(a Modern Wrist-Worn Timepiece) From 1972

Transcription

Development of the Smartwatch
(a Modern Wrist-Worn Timepiece) from 1972 through 2015
Development of the Smartwatch (a Modern Wrist-Worn
Timepiece) from 1972 through 2015
By Randy Jaye
Contrary to popular belief, the Smartwatch is not new to the 21st century. Its inspiration
most likely originated from the comic strip character Dick Tracy. In 1946 Tracy started
using a 2-Way Wrist Radio (Figure 1) that had special functionalities including
telephone-type communication abilities. This concept was the stuff of science fiction
until technology started to become available, beginning in the 1970s, to start to develop
such an ultramodern wrist-worn ‘smart’ timepiece device.
Figure 1 – Dick Tracy with his 2-Way Wrist Radio. Tech Crunch. Accessed December 7, 2015.
http://techcrunch.com/2013/01/30/dick-tracy-watch/
A Smartwatch is not merely a time-keeping device like its predecessor the mechanical
wristwatch. Mechanical watches are not programmable, do not have integrated circuits,
and cannot interface with mobile devices or connect to the internet so they are not
considered to be ‘smart’. After the advent of the Digital Revolution1 digital technology
was incorporated into wrist-worn timepieces and the development of Smartwatches got
underway. What makes a Smartwatch a Smartwatch is the fact that they have evolved
into a computerized device with a multitude of functionalities that include graphical
display2, cell phone3, camera, GPS navigation4 and portable media player5 capabilities.
The best way to define a Smartwatch is to realize they are actually a wearable
computer.
Early Smartwatches were of main interest to specific markets which included techies6,
academics and sports enthusiasts. From their inception in the 1970s until around 2013
(when Smartwatches became a mainstream consumer product) they had little to
moderate consumer success and were mostly made in limited quantities with short
production runs. It is now common to see television commercials, newspaper,
magazine, internet and billboard advertisements marketing all types and styles of
Smartwatches. All the major department and electronics stores now have flashy
displays featuring Smartwatches and other wearable technology7.
The Smartwatch Revolution is well under way and with the extensive amount of
computerized technologies already available, and in development, there is a potential
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for them to saturate deep into society and become a mainstay gadget utilized by large
sectors of the population including children and senior citizens.
Although Asian and American companies currently dominate Smartwatch development,
Swiss watch companies will not be left out of the growing and emerging market as highend companies including Tag Heuer and Breitling have released their first
Smartwatches in 2015. Although they are a little late getting into the market, just as they
were during the Quartz Revolution, the Swiss are now recognizing the potential lucrative
market of the Smartwatch.
This article includes an ample list of historically important and/or popular Smartwatch
models (it does not include all the models ever released.) The models that are included
are more than sufficient in tracing the path, and telling the story, of the evolution and
development of the Smartwatch from 1972 through 2015.
Inception of the Smartwatch Era (1970s)
The Smartwatch era began with two early digital wristwatch models: the Hamilton
Pulsar8 P1 and the Synchronar (both released in 1972). These new Smartwatches
caused quite a stir in the international watch industry. They introduced new technologies
that challenged the traditional thinking, styling and usage of what a watch was generally
thought to be. Later in the 1970s calculator wristwatches became available and some
even featured memory recall capabilities.
Hamilton Pulsar P1 - World’s First All-Electronic Digital Wristwatch (1972)
The Hamilton Pulsar P1 (Figure 2) was released in the Spring of 1972 and was the
world’s first all-electronic digital wristwatch. It had no moving parts as was powered by
electronics instead of a mechanical movement. A button was pushed to display the time
which was created by light-emitting diodes (LED9). It was described and advertised as a
"Time-Computer" using "Space-Age" technology and sold for a whopping $2100.00
($12,300.00 in 2015 dollars). One Hamilton Pulsar P1 is on display in the Smithsonian
Institute in Washington, DC. It is one of the few wristwatches displayed by the
prestigious museum, which should be an indicator of the horological importance and
rarity of this timepiece.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Extremely High’ (The P1 model is the “Holy Grail”
of digital watches and can be considered an investment as their value is almost certain
to increase. When offered for sale they start at over $10,000.00.)
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Figure 2 – Hamilton Pulsar P1. CrazyWatches. Accessed December 1, 2015.
http://www.crazywatches.pl/led
Synchronar - World’s First Solar Powered Wristwatch (1972)
The Synchronar (Figure 3) was released late in 1972 and was the world’s first solar
powered wristwatch. It had an LED display and sophisticated complementary metaloxide semiconductor (CMOS10) integrated circuits. It also featured several ‘smart’
functions never before seen on a wristwatch including a programmed calendar (set to
the year 2100) that kept track of the number of days in the month and it incorporated
leap years. Additionally, its digital LED display automatically adjusted the display’s
brightness based on available light conditions, and was the first LED display that was
visible in full sunlight.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘High’ (Early working models [1972 thru 1978] with
the transparent red Lexan® case backs are especially coveted among collectors and
can sell for more than $1400.00. Non-working pieces can sell for over $400.00.)
Figure 3 – Top and side view of the Synchronar (Photograph from author’s personal collection).
Pulsar® Time Computer Calculator - World’s First Calculator Wristwatch (1975)
The world’s first wristwatch with a calculator was released in 1975. It was the Pulsar®
Time Computer Calculator (Figure 4) that had a red LED digital display and required a
stylus to operate its buttons. It was marketed “For the man who had everything until just
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now…”
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘High’ (Excellent conditioned and working pieces
command fairly high prices starting at over $1000.00.)
Figure 4 – World’s First Calculator Wristwatch - (circa 1975). The Pulsar® Time Computer Calculator.
CrazyWatches. Accessed December 1, 2015. http://www.crazywatches.pl/led
Hewlett Packard HP-01 Wrist Instrument – Sophisticated Calculator (1977)
The HP-01 wrist instrument (Figure 5) was Hewlett Packard’s first watch and algebraic
calculator and it performs more than thirty six functions to manipulate and interrelate
time, calendar and numeric data. It was actually ‘smarter’ than many pocket calculators
of its time. Additional functions include time, alarm, timer/stopwatch, date/calendar,
calculator and memory. The user operates the 28 small keys with a stylus that is built
into the bracelet. The HP-01 Wrist Instrument project was code-named “Cricket” but
was not a commercially successful product for Hewlett Packard. It proved to be too
bulky and heavy and was quickly made obsolete by liquid crystal display (LCD11)
calculator watches. HP discontinued it in 1980 and destroyed a lot of its design tooling
and documentation. Development of an LCD version was started but cancelled due to
unfavorable economic conditions. Due to its short production run and extraordinary
miniaturized package engineering it is a highly collectible digital watch in today’s market
and it commonly fetches many times its original price.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Extremely High’ (This is the “Holy Grail” of early
calculator watches and can be considered an investment as their value is likely to
increase. When offered for sale they start at $1,000.00 and some excellent conditioned
pieces can command several thousand dollars.)
Figure 5 – HP-01 Wrist Instrument. The Museum of HP Calculators. Accessed December 8, 2015.
http://www.hpmuseum.org/01cldi.jpg
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Seiko C153 Calculator LCD Wristwatch (1977)
Seiko released their C153 calculator wristwatch (Figure 6) in 1977. It has normal
calculator capabilities, but also includes square root, percentage functions and memory
recall. Its 8 digit display uses LCD technology, and doubles as a time display when it is
not in calculator mode.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Medium’ (Working pieces in near new condition
and in their original box can sell for as much as $500.00.)
Figure 6 – The Seiko C153 LCD Calculator Wristwatch. TimeTrafficker. Accessed December 3, 2015.
http://www.timetrafficker.com/watches/lcd/seiko-c153-5007/index.html
The Introduction of Personal Computers Influences Smartwatch Development
(1980s)
During the early 1980s calculator wristwatches became affordable and were marketed
into the mainstream of society. Personal computers were introduced into the
mainstream and watch developers started using computer technology to design wrist
computers. Watching television became possible via a wrist TV watch. The “computer
fever” of the 1980s enabled watch company innovators such as Seiko and Casio to
release various product lines of Smartwatches with computer technology functionality.
Casio C-80 makes Calculator Wristwatches Affordable (1980)
The calculator wristwatch became affordable and desirable in 1980 for the mainstream
market after the Casio C-80 calculator wristwatch (Figure 7) was released. It had a
plastic case and sold for $75.00 ($250.00 in 2015 dollars). What made it so appealing
(other than its price) was the fact that it had buttons big enough to push without using a
stylus or a pen.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Low to Medium’ (Working pieces in excellent
cosmetic condition and in their original box can sell for as much as $400.00. Nonworking pieces are sold for parts or display only and at very low dollar amounts.)
Figure 7 - Casio C-80 Calculator Watch (1980). PCMag UK. Accessed December 4, 2015.
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http://uk.pcmag.com/consumer-electronics-reviews-ratings/34712/gallery/the-digital-watch-a-briefhistory?p=7
Casio Game-10 – Animated Game Wristwatch (1980)
Video game fever of early 1980s prompted the Casio Game-10 Smartwatch (Figure 8)
to be developed. It was released in 1980. It played a 3 line miniature interpretation of
the popular Space Invaders video game using push buttons on the side of the case as
game controllers. It also included a chronograph and alarm just in case a user wanted
to know what time it was in between gaming sessions.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Medium’ (Working pieces in excellent cosmetic
condition can sell for as much as $500.00.)
Figure 8 - Casio Game-10. Pocket Calculator. Accessed December 8, 2015.
http://pocketcalculatorshow.com/nerdwatch/1980-casio-gm-10-game-watch/
Seiko TV-Watch (1982)
The Seiko TV-Watch (model T001-5000) (Figure 9) was released in 1982 and included
an earphone, antenna and a low-contrast LCD display. The Guiness Book of World
Records (1984 edition) listed it as the “smallest TV set in the world”. It was featured in
several movies, most notably the 1983 James Bond film Octopussy, which pushed its
prices high and made it an instant sought-after Smartwatch collectible.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘High’ (These TV-Watches are collectible in
several markets and working pieces in excellent cosmetic condition with their original
packaging can sell for more than $1000.00. Used pieces that are missing packaging
and peripherals can still sell for several hundred dollars.)
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Figure 9 - Seiko TV Watch. Frank’s Handheld-TV Pages. Accessed December 6, 2015.
http://www.guenthoer.de/e-tvwatch.htm
Seiko Data-2000 Wristwatch – Wireless Docking Station (1983)
In 1983, the Seiko Data-2000 (Figure 10) watch was released and featured an external
keyboard that was synched to the watch with an electro-magnetic coupling (wireless
docking station.) It features time and calendar, alarm, stopwatch, dual-memo display
(which has a display capacity of 2000 characters), calculator and hourly time signal
functionalities.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Medium’ (Working pieces in excellent cosmetic
condition with calculator, manual and in the original box can sell for as much as
$400.00.)
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Figure 10 - Seiko Data-2000 Wristwatch. Pocket Calculator Show. Accessed December 6, 2015.
http://pocketcalculatorshow.com/nerdwatch/seiko-computer-watch-fun/
Seiko RC-1000 Wrist Terminal – Compatible with Desktop Computers (1984)
In 1984, Smartwatches gained the capability of interfacing with computers. The Seiko
RC-1000 Wrist Terminal (Figure 11) was compatible with most of the traditional desktop
computers of its time including models by Apple, Commodore, IBM, NEC, Tandy and
the TRS-80. A cable connected the watch to the computer for basic data transfers. The
device included a floppy disc with the interfacing software and had 2 kilobytes of
random access-memory (RAM12).
cosmetic condition with cords, disk, manuals, inner and outer boxes can sell for as
much as $300.00.)
Figure 11 - Seiko RC-1000 Wrist Terminal. SeikoDigitalWatches.com. Accessed December 6, 2015.
http://www.seikodigitalwatches.com/SEIKO1.htm
Seiko Epson RC-20 Wrist Computer - Runs Apps (1985)
The first true stand-alone computer Smartwatch was the Seiko Epson RC-20 Wrist
Computer (Figure 12) that was released in 1985. It is equipped with a powerful
microprocessor with 8K of read-only memory (ROM13) and 2K of RAM. It has no buttons
as all functions are accessed via a touch-screen. This watch can perform as a
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scheduling device, store memos, display world times and it includes a four-function
calculator. Computer programs can be uploaded and run on the watch using software
and a data cable. It is essentially the first Smartwatch that could run apps14. It could also
be programmed but its capabilities were limited due to its small display screen and
limited memory storage.
cosmetic condition are still available. These Smartwatches have the potential to become
a sought-after collectible due to their historic wrist computer features which appeal to
various collector markets.)
Figure 12 - Seiko Epson RC-20 Wrist Computer. Retro Thing. Accessed December 6, 2015.
http://www.retrothing.com/2005/10/wrist_computers.html
Paging and Wireless Communication with the Smartwatch (1990s)
In the 1990s more companies entered the Smartwatch market including Timex,
Microsoft and Samsung. Paging and other wireless communications were in demand
and what better way than to provide this capability on a wrist-worn Smartwatch.
Wearable computers that could sync data directly from and to a Smartwatch hit the
market. Although these devices were what consumers have been dreaming about for
years they had frustrating flaws and proved not to be commercially successful and were
discontinued. Not all was lost, or forgotten, as developers learned from these lessons
and hit the drawing board to design more efficient user friendly devices.
Seiko Receptor MessageWatch – Pager Functionality (1990)
The Seiko Receptor MessageWatch (Figure 13) was released in 1990 and combined a
traditional digital watch with pager functions. The paging capability (which received
simple and short messages on a two-line display and split words automatically) relied
on a FM sub-carrier signal and it was limited to certain geographic areas. It enjoyed
moderate popularity and success during the 1990s, but with a number of Y2K15 bugs
and the fact that mobile phones were about to explode onto the market Seiko
discontinued service on December 31, 1999.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Low’ (Even working pieces in excellent cosmetic
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condition do not command high prices. They are more of a curiosity than a sought-after
collectible item at this time.)
Figure 13 – The Seiko Receptor MessageWatch features a limited two-line LCD display and button
controls for time and message read outs (Photograph from author’s personal collection).
Timex Data Link 50 – Wireless Data Transfer Linking (1994)
Timex released the Data Link 50 (Figure 14) (it was co-developed with Microsoft) in
1994 as a wearable alternative to the popular Personal Digital Assistants (PDA 16). It
was a true technological marvel of its time as it was the first watch capable of
downloading information from a computer (by wireless data transfer linking.) It has an
array of features including: the capability to store up to 50 phone numbers,
synchronization of contacts, appointments, to-do lists, five separate daily alarms, twelve
loadable “WristApps”, stopwatch, countdown timer, golf scorekeeper, 10 selectable
chime/beep sound effects and a 3-row LCD (the bottom row is a 8-character dot-matrix
display).
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Low’ (Even working pieces in excellent cosmetic
condition do not command high prices. Since the Data Link series is now discontinued
there is a possibility that the collectible value of these watches will increase.)
Figure 14 – The Timex Datalink 50. OnHolo. Accessed December 7, 2015,
http://onhola.com/2015/10/12/smart-watch-xu-huong-hay-mot-nhat-thoi.html
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Seiko Ruputer Pro – World’s First True Wearable Computer (1998)
Seiko announced the release of the Ruputer Pro (Figure 15) on April 9, 1998 and it is
considered the world’s first true wearable personal computer. Data was entered through
a small 8-direction joystick and it featured an LED monochromatic17 display. A software
development kit allowed for personal programming using the programming language C.
It was repackaged and sold in the United States in 1999 under the model name of
OnHand. It is able to communicate with other devices through a serial port which is
transmitted by a dock on the watch. It was discontinued in April of 2006 due to poor
user reviews and competition. Some of its performance issues identified are that the
screen is too small for effective data inputting, the rubber wrist band is uncomfortable
and difficult to adjust, data input is very tedious using the tiny joystick, and it has a short
battery life. These devices are still readily available for collectors in new old stock and
used condition.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Medium’ (New Old Stock pieces can sell for as
much as $600.00.)
Figure 15 – Seiko Ruputer Pro. Pocket Computing. Accessed December 8, 2015,
http://cdecas.free.fr/computers/pocket/ruputer.php
Samsung SPH-WP10 – World’s First Watch Phone (1999)
Building a mobile phone into a wristwatch seems to be an obvious goal in Smartwatch
development, and it finally arrived to the market in 1999 with the release of the
Samsung SPH-WP10 (Figure 16). It combined a digital watch with a wireless handset
and a code division multiple access (CDMA18) antenna. It was capable of 90 minutes of
talk time (which was the length of the battery), and featured a monochrome LCD screen
with an integrated speaker and microphone. When it was released it was also the
smallest and lightest wireless terminal in the world. This Smartwatch was certainly
ahead of its time but it did not have an elegant design as it was odd shaped and the
controls were not user friendly. Samsung marketed the teenage and young adult
sectors but to no avail as it was discontinued due to a lack of consumer sales.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): “Medium” (This is an historic electronic oddity that
can appeal to several collector markets and will most likely increase in value.)
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Figure 16 – Samsung SPH-WP10 Watch Phone. Mobilissimo.ro. Accessed December 8, 2015, http://stiritelefoane.mobilissimo.ro/samsung/din-negura-timpului-samsung-avea-un-super-smartwatch-in-1999-decare-aproape-nimeni-nu-a-auzit-sph-wp10_26641.html
The Smartwatch Enters into the 21st Century (2000s)
Smartwatches developed in the 2000s were able to function as standalone products
with GPS, activity tracking, heart rate monitoring and various sports activity functionality.
Digital wrist cameras, USB links and instant data receiving capabilities all came into
existence. With all this new technology the Smartwatch industry did not have much
success as most products that were introduced in the 2000s became obsolete before
the end of the decade. The good news for Smartwatch development was that these
breakthrough technologies and ideas were used in later models and many are still in
use in today’s Smartwatches.
IBM Linux Watch (Prototype) (2000)
One of the first Smartwatches to run on the Linux19 computer operating system was the
IBM Linux Watch (Figure 17). This prototype was announced in June 2000. It was
intended to enable developers and users to create new features and apps using the
flexible and free Linux OS. It features 8MB of memory, wireless connectivity with
personal computers, cell phones and other wireless-enabled devices, but only had 6
hours of battery life.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘N/A’ (Prototype – Not released into Production.)
Figure 17 – IBM Linux Watch. Engadget. Accessed December 10, 2015,
http://www.engadget.com/2004/10/20/watch-this-wednesday-the-linux-watch/
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Casio WQV-1 Wrist Camera – World’s First Digital Camera Watch (2000)
The world’s first digital camera Smartwatch was the Casio WQV-1 Wrist Camera
(Figure 18) released in 2000. It features the ability to take and store up to 100
monochrome 120 x 120 greyscale photographs that could be viewed on the screen of
the watch or uploaded to a personal computer via an infrared link. Camera functionality
on wrist-worn devices was not commercially successful during the 2000s. But, this
innovative device proved wrist cameras are feasible and the technology is now
commonly available on some of today’s Smartwatches.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Low’ (Commonly available for sale in working
order and selling for low prices. Due to its historical appeal its value could possibly
increase.)
Figure 18 – Casio WQV-1 Wrist Camera. Elvispayne.co.uk. Accessed
December 10, 2015, http://www.3wheelers.com/elvis/body_wqv-1.html
WQV11CR
IBM WatchPad 1.5 – Crown-Driven Interface (2001)
IBM worked with the Citizen Watch Company in 2001 and developed the IBM
WatchPad (Figure 19). It ran the Linux operating system and featured a monochrome
touch sensitive display, a crown-driven interface and calendar-scheduling software with
8MB RAM and 16MB of flash memory20. It was to be marketed as a wrist-worn personal
digital assistant and had the capability of connecting with personal computers via
Bluetooth21. Fingerprint recognition22 technology was also included as an extra security
feature. IBM and Citizen were targeting the student and business markets, but this
Smartwatch never reached the retail shelves and remained a proof-of-concept. The
good news for the Smartwatch industry is that this model’s innovative features have
been contributory in the development of many later designs.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘N/A’ (Prototype – Not released into Production.)
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Figure 19 – IBM WatchPad 1.5. Tech 2. Accessed December 10, 2015, http://m.tech.firstpost.com/newsanalysis/before-android-wear-and-apple-iwatch-how-watches-got-their-smarts-over-the-years232066.html
Timex Data Link USB – World’s first USB Smartwatch (2003)
Timex developed the next innovation in mobile technology which was the world’s first
universal serial bus (USB23) Smartwatch. The Timex Data Link USB (Figure 20) was
released in 2003, and included two models: the Timex Data Link USB (dress) and the
Timex Ironman Data Link USB (sports). Their operating functions were the same except
the dress model is water resistant to 30 meters and the sports model to 100 meters.
With the press of a button a primary time display can be chosen from three time zones.
This Smartwatch also included a data protection24 feature that the user controlled
through a personal password. It also improved data transfer rates, increased memory
capacity, provided two-way communication between computer and watch and included
customizable ‘wristapps’25. Some ‘wristapps’ were factory installed and others were
available through various independent software developers. They could be downloaded
into the watch using the supplied software development kit installer that was developed
by Timex. The Timex Data Link USB Smartwatches were a disappointment when they
first hit the market mostly because they did not transfer data by being held up to a
computer. But, due to their other historic technological functionalities they were
generally accepted until Timex discontinued the Data Link line of Smartwatches in 2010
as newer technologies rendering them obsolete.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Low’ (Commonly available for sale in working
order and selling for low prices. Due to historical appeal their collectible value could
possibly increase.)
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Figure 20 – Timex Data Link USB. Juan’s Travel Blog. Accessed December 16, 2015, http://blog-imgs23.fc2.com/v/i/a/viajeymovil/DSCF0215s.jpg
Microsoft SPOT – Smart Personal Objects Technology (2004)
Microsoft teamed with watch manufacturers that included Fossil and Swatch to design a
touchscreen Smartwatch that was intended to offer information at a glance. The
Microsoft SPOT (Figure 21) which means "Smart Personal Object Technology" was
released in 2004 to much fanfare and was equated to a revolutionary, smart and sexy
device. Microsoft’s SPOT was an initiative to personalize household electronics and
other personal gadgets. This Smartwatch had a monochrome 90 x 126 pixel26 screen. It
initially required a subscription ($39.00 to $59.00 yearly fee depending on options) to
Microsoft’s proprietary MSN Direct Network. It worked with Windows Messenger27
through FM radio signals and received news items including, sports scores, weather
predictions, stock prices and headline news stories. One of the problems with this
Smartwatch was that it could not send (broadcast) any information. When cellular
broadband started expanding and gaining popularity Microsoft de-supported the
platform in 2008. Because it relied on one-way FM radio waves to receive data it was
rendered obsolete by superior cellular technology.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘Low’ (After being discontinued and deemed a
major commercial failure it seems only techies have any interest in this device at this
time.)
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Figure 21 – Microsoft SPOT Smartwatch. 16Hertz.com. Accessed December 28, 2015,
http://www.16hertz.com/celebrating-retro-smartwatches/
The Smartwatch Goes Mainstream (2010 through 2015)
After decades of research and development, technological failures and a long list of
discontinued models the Smartwatch finally breaks through with success in the
mainstream market. After the unprecedented success of the Pebble Smartwatch in
2013 scores of published articles focused on the Smartwatch and it suddenly became
popular in the mass media (and is now a household name.) Companies such as
Samsung and Apple (and many more) are funding research and development projects
as the Smartwatch industry continues to expand. During the 2014 Consumer
Electronics Show a large number of new Smartwatches were demonstrated and
released. With the remarkable publicity given to Smartwatches during the event the
media was referring to their popularity as a “wrist revolution.” High end Swiss watch
companies such as Tag Heuer and Breitling enter the Smartwatch market as they do
not want to be left out of this potentially explosive market.
WiMM One Android – First Android-powered Smartwatch (2011)
In 2011 WiMM Labs introduced its WiMM One (Figure 22) Smartwatch which runs on an
Android28 operating system. It is equipped with a low power processor, magnetometer,
accelerometer and the capacity of up to 32GB of storage. Additionally, it pairs up with a
smartphone via Bluetooth and Wi-Fi29 connectivity. What makes this device special is it
is the first Android-powered Smartwatch. Android combines out-of-the-box built in
services, excellent graphics support and is a truly open source platform that allows
developers the most freedom to test and create new applications. This platform has a
very large number of applications and its usage is expanding rapidly. It is today’s most
dominating mobile operating system.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘N/A’ (Still commercially available and too early to
analyze its value as a collectible.)
Figure 22 – WiMM One Android. Geeky-Gadgets.com. Accessed December 28, 2015, http://www.geekygadgets.com/wimm-one-wearable-android-device-developer-preview-kit-unveiled-09-11-2011/
Pebble – The Smartwatch is Catapulted into the Mainstream (2013)
The release of the original Pebble Smartwatch (Figure 23) is an amazing success
(almost a modern Cinderella) story. Pebble Technology Corporation was not able to
attract enough traditional investors so they turned to crowdfunding30 through a
Kickstarter31 campaign in 2012. Pebble raised more than 10 million USD pledged by
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more than 68,000 people and sold more than 70,000 Smartwatches in little more than a
month when their original Smartwatch was released in 2013. This was the beginning of
successful commercialization and mainstream acceptance of the Smartwatch. What
makes the Pebble Smartwatch so alluring is that it is more about functionality than style.
It allows users to quickly glance at text messages, emails, and incoming calls and can
also relay messages sent via Twitter and Facebook. It also includes GPS functionality
and has access to the Pebble app store (which gives users the choice of more than
1,000 downloadable apps.) Today, Pebble devices are one of best-known, popular and
affordable Smartwatches on the market.
analyze its value of a collectible.)
Figure 23 – The original Pebble Smartwatch. Pebble. Accessed December 28, 2015,
https://www.pebble.com/pebble-smartwatch-features
Samsung Galaxy Gear – “After all these years, it’s finally real.” (2013)
When Samsung first released its Smartwatch with its Galaxy Gear (Figure 24) in 2013 it
was an accompanying device for their Galaxy Note 3 product. It ran the Android OS
which worked with a smartphone via Bluetooth. Although it was a quality product it
received mixed reviews and did not sell as well as expected. Its third model release in
2014 featured an OS change from Android to Tizen (Samsung's homegrown OS.)
Samsung designed an interesting marketing promotion with the release of two television
advertisements (“Evolution” and “A Long Time Coming”.) These ads showed historical
Smartwatch-like devices from popular culture including: The Jetsons, Predator, Star
Trek, Inspector Gadget and, of course, Dick Tracy. Their resulting tagline was “After all
these years, it’s finally real.” Samsung is now the Smartwatch industry leader.
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Figure 24 – Samsung Galaxy Gear - Generation 1 - Smartwatch. Android Guys. Accessed December 28,
2015, http://www.androidguys.com/2014/03/26/samsung-galaxy-gear-available-99-best-buys-deal-day/
Moto 360 - Smartwatch with a Circular Design of Traditional Wristwatches (2014)
Motorola Mobility, LLC released it generation 132 Moto 360 (Figure 25) Smartwatch in
2014. It is the first Android-wear Smartwatch with the circular case design of a
traditional wristwatch. The Moto 360 marks the next wave of Smartwatch design by
using elegant construction with a circular capacitive touch display and the thinnest
possible bezel. It also features an all-day battery that charges wirelessly on a cradle
rather than the need to be plugged into an electrical outlet.
Figure 25 – Moto 360. Engadget.com. Accessed December 28, 2015,
http://www.engadget.com/2015/10/09/moto-360-review-2015/.
Apple Watch – Long Anticipated Smartwatch Blasts onto the Market (2015)
After many rumors, going back to 2011, Apple Inc. announced its first Smartwatch in
September of 2014 and named it the Apple Watch. It was initially thought that Apple
would call their Smartwatch the iWatch (which they keep under wraps and was
somewhat of a mystery for several years.) The Apple Watch was actually released in
April of 2015 and Apple considers it to be a fashionable device that can compete with
traditional wristwatches as well as other Smartwatches. One of its more popular
features is its digital crown that acts similar to a home button. When the crown is turned
back and forth it will zoom in and out of the screen allowing for a much clearer view of
the app icons. It also features Apple Pay which is a mobile payment service that allows
Page | 18
users to make on-line payments. There were whispers around the Smartwatch industry
that it was to be “the Smartwatch to Revolutionize the Industry.” The jury is still out on
just how revolutionary the Apple Watch really is, or will be, as many other Smartwatches
continue to sell better. There are three models: Watch Sport (38mm $349.00; 42mm
$399.00), Watch (38mm $549.00 to $1,049; 42mm $599.00 to $1,099) and the Watch
Edition (Figure 26) (38mm & 42mm ($10,000.00 to $17,000.00).
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘N/A’ for the Watch Sport and Watch models as
they are still commercially available. ‘High’ for the high-end 18K gold Watch Edition
models which are already being collected by investors.
Figure 26 – Apple Watch with 18K Rose Gold Case. Apple. Accessed December 28, 2015,
http://www.apple.com/shop/buy-watch/apple-watch-edition/38mm-18-karat-rose-gold-case-rose-graymodern-buckle?product=MJ3K2LL/A&step=detail#.
Tag Heuer Connected – the First Luxury Android Wear Smartwatch (2015)
Obviously, high end watch manufactures will not be left out of the Smartwatch market.
Tag Heuer released its first Smartwatch in 2015 called the Tag Heuer Connected
(Figure 27). It is limited to 1000 pieces and has a list price of $1500.00. Interestingly,
Tag Heuer is branding it with a ‘Swiss Engineering’ label because many of its
components come from the United States and it is manufactured in China. It does not
meet the ‘Swiss Made’ requirements so the next best thing, according to Tag Heuer, is
to state it is of ‘Swiss Engineering’. To extend the lifespan of this Smartwatch Tag
Heuer has stated it will be upgradeable. Here is a new and interesting concept in the
watchmaking industry: if an owner does not want to upgrade the Smartwatch Tag Heuer
will convert it into a mechanical movement for the same cost of $1500.00.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘High’ (The first Smartwatch from Tag Heuer, and
limited to 1000 pieces, makes this an instant collectible.)
Page | 19
Figure 27 – Tag Heuer Connected. Tag Heuer. Accessed December 28, 2015,
http://www.tagheuerconnected.com/product.
Breitling B55 Connected – Smartwatch with Traditional Timepiece Roots (2015)
In March of 2015 the Breitling Watch Company announced they are entering the
Smartwatch market. Their first Smartwatch is called the Breitling B55 Connected (Figure
28). It is aimed at pilots and includes flight time logs and countdowns to 'mission start'.
The high end Swiss watch manufacturer is staying with its traditional timepiece roots as
it incorporates both digital and analog displays and uses Breitling's SuperQuartz
movement that has the capability to keep time up to ten times more accurately than
standard quartz technology. It is Swiss-made and has Smartwatch-style notifications,
which alerts users to incoming calls, texts and social media messages. The
chronograph movement is Breitling’s highly respected Caliber B50 which was
announced in 2014. It connects to a smartphone with Bluetooth and has settings for a
second time zone, alarms and incorporates reminder vibrations. The list price is
$8900.00.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘High’ (The first Smartwatch from Breitling makes
this an instant collectible.)
Figure 28 – Breitling B55 Connected. Breitling. Accessed December 28, 2015,
http://www.breitling.com/en/models/professional/exospace-b55/gallery/.
Page | 20
Smartwatches for Children
There have been quite a few Smartwatches designed for children and released recently.
These Smartwatches are actually designed to assist parents in tracking their children. In
this day and age there is nothing wrong with a parent knowing the location of their
children. This seems to be not only a logical process using available technology but a
matter of safety as well. Most of these Smartwatches are equipped with GPS and phone
calling capabilities. The FiLIP Smartwatch (Figure 29) has mobile service through AT&T
and has to be custom fit to a child’s wrist size (a parent does not want this device to fall
off or be easily pulled off of their child’s wrist.) A parent can pinpoint their child’s exact
location by using the GPS feature and they can directly call their child. Children can call
pre-programmed contacts using the Smartwatch. A companion app on iPhone and
Android smartphones are paired with the FiLIP so parents have a one-touch access to
every feature on the Smartwatch. The FiLIP has also been designed with a dust and
water proof case to protect it.
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘N/A’ (New product and still commercially
available.)
Figure 29 – FiLIP Smartwatch. FiLIP. Accessed December 28, 2015, http://www.myfilip.com/.
Smartwatches for Seniors
There are several Smartwatches on the market specially designed for seniors.
Smartwatch technology has provided the ability for GPS tracking, medical alerts,
automatic 911 dialing, and pre-programmed emergency calls to friends or family at a
press of a button. These Smartwatches can replace uncomfortable and awkward
medical alert buttons that are typically worn around the neck. The Burg 31 Cellphone
Watch (Figure 30) has a variety of mobile phone capabilities including GPS support,
automatic 911 dialing and automatic dialing of up to three preconfigured contacts
without a Bluetooth smartphone connection. It can also send and receive texts and play
music. The rechargeable battery can last up to two full days in standby mode. It also
has the look of a traditional wristwatch so it won’t scare the ‘traditionalists’ away with a
modern touchscreen look. It is not a stretch of anyone’s imagination to say that these
devices can give a ‘piece of mind’ not only to their wearers, but to their families and
friends as well, and can even assist in responding to emergencies and saving lives. The
Burg 31 Smartwatch has an affordable list price of $129.00.
Page | 21
* Collectible Evaluation (as of 2015): ‘N/A’ (New product and still commercially
available.)
Figure 30 – Burg 31 Cellphone Smartwatch. Burg Wearables. Accessed December 28, 2015,
http://www.burgwearables.com/burg31.html.
Global Smartwatch Market Share by Company (2014)
The major companies in the Smartwatch market (as of 2014) are Samsung, Lenova, LG
Pebble and Garmin. Samsung enjoys the largest market share (Chart 1).
(Chart 1) - Global Smartwatch Market Companies’ Market Share 2014. Statista. Accessed December 9,
2015, http://www.statista.com/statistics/422097/smartwatch-sales-worldwide-companies-market-share/
Page | 22
Market Volume Smartwatch Sales by Company in 2014 (in million U.S. dollars)
Samsung is also the leader in sales (as of 2014) see (Chart 2) for the statistics.
(Chart 2) - Market volume Smartwatch sales by company in 2014. Statista. Accessed December 9, 2015,
http://www.statista.com/statistics/422185/smartwatch-sales-worldwide-companies/
Page | 23
Smartwatch Market Share by Company in 2014 (by percentages)
The following pie chart (Chart 3) shows that Samsung has a considerable lead in the
percentage of market share (as of 2014).
(Chart 3) - Smartwatch Market Share in 2014. Smartwatch Group. Accessed December
9, 2015, http://www.smartwatchgroup.com/top-10-smartwatch-companies-sales-2014/
Page | 24
The Future of the Smartwatch
By the end of 2015 the Smartwatch industry is growing and emerging with new models
being released on a monthly basis. Many traditional watch companies are entering the
market and numerous research and development projects are underway that promise
new and exciting Smartwatch technology. No telling if the Smartwatch device is here to
stay, but market indicators suggest that the device will continue to grow in popularity.
Since it can appeal to all sectors of society its market potential is strong.
NOTES
1
The Digital Revolution (also known as the Third Industrial Revolution) is the change from analog,
mechanical, and electronic technology to digital technology. This Revolution began in the late 1950s into
the 1970s when digital computers and digital record keeping became common. Its derived technologies
include digital cellular phones and Smartwatches that are now mass produced using digital logic circuits.
2
A graphical display is a display screen connected with a video adapter that enables a computerized
device to display and manipulate pictures and moving images.
3
A cell phone (also called cellular or mobile phone) is a mobile telephone system that uses lowpowered radio transmitters that cover distinct geographical areas (cells). Broad scale, and global,
portable phone service is accomplished with the use of computerized equipment that switches calls from
one area (cell) to another area (cell.)
4
A global positioning system (GPS) navigation device accurately calculates geographical location by
receiving information from GPS satellites. Once an exclusive technology developed and used by the
military it is now widely used in automotive and mobile devices. The GPS satellite data is free to the
public and works almost anywhere in the world.
5
A portable media player (PMP) (also referred to as a digital audio player (DAP)) is a portable
consumer electronics device that can both store and play varieties of digital media that includes images,
video, and audio files.
6
A techie is a person who is proficient, highly interested, studies and/or is employed in a technical field,
especially associated with electronics or computers.
7
Wearable Technology (also referred to as Wearable Computing) are computer-powered devices that
can be worn by a user. They include smartwatches, glasses, shoes and clothing that have functionality
including fitness trackers, navigation tools, internet connectivity and health monitoring capabilities.
8
The brand name of Pulsar was acquired by the Seiko Watch Corporation in 1978. For additional
information visit this site: http://www.pulsarwatches-europe.com/WhoWeAre.
9
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that emits light when activated.
10
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is a technology that constructs integrated
circuits (IC) that are used in devices that include microprocessors, microcontrollers and other digital logic
circuits.
11
Liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electro-optical device used to display digits, characters or images
that has low electrical power consumption, which enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic
devices such as digital watches, calculators and portable computers.
Page | 25
12
Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of computer data storage (memory) that enables access to
data in random order. This allows users to retrieve information quickly.
13
Read-Only Memory (ROM) is computer memory in which data is permanently stored and generally
cannot be added to, modified or deleted by a user.
14
Apps (is abbreviated from the word ‘application’) are typically small specialized software programs
that are downloaded onto mobile devices and perform specific functions directly for a user.
15
Y2K is an abbreviation for the year 2000 (and is also referred to as the “the Y2K problem” or “the
millenium bug”). Many computer programs written years before 2000 used a two-digit space to store
year values due to limited storage. When these programs rolled over past 1999 (‘99’) to 2000 the next
number was ‘00’ (which caused concerns that programs would not recognize ‘00’ as the next year.) This
prompted a global fear that many programs would crash and cause disruptions in public and business
computer systems. In reality the problem was not as large as expected as most systems were reprogrammed or quickly fixed to work with the year 2000.
16
A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) – (also known as a Handheld PC or Personal Data Assistant) is
a mobile device that combines computing, telephone, fax, internet and networking features into a single
device and functions as a personal information manager for a user.
17
A monochromatic color is the tints, tones, and shades of a single hue.
18
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is used by various radio communication technologies which
allow for a single communication channel to have multiple transmitters sending information
simultaneously. Multiple users can share a band of frequencies at the same time.
19
Linux is a computer operating system (OS) that is intended for free and open-source software
development and distribution. Linux is publicly open and extendible by users (contributors) and
developers can write programs that can be ported over to other operating systems. Many Smartwatches
use the Linux operating system.
20
Flash memory was invented in the mid-1980s by Toshiba and named for its ability to erase a block of
memory in a flash. It is a non-volatile memory chip that is used by personal computers and digital devices
to store and transfer data. It is so durable that it is used in most electronic devices including USB drives,
cameras, Smartphones, Smartwatches and tablets.
21
Bluetooth is short-range radio technology (or wireless technology) that enables communication
between Bluetooth-compatible devices. It is used for short-range connections between cellular phones
and Smartwatches, desktop and laptop computers, and other devices such as digital cameras, scanners
and printers.
22
Fingerprint recognition (or fingerprint authentication) is an automated method of verifying a match
between two human finger prints and is used to identify individuals and verify their identity.
23
Universal Serial Bus (USB) was developed in the mid-1990s to standardize the connection for
communication and to supply electrical power to various computer peripherals (including keyboards,
digital cameras, printers, and disc drives.) USB technology replaced earlier interfaces including serial and
parallel ports as well as separate power chargers for mobile devices and is now the industry standard. It
has also been adapted for use on Smartphones and Smartwatches.
24
Data Protection refers to information privacy or data privacy and is the relationship between the
collection and dissemination of data, technology and the public’s expectation of personal privacy. Privacy
Page | 26
concerns regarding personally identifiable information that is collected and stored in digital form or
otherwise is an ongoing challenge. Information including ethnicity, financial, criminal justice, healthcare,
and residence records that could lead to a breach of personal privacy is of growing legal and societal
concerns.
25
Wristapps (is abbreviated from the term Wrist Applications) are software programs developed
specifically for a Smartwatch.
26
Pixels are any one of the very small dots that together form the picture on a television screen,
computer monitor, Smartwatch or smartphone screen, or similar display screen.
27
Windows Messenger is an instant messaging client that was included with Windows XP in 2001. It
was designed to be used by businesses and home users. Its development was discontinued in 2004 and
was superseded by Windows Live Messenger and Microsoft Lync.
28
Android is a mobile operating system (OS) that was designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices
such as smartphones and tablets. It is now used on many different Smartwatches as well. The user
interface for Android is largely based on direct user manipulation by touch gestures that loosely
correspond to real-world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to manipulate on-screen objects.
A virtual keyboard is also included to enable the user to input text.
29
Wi-Fi is the standard wireless local area network (WLAN) technology that allows computers and a vast
array of other electronic devices (including Smartwatches, tablets and smartphones) to connection with
each other and to the internet.
30
Crowdfunding is an alternative to traditional financing. It is the practice of funding a project or venture
by raising monetary contributions from a large number of people, today often performed via internetmediated registries, but the concept can also be executed through mail-order subscriptions, benefit
events, and other methods.
31
Kickstarter is an American public-benefit corporation. They have built a global crowdfunding platform
focused on creativity in areas such as films, music, stage shows, comics, journalism, video games,
technology and food-related projects. Their website is: www.kickstarter.com
32
Generation 1 (also referred to as Gen 1) is typically a company’s first model release of a product line.
This term is used in Smartwatch literature and distinguishes one release or model, from another. Note:
Generation 2 (Gen 2) is also used in the literature and means a company’s second model release of a
product line. This term typically appears in industry literature after 2010 and is not typically used when
referring to vintage Smartwatches that were released prior to 2010.
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