as nursing grounds (fish juveniles) and as feeding grounds (dugongs
and, probably, marine turtles). The municipality directly extracts part of its small-scale fisheries
from these shallow nearshore habitats as well, although this needs verification from the
residents of coastal barangays who are engaged in gleaning activities and artisanal fisheries.
The habitats seemingly endure continued consumer utilization, fisheries extraction rates, and
episodic weather stress. Natural intermediate disturbance from resident invertebrates (e.g.,
burrowing by shrimps) appear to alleviate stagnation and induce positive growth responses in
disturbance-sensitive species (Duarte et al., 1997). Flowering and fruiting events in the
structurally dominant, common, and least sensitive species, E. acoroides, is continuous and its
timing is consistent with observations in other areas, e.g., Coron (see Baseline Survey Report on
Seagrasses and Seaweeds, 2004) and Bolinao (Rollon, 1998). Beyond tolerable natural
disturbance and stress (e.g., chronic siltation conditions), however, meadows are predicted to
retrogress, lose diversity, reduce biomass, and, eventually, die-out (Hemminga and Duarte,
2000). Anthropogenic activities that directly and indirectly contribute to substrate instability
and light reduction must, therefore, be prevented.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
56
9
10.8 N, 119.4 E
5
3
2
4
2
2
2
61
2
2
3
2
28
6 76
4
3
2
2
2
3
6
6
3
1
10.2 N, 119.0 E
Figure 28. Seagrass areas proposed as ECAN core zones in San Vicente (blue lines).
Superimposed green numbers are values of N (seagrass species richness); red symbols indicate
locations of dugong graze marks (down arrows) and rarely occurring seagrass species
(diamonds) (see also Fig. 6, I-J).
_____________________________________________________________________________________
57
16.0
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Seagrasses dominate the macrophytes of the shallow soft bottoms of San Vicente. Most
of the sites were low to intermediate in leaf canopy cover (< 50%) and the mixed beds were
typically composed of 2 to 8 species. Ten species of seagrasses occur in the municipality;
associated seaweeds are represented by 17 genera, of which 5 are common, and these
contributed minimally to total vegetative cover. Evidence of grazing by dugongs was apparent
in only 2 stations. Our proposed ECAN core zones include 10 stations in 5 barangays – Stations
2 (Binga), 3 (New Canipo), 14 and 42 (Poblacion), 40 (Kemdeng), 20, 21, 39, 43, and 44 (Port
Barton). .
_____________________________________________________________________________________
58
CHAPTER IV
MARINE MAMMALS AND SEA TURTLES
17.0
INTRODUCTION
Dugongs, dolphins, whales, and sea turtles are endangered large marine wildlife in
Philippine waters. The lack of research on population, behavior, interactions with fisheries, and
threats contribute to the inadequate or absence of conservation initiatives required to ensure the
animals’ survival. The survey and research component of the SEMP-ECAN project aims to
address this need by conducting field research studies in order to characterize the environment
and natural resources features in Northern Palawan with the end view of identifying and
delineating critical habitats and species of flora and fauna for protection and conservation both
in terrestrial and coastal/marine areas (PCI 2003).
A series of surveys were conducted to provide a baseline assessment on the status of
marine mammals and sea turtles in selected sites of Northern Palawan, including San Vicente.
This report documents qualitative, anecdotal data resulting from the survey conducted last
September 2004 which include dugong habitats, turtle nesting sites, and cetacean distribution.
Fisherfolk perceptions and conservation awareness on marine mammals and sea turtles are also
reported. Data gathered aims to provide information that will enable concerned agencies to
develop conservation plans directly relevant to the protection and management of large marine
wildlife and their habitats.
18.0
METHODS
Literature Review
A review of available literature on dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans was undertaken prior to
the fieldwork. Unfortunately, no data exists for the municipality of San Vicente. Available
information is limited to sightings resulting from PCRAs conducted in 1997 (Arquiza 1999).
Interview Survey
Key informant interviews were done in eight coastal barangays of San Vicente (Table
10) for a ten-day period. Fifteen (±15%) percent (n=214) of the total fisherfolk population
(n=1499) was taken as sample size. Interviews were conducted using a questionnaire designed
to gather information on distribution, abundance in terms of group size, frequency and
seasonality of sightings, trends in animal numbers, threats, fishermens’ knowledge on large
marine wildlife, conservation awareness, and implementation of laws regarding the protection of
dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans.
____________________________________________________________________________________
59
Table 10. Fisherfolk Population in Areas Surveyed, San Vicente, Palawan
2004
Caruray
257
Decala
Port Barton
366
Albaguen island
Capsalay island
Baybay Daraga
New Villafria
240
Exotic island
German island
Poblacion
285
Binga
257
Paninindigan
Pinagmulacan
Imuruan island
New Canipo
46
Alimanguan
48
TOTAL
1,499
Source: Arquiza 1999
Pictures (Plate 9) were used to determine
animal species occurring in the area. A base map was
used to document animal sightings and was later on
translated to geographic coordinate data using
geomatica.
Coordinates in universal transverse mercator
50 Luzon datum was obtained (Table 11). Descriptive
statistics using MS Excel was used to quantify data.
Plate 9. Respondent using photos
to identify cetaceans present
in the area, San Vicente, 2004
(Photo: MF Digdigan)
____________________________________________________________________________________
60
Table 11. Geographical Coordinates of Large Marine Wildlife Sightings, San
2004
Vicente,
Turtles
Record Easting
Northing
Dolphins
Record Easting
Northing
0
715964.356
1141421.807
0
747348.701
1187699.351
1
714507.497
1146281.252
1
752869.402
1185358.777
2
719595.642
1154443.556
2
748646.193
1185180.690
3
753479.986
1188920.519
3
752284.258
1190472.422
4
747399.583
1186249.212
4
747755.757
1190116.247
5
753047.489
1183806.875
5
748111.931
1182662.029
6
750503.387
1182560.265
6
752309.699
1180149.728
7
750579.700
1173888.954
7
752818.520
1175029.723
8
752140.768
1176777.011
8
751928.084
1171340.775
9
739334.780
1170068.724
9
746254.737
1162080.245
10
736762.185
1172212.898
10
744157.244
1180730.499
11
731134.629
1170620.274
11
735550.320
1174331.837
12
736230.975
1168287.853
12
738592.021
1172183.907
13
743236.412
1165506.640
13
731734.872
1168954.090
14
732618.351
1162436.419
14
730244.187
1165376.447
15
735518.627
1160986.281
15
738349.934
1166298.684
16
736816.119
1159841.435
16
734304.216
1164433.539
17
736420.257
1157509.004
17
732065.406
1160719.150
18
735518.627
1159714.230
18
735983.323
1161889.437
19
736129.211
1156584.985
19
740020.313
1156947.785
20
738953.164
1155821.754
20
737009.106
1155562.766
21
732847.320
1160604.665
21
733846.277
1157310.054
22
728624.111
1161011.722
22
733312.016
1150873.476
23
724426.343
1162360.096
23
728096.607
1160490.181
24
736052.888
1152081.924
24
734787.595
1153417.578
25
728522.347
1154626.026
25
727791.315
1163950.159
26
733941.284
1149766.791
26
726240.427
1159130.612
27
732821.879
1152438.098
27
721583.706
1157615.346
28
726512.506
1153353.975
28
718734.312
1154740.511
29
725265.896
1152488.980
29
727078.966
1154409.777
30
721812.022
1152802.415
30
711284.069
1160380.467
31
720355.780
1155669.108
31
709018.228
1152509.651
32
719974.164
1153074.124
32
713311.400
1144718.339
33
717811.678
1155923.518
33
706553.629
1144320.823
34
712545.387
1142236.250
34
713430.655
1141458.709
35
720406.662
1145925.198
35
718956.126
1144678.588
36
716285.217
1143864.475
36
717366.062
1152748.161
37
744833.092
1167341.445
38
747603.111
1166303.454
____________________________________________________________________________________
61
Dugong
Record Easting
Northing
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1190807.115
1188313.895
1162271.847
1155987.916
1154715.865
1156361.645
1147624.181
1142663.182
1143267.406
1151827.514
749671.065
753741.628
727764.284
731669.480
732114.698
719322.444
715132.818
713669.959
718917.170
732440.264
Whales
Record Easting
Northing
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1163692.378
1161682.538
1153465.089
1145154.621
1157111.900
1165914.492
1187234.066
1183621.441
1177780.343
1159295.852
1167941.824
Whale sharks
Record Easting
Northing
0
1
2
3
4
1189628.304
1155609.084
1160053.120
1159600.016
1140272.728
751792.531
733761.209
728768.409
741075.246
717765.168
19.0
RESULTS
19.1
Respondent Background
724024.454
729646.919
715120.098
710420.664
723141.174
737108.293
746241.619
748022.490
740474.259
710064.291
726958.718
Respondents comprised male fisherfolks (n=214), of which 81.78% were married. A
considerable percentage were of primary level (35.51%), others were elementary graduate
(28.04%) and secondary level (16.82%). Age groups ranged from 30-39 years of age (31.63%),
15-29 (26.05%), 40-49 (22.79%), 50-59 (10.23%), and 60-69 (9.30%) (Figure 29).
50-59
10%
60-69
9%
15-29
26%
Figure 29. Respondents Age Groups,
San Vicente, Palawan, 2004
40-49
23%
30-39
32%
Ethnic origin was mostly Visayan (54.67%) followed by Palaweños (30.37%), migrants
from Luzon (10.75%), and Mindanao (4.21%).
____________________________________________________________________________________
62
Respondents
were
generally
full-time
fisherfolks (60.28%) who have established residencies
in their areas ranging from 20-29 years (26.98%), 11-19
years (26.05%) and from 1-10 years (24.19%). Further,
45.79% have been regularly fishing in their barangay
waters for 11 to 29 years, while 45.33% have been
fishing in their waters for 1 to 10 years. Fish net
(44.52%) and hook & line (40.53%) were the
commonly used fishing gears, followed by spear guns
(10.30%) and jiggers for squid & octopus (4.65%)
(Figure 30).
Jiggers 5%
Spear Guns
10%
Fish nets
44%
Hook & Line
41%
Figure 30. Respondnets Commonly
used fishing gears, San
19.2 Dugongs
Knowledge
Almost half (51.40%) of the respondents have not seen a dugong while 48.60% have
seen the animal. However, of those who have seen the animal, 53.85% of them gave correct
morphological descriptions while the rest (46.15%) described the dugong as having two to three
dorsal fins. While swimming was the frequently observed behavior, feeding was allegedly
spotted by respondents in Barangays Poblacion and Port Barton.
Distribution
In terms of distribution, respondents averred that dugongs are commonly sighted in near
shore waters of mainland San Vicente and outlying islands.
No. of
Sightings
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
New Canipo
Binga
Poblacion
Figure 31. Dugong Sightings
2004
Kemdeng
Caruray
Apr
June
Aug
Port Barton
Month
Sighting Frequency
Dugongs were reportedly sighted only once per year for the period April to Sept 2004
(Figure 31). Only 24 sightings were reported, and mostly occurred (n=8) during the month of
____________________________________________________________________________________
63
September. Barangay Poblacion had the highest number of sightings (n=12) which usually
occurred in early mornings before 10 am.
Abundance In Terms Of Group Size
Dugongs occur in solitary units in most areas. Mother and calf pairs were also reported
in barangays Port Barton, Caruray, Poblacion, and Alimanguan.
Trends In Animal Numbers
Most respondents (72.12%) believe that dugong numbers were increasing in their areas
because the animal gives birth and not caught thus, giving them a chance to “breed”. A small
percentage (17.31%) believe that animal numbers are decreasing because they are rarely seen in
the area, while 10.58% are unsure.
19.3 Turtles
Knowledge
Based on photo-identification, the Hawksbill turtle (40.70%) was the common species
occurring in the area followed by the Olive Ridley (24.42%), Green turtle (18.6%), Loggerhead
(12.21%), and Leatherback (4.07%). A Loggerhead nesting site was reported in Cagnipa island.
Feeding on fishes, seagrasses, and seaweeds were behaviors observed in Barangays Poblacion,
Binga, New Canipo, and Sto. Niño. Mating was reportedly seen in Barangays Port Barton, and
Binga while nesting was reported in all coastal barangays except for Sto. Niño.
Distribution
Turtles were often sighted in nearshore waters, with occasional sightings offshore. All
barangays with the exception of Sto. Niño reportedly harbor turtle nesting sites. Nester species,
however, is unknown except for Port Barton where a Green turtle nesting site was identified
based on a hatchling specimen (Plate 10). Nests were also reported in Wedge Island, Cagnipa,
and Cagbolo islands.
Plate 10. Turtle hatchling identified to be a
Chelonia mydas (Photo: MF Digdigan)
____________________________________________________________________________________
64
Sighting Frequency
Majority (76.17%, n=163) of respondents reported that turtles can be seen almost
everyday of the year at any time of the day. A total of 201 turtle sightings were made for the
period April to September 2004 with September exhibiting the highest number of sightings
(n=183). Most turtle sightings were reported in Barangay Port Barton (n=59) followed by
Barangay Poblacion (n=39) and Barangay Caruray (n=29) (Figure 32).
60
50
Sep
40
No. of
30
Sightings
20
Aug
July
June
10
0
Port Barton
May
Poblacion
Sto. Nino
Apr
Barangay
Figure 32. Turtle Sightings 2004
Nesting season reportedly occur from November to May in Cagnipa Island with four (4)
observed nesters in a month. Each nester produces 90 to 170 eggs.
Animals most often occur singly except in Port Barton where pairs and up to three
individuals were seen together.
Turtles were reportedly increasing in all coastal barangays (92.99%) since the animal
lays “many eggs”. 5.61% were unsure, while 1.40% stated that turtle numbers were decreasing
due to catching for food consumption.
19.4 Dolphins
Knowledge
Almost all (96.26%) have seen dolphins and positively gave morphological descriptions
of the animal. The remaining respondents (3.74%) have not seen dolphins at all. General
behaviors reported were swimming, porpoising, and bowriding. Photo identification results
____________________________________________________________________________________
65
showed that Bottlenose and Spinner dolphins were the common cetacean species occurring in
the area.
Distribution
Dolphins were found to be distributed in coastal, inshore and offshore waters.
Sighting Frequency
For a six (6) month period (April to September 2004), a total of 162 dolphin sightings
were recorded. Most frequent sightings were during the month of September (n=106). Barangay
Port Barton showed the number of most animals sighted (n=45) followed by Poblacion (n=30)
and Binga (n=26) (Figure 33). Majority (60.19%) (n = 124) of the respondents reported that
dolphins can be seen at any time of the day, throughout the year.
No. of
Sightings
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Port Barton
Sep
Aug
July
June
May
Poblacion
Sto. Nino
Apr
Barangay
Figure 33. Dolphin Sightings 2004
Five to twenty individuals were often times seen in most areas. Aggregates of 50 to 100
individuals were reportedly sighted in offshore waters of Port Barton and Caruray while regular
sightings often occur in waters between Buayan and Imuruan islands as per respondents from
New Canipo, Alimanguan, and Poblacion.
Most respondents (81.55%) believe that dolphin numbers were increasing due to the law
that prohibits the capture of such animal. A small percentage (11.65%) were unsure, while
6.80% reported that numbers were decreasing due to incidental captures in fish nets.
____________________________________________________________________________________
66
19.5 Whales
Knowledge
Only 24.77% of the respondents have seen whales while 75.23% have not seen the
animal. Breathing and swimming are the common behaviors observed. Photo identification
revealed Killer whales and Pilot whales occurring in the municipality.
Distribution
Respondents claimed that whales are commonly distributed in offshore waters of
outlaying islands.
Sighting Frequency
For the period of April to September 2004, low sightings of whales were recorded (n=7).
Of the 53 respondents who have seen whales in their respective barangay waters, 66.04%(n=35)
reported that such animals were seen only once a year and sighting time varies from early
mornings to late evenings. Respondents also averred that whales are frequently sighted during
the month of May, with Barangay Caruray showing the most number of sightings (n=3).
Respondents in most of the areas surveyed stated that most animals occur singly with
intermittent sightings of two individuals.
According to respondents, whales are not being caught nor hunted in barangay waters.
As a result, 67.92% of them believe that whale numbers were increasing; 26.42% were unsure,
and 5.66% stated that numbers were decreasing but gave no reason as to why they believe such.
19.6 Threats
Majority (71.50%) of the respondents reported that threats affecting dugongs, turtles,
and cetaceans were absent in the municipality and only 18.22% reported that cyanide affects
most marine wildlife. A small group (10.28%) were unsure.
Reported dugong incidental catches in fish nets for the period April to September 2004
account for 9.62% of dugong mortalities, while deaths due to strandings, of which only one
individual was reportedly alive and released, was 14.42%. Depending on the condition of the
animal, individuals were either eaten or buried.
A total of 53.27% respondents reported direct and indirect turtle catches in their
municipality while 46.73% were unsure. Direct catch for turtles through spears, fish nets, and
____________________________________________________________________________________
67
deliberate taking of nesters account for 9.35% of deaths while incidental catches through fish
nets, fish corrals, and hook & line account for 43.92% turtle mortalities. Barangay Port Barton
(7.02%) showed the highest incidence of direct catch followed by Barangays Caruray (3.51%)
and Poblacion (3.51%). Figure 34 summarizes the reported mortalities for dugongs and turtles.
Threats
Strandings
Dugong
Turtle
Direct catch
Indirect catch
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentage
Figure 34. Dugong And Turtle Mortalities April-Sept
2004
Most respondents (94.17%) averred the absence of dolphin catches in San Vicente while
5.83% reported incidental catches in purse seine vessels. No catching of whales was reported in
the municipality. Rare strandings of individual animals however were reported in Barangays
Sto. Niño, Poblacion, and Port Barton.
19.7 Conservation Awareness
Behavior On Animal Captures
Respondents (98.60%) that should they accidentally catch a live dugong, turtle, or
cetacean, they will release the animal due to the following reasons: it is prohibited by law
(44.39%), it has no economic value (19.16%), the animal is pitiful (6.07%), and the animal
saves lives (4.67%).
If the animal is dead, 56.07% will release the animal and let it float at sea, 17.76% will
release the animal and throw it away offshore, 13.08% will take the animal and bury it ashore,
6.07% will slaughter it, and 1.87% shall report it to the DENR.
Animal Protection
All respondents agree that marine wildlife should be protected. Approximately forty four
percent (43.89%) stated that these animals help save peoples’ lives, 14.03% said that they are
kind and harmless, 10.41% stated that they are part of nature and helps increase the number of
fishes, 9.95% said that these animals should be protected because government agencies said so,
9.50% said that protection is necessary so that their numbers will increase, 6.79% were unsure,
and 5.43% stated that these animals are tourist attractions, that it is for the good of the next
____________________________________________________________________________________
68
generation, and that it has no economic value in the first place ‘so just protect it anyway’ (Table
12).
Table 12. Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Reasons on the Necessity for
Animal Protection
%
43.89
14.03
10.41
9.95
9.5
6.79
5.43
Reason
Animals help save peoples’ lives
Animals are kind and harmless
Part of nature, helps increase number of
fish
Government agencies say so
To increase their numbers
Unsure
For tourist attraction
Implementation Of Laws
A total of 98.60% of the respondents have heard of laws regarding the protection of
dugongs, turtles, and cetaceans. A considerable percentage (43.55%) of them heard said laws
from community leaders, 31.01% from the radio, and 11.15% from their fellow fisherfolks.
Meanwhile, 85.98% believe that laws regarding the conservation of marine wildlife aere
being implemented in their areas. However, 42.06% of this number were unsure as to how such
laws are being implemented, 28.97% said that catching of marine wildlife is strictly
implemented in their barangays, 20.09% said that community members follow such laws, while
the 8.88% said that ‘monitoring’ of catches is an on-going activity in their barangays.
Further, 8.41% of the respondents were unsure whether laws were being implemented in
their barangays and 5.61% believe that laws were not implemented at all. Table 13 summarizes
the details.
Table 13. Law Implementation
85.98%
Laws are implemented
42.06%
Unsure as to how
28.97%
Strict implementation being done
20.09%
Community members follow laws
8.88%
Through monitoring
8.41%
Unsure
5.61%
Laws are not implemented
____________________________________________________________________________________
69
Conservation Activities
Some 73.36% of the respondents were aware of conservation activities on marine
wildlife in their areas. Activity such as ‘monitoring’ of catches was the common answer.
However, 37.91% were unsure as to who is responsible for such monitoring while 30.33%,
14.22%, and 12.80% said it is the LGU, the government agencies (DENR, BFAR), and the
barangay officials respectively.
20.0
DISCUSSIONS
20.1 Dugongs
Seagrass beds as preferred food of dugong species primarily determine the presence of
dugongs in an area. Results generally suggest dugong movement from one feeding area to
another, i.e. northeastern to southeastern part of Palawan province and vice-versa. Sparse
seagrass distribution (Villegas, pers comm.) particularly along Barangays Poblacion and Port
Barton may account for such movement. Short-distance movements of 15-40 km/day by
dugongs have been recorded in recent studies and the animal is likewise capable to undertake
long-distance movements of up to several kilometers in a few days (Marsh et.al. 2002).
While it is true that dugong graze marks can be a potential criterion for identifying core
zones, as in the case of marks found between Pagdanan and Bullock Point in Barangay
Poblacion, animals may still be inadequately protected as threatening activities using active
fishing gears are present. Dugongs are large, docile, relatively slow moving, and palatable.
Their seagrass diet restricts them to shallow coastal waters, which they must share with humans.
There is little difference between what can be done within core zones and what can be done
throughout the vast majority of near-shore waters that will not be protected.
20.2
Marine Turtles
As with other municipalities in the North, marine turtles were common in San Vicent.
The only difference, however, is that nesting sites were reportedly present in all coastal
barangays, particularly the 14 km-stretch of beach in Poblacion. Given the results of the photo
identification where Hawksbill turtles (Plate 11) were the most common, it is very likely that
nests of this species are present in the site. This information is of significant value since
Hawksbill turtles are classified as critically endangered in the IUCN 2003 Red List. It is
imperative that these sites be protected to further arrest the rapid decline of the species.
____________________________________________________________________________________
70
Plate 11. Hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in
San Vicente waters. (Photo by: ARF Montebon)
Marine Turtle Tourism
If protection of the entire beach is impractical in a fourth class municipality, perhaps a
viable option would be to develop wildlife ecotourism, in this case, marine turtle tourism. The
Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG) has endorsed ecotourism, as a solution on a global
scale, for the problems facing conservation programs, particularly in developing countries
(IUCN, 1995). Ecotourism has been defined by Ceballos-Lascurain (1996) as:
“environmentally responsible, enlightening travel and visitation to relatively
undisturbed natural areas in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any
accompanying cultural features both past and present) that promotes
conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations”.
According to this definition, ecotourism involve both cultural and environmental tourism
and, in addition, benefits to the local people are an integral part of the activity. Marine turtles
are an excellent target species for wildlife tourism because they are easily viewed when they
come ashore to nest. Turtles nest in the same beach and feed in the same areas year after year.
Wilson and Tisdell (2000) suggest that non-consumptive wildlife-oriented recreation tourism,
such as turtle-based ecotourism, can result in the long-term conservation of turtles. In this way,
turtle-based tourism can generate income and provide employment whilst supporting the
conservation of marine turtles. The experience from viewing is educational and can create
awareness about the threats facing marine turtles and their habitats (Wilson and Tisdell, 2000).
Turtle ecotourism programs in Indonesia and Brazil have significantly contributed to the
protection of the species at the same time providing an alternative to subsistence hunting
(Waayers, 2002).
20.3 Cetaceans
Spinner (Stenella longirostris) and Bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) dolphins are the most
common marine dolphins in the country. In the case of San Vicente, results revealed that regular
____________________________________________________________________________________
71
sightings of animal aggregations occur particularly between the islands of Buayan and Imuruan.
It is unknown however whether the dolphin schools, particularly spinners, are local resident
population. Although results also revealed that regular sightings of whales during the month of
May occur in offshore waters, species identification needs to be verified to determine cetacean
diversity in the area.
Whale And Dolphin Watching
Given the initial identification of cetaceans and regularity of sightings in the area,
another potential form of wildlife tourism can be developed in the municipality. Whale and
dolphin watching can economically contribute to coastal communities and can encourage related
industries as well. It can provide an important educational experience for people and can give
the opportunity to become familiar with issues involving endangered and threatened species, to
become aware of the ocean environment and animals that live there, and to learn about
cetaceans themselves.
Whale and dolphin watching is currently gaining popularity in the country after a
successful series of surveys done by various environmental organizations. However, only two
have been given accreditation by the Inter-Agency Task Force on Marine Mammal
Conservation (IATFMMC) chaired by the PAWB-DENR, the dolphin watch enterprise in Bais,
Negros Oriental managed by the municipal government; and the whale and dolphin watching
tours managed by the Pamilacan Island Dolphin & Whale Watching Organization (PIDWWO),
a people’s organization based in Pamilacan island, Bohol.
20.4
Seasonality of Animal Sightings
Results indicated that the month of September showed high animal sighting frequencies
except for whales. This can perhaps be attributed to correlations in water temperatures. Muir, et
al (2003) reported that dugongs move to shallow waters from April to September when water
temperatures are lower while Connor, et al (2000) in their studies of bottlenose dolphins
observed that from April to September, the animals concentrate in inshore waters and during the
remainder of the year, the dolphins move into deeper waters. This apparent shift is related to
water temperature changes, either through the thermal requirements of the dolphins or changes
in the distribution of their prey or predators.
20.5 Threats
While no threats were identified by most respondents affecting marine mammals and sea
turtles, results revealed that direct and indirect catch for dugongs and turtles occur in the area.
The risk of incidental captures in nets by dugongs and turtles are high since these animals are
most often found in the same area where fishers are. Results suggest that either fishers do not
associate the illegality of hunting dugongs and sea turtles with the harvesting of live animals
accidentally caught in nets, or they are consciously disregarding the law. As with cetaceans, the
impact of by-catch in purse-seiners cannot be assessed due to the absence of data.
____________________________________________________________________________________
72
20.6
Knowledge and Conservation Awareness
Respondents generally had a high level of awareness on the protection of marine
mammals and sea turtles. However, awareness on the animals’ life history, biology and threats
were relatively poor. Further, data revealed that respondents generally placed the responsibility
of animal protection on the municipal and barangay officials together with government agencies
alone. This information seems surprising since it is implicitly stated in Arquiza’s Rhythm of the
Sea (1999) that coastal communities played an active role in the CRM project implemented in
1997 and as a result, environmental awareness among most residents were raised. Data gathered
suggest either because the project has been established as part of externally funded and assisted
initiative, the tendency is not to continue satisfactorily after the life of the aid program or, the
communities’ concerns were not acted upon by local government units thus their commitment
towards environmental protection diminished.
21.0
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Data suggest that San Vicente’s coastal waters are within the range of dugongs’
movement from one feeding area to another. Since fishermen utilize the same area for fishing,
incidental captures in fish nets are high for dugongs as well as for sea turtles which are
commonly distributed in nearshore coastal waters. The impact of by-catch on the animals must
be addressed in any plans for dugong and sea turtle conservation in the area.
Turtle nesting sites occur in the long stretch of beach in Barangay Poblacion. It is
assumed that hawksbill nests are among those found in the area based on high sighting
frequencies of the species. It is critical that these nests be protected since hawksbill turtles are
classified as critically endangered in the IUCN 2003 Red List.
The prospect of wildlife ecotourism is a potential alternative for the protection of marine
mammals and sea turtles in the municipality based on common occurrences of marine turtles,
regular sightings of dolphins, and frequent sightings of whales during the month of May. It is
emphasized however that the goal is to ensure that socioeconomic, scientific and educational
benefits of wildlife tourism are sustainable and conducted without disrupting the life processes
of the animals. The local communities should be made part of any ecotourism development plan
for no conservation project can survive on its own unless the people of the area get involved and
derive benefits from it.
People participation in the protection of dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans needs to be
re-established in the municipality. Intensive information education campaigns on marine
wildlife should be conducted to include methods to minimize incidental catches and peoples’
roles to ensure the survival of these animals.
____________________________________________________________________________________
73
CHAPTER V
MANGROVE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
22.0
INTRODUCTION
The estimated mangrove area of Palawan is 26,086 hectares which represents about 35%
of the total conservation or mangrove reservation of the country. As per Presidential
Proclamation (P.P.) 2152, said whole mangrove area has been declared as mangrove swamp
forest reserve. In mangrove forest reserves, small-scale sustainable utilization of forest resources
is allowed but commercial and large-scale utilization and conversion to other land uses such as
fishponds are strictly prohibited.
Recent surveys and studies however, showed that mangrove forest inside the reservation
are continuously being subjected to cutting and worst, cleared and developed into fishponds.
The depletion of stock of old growth mangrove forests is primarily due to commercial large
scale cutting for timber, fuelwood, charcoal and direct conversion into fishponds. Likewise, the
stock depletion in second growth is largely due to continuous cutting for sustenance/subsistence
use as poles and piles and fuelwood and some local industrial requirements such as bakery,
construction materials, and fish trap poles and low-cost housing materials (Bennagen and
Cabahug, 1991). The previously dense mangrove forests are now sparsely vegetated second
growth and became reproductive-brush.
The mangrove forest in San Vicente had been subjected into commercial cutting during
the 1970s to the early 1980s. The issuance of concession for mangrove cutting during this
period primarily caused the clear cutting of mangrove forest. Most of the workers of the
concessionaire settled in the area after the expiration of the concession. They continued with the
cutting of mangrove for charcoal and for household uses. The influx of people to San Vicente
due to in-migration and high population growth rate geometrically increased the demand for
mangrove products as low cost housing construction materials, firewood, fish trap poles, fences,
etc. which contributed to the rapid degradation of mangrove forest.
23.0
OBJECTIVES
The study aimed to determine:
1. the forest structure, condition and ecological diversity of mangroves in San Vicente;
2. the patterns of uses and existing land uses of mangroves; and
3. the appropriate management zoning of mangroves.
24.0
•
EXPECTED OUTPUTS
Characterization of the status of mangrove habitats in terms of forest conditions,
structures and ecological diversity; and
____________________________________________________________________________________
74
CHAPTER V: MANGROVE RESOURCES ASSESSMENT
•
25.0
Classification and zoning of mangroves for strict protection or preservation,
conservation or community-based sustainable small-scale utilization, and for restoration
or rehabilitation.
METHODS
Date and Place of Survey and Location of Transects
Resource and Ecological Assessment (REA) of mangrove in San Vicente, Palawan was
conducted from September 15 to October 5, 2004. The distribution of mangrove areas in the
municipality of San Vicente is shown in Figure 35 while the location of 61 transects is
presented in Table 14.
Figure 35. Satellite Map Showing the Municipality of San Vicente Palawan
____________________________________________________________________________________
75
Table 14. Location and Position of Belt Transects Surveyed San Vicente, Palawan,
2004.
San Vicente,
Palawan
So.
Lumambong,
Brgy. Binga
So. Boding,
Binga
Brgy.
Alimanguan
Coordinates
Transect
No.
Transect
Length (m)
Area
(m²)
Remarks
N10° 46’ 15.2”
E119° 19’ 03.7”
01
50
500
Sparse
02
60
600
Sparse
03
300
3000
Sparse
N10° 44’ 05.2”
E119° 20’ 36.3”
N10° 36’ 56.4”
E119° 19’ 24.6”
Newly
developed,
Fish
With
coconut
plantation
within
River mouth
mangrove at
the back of
coconut
plantation
Island
mangrove
Island
mangrove
Island
mangrove
with cutting
at the back
of Cashew
plantation)
With
cuttings for
charcoal
production
Brgy
Alimanguan
N10° 36’ 55.1”
E119° 19’ 26.6”
04
450
4500
Brgy. New
Agutaya
N10° 32’24.8”
E119° 16’17.1”
05
200
2000
Brgy. New
Agutaya
N10° 32’15.6”
E119° 15’53.7”
06
100
1000
So. Bakawan,
Brgy. Buayan
So. Bakawan,
Buayan Island
N10° 33’03’’
E119° 09’01.1”
N10° 34’08.0’’
E119° 09’10.9’’
07
100
1000
08
100
1000
Buayan Island
N10° 33’21.4’’
E119° 03’21.7’’
09
25
250
So. Pulang
Bato, Brgy.
Poblacion
N10° 34’07.2’’
E119° 11’00.5’’
10
100
1000
11
100
1000
Sparse
12
77
770
Dense
13
50
500
Sparse
Brgy.
Poblacion
Brgy.
Poblacion
So.
Makatumbalin
g, Brgy.
Kemdeng
N10° 30’07.0’’
E119° 15’41.9’’
N10° 30’11.2’’
E119° 15’48.0’’
N10° 29’50.1’’
E119° 15’44.4’’
____________________________________________________________________________________
76
So.
Nilabungan,
Brgy.
Kemdeng
So.
Nilabungan,
Brgy.
Kemdeng
So. Bigaho,
Port Barton
N10° 28’40.4’’
E119° 14’41.2’’
14
100
1000
Along the
River sparse
N10° 28’47.0’’
E119° 14’30.4’’
15
486
4860
Dense Prop
roots
N10° 28’16.1’’
E119° 12’59.2’’
16
115
1150
Dense
So. Pamuayan,
Kemdeng
N10° 36’59’’
E119° 11’25.4’’
17
35
350
So. Pamuayan,
Kemdeng
N10° 26’36.7’’
E119° 11’18.3’’
18
100
1000
So. Pamuayan,
Kemdeng
N10° 25’47.5’’
E119° 11’11.5’’
19
100
So. Pamuayan,
Kemdeng
N10° 28’39.3’’
E119° 10’48.11’’
20
100
1000
Port Barton
Proper
Brgy. Port
Barton
Brgy. Port
Barton
N10° 24’34.9’[‘
E119° 10’20.4’’
N10° 29’40.5’’
E119° 10’13.8’’
N110° 24’13.6’’
E119° 09’05.4’’
21
50
500
22
50
500
With cutting
23
180
1800
Sparse
Cata, Port
Barton
N10° 23’43.8’’
E119° 08’48.0’’
24
315
3150
Sparse with
30m
clearings
25
30
300
Dense
26
75
750
Coppicing
with cuttings
27
200
2000
Clear area
28
45
450
29
75
750
30
270
2700
river
1000
High and
Dense Prop
roots
High Prop
roots
Coconut
plantation; w
Nipa and
cuttings;
Prop roots;
sparse with
cutting
With
fishpond
Isla Velasco,
Port Barton
Isla Velasco,
Port Barton
Isla Velasco,
Port Barton
Darapiton,
Port Barton
Darapiton,
Port Barton
N10° 24’24.6’’
E119° 08’46.8’’
N10° 24’56.5’’
E119° 08’29.4’’
N10° 24’35.3’’
E119° 08’30.3’’
N10° 24’31.5’’
E119° 08’32.5’’
N10° 22’35.0’’
E119° 07’46.6’’
N10° 22’45.3’’
E119° 08’31.3’’
So.Tugdunan,
Port Barton
N10° 22’31.1’’
E119° 08’35.4’’
31
30
300
River
crossing;
sparse
Dapi, Port
Barton
N10° 23’02.1’’
E119° 07’49.2’’
32
200
2000
clear
Boyer Island
Cuttings for
charcoal
25m only
sparse
____________________________________________________________________________________
77
Dapi, Port
Barton
So.
Buhanginan,
Port Barton
So.
Buhanginan,
Port Barton
So.
Buhanginan,
Port Barton
Aquarium,
Pagdanan,
Port Barton
Pagdanan,
Port Barton
Pagdanan,
Port Barton
Pagdanan,
Port Barton
Villapeña
Proper
Pontalo East
Port,
Villapeña,
Port Barton
Villapeña,
Port Barton
Nagbalisong,
Port Barton
Nagbalisong,
Port Barton
Nagbalisong,
Port Barton
Queen Bee,
Port Barton
Villapeña,
Port Barton
Queen Bee,
Port Barton
Queen Bee,
Port Barton
So. Pinagiyutan
(Lonely),
Caruray
N10° 23’08.6’’
E119° 07’34.4’’
33
250
2500
With
cuttings;
sparse
N10° 26’42.2’’
E119° 07’09.0’’
34
200
2000
Sparse; with
cuttings
N10° 23’30.0’’
E119° 07’11’’
35
200
2000
Clearing;
with cuttings
N10° 23’31.2’’
E119° 07’22.9’’
36
400
4000
Overtopped
30m
N10° 26’22.1’’
E119° 07’00’’
37
65
650
Sparse, 15m
only
38
50
500
39
50
500
40
50
500
41
100
42
150
1500
Dense
43
180
1800
30m, stamp
44
50
500
Sparse
45
200
2000
Sparse; with
cuttings
46
150
1500
Sparse
47
70
7000
Clearing
20x10m
48
200
2000
Dense
49
200
2000
Dense
50
250
2500
Dense
51
50
500
W Charcoal
Kiln ulingan
N10° 25’35.4’’
E119° 06’53.2’’
N10° 25’51.3’’
E119° 06’58.3’’
N10° 26’33.2’’
E119° 07’17.0’’
N10° 26’48.2’’
E119° 07’09’’
N10° 27’22’’
E119° 06’47’’
N10° 27’08.0’’
E119° 16’43.2’’
N10° 27’32.9’’
E119° 06’32.2’’
N10° 27’34.6’’
E119° 06’19.6’’
N10° 27’48.8’’
E119° 06’20.6’’
N10° 28’19.0’’
E119° 06’39.9’’
N10° 28’04.7’’
E119° 06’13.2’’
N10° 28’18.7’’
E119° 06’28.1’’
N10° 28’26.6’’
E119° 06’28.1’’
N10° 22’14’’
E119° 00’22.2’’
1000
Sparse; with
dead trees
With
cuttings
cuttings
Sparse
____________________________________________________________________________________
78
Candamia,
Caruray
Candamia,
Caruray
Decala River,
Caruray
Decala River,
Caruray
Decala River,
Caruray
Decala River,
Caruray
Caruray River,
Caruray
Caruray River,
Caruray
N10° 22’20.2’’
E119° 01’06.3’’
N10° 22’20.2’’
E118° 01’08.3’’
N10° 20’14.3’’
E119° 01’06.9’’
N10° 20’17.2’’
E119° 01’33.1’’
N10° 20’18.4’’
E119° 01’40.1’’
N10° 20’11.0’’
E119° 01’42.9’’
N10° 16’39.3’’
E119° 00’17.8’’
N10° 18’45.2’’
E119° 00’13.0’’
Caruray River,
Caruray
Caruray River,
Caruray
Overtop;
island
With
Cuttings
52
200
2000
53
300
3000
54
80
800
stamp
55
30
300
30m only,
river mouth
56
200
2000
Sparse
57
200
2000
Sparse
58
150
1500
59
75
750
N10° 18’28.1’’
E119° 00’06.2’’
60
400
400
N10° 18’2.5’’
E118° 59’58.9’’
61
250
2500
With
Cuttings
With
Cuttings
With newly
constructed
fishpond
With
abandoned
fishpond
Sampling Procedure
Transects were laid out in the base map taking map consideration the different land uses,
forest conditions and extent of mangrove areas. Reconnaissance was conducted to validate the
mangrove forest conditions and the result was considered to finally select sampling sites. The
belt transect of 10 meter width traversed the different mangrove forest conditions perpendicular
to the shorelines and riverbanks.
Field Methods
The
study
areas
were
demarcated into transects running
perpendicular to the seashore up to the
inland using GPS to ascertain the
direction and avoid overlapping or
intersection of transects toward the
landward area. Each transect was
divided into 10m x 50m size plot. In
each transect, trees inside the plot
larger than 5cm in diameter were
recorded per plot (Plate 12) for total
Plate 12. Picture showing the lay-outing of transects,
San Vicente, Palawan, 2004
____________________________________________________________________________________
79
height and/or merchantable height and diameter at breast height (DBH)/diameter above budroot (DAB)
A 2m x 50m subplot was laid out for the measurement of regeneration. Saplings, (with
diameter smaller than 5cm and height more than 2m) were identified and the number of
individuals by species was determined. Counts of seedlings (height lower than 2m) were
recorded as number of individuals of species.
Within each plot in the different transects, mangrove species were identified and
classified into:
1. Timber size trees (> 15cm DBH/DAB)
2. Pole size trees (> 5cm up to 15cm in DBH/DAB)
3. Regeneration
¾ Saplings (5cm DBH/DAB and 2m in height)
¾ Seedlings (height below 2m)
For timber size trees (>15cm DBH/DAB), the following parameters were assessed:
1. Merchantable height (to the nearest 0.5m). The height from stump (0.3m above the
budroot in Rhizophora spp. or ½m above the ground in non-Rhizophora spp up to the
first major branch or 10 cm top diameter limit).
2. Total Height (to the nearest 0.5m)
3. DAB/DBH (to the nearest 0.5cm)
For pole-size trees, only the total height and DBH/DAB were measured. Due to some
difficulties in site conditions, which hindered work, the height was measured directly using
calibrated poles as guide for small to medium size trees. For large size trees (more than 10m
high), height was estimated.
Initially, the diameter was measured accurately using a diameter tape, and as the work
progressed, the diameter was already estimated directly. In all species, except for Rhizophora,
diameter was recorded at 1.3m height from the ground level known as DBH. In Rhizophora
spp., because of the presence of stilt roots, the diameter was recorded at height of 0.3m from the
topmost stilt roots known as DAB.
In the case of regeneration saplings and seedlings, the density (number present in each
plot) in the different transects were recorded by species.
In addition to the above quantitative data, observations were made on the following:
1. Presence of ferns and other non-woody species;
2. Presence of crab mounds; and
3. Presence of avifauna and wildlife
____________________________________________________________________________________
80
Data Processing and Analysis
Individual tree volume of timber size trees were computed using the volume equations or
using the volume tables for each species derived by Cabahug (1986a; 1986b) for timberproducing mangrove species. Based on the computed volume, a stand and stock table was
constructed using the suggested format. Other tree parameter variables such as stand volume
(SV), stand stock per hectare (N), diameter of the mean basal area of the tree (Dg), stand
dominant height (Ho), mean diameter of dominant height (Dho), stand mean (H) and stand basal
area (G) were computed using the formula/equations formulated by FAO, as follows:
ΣV
Plot area
Stand volume (SV)
SV (m3/ha) =
Stand stock per hectare (N)
N (tree/ha) = Total no. of live trees on the plot
Plot area
Mean Diameter (Dg)
Dg (cm) =
Stand dominant height (Ho)
Ho (m) = ΣDh/No. of dominant trees on the plot
where Dh = height of dominant trees
Mean diameter of dominant
height (Dho)
Dho (cm) = ΣDd/No. of dominant trees on the plot
where Dd = diameter of dominant trees
Stand mean height (H)
H(m) =
Σd2 /No. of trees on the plot
where d = diameter of the tree
ΣTh/No. of trees on the plot
where Th = tree height
G (m2/ha)) = ΣBa/Plot area
where Ba = 0.007854 (Dbh) 2
Stand basal area (G)
The dominant species for each site were determined based on the importance value (IV).
The IV is the sum of the relative density, relative frequency, and relative coverage. These are
computed using the following formula:
Density
=
Relative density
=
Coverage
=
Relative coverage
=
Total number of individuals counted for a given species
Total area sampled
Total number of individuals of a given species x 100
Total number of individuals of all species
Total area covered by a given species
Total area sampled
Total coverage of a species x 100
Total coverage of all species
____________________________________________________________________________________
81
Frequency
=
Number of plots where a given species occur
Total number of plots in the site
Relative frequency =
Frequency of a given species x 100
Total frequency of all species
Importance Value
Relative density + Relative coverage + Relative frequency
=
The diversity indices are computed using the following formula:
Species richness measures
Margalef’s index
Menhinick’s index
DMg = (S-1)/ln N
DMn = S/√ N
where S = total number of species
N = total number of individuals
ln = logarithm function
Shannon diversity index
H’ = -Σpi ln pi where pi, the proportional abundance of the ith species = (ni/N)
Evenness of the species can now be calculated using the formula:
E = H’ /ln S
Simpson’s index
(ni(ni- 1))
D = Σ ___________
(N(N-1))
where ni = the number of individuals in the ith species
N = the total number of individuals.
Berger-Parker diversity index
The Berger-Parker index is calculated from the equation:
d = Nmax/N
where N = total number of individuals and Nmax = number of individuals in the most abundant
species. In order to ensure that the index increases with increasing diversity the reciprocal form
of the measure is usually adopted.
Similarity measures
Sorenson measure using the qualitative data, the formula: CN = 2jN / (aN + bN)
where aN = the number of individuals in site A, bN = the number of individuals in site B, and jN
= the sum of the lower of the two abundances or species which occur in the two sites.
____________________________________________________________________________________
82
26.0
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
26.1
Biodiversity Assessment
Species Composition and Distribution
There are 18 true and 20 associate mangrove species identified and recorded during the
survey belonging to 14 families and 27 genera of vascular plants (Table 15).
Table 15. List of True and Associate Mangrove Species Identified and Recorded in San
Vicente, Palawan, 2004.
Scientific Names
Code
Common Name
Existing in Coron
Aegiceras floridum
Af
Saging-saging
*
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Bruguiera sexangula
Bg
Busain
*
Bs
Pototan
*
Bruguiera cylindrical
Bruguiera parviflora
Ceriops tagal
Ceriops decandra
Lumnitzera littorea
Lumnitzera racemosa
Nypa fruticans
Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora mucronata
Rhizophora stylosa
Sonneratia alba
Sonneratia caseolaris
Excoecaria agallocha
Xylocarpus granatum
Xylocarpus moluccensis
MANGROVE ASSOCIATE
Acanthus ebracteatus
Acacia farnesiana
Acrostichum aureum
Barringtonia asiatica
Barringtonia racemosa
Caesalpinia crista
Cynometra ramiflora
Derris trifoliate
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Instia bijuga
Morinda citrifolia
Osbornia octodonta
Pandanus tectorius
Pongamia pinnata
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
Terminalia catappa
Thespesia populneoides
Thespesia populnea
Cerbera manghas
Dolichandrone spathacea
Bc
Bp
Ct
Cd
Ll
Lr
Nf
Ra
Rm
Rs
Sal
Sc
Ea
Xg
Xm
Pototan lalaki
Langarai
Tangal
Malatangal
Tabau
Kulasi
Nipa
Bakauan lalaki
Bakauan babae
Bakauan bato
Pagatpat
Pedada
Buta-buta
Tabigi
Piagau
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Aeb
Afa
Aau
Ba
Br
Cc
Cr
Dt
Ht
Ib
Mc
Oo
Pt
Pp
Sh
Tc
Tp
Tpo
Cm
Dsp
Tigbau
Aroma
Lagolo
Botong
Putat
Sapinit
Balitbitan
Mangasin
Malubago
Ipil
Bangkoro
Tualis
Prickly pandan
Bani
Nilad
Talisai
Malabanalo
Banalo
Baraibai
Tui
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
TRUE MANGROVE
____________________________________________________________________________________
83
The most widely distributed species in San Vicente are Rhizophora apiculata (Ra), (Plate
16), Rhizophora mucronata (Rm), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Bg), Xylocarpus granatum (Xg),
Bruguiera sexangula (Bs), Heritiera littorea (Hl), Rhizophora stylosa (Rs), Bruguiera
cylindrica (Bc), Ceriops tagal (Ct) and Bruguiera parviflora (Bp) which are recorded in 61, 39,
50, 31, 31, 24, 12, 16, 15 and 14 transects. In terms of abundance (total individuals in 61
transects), Ra, Rm, Bg, Xg, Bs, Hl, Rs, Bc, Ct and Bp species have 5114, 936, 675, 212, 185,
162, 140, 122, 70 and 67 individuals respectively (Table 16). Species diversity depends on
species composition, and number of individual species in certain vegetation community.
Plate 13. Picture showing Rhizophora apiculata
Table 16. Distribution and Abundance of Top Fifteen Mangrove Species in Different
Sampling Sites of San Vicente, Palawan, 2004
Species
No. Transects
Individual Count (N)
Ra
Rm
Bg
Xg
Bs
Hl
Rs
Bc
Ct
Bp
Sc
Cd
Pngp
Baraibai
Ea
61
39
50
31
31
24
12
16
15
14
8
7
9
3
6
5114
936
675
212
185
162
140
122
70
67
61
21
19
15
15
____________________________________________________________________________________
84
Diversity Indices
The most diverse sampling site in terms of species richness (Mmg), species abundance
(H ) and most abundant species distribution is Transect 1. Transect 1 has the highest relative
value of Margaleft’s species richness and Shannon’s species abundance (H1) and ranked third in
Berger Parker diversity index. However, in terms of Evenness of species distribution (E) and
Simpson’s index of species dominance transects 43 and 59 respectively has the highest index of
diversity. The greater the evenness of species distribution, the more diverse it becomes. The top
five (5) sampling sites with high Evenness Index are in T-43, T-20, T-45, T-32 and T-27 where
distribution of species are equitably abundant, hence indicated a high diversity index (Maguran,
1987). Co nsidering combination of indices such as S, Mmg, H1, 1/D and E, there is no single
transect which had consistently indicated diverse indices. However, using Simpson Index (1/D),
the top five (5) diverse sampling sites are T-59, T-41, T-20, T-5, and T-46 (Table 17). The
higher diversity index means longer food chains and more cases of symbiosis hence increase in
stability and stable environment (Odum, 1971).
1
Table 17. The Diversity Indices of 61 Sampling Sites in Mangrove Forest of San
Vicente, Palawan Calculated Using Different Diversity Formula.
Transect
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Species
richness
(S)
13
6
6
14
8
11
7
2
2
5
4
1
6
6
9
4
3
6
5
2
6
3
5
Individuals
(N)
50
22
173
281
96
91
63
59
40
117
39
29
25
66
417
100
57
100
75
93
14
65
194
Margalef
(Dmg)
3.0675
1.6176
0.9703
2.3056
1.5336
2.2169
1.4482
0.2452
0.2711
0.84
0.8189
0
1.5533
1.1934
1.326
0.6514
0.4947
1.0857
0.9265
0.2206
1.8946
0.4791
0.7593
Shannon
(H')
2.00922
1.26031
0.59652
1.34771
0.56755
1.27211
0.93388
0.39688
0.37677
1.03484
0.89984
0
0.82231
0.88045
1.58407
0.86567
0.48453
0.73036
0.86332
0.36348
1.56914
0.44222
0.63561
Shannon
evenness
(E)
0.0125112
0.0091589
0.0467695
0.0450265
0.0258108
0.0214746
0.0198301
0.0528437
0.0386707
0.0388193
0.0189423
0
0.0101816
0.0223444
0.0707543
0.0399559
0.0324374
0.0309141
0.0275123
0.0755528
0.0062763
0.0360045
0.0566366
Simpson
(1/D)
0.2
0.36797
0.71421
0.4376
0.78399
0.47521
0.58679
0.76154
0.77564
0.444
0.50742
1
0.63333
0.5711
0.27259
0.54687
0.74687
0.63152
0.56216
0.78915
0.18681
0.775
0.66952
BergerParker
(N∞)
2.38095
1.69231
1.1931
1.56111
1.12941
1.46774
1.3125
1.15686
1.14286
1.625
1.44444
1
1.25
1.34694
2.20635
1.38889
1.16327
1.28205
1.36364
1.13415
2.8
1.14035
1.24359
____________________________________________________________________________________
85
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
6
5
6
6
3
6
8
8
4
7
7
4
9
8
4
3
5
3
10
4
5
6
4
5
3
9
9
8
11
10
6
4
5
5
5
4
7
5
288
77
144
316
53
126
317
363
232
198
48
49
199
81
41
54
60
49
61
275
69
337
86
77
98
138
195
57
228
183
92
46
177
200
123
126
194
162
0.8829
0.9209
1.0061
0.8687
0.5037
1.0339
1.2155
1.1876
0.5508
1.1346
1.5499
0.7708
1.5113
1.5929
0.8078
0.5014
0.977
0.5139
2.1893
0.5341
0.9447
0.8591
0.6735
0.9209
0.4362
1.6236
1.5172
1.7314
1.8418
1.7276
1.1058
0.7836
0.7728
0.755
0.8312
0.6203
1.139
0.7862
0.94234
0.85084
1.11893
1.3947
1.01097
0.60982
1.10674
1.33839
1.05373
1.18671
1.47195
0.478
1.38365
1.10289
1.13774
0.67696
0.91927
0.39822
1.12088
0.59606
0.3017
0.92424
0.47917
0.71608
0.42695
1.27735
1.29555
1.06519
1.52427
1.56866
1.50366
1.05687
0.96819
0.79521
0.86808
0.30615
1.26539
0.87978
0.0674695
0.0280862
0.0407996
0.0719537
0.0306063
0.0368906
0.0621344
0.0681508
0.074836
0.0475459
0.0159594
0.0227761
0.0422625
0.0226171
0.0197261
0.0310672
0.0230648
0.0287402
0.0163348
0.0844288
0.0257646
0.0752007
0.0355486
0.0280862
0.0496389
0.0322234
0.0416416
0.0171374
0.0427287
0.037931
0.0289839
0.0216475
0.0529527
0.0579083
0.0403254
0.0476804
0.0468435
0.0495957
0.50583
0.55947
0.42599
0.29126
0.373
0.73854
0.41087
0.38205
0.37338
0.47521
0.28191
0.77296
0.40044
0.4858
0.33171
0.56464
0.53503
0.80782
0.54645
0.71984
0.88662
0.50228
0.78358
0.64286
0.77867
0.40358
0.38239
0.52694
0.35629
0.30745
0.24749
0.40773
0.51085
0.62854
0.54445
0.86438
0.38566
0.56261
1.47692
1.375
1.65517
2.70085
2.20833
1.16667
1.77095
1.70423
2.01739
1.47761
2.18182
1.13953
1.63115
1.47273
2.27778
1.42105
1.39535
1.11364
1.35556
1.18534
1.06154
1.49778
1.13158
1.2623
1.13953
1.68293
1.78899
1.39024
1.74046
1.96774
2.96774
1.7037
1.43902
1.27389
1.39773
1.07692
1.71681
1.36134
Based on Shannon index of diversity, almost all sampling sites in San Vicente had very
low relative values of biodiversity indices using the scale of Fernando Biodiversity (1998).
Likewise, in terms of evenness of distribution of species abundances, all transects had low
relative values of biodiversity scale (Table 18)
____________________________________________________________________________________
86
Table 18. The Relative Values of Shannon Diversity Index and Evenness of Mangroves
Species Distribution in San Vicente, Palawn Based on Fernando Biodiversity
Scale (1998)
Transect
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Shannon (H')
2.00922
1.26031
0.59652
1.34771
0.56755
1.27211
0.93388
0.39688
0.37677
1.03484
0.89984
0.0009
0.82231
0.88045
1.58407
0.86567
0.48453
0.73036
0.86332
0.36348
1.56914
0.44222
0.63561
0.94234
0.85084
1.11893
1.3947
1.01097
0.60982
1.10674
1.33839
1.05373
1.18671
1.47195
0.478
1.38365
1.10289
1.13774
0.67696
0.91927
Relative
Values
Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Shannon
Evenness (E)
0.012511219
0.009158879
0.046769506
0.045026548
0.02581076
0.021474607
0.019830136
0.052843737
0.038670726
0.038819336
0.018942309
0.000057
0.010181611
0.022344395
0.070754289
0.039955858
0.032437414
0.030914072
0.02751227
0.075552755
0.006276267
0.036004546
0.056636646
0.067469454
0.028086248
0.040799635
0.071953745
0.030606267
0.036890573
0.062134359
0.068150842
0.074836021
0.047545939
0.015959381
0.022776099
0.042262524
0.022617149
0.01972613
0.031067222
0.023064833
Relative Values
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
____________________________________________________________________________________
87
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
26.2
0.39822
1.12088
0.59606
0.3017
0.92424
0.47917
0.71608
0.42695
1.27735
1.29555
1.06519
1.52427
1.56866
1.50366
1.05687
0.96819
0.79521
0.86808
0.30615
1.26539
0.87978
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
0.028740237
0.016334785
0.084428788
0.025764649
0.075200742
0.03554865
0.028086248
0.04963886
0.032223393
0.041641569
0.017137362
0.042728699
0.037931029
0.028983917
0.021647516
0.052952747
0.05790826
0.040325352
0.047680374
0.046843461
0.049595658
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Very Low
Mangrove Vegetation Structural Analysis
Relative Frequency (RF), Relative Density (RDen), Relative Dominance (RDom) and
Importance Value (IV)
Rhizophora apiculata (Ra) is the most dominant and important mangrove species in San
Vicente. It is also the most frequent and dense mangrove species recorded. It has consistently
recorded the highest value of RF, RDen, RDom and IV of 28.36; 64.86; 68.49 and 161.66,
respectively. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (Bg), followed second in ranking to R. apiculata with RF,
RDen, RDOm, and IV of 18.14, 8.56, 15.78 and 42.49 respectively. The other top 15 important
mangrove species in decreasing order are: Rhizophora mucronata (Rm), Bruguiera sexangula
(Bs),
Xylocarpus granatum (Xg),Heritiera littoralis (Hl), Bruguiera cylindrica (Bc),
Rhizophora stylosa (Rs), Bruguiera parviflora (Bp), and Ceriops tagal (Ct)(Table 19).
____________________________________________________________________________________
88
Table 19. RF, RDen, RDom, and IV of top 15 mangrove species San Vcente,
Palawan, 2004
Species
Ra
Bg
Rm
Bs
Xg
Hl
Bc
Rs
Bp
Ct
Sc
Pngp
Cd
Ib
Ea
RF
28.3569
18.1422
10.3666
7.469
6.8614
5.9442
3.3533
1.9805
2.8976
3.0495
1.6767
1.3728
1.3728
1.0662
0.9143
Rden
64.8573
8.5606
11.8706
2.3462
2.6886
2.0545
1.5472
1.7755
0.8497
0.8878
0.7736
0.241
0.2663
0.1522
0.1902
Rdom
68.4449
15.7827
7.6542
2.1854
1.5828
0.5884
0.4496
0.7483
0.4442
0.1685
0.9872
0.09
0.0571
0.2054
0.0884
IV
161.6591
42.4855
29.8914
12.0006
11.1328
8.5871
5.3501
4.5043
4.1915
4.1058
3.4375
1.7038
1.6962
1.4238
1.1929
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Average Stocking
Following the DENR stocking classification, all transects have an open/cleared stocking
ranges from 22 to 417 trees/ha. On the overall, mangrove of San Vicente has an open stocking
of 131 trees/ha mostly in pole sizes (Table 20).
Table 20. Average Stocking (N/ha) of Timber and Pole Size Trees/Transect San
Transect
Timber
Pole
Total
DENR Stocking Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
27
17
112
57
55
45
43
19
9
69
12
4
5
47
23
5
61
224
41
46
20
40
31
48
27
25
20
19
50
22
173
281
96
91
63
59
40
117
39
29
25
66
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
____________________________________________________________________________________
89
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Ave
248
47
25
52
47
46
9
23
41
112
22
39
65
21
21
142
129
75
92
10
12
81
48
24
29
31
12
23
66
14
127
23
17
24
66
73
5
136
109
30
23
153
191
74
28
126
99
56
169
53
32
48
28
47
5
42
153
176
55
105
251
32
105
175
234
157
106
38
37
118
33
17
25
29
37
38
209
55
210
63
60
74
72
122
52
92
74
62
23
24
9
49
98
68
63
74
417
100
57
100
75
93
14
65
194
288
77
144
316
53
126
317
363
323
198
48
49
199
81
41
54
60
49
61
275
69
337
86
77
98
138
195
57
228
183
92
46
177
200
123
126
194
162
131
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
Open-Logged Over
____________________________________________________________________________________
90
Stand Volume
Generally, mangrove forest of San Vicente has an average stand volume of 31.00 m3/ha,
which is classified by DENR and FAO as low volume forest stand. Almost all mangrove stands
sampled in San Vicente has low stand volume except transects 15 (133 m3), T-31 (76 m3), T-56
(135 m3), T-57 (205 m3), T-58 (69 m3) and T-60 (150 m3). The lowest volume stand is sampled
in T-12 with 0.92 m3/ha (Table 21).
Table 21. Stand vVume (m3/ha) of Timber and Poles by Transect in San Vicente,
Palawan, 2004
Transect
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Timber
22.516
3.708
22.406
14.584
17.671
16.389
27.13
6.994
1.418
39.619
4.663
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
0.417
0.665
34.811
127.116
10.407
10.561
20.137
36.501
18.202
3.181
4.274
22.828
43.707
16.549
17.992
22.199
5.448
5.741
Stand Volume (SV)
Pole
0.457
0.176
2.63
4.544
1.861
0.564
0.799
1.559
1.415
1.602
0.558
0.504
0.502
0.86
5.179
1.734
1.46
1.501
0.486
0.904
0.229
0.856
6.177
8.293
1.79
3.264
6.225
0.5
2.409
Total
22.973
3.884
25.036
19.128
19.532
16.953
27.929
8.553
2.833
41.221
5.221
0.921
1.167
35.671
132.295
12.141
12.021
21.638
36.987
19.106
3.41
5.13
29.005
52
18.339
21.256
28.424
5.948
8.15
SV Classes
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Moderate Vol
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
____________________________________________________________________________________
91
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
26.3
53.014
66.032
33.879
29.329
2.439
2.523
27.345
26.952
8.482
24.76
7.19
9.038
4.73
27.308
3.965
41.888
6.239
5.158
5.16
19.048
22.032
0.369
54.082
53.204
24.035
12.259
134.141
204.818
67.399
6.658
147.707
38.245
9.234
9.78
5.457
4.233
0.913
0.873
3.399
1.105
0.81
0.598
1.336
0.993
1.669
6.292
2.104
6.837
2.587
3.488
2.515
2.723
3.93
1.842
3.476
2.864
2.731
1.463
1.135
0.343
1.33
3.492
2.46
2.46
62.248
75.812
39.336
33.562
3.352
3.396
30.744
28.057
9.292
25.358
8.526
10.031
6.399
33.6
6.069
48.725
8.826
8.646
7.675
21.771
25.962
2.211
57.558
56.068
26.766
13.722
135.276
205.161
68.729
10.15
150.167
40.705
Low Volume
Moderate Vol
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Low Volume
Moderate Vol
Moderate Vol
Moderate Vol
Low Volume
Moderate Vol
Low Volume
Pattern of Uses and Existing Land Uses/Forest Conditions of Mangroves
Existing and Pattern of Land Uses
Mangroves in San Vicente had been subjected to commercial cutting from early 70’s to
late 80’s. Thereafter mangroves have been continuously utilized for domestic or local
consumption. There were mangroves areas which were then converted into fishponds in the 80’s
but are still not fully developed and productive. Areas cleared for fishponds and not excavated,
particularly in Port Barton and Caruray are now densely vegetated with pole size trees but those
excavated portions are devoid of vegetation. There are newly constructed fishponds along
Caruray River, Port Barton and Alimanguan. Cuttings of mangrove for poles and fuelwood are
____________________________________________________________________________________
92
rampant in Port Barton specifically in Sitio Cata, Isla Velasco, Buhanginan, Dapi, Pagdanan and
Sitio Nagbalisong; barangay Caruray particularly along Caruray and Decala River and Sitio
Candamia; and barangays Alimanguan and New Agutaya. Cuttings for charcoal are rampant in
Sitio Buhanginan, Isla Velasco, Dapi and Queen Bee of barangay Port Barton; Sitio Pulang Bato
of barangay Poblacion; and Sitio Pinag-iyutan of barangay Caruray. Mangroves along the
landward zone are also cultivated/planted with coconut and cashew in Buayan Is., New Agutaya
and Sitio Panuayon of barangay Kemdeng.
Overall Stocking and Forest Condition
The continuous community-based small scale cutting of mangroves depleted the
secondary growth forest into reproduction stand with remnants of old growth trees left from
cutting because of the twisted hardness of wood grains which are difficult to cut. The 30 year
period that had lapsed after cutting the original old growth mangroves could have provided
sufficient period for the mangrove to grow into dense timber size stand.. However, such
mangrove state was not attained. Today, mangroves in San Vicente and even in the entire
Northern Palawan area are still in their regeneration stage, mostly in reproduction sizes. Said
mangrove areas are characterized as open-cleared stocking with correspondingly low stand
volume due to low growth stature and loosely scattered-patches of vegetation. Continuous
cutting activities for charcoal consequently cleared more areas into open and devoid of
vegetation areas, which can be difficult for natural regeneration to occur.
27.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
Proposed Management Zoning
All mangrove areas in Palawan were declared as mangrove swamp forest reserve as per
Presidential Proclamation 2152. The implementing rules and regulation of PP 2152 as embodied
in DENR Administrative Order No. 1521 series of 1986 allowed small-scale community based
utilization in sustainable manner. However, conversion into other uses such as fishponds,
settlements, and agriculture are strictly prohibited. The PCSDS allowed issuance of CBFMA in
mangrove areas under restriction of using the open, logged-over, inadequately stock areas for
rehabilitation purposes only. Based on PCSDS guidelines mangrove under rehabilitation can be
zoned as restricted multiple use zone. However, on the basis of the ECAN Management
Framework and Guidelines, the entire mangrove areas of Palawan are classified as core zone
although can be further categorized into restoration sub-zone if needing rehabilitation or into
restricted multiple use zones if covered by an existing CBFMA. Incidentally, PCSDS issued in
2003 SEP clearances for four (4) CBFMA projects with the objective of implementing
mangrove restoration activities in the applied areas. Thus, this set a precedent for allowing
CBFMA in mangrove areas of Palawan. Considering this development from PCSDS, the
national mangrove policy pursuant to Presidential Proclamation 2152 and NIPAS law,
mangrove areas in Palawan can now be therefore zoned into core zone, restoration zone and
restricted multiple use zones.
____________________________________________________________________________________
93
It is proposed that mangrove areas with open, logged over and inadequate stock with low
stand volume be zoned into a restoration zone, while mangrove forest with inadequate to
adequately stock with moderate to high volume stand may be zoned into core zone. Those
mangrove areas identified with potential ecological tourist destination and those unproductive,
abandoned fishpond and fishpond areas without FLA may be zone into restricted multiple use.
Proposed Management Strategy
The management strategy (ies) recommended is presented in Table 22. Mangrove areas
with similar forest structures and conditions with those of Transects 15, 31, 56, 57 and 58 are
recommended for rehabilitation through ANR intended for conservation purposes. CBMFM
shall be an appropriate tenure arrangement in rehabilitating mangrove areas either through
ANR, Forestation and Aqua-silviculture. In Transects 4, 21, 60 and 61, aqua-silviculture is
prescribed to rehabilitate areas with clearings and developed but unproductive fishponds,
abandoned and not covered with FLAs. Likewise, immediate forestation shall be applied to
mangrove areas with similar state of forest structures and conditions, such as in Transects 1, 2,
3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 and 59.
Table 22. Proposed Management Strategies of Mangroves in San Vicente, Palawan
Biodi
Index
Class
Threaten
Endemic
Spp.
Biodi
Hotspots
Management
Strategy
Low
Presence
Minimal
Cuttings
CBMFM
Forestation
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
Minimal
Cuttings
CBMFM
Forestation
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
Minimal
Cuttings
CBMFM
Forestation
Transect
No.
Average
Stocking
Class
Forest
Cover
Class
Stand
Volume
Class
1
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
2
Open/
Cleared
3
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Logged
over
____________________________________________________________________________________
94
Table 22 continued. . .
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
5
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
W/
Coconut
Plantation
CBMFM
Forestation
6
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
W/
Coconut
Plantation
CBMFM
Forestation
7
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Absence
Minimal
Cuttings
CBMFM
Forestation
8
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Absence
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
11
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
12
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
4
9
10
13
Presence
Newly
Developed
Fishpond
Minimal
Cuttings
CBMFM-Aqua Silviculture
CBMFM
Forestation
CBMFM
Forestation
Very Low
Absence
W/
Cashew
Plantation
Very Low
Absence
Charcoal
Making
CBMFM-Forestation
Very Low
Absence
Minimal
Cutting
CBMFM
Forestation
Very Low
Absence
Minimal
Cutting
CBMFM-Forestation
Minimal
Cutting
CBMFM-Forestation
Very Low
Absence
____________________________________________________________________________________
95
Transect
No.
14
15
16
Forest
Average
Cover
Stocking
Class
Class
Open/
Logged
Cleared
over
Low
Volume
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Moderate
Volume
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
17
Open/
Cleared
18
Open/
Cleared
19
Stand
Volume
Class
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Low
Volume
Low
Volume
Threaten
Endemic
Spp.
Very Low
Presence
Very Low
Very Low
Presence
Presence
Very Low
Presence
Very Low
Presence
Very Low
Presence
Very Low
Logged
over
Presence
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
23
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
24
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
25
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Absence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Absence
21
22
26
27
28
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Biodi
Hotspots
Management
Strategy
Minimal
Cutting
CBMFM-Forestation
Minimal
Cutting
CBMFM-Forestation/ANR
Minimal
Cutting
CBMFM-Forestation
Minimal
Cutting
CBMFM-Forestation
Minimal
Cutting
CBMFM-Forestation
W/
Coconut
Plantation
CBMFM-Forestation
Low
Volume
Open/
Cleared
20
Biodi
Index
Class
Rampant
Cuttings
CBMFM-Forestation
Clearings
Fishpond
Rampant
Cuttings
CBMFM
Aqua-silviculture
Minimal
Cuttings
CBMFM-Forestation
Clearings
Minimal
Cuttings
Rampant
Cuttings
Clearings
Charcoal
Making
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM
Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
____________________________________________________________________________________
96
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Absence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Absence
Moderate Very Low
Volume
Absence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Absence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Absence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
35
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
36
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
37
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
38
Open/
Cleared
Logged
over
Logged
over
Logged
over
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
Low
Volume
Very Low
Presence
29
30
32
33
34
39
40
Open/
Cleared
Open/
Cleared
Minimal
Cutting
Cutting
Cutting
Clearings
Cutting
Cutting
Clearings
Cutting
Cutting
Cutting
Rampant
Cutting
Rampant
Cutting
CBMFM
Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM
Forestation/ANR
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
CBMFM-Forestation
____________________________________________________________________________________
97
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____________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
102
Appendix 1. Occerrence of reef fishes from 92 sampling stations, San Vicente, Palawan,
September 2004.
Station
Family
Species
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
*
*
*
*
*
Category
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus japonicus
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus lineatus
M
T
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus thompsoni
T
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus triostegus
T
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus xanthopterus
T
Acanthuridae
Ctenochaetus binotatus
T
Acanthuridae
Ctenochaetus striatus
T
Acanthuridae
Naso fageni
T
Acanthuridae
Naso lituratus
T
Acanthuridae
Naso unicornis
T
Acanthuridae
Naso vlamingii
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Acanthuridae
Zebrasoma scopas
M
Acanthuridae
Zebrasoma veliferum
M
*
Apogonidae
Apogon bandanensis
M
Apogonidae
Apogon compressus
M
Apogonidae
Apogon cyanosoma
M
Apogonidae
Apogon griffini
M
Apogonidae
Apogon sealei
M
Apogonidae
Archamia fucata
M
Apogonidae
Archamia zosterophora
M
*
Apogonidae
M
*
*
*
Apogonidae
Cheilodipterus macrodon
Cheilodipterus
quinquelineatus
M
*
*
*
Apogonidae
Rhabdamia gracilis
M
*
Apogonidae
Sphaeramia nematoptera
M
*
Atherinidae
Atherinomorus sp. (red)
T
Atherinidae
Atherinomorus sp. 1
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
103
*
Appendix 1 continued . . .
Aulostomidae
Aulostomus chinensis
M
Balistidae
Balistapus undulatus
T
Balistidae
T
Balistidae
Balistoides viridescens
Pseudobalistes
flavimarginatus
Balistidae
Rhinecanthus aculeatus
T
Balistidae
Rhinecanthus rectangulus
T
Balistidae
T
Belonidae
Sufflamen chrysopterus
Tylosurus crocodilus
crocodilus
T
Blenniidae
Atrosalarias fuscus
M
Blenniidae
blenny sp.
M
Blenniidae
Ecsenius bicolor
M
Blenniidae
M
Blenniidae
Meiacanthus grammistes
Plagiotremus
rhinorhynchos
M
Blenniidae
Salarias fasciatus
M
Caesionidae
Caesio caerulaurea
T
Caesionidae
Caesio lunaris
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
Caesionidae
Caesio teres
T
Caesionidae
Pterocaesio chrysozona
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Pterocaesio digramma
T
Carangidae
Carangoides ferdau
T
*
Carangidae
Caranx melampygus
T
*
Carangidae
Caranx sp.
T
Carangidae
Decapterus sp. (grey tail)
Decapterus sp. (yellow
tail)
T
T
*
*
Caesionidae
Carangidae
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
104
*
*
Station
Family
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Total
Species
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus japonicus
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus lineatus
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus thompsoni
Acanthuridae
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus triostegus
Acanthurus
xanthopterus
Acanthuridae
Ctenochaetus binotatus
*
*
Acanthuridae
Ctenochaetus striatus
*
*
*
*
*
*
Acanthuridae
Naso fageni
Acanthuridae
Naso lituratus
Acanthuridae
Naso unicornis
Acanthuridae
Naso vlamingii
Acanthuridae
Zebrasoma scopas
Acanthuridae
Zebrasoma veliferum
Apogonidae
Apogon bandanensis
Apogonidae
Apogon compressus
Apogonidae
Apogon cyanosoma
Apogonidae
Apogon griffini
Apogonidae
Apogon sealei
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
13
17
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
39
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
21
*
9
*
16
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
2
*
12
*
1
*
*
Archamia fucata
Apogonidae
*
Apogonidae
Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus
*
Apogonidae
Apogonidae
Rhabdamia gracilis
Sphaeramia
nematoptera
Atherinidae
Atherinomorus sp. (red)
Atherinidae
Atherinomorus sp. 1
Aulostomus chinensis
*
*
Archamia zosterophora
Cheilodipterus
macrodon
Balistapus undulatus
2
*
Apogonidae
Balistidae
*
*
*
Apogonidae
Aulostomidae
4
4
*
5
1
*
6
*
*
*
*
*
10
*
*
14
*
3
6
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
105
8
*
*
26
*
5
*
30
Balistidae
Balistoides viridescens
*
Balistidae
Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus
*
Balistidae
Balistidae
Rhinecanthus aculeatus
Rhinecanthus
rectangulus
Balistidae
Sufflamen chrysopterus
Belonidae
Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus
Blenniidae
Atrosalarias fuscus
Blenniidae
blenny sp.
Blenniidae
Blenniidae
Ecsenius bicolor
Meiacanthus
grammistes
Blenniidae
Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos
Blenniidae
Salarias fasciatus
Caesionidae
Caesio caerulaurea
Caesionidae
Caesio lunaris
Caesionidae
Caesio teres
Caesionidae
Pterocaesio chrysozona
Caesionidae
Pterocaesio digramma
Carangidae
Carangoides ferdau
Carangidae
Caranx melampygus
Carangidae
Carangidae
Caranx sp.
Decapterus sp. (grey
tail)
Carangidae
Decapterus sp. (yellow tail)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
35
1
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
49
2
*
*
3
*
1
1
1
*
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
38
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
42
1
*
*
*
*
4
*
4
*
*
3
*
1
1
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
106
6
Station
Family
Species
Carcharhinidae
Triaenodon obesus
T
Centriscidae
I
Chaetodontidae
Aeoliscus strigatus
Chaetodon
adiergastos
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon auriga
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon baronessa
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon kleinii
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon lineolatus
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon lunula
Chaetodon
melannotus
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodontidae
1
2
3
4
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
*
*
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
*
*
*
24
25
26
27
28
*
*
*
*
*
*
29
30
31
32
33
*
*
*
34
35
36
37
38
39
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
40
41
42
*
*
43
44
45
46
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
Chaetodon rafflesii
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon speculum
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon trifascialis
I
Chaetodontidae
I
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon trifasciatus
Chaetodon
vagabundus
I
Chaetodontidae
Chelmon rostratus
I
Chaetodontidae
Coradion chrysozonus
I
Chaetodontidae
M
M
Chaetodontidae
Coradion melanopus
Heniochus
acuminatus
Heniochus
chrysostomus
Chaetodontidae
Heniochus singularis
I
*
*
*
*
*
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodontidae
7
*
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodontidae
6
Category
Chaetodon mertensii
Chaetodon
octofasciatus
Chaetodon
ornatissimus
Chaetodon
oxycephalus
Chaetodontidae
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Heniochus varius
I
Cirrhitidae
Cirrhitichthys falco
M
Dasyatidae
Taeniura lymma
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
Chaetodontidae
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
107
*
Diodontidae
Diodon liturosus
M
Echeneidae
Echeneis naucrates
T
Ephippidae
Platax pinnatus
T
Ephippidae
Platax teira
Fistularia
commersonii
T
T
Gerres oyena
Diademichthys
lineatus
M
Fistulariidae
Gerreidae
Gobiesocidae
Gobiidae
*
*
Holocentridae
Myripristis murdjan
T
Holocentridae
Neoniphon sammara
T
Holocentridae
Sargocentron rubrum
Sargocentron
spiniferum
T
T
Labridae
Kyphosus cinerascens
Anampses
caeruleopunctatus
M
Labridae
Bodianus axillaris
T
Labridae
Bodianus loxozonus
T
Labridae
Bodianus mesothorax
M
Labridae
Cheilinus chlorourus
T
Labridae
Cheilinus fasciatus
T
*
Labridae
Cheilinus trilobatus
T
*
Kyphosidae
*
*
*
*
*
Haemulidae
Holocentridae
*
*
T
M
Haemulidae
*
*
goby sp.
Plectorhinchus
chaetodonoides
Plectorhinchus
lessonii
Plectorhinchus
lineatus
Haemulidae
*
*
T
*
*
T
*
*
T
*
*
Cheilinus undulatus
T
Labridae
Cheilio inermis
T
*
*
*
T
Labridae
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
108
*
*
*
Appendix 1 continued .. .
Station
Family
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Total
Species
Carcharhinidae
Triaenodon obesus
Centriscidae
Aeoliscus strigatus
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon adiergastos
*
Chaetodon auriga
*
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon baronessa
*
Chaetodon kleinii
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon lineolatus
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon lunula
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon melannotus
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon mertensii
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon octofasciatus
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon ornatissimus
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon oxycephalus
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon rafflesii
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon speculum
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon trifascialis
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon trifasciatus
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon vagabundus
Chaetodontidae
Chelmon rostratus
Chaetodontidae
Coradion chrysozonus
Chaetodontidae
Coradion melanopus
Chaetodontidae
Heniochus acuminatus
Chaetodontidae
Heniochus chrysostomus
Chaetodontidae
Heniochus singularis
Chaetodontidae
Heniochus varius
Cirrhitidae
Cirrhitichthys falco
Dasyatidae
Taeniura lymma
Diodontidae
Diodon liturosus
2
*
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodontidae
1
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
16
*
46
*
19
*
12
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
44
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
9
1
*
6
*
*
*
8
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
9
*
*
20
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
9
*
*
5
6
*
*
*
10
*
*
3
2
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
109
5
1
Echeneidae
Echeneis naucrates
Ephippidae
Platax pinnatus
Ephippidae
Platax teira
Fistulariidae
Fistularia commersonii
Gerreidae
Gerres oyena
Gobiesocidae
Diademichthys lineatus
Gobiidae
goby sp.
Haemulidae
Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides
Haemulidae
Plectorhinchus lessonii
Haemulidae
Plectorhinchus lineatus
Holocentridae
Myripristis murdjan
Holocentridae
Neoniphon sammara
Holocentridae
Sargocentron rubrum
Holocentridae
Sargocentron spiniferum
Kyphosidae
Labridae
Kyphosus cinerascens
Anampses
caeruleopunctatus
Labridae
Bodianus axillaris
Labridae
Bodianus loxozonus
Labridae
Bodianus mesothorax
Labridae
Cheilinus chlorourus
Labridae
Cheilinus fasciatus
Labridae
Cheilinus trilobatus
Labridae
Cheilinus undulatus
Labridae
Cheilio inermis
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
7
7
*
*
10
*
*
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
6
*
*
*
*
*
7
*
1
*
*
*
7
*
2
*
*
*
7
*
*
2
*
14
*
*
*
15
*
13
*
*
2
*
39
*
26
*
44
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
60
*
10
*
5
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
110
Station
1
Family
Species
Labridae
Choerodon anchorago
T
Labridae
Choerodon sp. (brown)
T
Labridae
Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura
M
Labridae
Coris batuensis
M
Labridae
Coris gaimard
T
Labridae
Coris sp.
M
Labridae
Diproctacanthus xanthurus
I
*
Labridae
Epibulus insidiator
T
*
Labridae
Gomphosus caeruleus
M
2
3
4
5
*
*
*
6
7
8
*
*
9
10
11
*
*
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
*
*
*
*
34
35
36
37
*
*
38
39
40
*
*
41
42
43
44
45
*
*
46
Category
Labridae
Gomphosus varius
M
Labridae
Halichoeres biocellatus
M
Labridae
Halichoeres chloropterus
M
Labridae
Halichoeres dussumieri
M
Labridae
Halichoeres hortulanus
M
Labridae
Halichoeres leucurus
M
Labridae
Halichoeres melanochir
M
Labridae
Halichoeres melanurus
M
Labridae
Halichoeres nebulosus
M
Labridae
Halichoeres scapularis
M
Labridae
Halichoeres sp.
M
Labridae
Hemigymnus fasciatus
T
Labridae
Hemigymnus melapterus
T
Labridae
Labrichthys unilineatus
I
Labridae
Labroides dimidiatus
M
Labridae
I
Labridae
Labropsis australis
Macropharyngodon
meleagris
M
Labridae
Novaculichthys taeniourus
M
Labridae
Oxycheilinus celebicus
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
111
Labridae
Oxycheilinus digrammus
T
Labridae
Oxycheilinus unifasciatus
T
Labridae
Stethojulis bandanensis
M
Labridae
Stethojulis interrupta
M
Labridae
Stethojulis strigiventer
M
Labridae
Stethojulis trilineata
T
Labridae
Thalassoma hardwicke
M
Labridae
Thalassoma lunare
M
*
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus erythracanthus
T
*
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus erythropterus
T
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus harak
T
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus olivaceus
T
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus ornatus
T
Lethrinidae
Monotaxis grandoculis
T
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus bohar
T
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus carpanotatus
T
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus decussatus
T
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus fulviflamma
T
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus fulvus
T
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus monostigma
T
Microdesmidae
microdesmid (blue)
M
Microdesmidae
Ptereleotris evides
M
Monacanthidae
Aluterus scriptus
M
Monacanthidae
Amanses scopas
M
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
112
*
Station
Family
47
48
*
*
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
*
*
*
59
60
61
62
63
*
*
*
*
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
*
*
*
*
*
*
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
*
*
87
88
89
90
91
92
Total
*
*
*
45
Species
Labridae
Choerodon anchorago
Labridae
Choerodon sp. (brown)
Labridae
Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura
Labridae
Coris batuensis
Labridae
Coris gaimard
Labridae
Coris sp.
Labridae
Diproctacanthus xanthurus
Labridae
Epibulus insidiator
Labridae
Gomphosus caeruleus
Labridae
Gomphosus varius
Labridae
Halichoeres biocellatus
Labridae
Halichoeres chloropterus
Labridae
Halichoeres dussumieri
Labridae
Halichoeres hortulanus
Labridae
Halichoeres leucurus
Labridae
Halichoeres melanochir
Labridae
Halichoeres melanurus
Labridae
Halichoeres nebulosus
Labridae
Halichoeres scapularis
Labridae
Halichoeres sp.
Labridae
Hemigymnus fasciatus
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
6
1
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
10
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
31
*
33
*
12
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
19
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
31
1
*
*
*
*
*
10
*
*
20
15
*
14
1
*
*
Labridae
Hemigymnus melapterus
*
Labridae
Labrichthys unilineatus
*
Labridae
Labroides dimidiatus
*
Labridae
Labridae
Labropsis australis
Macropharyngodon
meleagris
Novaculichthys
taeniourus
Labridae
Oxycheilinus celebicus
Labridae
49
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
14
*
*
*
*
41
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
74
6
*
*
*
*
11
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
113
*
18
Labridae
Oxycheilinus digrammus
*
Labridae
Oxycheilinus unifasciatus
Labridae
Stethojulis bandanensis
Labridae
Stethojulis interrupta
Labridae
Stethojulis strigiventer
*
Labridae
Stethojulis trilineata
*
Labridae
Thalassoma hardwicke
Labridae
Thalassoma lunare
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus erythracanthus
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus erythropterus
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus harak
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus olivaceus
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus ornatus
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
44
11
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
34
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
12
*
74
*
*
*
7
*
34
*
*
*
1
*
Lutjanus fulviflamma
*
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus fulvus
*
Amanses scopas
*
1
Lutjanidae
Aluterus scriptus
*
*
Lutjanus decussatus
Monacanthidae
*
*
Lutjanidae
Monacanthidae
*
*
*
Lutjanus carpanotatus
Ptereleotris evides
*
*
*
Lutjanidae
Microdesmidae
*
2
*
*
*
Monotaxis grandoculis
Lutjanus monostigma
*
*
Lutjanus bohar
microdesmid (blue)
*
*
Lutjanidae
Microdesmidae
*
*
Lethrinidae
Lutjanidae
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
10
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
17
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
4
*
*
14
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
34
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
114
*
10
*
23
Station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Family
Species
Monacanthidae
Pervagor janthinosoma
M
Monacanthidae
M
Mullidae
Pervagor melanocephalus
Mulloidichthys
flavolineatus
T
*
*
Mullidae
Parupeneus barberinoides
T
*
*
Mullidae
Parupeneus barberinus
T
Mullidae
Parupeneus bifasciatus
T
Mullidae
Parupeneus cyclostomus
T
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
*
*
*
*
45
46
Category
Mullidae
Parupeneus indicus
T
Mullidae
Parupeneus multifasciatus
T
Muraenidae
Gymnothorax javanicus
T
Myliobatidae
Aetobatus narinari
T
Nemipteridae
Nemipterus sp.
T
Nemipteridae
Pentapodus caninus
T
Nemipteridae
Pentapodus emeryii
T
Nemipteridae
Pentapodus sp.
T
Nemipteridae
Pentapodus trivittatus
T
Nemipteridae
Scolopsis bilineata
T
Nemipteridae
Scolopsis ciliatus
T
Nemipteridae
Scolopsis lineatus
T
Nemipteridae
Scolopsis margaritifer
T
Opistognathidae
Opistognathus sp.
M
Ostraciidae
Ostracion cubicus
M
Ostraciidae
Ostracion meleagris
M
Ostraciidae
Ostracion solorensis
M
Pempheridae
Pempheris oualensis
M
Pholidichthyidae
Pholidichthys leucotaenia
M
Pinguipedidae
Parapercis hexophtalma
M
Pinguipedidae
Parapercis millepunctata
M
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
115
*
*
Plotosidae
Plotosus lineatus
M
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge tibicen
M
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge vrolikii
Chaetodontoplus
mesoleucus
Pomacanthus
semicirculatus
M
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthidae
M
Pomacanthidae
M
Pomacanthidae
Pygoplites diacanthus
M
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf bengalensis
M
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf notatus
M
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf sexfasciatus
M
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf sordidus
M
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf vaigiensis
Acanthochromis
polyacanthus
M
Pomacentridae
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion clarkii
M
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion frenatus
M
Pomacentridae
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
M
Amblyglyphidodon aureus
Amblyglyphidodon
curacao
Amblyglyphidodon
leucogaster
Amblyglyphidodon
ternatensis
Pomacentridae
*
*
M
Pomacanthus sexstriatus
Pomacanthus
xanthometopon
Pomacentridae
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
M
M
*
*
*
*
*
M
M
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion ocellaris
M
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion sandaracinos
M
Pomacentridae
Cheiloprion labiatus
I
Pomacentridae
Chromis ternatensis
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
116
*
*
Station
47
Family
Species
Monacanthidae
Pervagor janthinosoma
Monacanthidae
Mullidae
Pervagor melanocephalus
Mulloidichthys
flavolineatus
Mullidae
Parupeneus barberinoides
Mullidae
Parupeneus barberinus
*
Mullidae
Parupeneus bifasciatus
*
Mullidae
Parupeneus cyclostomus
48
49
50
51
52
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
*
*
*
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
*
*
*
*
Total
1
1
*
*
9
*
*
*
9
*
*
12
2
*
*
*
Gymnothorax javanicus
Myliobatidae
Aetobatus narinari
*
Nemipteridae
Nemipterus sp.
*
Nemipteridae
Pentapodus caninus
Nemipteridae
Pentapodus emeryii
Nemipteridae
Pentapodus sp.
Scolopsis ciliatus
58
*
Muraenidae
Nemipteridae
57
*
Parupeneus indicus
Pentapodus trivittatus
56
*
Parupeneus multifasciatus
Scolopsis bilineata
55
*
Mullidae
Nemipteridae
54
*
Mullidae
Nemipteridae
53
*
*
*
9
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Nemipteridae
Scolopsis lineatus
*
Nemipteridae
Scolopsis margaritifer
*
Opistognathidae
Opistognathus sp.
Ostraciidae
Ostracion cubicus
Ostraciidae
Ostracion meleagris
Ostraciidae
Ostracion solorensis
Pempheridae
Pempheris oualensis
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
17
2
*
*
47
1
*
*
18
*
27
*
5
*
9
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
60
1
*
*
*
3
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
17
Pholidichthyidae
Pholidichthys leucotaenia
Pinguipedidae
Parapercis hexophtalma
*
4
1
Pinguipedidae
Parapercis millepunctata
*
4
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
117
Plotosidae
Plotosus lineatus
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge tibicen
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge vrolikii
Pomacanthidae
Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus semicirculatus
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus sexstriatus
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus xanthometopon
Pomacanthidae
Pygoplites diacanthus
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf bengalensis
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf notatus
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf sexfasciatus
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf sordidus
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf vaigiensis
*
*
*
Pomacentridae
Acanthochromis polyacanthus
Pomacentridae
Amblyglyphidodon aureus
Pomacentridae
Amblyglyphidodon curacao
Pomacentridae
Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster
Pomacentridae
Amblyglyphidodon ternatensis
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion clarkii
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion frenatus
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion ocellaris
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion sandaracinos
Pomacentridae
Cheiloprion labiatus
Pomacentridae
Chromis ternatensis
*
*
*
*
*
6
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
14
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
28
5
*
*
*
6
*
1
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
21
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
41
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
14
10
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
67
*
9
*
22
*
20
6
*
*
*
7
2
*
*
3
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
118
7
Station
Family
Species
Pomacentridae
Chromis viridis
M
Pomacentridae
Chromis weberi
M
Pomacentridae
Chromis xanthochira
M
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera leucopoma
M
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera parasema
M
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera rex
M
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera springeri
M
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera unimaculata
M
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus melanurus
M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
*
*
*
*
*
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
*
*
46
Category
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus reticulatus
M
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus trimaculatus
M
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus chrysopoecilus
M
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus melanotus
M
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus perspicillatus
M
Pomacentridae
M
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus prosopotaenia
Dischistodus
pseudochrysopoecilus
Hemiglyphidodon
plagiometopon
M
Pomacentridae
Neoglyphidodon melas
M
Pomacentridae
Neoglyphidodon nigroris
Pomacentridae
Pomacentridae
1
M
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Pomacentridae
Neopomacentrus cyanomos
M
Pomacentridae
Plectroglyphidodon dickii
M
Pomacentridae
Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus alexanderae
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus chrysurus
M
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
M
*
*
*
*
Pomacentrus burroughi
*
*
M
Pomacentridae
*
*
Neopomacentrus anabatoides
M
*
*
*
M
*
*
*
Pomacentrus amboinensis
*
*
M
Pomacentrus bankanensis
*
*
*
Pomacentridae
*
*
*
Pomacentridae
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
119
*
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus coelestis
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus lepidogenys
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus muloccensis
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus philippinus
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus simsiang
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus stigma
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus tripunctatus
M
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus vaiuli
M
Pomacentridae
Premnas biaculeatus
M
Pomacentridae
Stegastes fasciolatus
M
Pomacentridae
Stegastes lividus
M
Pomacentridae
Stegastes sp.
Stegastes sp. (brown and
yellow)
M
Pomacentridae
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Labracinus cyclophthalmus
M
Pseudochromidae
Labracinus melanotaenia
M
Pseudochromidae
Pseudochromis paranox
M
Pseudochromidae
Pseudochromis sp.
M
Scaridae
Bolbometopon muricatum
T
Scaridae
Calotomus carolinus
T
Scaridae
Cetoscarus bicolor
T
Scaridae
Chlorurus bleekeri
T
Scaridae
Chlorurus gibbus
T
Scaridae
Hipposcarus longiceps
T
Scaridae
Scarus bowersi
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
M
Pseudochromidae
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
120
*
*
Station
Family
47
48
49
50
51
*
*
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
*
*
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Tota
Species
Pomacentridae
Chromis viridis
Pomacentridae
Chromis weberi
*
Pomacentridae
Chromis xanthochira
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera leucopoma
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera parasema
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera rex
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera springeri
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera unimaculata
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus melanurus
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus reticulatus
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus trimaculatus
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus chrysopoecilus
*
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus melanotus
*
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus perspicillatus
*
Pomacentridae
Neoglyphidodon melas
Pomacentridae
Neoglyphidodon nigroris
Pomacentridae
Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus alexanderae
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus amboinensis
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus bankanensis
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus burroughi
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus chrysurus
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
26
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3
*
*
*
33
*
*
*
17
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
16
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
10
*
*
*
40
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
37
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
13
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
50
*
*
44
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
7
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
58
*
41
*
7
*
24
*
2
*
*
9
21
1
*
*
Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon
Plectroglyphidodon dickii
8
12
*
Pomacentridae
Pomacentridae
*
*
*
Dischistodus prosopotaenia
Neopomacentrus anabatoides
*
*
Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus
Neopomacentrus cyanomos
*
4
*
Pomacentridae
Pomacentridae
*
1
Pomacentridae
Pomacentridae
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
121
*
29
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus coelestis
*
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus lepidogenys
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus muloccensis
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus philippinus
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus simsiang
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus stigma
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus tripunctatus
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus vaiuli
Pomacentridae
Premnas biaculeatus
Pomacentridae
Stegastes fasciolatus
Pomacentridae
Stegastes lividus
Pomacentridae
Stegastes sp.
Pomacentridae
Stegastes sp. (brown and yellow)
Pseudochromidae
Labracinus cyclophthalmus
Pseudochromidae
Labracinus melanotaenia
Pseudochromidae
Pseudochromis paranox
Pseudochromidae
Pseudochromis sp.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
25
*
18
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
17
*
61
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
31
4
*
1
4
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
15
*
5
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
7
*
*
13
1
*
Bolbometopon muricatum
Scaridae
Cetoscarus bicolor
*
*
*
Scaridae
Chlorurus bleekeri
*
*
*
Scaridae
Chlorurus gibbus
Hipposcarus longiceps
*
*
*
*
Calotomus carolinus
Scarus bowersi
*
*
*
Scaridae
Scaridae
*
*
*
Scaridae
Scaridae
*
1
2
*
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
7
*
*
*
31
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
122
*
41
1
Station
Family
Species
Scaridae
Scarus chameleon
T
Scaridae
Scarus dimidiatus
T
Scaridae
Scarus forsteni
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
*
*
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
*
*
36
37
38
39
*
*
*
*
Scarus microrhinos
T
Scarus niger
T
Scaridae
Scarus psittacus
T
*
Scaridae
Scarus rubroviolaceus
T
*
Scaridae
Scarus schlegeli
T
*
Scaridae
Scarus sordidus
T
*
Scaridae
Scarus sp.
T
Scaridae
Scarus sp. (green)
T
Scaridae
Scarus sp. (half head)
T
Scaridae
Scarus sp. (head stripe)
T
Scaridae
Scarus sp. (violet)
T
Scaridae
Scarus spinus
T
T
Serranidae
Cephalopholis boenak
Cephalopholis
cyanostigma
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Scaridae
M
*
*
Scaridae
Rastrelliger kanagurta
*
*
T
T
Dendrochirus zebra
*
*
*
Scarus ghobban
Scorpaenidae
*
*
*
Scarus hypselopterus
Scombridae
*
*
Scaridae
Serranidae
27
40
41
42
*
*
43
44
45
46
Category
Scaridae
Serranidae
26
Serranidae
T
Serranidae
Cephalopholis urodeta
T
Serranidae
Cromileptes altivelis
T
Serranidae
Diploprion bifasciatum
M
Serranidae
Epinephelus fasciatus
Serranidae
Epinephelus quoyanus
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
Cephalopholis formosa
Cephalopholis
microprion
*
*
*
*
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
*
*
T
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
123
*
*
*
Serranidae
Plectropomus leopardus
T
*
Siganidae
Siganus corallinus
T
*
Siganidae
Siganus fuscescens
T
*
*
Siganidae
Siganus guttatus
T
*
*
Siganidae
Siganus javus
T
Siganidae
Siganus spinus
T
Siganidae
Siganus stellatus
T
Siganidae
Siganus virgatus
T
Siganidae
Siganus vulpinus
T
Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena barracuda
T
Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena flavicauda
T
Synodontidae
Synodus variegatus
T
Tetraodontidae
Arothron nigropunctatus
M
Tetraodontidae
Canthigaster solandri
M
Zanclidae
Zanclus cornutus
M
TOTAL
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
36
*
*
*
*
#
51
#
#
*
*
#
#
*
*
#
#
*
45
54
*
*
*
33
34
46
*
19
28
33
25
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
50
22
28
36
44
32
41
61
36
*
38
*
*
*
*
42
35
39
43
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
52
54
87
42
37
38
29
*
*
*
33
32
41
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
124
*
*
47
64
*
52
41
Station
Family
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
*
*
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Total
Species
Scaridae
Scarus chameleon
Scaridae
Scarus dimidiatus
Scaridae
Scarus forsteni
*
Scaridae
Scarus ghobban
*
Scaridae
Scarus hypselopterus
Scaridae
Scarus microrhinos
Scaridae
Scarus niger
Scaridae
Scarus psittacus
Scaridae
Scarus rubroviolaceus
*
Scaridae
Scarus schlegeli
*
Scaridae
Scarus sordidus
Scaridae
Scarus sp.
Scaridae
Scarus sp. (green)
Scaridae
Scarus sp. (half head)
Scaridae
Scarus sp. (head stripe)
Scaridae
Scarus sp. (violet)
Scaridae
Scarus spinus
Scombridae
Rastrelliger kanagurta
Scorpaenidae
Dendrochirus zebra
Serranidae
Cephalopholis boenak
Serranidae
Cephalopholis cyanostigma
Serranidae
Cephalopholis formosa
Serranidae
Cephalopholis microprion
Serranidae
Cephalopholis urodeta
Serranidae
Cromileptes altivelis
Serranidae
Diploprion bifasciatum
Serranidae
Epinephelus fasciatus
Serranidae
Epinephelus quoyanus
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
9
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
18
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
67
*
22
*
36
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3
*
*
*
1
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
41
*
*
35
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
12
*
3
*
*
*
21
1
*
1
*
*
2
*
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
8
*
*
12
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
33
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
125
*
38
22
4
Serranidae
Plectropomus leopardus
Siganidae
Siganus corallinus
Siganidae
Siganus fuscescens
Siganidae
Siganus guttatus
Siganidae
Siganus javus
Siganidae
Siganus spinus
Siganidae
Siganus stellatus
Siganidae
Siganus virgatus
Siganidae
Siganus vulpinus
Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena barracuda
Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena flavicauda
Synodontidae
Synodus variegatus
Tetraodontidae
Arothron nigropunctatus
Tetraodontidae
Canthigaster solandri
Zanclidae
Zanclus cornutus
TOTAL
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
19
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
19
*
11
*
6
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
56
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
63
72
43
#
55
52
1
*
*
11
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
48
50
*
*
*
50
59
#
*
21
#
#
*
#
36
*
#
30
33
47
43
54
48
*
*
*
*
*
40
41
45
37
29
20
*
*
*
*
*
*
56
60
45
37
55
49
*
25
15
24
12
42
24
43
*
16
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
126
31
30
19
*
2
*
60
71
3802
Appendix 2. Summary of compiled records of marine macrobenthic algae found in San Vicente (Palawan). Legend: + frequently encountered/
dominant (September 2004); a – extracted from the field guide atlas, b – extracted from NRDB Pro v 1.05, ©1999-2003 (based on
compilations of Cordero and Modelo 1987, Modelo et al. 1987, and PCSDS 2001.
Seaweed taxa
Class Chlorophyceae (green algae)
Order Bryopsidales
Family Caulerpaceae
Genus Caulerpa
Trono (1997) a
This survey
•
+
•
•
•
•
•
Caulerpa cupressoides
C. lentillifera
C. racemosa
C. serrulata
C. sertularioides
C. taxifolia
C. verticillata
Family Codiaceae
Genus Codium
CI database b
var. clavifera
•
•
•
•
•
•
Codium arabicum
Family Halimedaceae
Genus Halimeda
•
Halimeda cylindracea
H. discoidea
H. incrassata
H. macroloba
H. opuntia
•
•
+
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(Appendix 2 continued . . .)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
127
Seaweed taxa
This survey
Trono (1997) a
CI database b
•
•
H. tuna
H. velasquezii
Family Udoteaceae
Genus Chlorodesmis
•
•
Chlorodesmis fastigiata
•
Genus Udotea
Udotea argentea
U. javensis
U. orientalis
Genus Avrainvillea
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Avrainvillea erecta
Genus Tydemania (T. expeditionis)
•
Order Cladophorales
Family Anadyomenaceae
Genus Anadyomene
•
Anadyomene plicata
•
A. wrightii
Family Cladophoraceae
Genus Chaetomorpha (C. crassa)
Order Dasycladales
Family Dasycladaceae
Genus Neomeris
•
•
Neomeris vanbosseae
•
•
•
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
128
Seaweed taxa
This survey
Trono (1997) a
CI database b
•
•
•
•
Genus Bornetella
Bornetella nitida
B. sphaerica
Genus Cymopolia (C. vanbosseae)
Familiy Polyphysaceae
Genus Acetabularia
•
•
Acetabularia crenulata
A. major
Order Siphonocladales
Family Siphonocladaceae
Genus Boergesenia (B. forbesii)
Genus Boodlea
•
•
•
Boodlea composita
Family Valoniaceae
Genus Dictyosphaeria
•
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Genus Valonia
Valonia aegagropila
V. ventricosa
Order Ulvales
Family Monostromataceae
Genus Monostroma (M. nitidum)
Family Ulvaceae
Genus Ulva
•
•
•
•
•
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
129
Seaweed taxa
Trono (1997) a
This survey
CI database b
•
•
Ulva lactuca
U. reticulata
Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
Orders Dictyotales
Family Dictyotaceae
Genus Dictyota
Dictyota cervicornis
D. dichotoma
D. divaricata
D. mertensii
Genus Padina
Padina australis
P. japonica
P. minor
Genus Dictyopteris
Dictyopteris barteyresii
Dictyopteris repens
Genus Lobophora
Lobophora crassa
Lobophora variegata
Genus Spatoglossum (S. flabelliforme)
•
•
•
+
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Order Fucales
Family Cystoseiraceae
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
130
Seaweed taxa
Genus Hormophysa (H. cuneiformis)
Family Sargassaceae
Genus Sargassum
This survey
•
Turbinaria conoides
T. decurrens
T. ornata
CI database b
•
•
•
+
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sargassum baccularia
S. binderi
S. cinctum
S. crassifolium
S. cristaefolium
S. feldmannii
S. gracillimum
S. hemiphyllum
S. kushimotense
S. myriocystum
S. oligocystum
S. paniculatum
S. polycystum
S. siliquosum
S. turbinarioides
Genus Turbinaria
Trono (1997) a
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
+
•
•
•
•
Order Scytosiphonales
Family Scytosiphonaceae
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
131
Seaweed taxa
Genus Hydroclathrus (H. clathratus)
This survey
Trono (1997) a
•
•
Order Sphacelariales
Family Sphacelariaceae
Genus Sphacelaria (S. rigidula)
•
Class Rhodophyceae (red algae)
Order Bonnemaisoniales
Family Bonnemaisoniaceae
Genus Asparagopsis (A. taxiformis)
Family Galaxauraceae
Genus Actinotrichia
•
•
Actinotrichia fragilis
Genus Galaxaura
Galaxaura arcuata
G. fasciculata
G. oblongata
G. subfruticolosa
G. subverticillata
CI database b
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Order Ceramiales
Family Ceramiaceae
Genus Ceramium
Ceramium gracillimum
C. mazatlanense
Family Rhodomelaceae
•
•
•
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
132
Seaweed taxa
Genus Amansia (A. Glomerata)
Genus Laurencia
This survey
Trono (1997) a
CI database b
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Laurencia obtusa
L. okamurae
L. papillosa
L. ecussat
Genus Acanthophora
Acanthophora aokii
A. muscoides
A. spicifera
Genus Bostrychia
•
•
•
•
•
Bostrychia binderi
Genus Digenea (D. simplex)
Order Corallinales
Family Corallinaceae
Genus Amphiroa
•
•
Amphiroa ephedraea
•
•
A. fragilissima
A. foliacea
A. zonata
•
•
•
•
Genus Jania
Jania ecussate-dichotoma
•
•
J. radiata
Genus Cheilosporum
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
133
Seaweed taxa
This survey
Halymenia durvillaei
Family Peyssonneliaceae
Genus Peysonnelia (P. rubra)
CI database b
•
Cheilosporum jungermannioides
Genus Marginosporum (M. aberans)
Genus Mastophora (M. rosea)
Order Cryptonemiales
Family Cryptonemiaceae
Genus Grateloupia (G. filicina)
Genus Halymenia
Trono (1997) a
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Order Gelidiales
Family Gelidiaceae
Genus Gelidiella (G. acerosa)
•
Order Gigartinales
Family Ahnfeltiacea
Genus Ahnfeltia (A. concinna)
Family Gigartinaceae
Genus Gigartina (G. intermedia)
Family Gracilariaceae
Genus Gelidiopsis
•
•
•
•
•
Gelidiopsis intricata
G. repens
Genus Gracilaria
•
Gracilaria arcuata
•
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
134
Seaweed taxa
G. blodgettii
G. bursa-pastoris
G. coronopifolia
G. eucheumoides
G. manilaensis
G. salicornia
Family Hypneaceae
Genus Hypnea
This survey
CI database b
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hypnea cervicornis
H. charoides
Hypnea pannosa
Family Kallymeniaceae
Genus Kallymenia (K. sessilis)
Family Solieraceae
Genus Eucheuma
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eucheuma denticulatum
E. gelatinae
E. striatum
Order Nemaliales
Family Helminthocladiaceae
Genus Liagora
Liagora fanirosa
Order Rhodymeniales
Family Champiaceae
Trono (1997) a
•
•
•
•
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
135
Seaweed taxa
Genus Champia (C. parvula)
Genus Cryptarachne (C. polyclandulosa)
Family Rhizophyllidaceae
Genus Portieria (P. hornemannii)
This survey
Trono (1997) a
CI database b
•
•
•
•
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
136

San Vicente - Palawan Knowledge Platform for Biodiversity and

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