NL02-05-EN-V18 Metastudie D Vorwort

IIREC
NR. 02/2005
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
SIGNIFICANCE OF WEAK STATIC AND ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS
AND THEIR GRADIENTS WITH RESPECT TO ELECTROMAGNETIC
BIOCOMPATIBILITY. A NEW METHOD FOR PRECISE LOCALIZATION OF TECHNO- AND GEOGENIC STRESS ZONES
Walter H. Medinger*
IIREC, International Institute for Research on Electromagnetic Compatibility
Reininghausstrasse 5, A-8020 Graz, Austria
ABSTRACT
DEUTSCHE KURZFASSUNG
INTRODUCTION
Non-thermal effects of microwave (MW) radiation were found to parallel the biological effectiveness of weak extremely low frequency
(ELF) magnetic fields (MF). Both seem to be
rather paradoxical from the viewpoint of generally accepted physics. The coherent nature
of the electro-magnetic system of the body is
shown to bridge the gap between accepted
physical mechanisms and well established
biological effects. The divergence of MF gradient is introduced as a key factor of the vulnerability of biological systems to magnetic and
electromagnetic stress. A new method for the
precise localization of stress zones of this kind
is presented, based on an evaluation of the
spatial structure of MF in the static and quasistatic range. The need for further research is
discussed as well as the equalization of MF
gradients as a road to electromagnetic compatibility on a low-energy level.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WEAK ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS
8
Scope of investigation
8
Natural ELF fields
8
Biological significance of natural magnetic fields
10
Magnetic sensitivity of biological organisms
11
* E-Mail: [email protected]
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6
PARALLEL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION AND ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS
12
Analogy between effects of MW radiation and ELF magnetic
fields
13
The role of water in electromagnetic bioeffects
14
GRADIENTS IN STATIC AND ELF MAGNETIC
FIELDS
15
Results of geobiological research
16
Interference of technical EM waves with GMF
16
Critical review of geobiological findings
18
A new foundation for the diagnosis of points or zones of disturbance
18
DETERMINATION AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DIVERGENT MF GRADIENTS
19
Significance of diverging MF gradients
20
Application to electromagnetic bio-compatibility
23
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
24
REFERENCES
25
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DIE BEDEUTUNG SCHWACHER STATISCHER UND EXTREM
NIEDERFREQUENTER MAGNETFELDER UND IHRER
GRADIENTEN FÜR DIE ELEKTROMAGNETISCHE BIOLOGISCHE
VERTRÄGLICHKEIT.
EIN NEUES VERFAHREN ZUR PRÄZISEN LOKALISIERUNG
TECHNO- UND GEOGENER BELASTUNGSZONEN
Walter H. Medinger*
IIREC, Internationales Institut für elektromagnetische Verträglichkeitsforschung,
Reininghausstrasse 5, A-8020 Graz, Österreich
D E U T S C H E K U R Z FA S S U N G
Die niederländische TNO-Studie (ZWAMBORN et
al. 2003) und die REFLEX-Studie der EU
(ADLKOFER et al. 2004) haben jüngst sowohl die
wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft als auch die breitere
Öffentlichkeit beunruhigt, zeigten sie doch Störungen
des Wohlbefindens und genetische Schäden durch
Mikrowellenstrahlung auf, wie sie für den Mobil- und
Datenfunk verwendet wird. Das Auftreten solcher biologischer Effekte auf sehr niedrigem Energieniveau
belegt, dass es sich um athermische, von der Energiemenge unabhängige Wirkungen handelt. Die genetischen Schäden nehmen innerhalb des Fensters
der biologischen Empfindlichkeit (SAR-Werte von 1,3
bis 2 W/kg) mit abnehmender Leistungsflussdichte
der Strahlung zu.
biophysikalischen Prozessen spielen, kommt diesem
Prinzip grundlegende Bedeutung zu, und es ist experimentell gut belegt. Dennoch reicht es – wie zahlreiche andere Ansätze – per se nicht aus, eine Überwindung des “thermischen Rauschens“ zu erklären.
Diese Frage verweist vielmehr auf die grundlegende
Erkenntnis von PRESMAN 1970, dass man in biologischen Systemen vor der energetischen Wirkung die
Signalwirkung elektromagnetischer Felder zu betrachten habe.
DAVYDOV 1984 konnte den Energietransport
entlang spiralförmiger Proteinmoleküle durch einen
Solitonen-Mechanismus erklären, BINHI 1997 a,b die
Resonanzeffekte von Ionen, die in Hohlräumen von
Proteinen gebunden sind, in Magnetfeldern bestimmAuf der Suche nach physikalischen Erklärungen
ter Frequenz und Amplitude. Daraus ergibt sich ein
niederenergetischer biologischer Effekte stößt man
unmittelbarer Bezug zum Mechanismus des Transzunächst auf das Prinzip der Ionenzyklotronresonanz, ports von Ionen und Wassermolekülen durch die
der Anregung von Ionen durch ein niederfrequentes
Zellmembran, dessen detaillierte Aufklärung durch
magnetisches Wechselfeld vor dem Hintergrund eiPeter Agre und Roderick McKinnon mit dem Chemienes Gleichfeldes wie des Erdmagnetfeldes (LIBOFF
Nobelpreis 2003 ausgezeichnet wurde (VON HEIJNE
1985, 1997, 2005, LIBOFF et al. 1987 a,b). Wegen
2003).
der wichtigen Rolle, die Ionen in biochemischen und
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Biologische Effekte schwacher
extrem niederfrequenter (ELF)
Magnetfelder
P a r a l l e l e f f e k t e v o n M i k r o w e l l e nstrahlung und ELFMagnetfeldern
Biologisch kritische Effekte sind im Bereich der
Stärke des Erdmagnetfeldes (20 bis 70 µT) und seiner natürlichen Schwankungen zu erwarten. Langfristige Zyklen des geo-magnetischen Feldes (GMF) reichen von säkularen Variationen bis zu stündlichen
Variationen, die eine Amplitude von ca. 100 nT erreichen. In ähnlicher Größenordnung bewegen sich die
langsamsten der sogenannten Mikropulsationen. Deren höchste Frequenzen liegen bei ca. 5 Hz. Im anschließenden Frequenzbereich (bis ca. 60 Hz) ist das
GMF durch die Schumann-Resonanzen zwischen
Erde und Ionosphäre geprägt. Die Grundfrequenz
liegt bei 7,8 Hz. Oberhalb des ELF-Bereiches, den
man in der neueren Literatur bis 30 Hz ansetzt, machen sich zusätzlich atmosphärische Einflüsse durch
Blitze (mit einem Maximum um 100 Hz) bemerkbar.
An diese natürlichen Magnetfeldverhältnisse haben
sich die biologischen Systeme evolutionär angepasst,
d.h. sie haben gelernt, diese teilweise sehr schwachen Variationen als Signale zu verwerten und darauf
zu reagieren.
In einem zum internationalen Symposium „Kohärenz und elektromagnetische Felder in biologischen
Systemen“, Prag, 1.-4. Juli 2005 eingereichten Beitrag (CEFBIOS 2005 b) weisen Blank und Goodman
darauf hin, dass hochfrequente elektromagnetische
Strahlung und ELF-Felder die gleichen athermischen
Reaktionspfade auslösen, die zu Stressreaktionen
von tierischen und pflanzlichen Zellen führen. Da die
Absorption der Strahlung in beiden Frequenzbereichen völlig unterschiedlich ist, schließen die Autoren,
dass die spezifische Absorptionsrate (SAR) keine
gültige Basis für Sicherheitsstandards bietet.
Dennoch wurde die Empfänglichkeit des menschlichen Organismus für Magnetfelder so lange in Zweifel gezogen, bis KIRSCHVINK et al. 1992 a,b das
Vorkommen von Magnetitkristallen im menschlichen
Gehirn nachwiesen und einen plausiblen Mechanismus vorschlugen, wie die von diesen Rezeptoren
empfangenen Signale in biologische Reaktionen auf
Magnetfelder transformiert werden können. Die energetische Wechselwirkung magnetischer Nanopartikel
in biologischen Zellen ergibt eine Schwelle der Empfindlichkeit gegen magnetische Wechselfelder bei 1-2
µT. Unter Berücksichtigung stochastischer Resonanz
lässt bei einem im Hintergrund liegenden Gleichfeld
bereits eine Variation von 0,2 µT einen detektierbaren
biochemischen Effekt erwarten. Magnetfeldvariationen von einigen µT können so einem thermischen
Effekt von einigen hundert Grad äquivalent sein.
Belyaev (CEFBIOS 2005 a) beschreibt, dass innerhalb spezifischer Frequenz- und Intensitätsfenster
die resonanzartigen biologischen Auswirkungen von
der Art des Signals, seiner Modulation und Polarisation abhängen. Er identifiziert die genomische DNA als
Zielobjekt athermischer Wirkungen von Mikrowellenstrahlung.
Experimentelle Belege für die gleichartigen Wirkungen von Mikrowellenstrahlung und ELF-Strahlung
wurden bereits seit 1987 gesammelt (Tabelle 4 auf
Seite 13). Ein bemerkenswerter Nebeneffekt besteht
darin, dass inkohärente ELF-Felder nachteilige biologische Folgen kohärenter hochfrequenter Wellen abmildern können.
Grundlagen für das physikalische Verständnis der
Kohärenz in biologischen Geweben wurden von
FRÖHLICH 1968 a,b und von DEL GIUDICE et al.
1988, 1989 gelegt. Die Wechselwirkung externer elektromagnetischer Felder mit Polarisationswellen in
einem biologischen Medium ändert das Verhalten der
Felder derart, dass sie die Anordnung von Ionen und
Molekülen stark beeinflussen, also zu einem morphologischen (strukturbildenden Faktor) werden.
Del Giudice führte das Verhalten biologischer
Systeme auf die Kohärenzdomänen in deren stofflichem Hauptbestandteil – nämlich Wasser – zurück.
Aus dem Verhältnis der Wellengeschwindigkeiten
lässt sich abschätzen, dass die Wellengeschwindigkeiten und Frequenzen der Kohärenzwellen in Was-
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ser oder biologischen Medien um 8 dekadische Größenordnungen niedriger und die internen Feldstärken
um 4 dekadische Größenordnungen höher sind als
bei der Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen in
Luft. Hochfrequenten Wellen im Mikrowellenbereich
entsprechen im biologischen Medium Kohärenzwellen, die in den ELF-Bereich fallen.
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
frequenzgeräte für drahtlose Nachrichten- und Datenübertragung zeigen aus mehreren physikalischen
Gründen magnetische ELF-Effekte von 0,5-5 µT.
Durch diese technischen Einflüsse hervorgerufene
Gradienten überlagern sich mit Gradienten im natürlichen Magnetfeld. Bei einem verstärkenden Einfluss
werden nachteilige biologische Effekte verschärft.
Die vorliegenden Erkenntnisse liefern aber keinen
zwingenden Beweis, dass die magnetischen FeldgraGradienten in statischen und
dienten selbst die Ursache biologischer Probleme
ELF-Magnetfeldern
Die heute populäre, aber keineswegs unbedenkli- darstellen. Bekanntlich haben die geobiologischen
Belastungszonen an besonderen Punkten oder Linien
che Anwendung von Magnetartikeln, die außerhalb
des Körpers eingesetzt werden und Heilprozesse un- die stärkste Reizwirkung. Die präzise Erfassung bioterstützen oder schmerzlindernd wirken sollen, deutet logisch wirksamer Störungen (auch solcher techninach BINHI 2002 auf die biologische Wirksamkeit von scher Herkunft!) im statischen und ELF-Magnetfeld
erfordert gegenüber dem Geo-Magnetometer eine
Magnetfeldgradienten hin. Experimentelle Arbeiten
erhöhte Genauigkeit und eine Erweiterung des ervon CAVOPOL et al. 1995, YANO et al. 2001 und
fassten Frequenzbereichs wenigstens bis ca. 15 Hz.
GAPAYEV et al. 1996 zeigen, dass Magnetfeldgradienten
Um diesen Anforderungen zu genügen, wurde
- die Wahrscheinlichkeit des „Feuerns“ von Nerdas IIREC Präzisions-Teslameter 05/40 mit einer
venzellen beeinflussen,
Messwertabweichung von max. 0,5 % bei einer verti- bei der biologischen Orientierung im Magnetkalen magnetischen Induktion von 40 µT und einem
feld eine wichtige Rolle spielen und
Frequenzbereich von 0-18 Hz (- 3 dB) gebaut. Auf
- biologische Kohärenz, die sich in Resonanzden damit durchführbaren Messungen beruht ein
neues Mess- und Auswerteverfahren:
verhalten äußert, stören.
Die Geobiologie hat erkannt, dass sich pathogene
Zonen geologischen oder hydro-geologischen Ursprungs durch erhöhte Gradienten des Erdmagnetfeldes (GMF) von ihrer Umgebung abheben. MERSMANN 1983, 1997 a,b konstruierte dafür ein GeoMagnetometer, das die Messung der magnetischen
Flussdichte des GMF im Gleichfeldbereich ermöglichte, und schlug tolerierbare Gradientenwerte für
Schlafplätze vor. ASCHOFF et al. 1985 dehnten diese
Untersuchungen auf technische Einflüsse (z.B. von
Metallteilen in Möbeln) aus. Internationale Forschungsarbeiten auf den Gebieten des Bauwesens
und der Veterinärmedizin bestätigen diese Erkenntnisse.
Das von technischen Geräten ausgehende „magnetische Rauschen“ im niederfrequenten Bereich
zeigt typische Amplituden von 0,1-10 µT und trifft somit hinsichtlich Frequenzen und Intensitäten das
Fenster der biologischen Empfindlichkeit. Auch Hoch© by IIREC
Bestimmung und biologische
B e d e u t u n g d i v e r g e n t e r M a g n e tfeldgradienten
Das von uns zum Patent angemeldete Verfahren
(MEDINGER und HOMANN 2004) erfasst die vertikale magnetische Flussdichte über einem regelmäßigen
quadratischen Punktgitter mit Abständen von 10 cm
auf einer Fläche von 1 m x 1 m, (auf Schlafplätzen 1
m x 2 m, für Labormessungen auch 0,5 m x 0,5 m mit
5 cm Abstand). Die an den Gitterpunkten gemessenen Werte in µT werden mittels eines Datenanalyseprogramms (z.B. Surfer 8 von Golden Software) interpoliert und als „Feldkohärenzmuster“ (FKM) dargestellt.
Abb. 7a (Seite 21-22) zeigt das Beispiel eines
Messfeldes, in dessen Zentrum sich ein sendendes
Mobiltelefon befindet. Die Differenzbildung gegenüber
dem vorher ohne Mobiltelefon vermessenen Hinter-
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grund (Abb. 7b) lässt die Störungen erkennen, die
vom Mobiltelefon in einer Größenordnung bis zu 2 µT
in einem Umkreis von 30 cm hervorgerufen werden.
Die Gradientendarstellung des Feldes von Abb. 7a in
Abb. 7c zeigt im Bereich des Mobiltelefons „Quellen“
und „Senken“. Daher wird schließlich das quellenhafte Verhalten des Feldes B(x,y) von Abb. 7a in Abb. 7d
als „Feldgradientendivergenz“ (FGD) dargestellt, die
als div grad B für jeden Messpunkt berechnet wurde.
Daraus ergibt sich rechnerisch die Einheit µT/m2. Um
besser handhabbare Zahlen zu gewinnen, empfiehlt
sich die Umrechnung auf mT/m2.
WÜST und WIMMER 1934 beschrieben bereits
das Ausbleiben bestimmter biologischer Reaktionen
über einer Fläche, auf der mit einer bestimmten Anordnung von Magneten ein gleichmäßiger (divergenzfreier) Gradient der magnetischen Flussdichte hergestellt worden war. Umgekehrt fanden wir bei unseren
Versuchen mit verschiedenen Magnetfeldkonfigurationen, dass ein Gefühl des Unwohlseins bei anwesenden Personen mit dem Auftreten divergenter
Magnetfeldgradienten zusammenhing.
Wir haben daher mit Untersuchungsreihen zu biologischen Reaktionen auf Magnetfelder mit homogenen und divergenten Gradienten begonnen, über deren Ergebnisse gesondert zu berichten sein wird. Aus
unseren ersten Tests konnten wir ableiten, dass Versuchspersonen beim Aufenthalt in einer Zone mit 5
mT/m2 oder noch höheren FGD-Werten über Kopfschmerzen und Benommenheit klagen. Die Bewertung solcher Divergenzen des magnetischen Feldgradienten muss aber auf die Stärke des erdmagnetischen Hintergrundfeldes Bedacht nehmen. Weiters
sind im Hinblick auf die biologische Wirksamkeit das
gehäufte (lineare oder flächenhaft aggregierte) Auftreten von Störpunkten zu beachten, sowie die Art des
Aufenthaltsplatzes. Belastungen an Schlafplätzen
sind besonders kritisch zu bewerten, aber auch Störungen an Arbeitsplätzen erfordern erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit. Unser internet-basiertes Auswerteportal
(Measurement Analysis Portal,
http://www.map.iirec.at) ermöglicht eine bequeme
Auswertung solcher Messungen. Damit ist es möglich, einen vollständigen Messbericht einschließlich
FKM- und FGD-Grafiken sowie einer standardisierten
Bewertung zu erzeugen.
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Schlussfolgerungen und
Ausblick
Der gegenwärtige Forschungsstand zeigt, dass
biologische Systeme gegenüber statischen und extrem niederfrequenten (ELF) Magnetfeldern äußerst
empfindlich reagieren. Sie zeigen athermische resonanzartige Reaktionen. Die Bedeutung des Erdmagnetfeldes und seiner auch technisch beeinflussten
Gradienten wurde von der geobiologischen Forschung aufgezeigt. Unsere laufenden Arbeiten haben
gezeigt, dass die genaue Lokalisierung und Quantifizierung von biologischem Stress durch Magnetfeldgradienten die Auswertung der Feldgradientendivergenz (FGD) erfordert.
Die wissenschaftlich gut belegte Parallelität der
biologischen Folgen von elektromagnetischer Strahlung im Mikrowellenbereich einerseits und ELF-Feldern andererseits wird theoretisch durch die Erforschung der Quanteneigenschaften von Wasser und
biologischen Systemen untermauert. Sie erfordert es,
moderne digitale Funktechnologien ernsthaft als
Quelle von Magnetfeldstörungen in biologisch wirksamen Frequenz- und Intensitätsfenstern in Betracht
zu ziehen.
Der Resonanzcharakter biologischer Effekte berechtigt zur Hoffnung, dass neue Methoden der Beeinflussung technischer elektromagnetischer Felder
deren biologische Verträglichkeit erhöhen können.
Führende Wissenschaftler von internationalem Ansehen empfehlen die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet und
beteiligen sich aktiv daran (HYLAND 2001, HYLAND
et al. 1999, YOUBICIER-SIMO et al. 1998). An freiwilligen Versuchspersonen ebenso wie an Hühnerembryos gelang der Nachweis, dass hyperschwache
resonanzartige Magnetfeldwirkungen nachteilige Einflüsse von Videomonitoren und Mobiltelefonen ausgleichen können. Uns gelang jüngst die Entwicklung
technischer Folien, die gleichfalls nach dem Resonanzprinzip in der Lage sind, Gradienten in Magnetfeldern auszugleichen. Dies scheint ein vielversprechender Ansatz, um athermischen biologischen Effekten auf niedrigsten Energieniveaus zu begegnen.
Ende der deutschen Kurzfassung
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INTRODUCTION
Recently official studies on the biological effects
of microwave (MW) radiation have troubled the scientific community as well as the broader public regarding potential detrimental effects of wireless communication and data transmission. This is especially true
of (i) the study on effects of global communication
system radio-frequency fields on well being and cognitive functions of human subjects charged by the
Dutch government (ZWAMBORN, VOSSEN et al.
2003) and of (ii) the study on risk evaluation of potential entvironmental hazards from low energy electromagnetic field exposure using sensitive in vitro methods (ADLKOFER 2003) supported by the European
Union.
In study (i) which became known as the “TNO
study“, a statistically significant relation between
UMTS-like fields with a field strength of 1 V/m and the
well being of test persons was found. The amplitude
of the applied 2100 MHz wave corresponded to a
maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.078 W/
kg after averaging over 10 g of tissue. The result was
quite surprising because exposure levels were far
below the accepted SAR limit of 2 W/kg. With GSMlike fields, there was no such significant effect. The
research was carried out according to rigorous scientific standards. Replications of the UMTS part of the
study are going on in several countries (Japan, Switzerland and UK).
The so-called REFLEX study (ii) gave the surprising result that MW radiation as it is used for cellular
phone communication causes genetic damage at certain power levels, depending on the time pattern of
exposure. In particular, there was clear evidence for
an increase of micronuclei formation and of DNA
strand breaking after continuous wave (CW) exposure
to 1800 MHz for 24 hours. The damage occurred in
an energy window of SAR values from 1.3 to 2.0 W/
kg, showing an increasing effect with decreasing SAR
value (!). Prolongued exposure at 1.3 W/kg resulted in
a further increase of micronuclei formation which after
72 hours arrived at a level equivalent to an X-ray exposure of 0.5 Gy. The crucial results were crossvalidated by two renowned research groups within the
framework of the study. So there is no longer doubt
that in an SAR range which is generally accepted for
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GSM-1800 cellular phones according to ICNIRP recommendations (ICNIRP 1998), we are facing a considerable risk of genetic damage through excessive
phoning.
Following these results from careful scientific investigations, it can not be questionned any more that
non-thermal effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) in
the microwave range do exist. The problem in the
scientific discourse, though, is not so much whether
there are nonthermal biological effects, or not. The
question which has not found a satisfying answer so
far is to what mechanisms may be responsible for the
occurence of nonthermal effects. As we will see,
these are closely linked to the biological effects of
weak magnetic fields (MF) in the lowest frequency
range.
It is widely accepted that ions play a decisive role
in biochemical and biophysical processes launched
by EMF. The dynamics of ions in the presence of an
AC MF against the background of a DC field (e.g., the
geomagnetic field) – the cyclotron situation – is an
important link to the understanding of biological responses to weak MFs. Quite often those fields show
resonance-type effects close to cyclotron frequencies
of ions such as Ca2+, Na 2+ etc. Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) occurs at the frequency of the AC MF
Ω=
qB0
m
(1)
with B0 being the magnetostatic component of the MF,
q the charge and m the mass of the ion. ICR a basis
€
for the observed biological phenomena was profoundly explored by LIBOFF 1985, 1997, and LIBOFF
et al 1987b. A reversal of a maximum in the frequency
spectrum of biological effect was found near a cyclotron frequency for 45Ca2+ in a 21-µT DC MF, when the
relative MF amplitude was growing from 1.4 to 10.1
(LIBOFF et al. 1987a). A survey of experimental evidence for ICR effects in biological systems is given in
LIBOFF 2005.
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In his concise monograph on the physical problems underlying magnetobiology, BINHI 2002, though,
comes to the conclusion that “so far there is no physically acceptable understanding of how weak lowfrequency MFs cause living systems to respond.“ At
first sight the attempts to explain this type of biological
effects are frustrated by the sheer inadequacy of energy terms available from various possible mechanisms – always in comparison to thermal energy kT.
On the other hand, there are various arguments pointing in the direction that thermal equilibrium is no adequate approach to the understanding of interactions
between EMF and biological systems. The thermal
concept disregards that dealing with living matter, we
are mainly facing non-equilibrium systems, and that
an appropriate physical description of an EMF is only
given by Maxwell’s equations. Biophysics again and
again finds itself thrown back to Presman’s exhortation to take into consideration signal, rather than energetic, properties of an EMF (PRESMAN 1970).
A promising approach has to follow the lines of
quantum states with a lifetime of about 0.1 s corresponding to a frequency of 10 Hz which seems to be
the upper threshold of reproducible low-frequency
magnetobiological effects. In search of long-living
quantum states of this kind, spin relaxation offers itself as a most promising candidate. Theoretical considerations show that states of nuclear spins of protons and ions are able to explain magnetobiological
effects. The metastability of certain orbital degrees of
freedom may well result from specific features of their
interaction with thermal oscillations. One application
of this approach is the soliton mechanism for the energy transport along –spiral protein molecules
(DAVYDOV 1984).
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01. SEPTEMBER 2005
In BINHI 1997 a,b, a mechanism of the interference of quantum states of an ion bound in an idealized protein cavity is proposed. The ion has found its
way via protein gates to a cavity where it stays in a
superposition of quantum states and shows an inhomogeneous probability density distribution. A DC MF
with a superimposed AC MF will then cause metastable angular modes of ion oscillations showing up as
resonances with certain MF frequencies and amplitudes. The most remarkable changes of the oscillating interference pattern will occur in the range of the
cyclotron frequency of particles.
Binhi’s model gains enormous importance as it
links the role of MF interference parameters to the
transport mechanism of ions and dipole molecules
through membrane channels that was revealed in
detail by the Nobel prize winners of 2003 in chemistry,
Peter Agre and Roderick McKinnon (VON HEIJNE
2003). These findings underline the crucial role of
gates and binding sites in the transport protein channels. The molecular details which had been totally
unclear so far are suitable to explain, from the view
point of Binhi’s interference mechanism, why these
transport processes are influenced by the action of
weak MF. In the case of the transport of water molecules through aquaporin channels dipole mechanisms, of course, play an essential role. It was found
by TAKJORSHID et al. 2002 that the local electrostatic field switches polarity in the middle of the channel, forcing the passing water molecules into rotation
performing an half-cycle of electric oscillation. Later
on, we will return to the interactions of water with RF
EMF to explain the enormous intensities of internal
electric and magnetic fields which may occur in aqueous solution, especially in coherent biological systems.
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WEAK ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS
The question of biological effectiveness of weak
MF has many dimensions, first of all: What order of
magnitude of field intensity has to be considered, and
what is the range of frequencies with a maximum biological effectiveness? A useful approach to answer
these question will be to consider natural ELF magnetic fields: their amplitudes and their spectral characteristics. A tentative answer to this question will be
given in this chapter.
Next, the question has to be answered which
mechanisms can render biological systems, especially the human person, susceptible to weak MF effects. The answer to this question will, again, point
towards thresholds or windows of biological effects.
The scientific exploration of mechanisms proceeds in
two directions: (i) biophysical and biochemical
mechanisms on cellular level, and (ii) holistic responses of complex organisms such as the human
body. This question will be dealt with in connection
with gradients of magnetic fields.
Finally, there is the question of ELF MF impact
from technical sources which modulates the natural
background MF. For setting appropriate standards of
biophysical electromagnetic compatibility, a comprehensive understanding of biological effects of this impact must be gained. This will be the objective of the
following chapter.
Scope of investigation
Usually, ’weak’ MFs investigated with regard to
their biological effects have an intensity of less than 1
mT. The intensity of the earth’s magnetic field keeps
below 100 µT (i.e. 1 Gauss), ranging from 20 µT to 70
µT (LÜHR and HAAK 2000). MFs about or below 1
µT are denoted as ’hyperweak’ fields, still showing
biological effectiveness. PRESMAN 1970 already
gave experimental evidence for the biological detection of hyperweak variable magnetic signals up to 1
nT.
In the frequency range to be considered here,
there are the basically static (DC) geomagnetic field
(GMF), and extremely low frequencies (ELF), in traditional terminology ranging from >0 to 300 Hz. In
newer literature, the notion of ELF is restricted to 30
Hz as an upper threshold. The lowest frequencies of
the ELF range were formerly denoted as ultralow frequencies, but the current terminology uses the notions of superlow frequencies (SLF) for 30-300 Hz,
and of ultralow frequencies (ULF) for 300 Hz-3 kHz
(Fig. 1). Here we will use the notion of ELF for >0 to
30 Hz and focus our evaluation on MFs within this
range. AC fields at such low frequencies may be considered, from a physical point of view, as quasi-static
fields, approaching DC or static fields as a limit.
Natural ELF fields
MFs in the ELF range surround us from atmospheric resonances which are imprinted to the nonstatic share of the geomagnetic field (GMF). These
are the Schumann resonances, representing cavity
Frequency (Hz)
DC MF 0 > AC MF
Traditional terminology
Current terminology
ultralow
frequencies
30
300
extremely low
frequencies
3000
-
very low
frequencies
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
extremely low
frequencies
superlow
frequencies
ultralow
frequencies
very low
frequencies
Fig. 1: Terminology of lowest frequency fields
© by IIREC
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resonance modes of the system earth-ionosphere.
The basic Schumann frequency lies at 7.8 Hz, with
overtones up to some 45 Hz (fig. 2, table 1).
5
REL
UNITS
4
The earth’s magnetic field shows a variety of
characteristic peaks at lowest frequencies (< 3 Hz).
These micropulsations, as they are called, arise from
the edge of the magnetosphere. They spread to the
ionosphere from where they are irradiated as waves
to the ground.
A broad maximum of geomagnetic variations sets
in at about 7 Hz and covers the whole ELF, SLF and
ULF region. This is caused by atmospheric waves, its
peak at about 100 Hz mirrors the global frequency of
lightnings (about 100 per second).
3
2
1
0
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
0
10
20
30
Hertz
Fig. 2: Schumann resonance spectrum at day-time (according to
POLK 1982) from 0 to 35 Hz
It is worth noting that the lowest Schumann frequencies of 7.8 Hz and 14.1 Hz resp. are very close
to the upper and lower limit of the alpha band of brain
waves (Fig. 3). From a close look to the frequency
spectrum of brain activity, it can be seen that Schumann frequencies show up as small, but distinct
spikes in the brain spectrum. Moreover, the basic
Schumann frequency of 7.8 Hz was identified as the
frequency of the heart meridian of traditional chinese
medicine (TCM) by SMITH 2002. It is also represented as a peak frequency in the variations of the
geomagnetic field (GMF).
In the range from 7 to 60 Hz, GMF variations are
modulated by the Schumann resonances. The basic
frequency can be roughly estimated from a wavelength which equals the circumference of the earth
(about 40,000 km), giving an approximative frequency
value of 7.5 Hz.
Relative amplitude
0
10
20
30
40
50
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 3: Frequency spectrum of brain waves (from MALMIVUO
and PLONSEY 1995)
Harmonic no.
Resonance frequency
(Hz)
1
7.8
2
14.1
3
20.3
4
26.4
5
32.5
6
38.8
Daily variations, micropulsations and magnetic
storms can cause GMF variations of several 100 nT.
Daily variations comprise solar and lunar variations,
the former (20 nT to 30 nT) being about 10 times
stronger than the latter.
Table 1: Schumann resonance frequencies as an overtone series
© by IIREC
There are 5 peaks of continuous pulsations (pc1pc5) and 2 ranges of irregular pulsations (pi1, pi2) of
the GMF. An overview of the geomagnetic variations
is given in table 2.
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Geomagnetic variation
time period
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
order of magnitude of
peak frequency
peak intensity
Long-term cycles
secular variations
>> 1 year
365 d (solar), 354 d (lunar)
3.2·10-8 Hz
5 nT
30 d (synodical), 27 d
(siderical)
4·10-7 Hz
10 nT
24 h
1.2·10-5 Hz
50 nT
0.5-5 h
2.8·10-4 Hz
100 nT
pc 5
150-600 s
2·10-3 Hz
80 nT
pc 4
45-150 s
0.01 Hz
1 nT
pc 2, 3
5-45 s
0.1 Hz
0.5 nT
pc 1
0.2-5 s
1 Hz
0.1 nT
pi 2
40-150 s
0.007-0.025 Hz
pi 1
1-40 s
0.025-1 Hz
ELF cavity resonances
0.015-0.15 s
7-60 Hz
(several peaks)
0.02-0.05 nT
Lightnings
0.1-0.001 s
100 Hz
0.07 nT
yearly variation
monthly variation
daily variation
hourly variations
Micropulsations
Continuous pulsations
Irregular pulsations
Table 2: Variations of the geomagnetic field (according to BRASSE 2003)
Supported by experimental results from genetics,
radiobiology, cytology, plant physiology, and animal
physiology, DUBROV 2003 draws a comprehensive
Based on the characteristics of natural MF, one
could estimate which kind of MF would be most prom- picture of biological rhythms being synchronized with
GMF variations. HECHT 2003 reviews magnetic
ising to cause distinct biological effects. Supposing
that living organisms have undergone an evolutionary storms as triggers of myocardial infarct and various
other diseases. The Schumann peak of GMF variaadaptation to natural magnetic conditions, their
tions between 7 and 12 Hz matches the natural fremaximum magnetobiological sensitivity should be
quencies of united cell structures. This might be exexpected in the frequency range of weak ELF variaplained by an endogenization of these frequencies
tions (0-30 Hz) at amplitudes not surpassing 1 µT,
with a DC background up to the order of magnitude of which evolved the same way as of circadian rhythm.
100 µT.
B i o l o g i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f n a t ural magnetic fields
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craniosacral
rhythm
cranial rhythmic
impulse (CRI)
additional rhythm
“big tide“,
“breath of life“
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01. SEPTEMBER 2005
author
cycles
period
frequency
matched GMF
micropulsations*
Sutherland
6-14/min
4-10 s
0.1-0.23 Hz
pc 2
Jealous
2.5/min
24 s
0.04 Hz
pc 3
Becker
6-10/
60-100 s
10 min
0.010.017 Hz
pc 4
Table 3: Craniosacral rhythms and micropulsations of GMF (according to LIEM 1998)
One more example may be added from complementary medicine: In craniosacral osteopathy, body
rhythms play a crucial role. Remarkably, the very slow
principal rhythms described by researchers in this
field match the pc2 to pc4 pulsations of the GMF (table 3).
tensity (LIBOFF and JENROW 2000). Abruptly increasing or decreasing this field intensity (by more
than 30 %) renders the AMC temporarily useless.
Adaptation requires a minimum of 72 hours. The
AMC is apparently ineffective in purely horizontal
magnetic fields.
Findings such as the synchronization of the cell
matrix with the alpha rhythm of 8-12 Hz point to the
natural variations of the GMF as a time base for
biological rhythms. The effect of magnetic storms
show that a synchronized rhythm of this kind, though,
is disturbed by pronounced deviations of the magnetic
surroundings, which results in impairment of wellbeing and enhancement of pathological processes.
Such disturbances are caused by MFs of technical
origin, as well, if they match the frequency and intensity windows of natural signals. Biological systems
have been trained through evolution to sense the
weak ELF signals from the natural electric and magnetic fields.
The sensitivity of humans to magnetic fields,
though, was denied for a long time. It was not before
Kirschvink’s discovery of magnetite biomineralization
in the human brain (KIRSCHVINK et al 1992a) that a
plausible mechanism for a body response to magnetic
fields seemed to be within grasp. Kirschvink’s group
proposed a mechanism how a magnetic field can be
sensed by an organism using magnetite
(KIRSCHVINK et al 1992b). An ion channel may be
opened by means of a filament attached to a magnetite grain. Following along these lines, even a link to
cancer promotion was suggested (EMF SRS 1997).
Supposing a magnetosome being bound to a mechanically activated ion channel in a calcisome, EMF
exposure during cell division could lead to disruption
of spindle fibers due to increased Ca2+-levels and a
chromosome non-disjunction event.
M a g n e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f b i o l o g ical organisms
Perhaps the most prominent example of magnetic
sensitivity is the internal compass which enables migrant birds to find their way without visible landmarks.
The avian magnetic compass (AMC) has been shown
by the group of Liboff to have a relatively narrow
range of response centered about the local GMF in-
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From the most plausible biophysical mechanisms,
a threshold of 0.1 µT can be concluded for the possibility of DC MF effects on biological systems. AC field
frequency dependence has been observed in experiment (KOBAYASHI and KIRSCHVINK 1995). Magnetite crystals that are magnetically saturated produce a
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peak MF of 0.25-0.5 T. These flux densities are sufficiently strong to alter radical pair reactions in cellular
biochemistry. A strong varying magnetic field would
be produced if magnetite grains began to rotate under
the influence of an external ELF MF. The corresponding electric field would possibly alter membrane function. Experiments on honeybees with a threshold below 0.1 µT gave indirect evidence of a magnetitebased mechanism (WALKER and BITTERMAN
1989).
At the Fröhlich Centenary International Symposium “Coherence and Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems“ held in July 2005 in Prague, Binhi
presented calculation results on stochastic dynamics
of magnetic nanoparticles in biological cells (CEFBIOS 2005b). For single-domain magnetite particles
of radius r = 100 nm in the GMF the magnetic energy
equals approximately 24 kT. For an additional AC MF
capable of affecting a biophysical or biochemical sys-
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
tem, a minimum intensity of 1-2 µT is required. By
facilitation through thermal fluctuations, this limit value
may be reduced. A 100 nm-magnetosome fixed in the
cytoskeleton with plausible elasticity in the 13-µT AC
MF and 46-µT GMF regularly turns at angles of the
same order as the chaotic rotations. The ’resonance’
effect will occur within a ’window’ in constant MF.
Computations show that a 1 % MF change causes
10-20 % change in the transition probability of biochemical reactions. Thus, the limit of detectable values of the constant MF variations is found to be 0.2
µT, the level of geomagnetic fluctuations.
The power of nonthermal effects is revealed by
calculation of the effective temperature in magnetic
noise. Supposing increased sensitivity of a biological
system by stochastic resonance and setting appropriate parameters, according to Binhi’s calculations
some µT turn out to be equivalent to several hundred degrees of temperature.
PARALLEL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION AND ELF
MAGNETIC FIELDS
Safety standards for EMFs should be based on
relevant biological properties. In a paper submitted to
CEFBIOS 2005 (c), Blank and Goodman suggest to
consider specific cellular reactions to potentially
harmful stimuli as a biological guide for electromagnetic safety. In particular, the stress response which is
stimulated by both ELF and radio frequency (RF)
EMF is a well documented protective reaction of animal and plant cells. Thermal and non-thermal stimuli
affect different segments of DNA to initiate stress protein synthesis and utilize different biochemical pathways . However, both ELF and RF stimulate the
same non-thermal pathway. The authors conclude
that the specific absorption rate (SAR) does not
provide a valid basis for safety standards because
the same biochemical reactions are stimulated in different frequency ranges, obviously independent of
SAR levels.
Belayev confirms in his presentation at CEFBIOS
2005 (a) the chromosomal DNA being the target for
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non-thermal effects of MWs. They feature as resonance type effects with specific frequency windows
and intensity windows including extremely low power
densities (PD) down to 10-13 W/m2, the biological outcome depending on type of signal (frequency, amplitude), modulation, and polarization. With decreasing
intensity, the resonance windows are narrowing and
splitting into symmetrical sub-resonances with specific effects of circular polarization (helicity). Biological
systems are more sensitive to exposure time than to
PD in the range of 10-13 to 10-2 W/m2. Thus, attempts
to establish dose-response-relationships are not
promising at low intensities. The dependence of
effects on duration of exposure and PD is strongly
non-linear.
Effects are influenced by physiological conditions,
as well, and depend on cell density. This finding suggests cell-to-cell-interaction during response to MWs
and intercellular electromagnetic communication. So,
it is not appropriate to explore non-thermal ef-
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fects on a cellular or subcellular level alone. The
high degree of biological organisation requires
researchers to take into account the holistic (one
might say: holographic) nature of biological organisms. Genomic differences influencing the biological response to MWs evidence the crucial role of
DNA as an interface in the wave-biosysteminteraction.
This function of genomic DNA resolves the ’Cparadox’ meaning that the genome size (C-value) in
almost all eukaryotic genomes encodes genes only to
a few percent. Therefore, the major part of genomic
DNA has been misunderstood as “junk DNA“ for a
long time. Now it was clarified that the whole genomic
DNA is responsible for the natural spectrum of oscillations.
A na logy be t we e n e f f e c t s of MW r a diat ion a nd ELF m a gne t ic f ie lds
Beginning from 1987, several authors have
pointed out a striking congruence of biological response to RF EMFs in the MW range and lowfrequency MFs (table 4). Common features of both
kinds of fields are similar magnitudes of biological
effects and their disappearance upon application of
an additional low-frequency fluctuating MFs. Frequency spectra of bio-effects are almost the same,
whether a low-frequency MF or a modulated MW
EMF be applied. From this, it can be concluded that
modulated MW radiation is demodulated by biological
systems, the final biological effect depending on
modulation frequency.
A remarkable side-effect of the close relationship
between effects of MW EMFs and ELF MFs is the
ability of ELF noise fields to mitigate or even inhibit
detrimental biological impact of a coherent ELF field
or of MW radiation. Inhibition requires a noise level at
70-80% of the intensity of the coherent EMF. This was
also demonstrated for the cellular phone type of MW
radiation . There is already a practical application as a
radioprotective device in cellular phones.
© by IIREC
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
Author(s)
year*
object of investigation
Liboff et al.
1987
(b)
membrane transport
(ICR)
Alipov et al.
1994
E. coli cells (systemic
reaction)
Litovitz et al.
1994
(b)
modulated mm-band
radiation /
Penafiel et al.
1997
ornithine
decarboxylase activity
in L929 cells
Kwee and
Raskmark
1995
cell growth in human
epithelial
Kwee and
Raskmark
1998
amnion (AMA) cells
Blank and
Goodman
1997
EMF-DNA interaction
Gapeyev et al.
1999
immune system cells
Belyaev et al.
1999
conformation of
nucleoids in
Belyaev et al.
2000
E. coli cells and
human lymphocytes
cf. Belyaev et
al.
1994
dependence of effects
of ELF MFs on
collinear static MF
Mitigating effect of ELF noise :
Litovitz et al.
1994 (a)
developing chicken
embryos
Lin and
Goodman
1995
human leukemia cells
Kwee and
Raskmark
1996
human epithelial
AMA cells
Litovitz et al.
1997
cellular phone
radiation
*) Letters added refer to the bibliography.
Table 4: Experimental evidence for congruent biological effects of
MW radiation and ELF magnetic fields.
Again, these insights underline the non-thermal
nature of biological effects and the crucial role of coherence in biological systems. Yet, from a physical as
well as from a biological (rather biophysical) point of
view, the mechanism of coherence remains to be
cleared. As a physical substrate of biological coherence, water may be conjectured.
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T h e r o l e o f w a t e r i n e l e c t r o m a gnetic bioeffects
DEL GIUDICE et al. 1988, 1989 outlined a quantum electrodynamic (QED) description of biological
matter. It is based on different sets of states with nonzero macroscopic polarization P which serves as an
order parameter for electret states. External influences such as metabolic energy induce transitions
between different sets. Macroscopic dipole waves
arise which may also be described as an occurrence
of coherence through Bose condensation of particles
in the ground state. The underlying basic idea of coherent dipole oscillation modes was formulated and
for the first time applied to biological systems by
FRÖHLICH 1968 a,b.
Now, external EMFs interact with the polarization
waves in a biological medium due to its non-linear
properties. This implies an altered behaviour of the
EMF because its wave equation is no longer d’Alembert’s, but it has to be expanded for a polarization
term. As a consequence, it propagates thread-like,
with high EM gradients at the edges where ions and
molecules are organized with a high degree of order.
Thus, the EMF becomes a morphological (structureforming) factor.
Water as a dipole medium allows for the formation
of polarization waves. The properties of these could
be affected by a low-frequency MF which – by interaction with the spin magnetic moments of water protons – influences the orientations of water molecules.
This offers an explanation to biological effects.
For a water resonance mode of ω0 1.5⋅1012 Hz,
the coherence domain has a radius of R = 100 µm
and contains about N = 1017 molecules. The number
of molecules involved in a quantum fluctuation which
does not spoil the coherence, ∆N, is about the square
root of N = 3⋅108 molecules. A response to an excitation by frequency ν that keeps the system in coherence must obey the condition:
∆N⋅ν ≤ ω0
giving ν = 5 kHz.
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(2)
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
The wavelength λ of the coherence wave is equal
to the diameter 2R of the coherence domain, so the
velocity of the wave is c’ = λ⋅ν = 1 m/s.
Vice versa, it may be stated that for a given velocity c’ of coherence waves in water or in a biological
medium and for a constant wavelength determined by
the magnitude of coherence domains, a frequency ν
occurs which relates to the EM frequency ω0 in the
same ratio as the velocity c’ of coherent wave propagation in the medium to the velocity of light c = 3⋅108
m/s. So, different velocity ranges correspond to different frequency ranges. To a MW EM frequency of
300 MHz = 3⋅108 Hz, in a medium with c’ = 1 m/s
there will be a parallel coherent frequency of 1 Hz.
This is only a rough estimation of the effects we
can expect in water and in biological tissue, but it reveals that coherence waves in the ELF range parallel EM frequencies in the MW range. Vice versa,
ELF magnetic fields inducing coherent oscillations in
water or body tissue have biological effects of the
same kind as MW EMFs. This opens the door to
the understanding of analogous experimental results in both frequency ranges.
The tremendous loss of velocity of an EM wave
incident to a certain cross-section of a dielectric medium such as water results in an equal increase of
intrinsic energy density, i.e. by a factor of approximately 108. As the value of energy density is given by
the product of electric field strength and magnetic flux
density, each of them rises by 4 orders of magnitude!
Thus, the marked biological effects of lowest nonthermal power densities (PD) can be explained
because in coherent media such as water and biological tissue an amplification by a factor of 10,000
takes place.
A detailed account of coherence waves in water
and in human body was given by SMITH 2002. He
determined coherent propagation velocities in water
being about 2 m/s and in the human leg being about 6
m/s. Based on these data, theoretical MF effects of
low-energy MW radiation in the body tissue can be
calculated, supposing a 100% absorption. PDs of 1100 µW/m2 suggested to ensure biological compatibility of cellular phone radiation correspond to ELF
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magnetic inductions of 0.45-4.5 µT. Bearing in mind
that natural fluctuations of the GMF amount to only
0.1 µT and that – via stochastic resonance – this order of magnitude has to be regarded as a lower
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
threshold of magnetosome response, the strict suggestions of PD limits obviously are not too low.
GRADIENTS IN STATIC AND ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS
Principal remark: Magnetic fields are solenoidal,
i.e. in terms of mathematical physics, they have a
curl, but are not a gradient of a potential. MF gradients may be defined, though, of the local value of total magnetic induction or of the component of the MF
vector in a pre-defined direction. In the geographical
latitude of Europe, Siberia and North America, the
vertical component of the geo-magnetic field is dominating. Therefore in these regions of the world it is
suitable to choose the vertical component of the
magnetic flux density or induction to characterize irregularities in the static and ELF magnetic field.
Till now, the role of gradients in MFs has not been
properly recognized. Hardly any experimental report
refers to gradients of applied DC or AC MFs. Magnetic pads, bracelets, necklaces, etc., manufactured
for popular self-application, as well as professional
medical magnetotherapy seem to be effective due to
spatial inhomogeneity of MF because they are applied to biological receptors from outside (BINHI
2002). In spite of reported benefits such as immediate
relief of pain one must keep in mind that the use of
magnetic devices, if not supervised by well trained
medical practitioners, puts applicants to a considerable health risk. There has not been an adequate research so far, but it must be regarded that the permanent impact of MFs may have serious biological consequences.
Gradient of DC MF
Blocked percentage of
action potentials
1.5 mT/mm
80%
1 mT/mm
70%
0.02 mT/mm
no changes
Table 5: Impact of MF gradients on the “firing“ probability of
neuron action potentials (CAVOPOL et al. 1995)
MF gradients may serve as reference vectors in
the biological detection of MF orientation, lying a
physical basis for magnetotropism (YANO et al.
2001).
In the paper already cited, GAPEYEV et al. 1996
found a remarkable difference of biological response
to near zone vs. far zone radiation. Comparing equal
power flux densities, only far zone radiation with relatively small gradients evoked resonance-like cell responses with distinct spectral maxima. In the near
zone with its strong field gradients, no frequency dependence of biological effect was found. This points
to a disturbance of biological coherence by strong MF
gradients.
The results discussed so far indicate that MF
Sensory neurons in a cell culture react to gradient
gradients
are important for the orientation of bioMFs with a shift of the probability of “firing“(CAVOPOL
logical systems, but strong gradients result in
et al. 1995, table 5). Thus, neural impulses can be
interruption of biological signals or even breakblocked by magnetic gradients.
down of coherence.
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R e s u l t s o f g e o b i o l o g i c a l r esearch
Systematic research on the biological significance
of MF gradients was conducted by German geobiologists during the last 70 years. Geobiology deals with
pathogenic locations, i.e. qualities of locations due to
geological or hydrogeological conditions such as geological faults, cavities, or water-lines, which were often found to conincide with zones of impaired wellbeing, disturbed sleep, and elevated risk of certain
diseases, even cancer promotion. For a long time it
seemed nearly impossible to locate such zones by
physical measurements. So their exploration was reserved to the subjective capacity of dowsers, while it
was neglected by scholarly science. One scientific
approach to this field was monitoring body reactions
on pathogenic locations as indicators for geopathic
stress. But a physical detection required objective
measurement techniques independent of subjective
conditions. That was the agenda of the geobiological
school. In search of candidates for physical indicators, among others such as increased radioactivity (γactivity) and VHF radiowave interference, geobiologists turned their attention to the geomagnetic field
(GMF).
WÜST 1941 showed by a simple magnetic variometer (variation of MF direction) that irritation zones
could be detected by measurement. He documented
a 20° magnetic declination at a spot which had been
independently detected by a dowser.
Gradient of GMF
Biological assessment
≤ 3 µT/m
tolerable degree of disturbance
10 µT/m
imperiling degree of
disturbance
≥ 20 µT/m
strongly effective degree of
disturbance
Table 6: Suggested guide values for magnetic anomalies in sleeping places (MERSMANN 1983, 1997a,b)
© by IIREC
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
For a refined exploration of anomalies in the GMF,
Mersmann constructed a „Geo-Magnetometer“ for
reliable measurements of DC magnetic inductions in
vertical direction. He found that pathogenic zones
were frequently related to GMF gradients. The registration technique of such gradients was dragging the
probe of the meter along straight lines at a constant
speed. Based on measuring results and medical experience (MERSMANN 1983, 1997a,b, ASCHOFF et
al. 1985), guide values were suggested for MF gradients that would be tolerable in sleeping places (table
6).
ASCHOFF et al. 1985 found that biological effects
would not only be due to MF gradients with geological
causes but also to gradients of technical origin in
beds, on chairs etc. Aschoff reports of a thyroid proliferation being remitted after removal of a single screw
which had caused a considerable MF gradient close
to the throat of the sleeping person.
The pioneering work of Wüst, Aschoff and Mersmann was confirmed by research papers in architectural engineering, and veterinary medicine (HAN
2001, MARX et al. 1989, TOMBARKIEWICZ 1996).
Interference of technical EM
waves with GMF
The measurements of MF gradients in a technical
environment introduced by Aschoff opened the door
to a field of research which since then gained increased importance for the monitoring of technical
impact on the natural MF. When dealing with issues of
EM safety and compatibility, it is essential to have in
mind that the technical alterations of the GMF are
superimposed on natural variations, causing interferences with signals of high biological relevance.
The “magnetic noise“ of technical origin is able to
aggravate (but also, in some cases, to equalize) MF
gradients in the natural surroundings or in the body
itself. Typical amplitudes of magnetic noise
amount to 0.1-10 µT in the static and ELF range
(up to 50 or 60 Hz from the mains supply) matching
the intensity window as well as the frequency
window of maximum biological sensitivity.
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Our precision measurements have shown that
MW devices of wide-spread everyday use such as
cordless and cellular phones, bluetooth headsets or
wireless LAN base stations typically cause magnetic
alterations of 0.5 to 5 µT in the ELF range.
-
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
As explained before, supposing the presence
of coherency domains in water or biological
tissue, MW frequencies will be paralleled by
coherent frequencies in the ELF range.
SMITH 2002 determined the ratio of MW/ELF
The ELF MF impact of MW radiation, in parwave velocities and frequencies resp. to be 1.09⋅108
ticular its interaction with ELF MF gradients in a
in pure water, and 0.494⋅108 in body tissue. These
critical order of magnitude, has so far been widely
data refer to EM wave propagation at light velocity in
neglected, but it seems to be the clue to the under- air and the respective propagation of coherent intrinstanding of non-thermal biological effects. Lowsic fields in media. To give an example, GSM EM frefrequency side effects of MW devices are due to vari- quencies of approximately 900 or 1800 MHz resp. will
ous physical reasons:
produce parallel coherent frequencies in the biologically highly sensitive ELF range in water and in the
- ELF functions of the respective technology: In body (table 7), resulting in sharp gradients of the inGSM cellular phones, e.g. the power is regutrinsic ELF MF. Note that the resulting frequencies
lated from the base station in intervals of 104
about 16 Hz target at ion transport processes (Ca2+,
frames = 480 ms corresponding to a frequency K+) of high biological significance. Ca2+ is receptive to
of 2.1 Hz. Time division multiple access
frequencies around 36 Hz, as well. Gradients at the
(TDMA) which chops a frequency band into
designated frequencies are extremely critical for
several channels or time slots uses a frethe migration of these ions through biological
quency of 8.3 Hz in the case of GSM commumembranes.
nication. This frequency is very close to the
basic Schumann frequency of 7.8 Hz which
The classical “microwave“ frequency of 2.45 GHz
also governs the heart meridian and features
and, of course, its coherent parallel frequency, match
at the lower threshold of brain waves.
a resonance line of water. Microwave cooking is
based on that resonance. Water in meals is heated by
- Digital technologies use low-frequency pulse
bringing about a “resonance catastrophe“ which desequences, such as 100 Hz for the DECT
stroys coherency. It is worth noting, too, that in body
standard, or 217 Hz fort he GSM standard.
tissue the widely used bands of W-LANs, bluetooth
devices and microwave ovens have a parallel fre- According to Fourier analysis, the flanks of
quency in body tissue which is very close to the
pulses break down to a broad range of fremains frequency of 50 Hz being used in many counquencies, extending to the lowest frequency
tries of the world.
range.
Medium
GSM-900
GSM-1800
W-LAN, Bluetooth,
microwave ovens
air
∼ 900 MHz
∼ 1800 MHz
∼2450 MHz
pure water
8.3 Hz
16.5 Hz
22.5 Hz
body (human leg)
18.2 Hz
36.4 Hz
49.6 Hz
Table 7: Frequencies of technical MW radiation and their coherent parallel frequencies in the ELF range for water and body tissue
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or approximately 1% of measured values. For
regions with a weaker GMF, a deviation limit of
0.5% would be desirable.
Critical review of geobiological
findings
Geobiologists did groundbreaking work in the
recognition of the biological significance of MF gradients, in the realization of their physical measurement,
and in the introduction of monitoring of technical impact on the natural magnetic signals. Yet, they left
some important issues unresolved:
-
-
Strictly speaking, an empirical correlation between the occurence of MF gradients and
health effects does not prove the gradient itself
to be the crucial factor. A close look at the
cases documented in geobiological literature
indicates that the transition zones from an
even MF to regions with a strong gradient
might be the proper “trouble zones“.
This question is also linked to the problem of
precise location. Geobiological measurements
have so far been indicative of biological risks,
but the location of points or zones of irritation
by pure measurement lags behind the precision of well-trained dowsers. In this respect it
is important to mind that dowsers have known
for long that spezial points or lines such as
crossings and edges of fault zones or underground water flows are biologically far more
irritating than the regions in between. This,
again, calls for a more refined evaluation of
inhomogeneity of MF gradients.
-
Setting out from the exploration of GMF, the
Geo-Magnetometer was constructed principally as a DC magnetometer. At 5 Hz, it has
already an attenuation of -3 dB. This seems
inadequate to the registration of technical interference with GMF in the biologically sensitive ELF region.
-
The deviation of the Geo-Magnetometer was
about ± 3% of measured values. For a vertical
GMF induction of 40 µT, this means an uncertainty of as much as 1.2 µT. For a reliable detection of natural or technical disruptions, instrumental deviations should fall below 0.5 µT
© by IIREC
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
-
The perpetration technique of geobiologists is
insufficient, for the precision of measurement
as well as for the location of measuring points.
There is a need for a more accurate registration and evaluation.
A n e w f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e d i a gn o s i s o f p o i n t s o r z o n e s o f d i sturbance
Along these considerations, we had a measuring
instrument constructed which meets the following requirements:
-
maximum deviation 0.5% at a GMF intensity
of 40 µT
-
full sensitivity in the range from 0-15 Hz which
is biologically most sensitive and covers geomagnetic variations from the static field to the
range of Schumann harmonics #1 and 2
-
attenuation setting in about the lowest technical ELF which is usually 16.7 Hz (railway frequency), amounting to -3 dB at 18 Hz
These requirements were fulfilled in our Precision
Teslameter 05/40 which represents an optimum compromise for the reliable detection of GMF variations ≥
0.2 µT, be they caused by natural or technical impact,
in the static as well as ELF range. Along with improved registration technique for magnetic induction,
it was necessary to enhance the evaluation of measured data. This led us to the development of new
methods for the location and quantitative characterization of zones of biological trouble in the static and
ELF magnetic field, comprising both geogenic and
technogenic disturbances.
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01. SEPTEMBER 2005
DETERMINATION AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
DIVERGENT MF GRADIENTS
For the new method a patent was filed (MEDINGER and HOMANN 2004). The technique is based
on the determination of spatial distribution of vertical
magnetic flux density on a regular measuring grid.
Usually, a field of 1 m 1 m is used. For bed-places, it
is extended to 1 m 2 m. For field measurements, distances of 10 cm between measuring points are chosen. For laboratory measurements (e.g. of MF disturbance caused by a cellular phone) distances between
measuring points are reduced to 5 cm. Measurements are usually conducted in the static and ELF
range with the Precision Teslameter 05/40 (fig. 4).
Fig. 4:
IIREC Precision Teslameter 05/40
Series 01a, with
Förster probe
The Förster probe is contained in a measurement
bob that can be easily held vertically. Best results are
obtained with a rack to keep the measurement probe
in a fixed position (fig. 5).
Fig. 6:
Measuring grid for
FCP field measurements
© by IIREC
Fig. 5: Measuring rack for FCP laboratory measurements
But for field measurements, a measurement grid
spread out from a tripod yields satisfying results (fig.
6).
The first step of evaluation is the mapping of
measured and interpolated values. This is easily performed by a suitable data analysis or mapping tool.
We use Surfer 8 from Golden Software, Inc. fig. 7a
gives an example of a measured MF with a transmitting cellular phone in its center. fig. 7b represents the
difference between the same situation and the original background field without the cellular. The disturbance by the energy of the transmitting cellular phone
amounts to +1.5 µT. Note that besides this effect
close to the cellular, there are also disturbances from
-1 µT to 2 µT within a radius of 30 cm. Because such
effects form a coherent pattern that can be attributed
to a source of disturbance, we call the method ’field
coherence pattern’ (FCP).
In fig. 7c, the field gradients of 7a are represented
as vectors. The most striking feature to be seen in
this map are the “source“ and “sink“ type points close
to (0.5, 0.6) and (0.5, 0.4) resp. The vicinity of these
points to each other indicates a high divergence of
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the gradient in the surroundings of the transmitting
cellular phone.
The last step of evaluation consists of a computation of the divergence of field gradients. Consequently, we call it ’field gradient divergence’ (FGD).
The result for the single measuring points is mapped
in fig. 7d. If we denote the magnetic induction function
that is mapped in 7a with B(x,y), then the values in 7d
represent div grad B = δ2B/δx2+δ2B/δy2, which equals
the source intensity of B. Thus, mathematically the
results have the unit of µT/m2. This should not be
misunderstood as a surface-related result; it merely
indicates a second derivative of µT values. For obtaining more convenient figures, the results may be
converted to mT/m2.
Significance of diverging MF
gradients
WÜST and WIMMER 1934 used the subjective
reaction of a reliable dowser to detect waves which
are now revealed as propagation of coherent oscillation modes. They found an arrangement of magnets
that obviously shielded the cause of biological reactions. It consisted of two bar magnets along adjacent
sides of a rectangle in a constellation with alternating
poles along the circumference (fig. 8).
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
the vicinity of a field under investigation felt at unease
when there were diverging gradients of the vertical
magnetic flux density above a metal surface, but felt
at ease again when gradients were equalized.
Test situation:
1
2
3
background DC and ELF
magnetic induction
43 µT
43 µT
43 µT
MF gradient
12 µT/ 12 / 24 12 µT/
m
µT/m
m
MF gradient divergence
0 mT/
m2
7 mT/
m2
Trends of body
parameters:
1→2
2→3
Pulse amplitude (BVP*)
+5.4
0.0
Breathing amplitude**
+1.1
-0.4
Breathing rate (min-1)
-0.6
+4.7
EMG (µV)
+0.7
+4.7
Skin temperature (°)
+8.7
+1.3
0 mT/
m2
*) Blood Volume Pulse (measured by photoplethysmograph)
**) relative intensity of breathing, range of measured values= 4
to 7
S > N
Table 8: Typical trends of body parameters of a test person (female, age 37) on transition from a homogeneous gradient MF to a
MF with divergent gradient and back
N = north pole
Vertical component of DC and ELF MF measured by Precision
Teslameter 05/40, evaluation by Surfer 8 (Golden Software)
S = south pole
N
S
Fig. 8: Arrangement of magnets to generate an MF with constant
gradient (WÜST and WIMMER 1934)
We have begun to test the biological reactions to
homogeneous and divergent MF gradients. The detailed results will be published in a paper to follow, but
a short account of a typical experiment is given here:
Vice versa, when experimenting with the shaping
of gradients in MFs, we found that persons present in
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01. SEPTEMBER 2005
Table 7: Evaluation of field coherence pattern (FCP) measurement in a 1 m2 test field with a
transmitting cellular phone in its center x and y axes labeled with distances in m.
a.
Vertical component of DC and
ELF MF measured by Precision
Teslameter 05/40, interpolation
by Surfer 8 (Golden Software)
Lines of equal vertical magnetic
flux density labeled in µT.
b.
Differential FCP: The subtraction
of background magnetic induction
previously measured without cellular phone in the field, from the
values as mapped under a shows
the disturbing effect of the cellular
on the test field.
Lines of equal difference of vertical magnetic flux density labeled
in µT.
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01. SEPTEMBER 2005
Table 7: Evaluation of field coherence pattern (FCP) measurement in a 1 m2 test field with a
transmitting cellular phone in its center x and y axes labeled with distances in m.
c.
Gradient of vertical magnetic flux
density: In this diagram, the gradient of measured magnetic induction values is shown in a vector mapping.
The length of arrows represents
the norm of the gradient vector.
d.
Field gradient divergence (FGD):
This diagram shows the divergence of field gradients as
mapped in c, calculated for every
measuring point with Surfer 8
(Golden Software).
Lines of equal FGD labeled in µT/
m2 .
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A test person is taken into a field with a homogeneous gradient of the vertical component of DC and
ELF MF (measured by Precision Teslameter 05/40) of
about 12 µT/m against a background MF intensity of
43 µT. According to Mersmann, this would mean an
imperiling degree of disturbance at a sleeping place.
Then, within a certain zone of the test field, the gradient is raised e.g. to the double, the proband being
exposed to the transition line from the original lower
gradient to the elevated gradient, i.e. to a line of
maximum divergence of MF gradient (FGD about 7
mT/m2). In a third test run, the divergence is removed
and the field restored to a homogeneous gradient of
the original magnitude.
The perceptions of the test person and his/her
body parameters are monitored. Trends are evaluated
for the transition from (i) homogeneous to divergent
gradient field and (ii) back to a homogeneous gradient. Probands complain of headache and obnubilation
if the FGD surpasses 5 mT/m2. These complains vanish after the third exposition phase. Body parameters
show contrarious trends for the transitions (i) and (ii).
Results of a typical experiment are given in table 8.
Note that the significant trends of body parameters
given in the table are no absolute values, but differences, i.e. reactions to the altered divergence of MF
gradient. In this experiment, skin conductivity and
heart rate which are often discussed as indicators for
EM stress, showed no significant result at all. Further
research of this kind is going on in our laboratory.
Application to electromagnetic
bio-compatibility
The method of FCP measurement and FGD
evaluation offers itself as a reliable tool for the analysis of the spatial structure of static and ELF MFs, in
order to detect biological stress zones. Divergent gradients can be due to technical impact as well as natural causes. For a practical assessment of biological
compatibility, guidelines and recommendations are
needed.
© by IIREC
01. SEPTEMBER 2005
From our experiments conducted so far we deduce that against a natural magnetic background of
about 40 µT, FGD (the divergence of the vertical MF
gradient) values from 5 mT/m2 upward signal a
strong, biologically effective disturbance on which
most persons will react with complaints.
FGD values of 10 mT/m2 and more occur very
rarely and must be qualified as a strong or extreme
disturbance in MF. Some more factors have to be
noted:
(i)
The spatial distribution of stress points seems
to be indicative of possibly enhanced biological
effects, if these points are aggregated along
lines or cumulated on surfaces. An adequate
assessment scheme has to mind this important factor.
(ii)
An evaluation of possible risks to health and
well-being has to differentiate between different places of dwelling. Electromagnetic stress
in sleepling places seems to be most deleterious, but also working places and other places
of dwelling need spezial attention.
(iii)
The FGD values as interpolated for measuring
points by a data analysis software program
depend on the absolute measurement values.
An altered magnetic background (e.g. in countries with reduced vertical component of the
GMF) needs an adaptation of the assessment
scheme.
To provide a comfortable tool to professionals
who perform FCP field measurements and FGD
evaluation, we have developed a web-based Measurement Analysis Portal (MAP)
http://www.map.iirec.com .
It generates a complete measurement report including FCP and FGD charts, and a standardized assessment as well.
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01. SEPTEMBER 2005
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
Research data show that biological systems are
extremely sensitive to the MF in the DC and ELF
range, showing non-thermal reactions of a
resonance-like manner. The role of MF has been
somewhat neglected in this respect, but was underlined by geobiological research. Our ongoing investigations evidence that the accurate localization and
quantification of biological stress caused by MF gradients requires the evaluation of field gradient divergence (FGD).
recommendation of a leading biophysicist (HYLAND
2001) to promote strategies which do not interfere
with the features of EM fields that are used technically, but provide a higher degree of biological compatibility or even immunity.
Hyland himself took part in the investigation of
devices based on the principle of neutralizing the action of weak deleterious EMFs by similar fields, only
much weaker ones. (HYLAND et al. 1999). In this
research task, they also tested a device which is esDue to the parallelism between MW EM radiation sentially a metal vessel filled with an aqueous soluand coherent ELF modes in water and biological sys- tion. When the device is located close to an object
tems, modern wireless telecommunication technolounder study (chicken embryos, human volunteers),
gies have to be minded as causes of MF disturbances the harmful influence of videomonitors and mobile
in a biologically sensitive range, aggravated by the
phones is more or less compensated for
high degree of coherence in water and living tissue.
(YOUBICIER-SIMO et al. 1998). The active principle
seems to be the hyperweak magnetic field reemitted
The insights and results presented here suggest
in a resonance-like manner by the aqueous solution.
that striving for electromagnetic biocompatibility, we
have to go very different ways in addition to the tradiThese results by renowned and distinguished retional scheme of pollution reduction.
searchers encourage us to go on in this direction.
Recently we succeeded in the development of techniThe biological effects of resonance type give rise cal foils which – by a similar type of resonance – are
to the hope that modifications of technical fields by
able to equalize MF gradients and to “iron out“ their
application of low-intensity fields or even more subtle divergence. This seems to be a promising approach
influences can help to cope with the problem of tech- to coping with non-thermal biological effects on lowest
nical non-compatibility with biological sensitivity. We
energy levels.
feel encouraged to research in this direction by the
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01. SEPTEMBER 2005
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