WATER SCENARIOS IN THE FUTURE OF MILANO

topic one
WATER SCENARIOS IN
THE FUTURE OF MILANO
1
author | affiliation
Pensa, E.1
1 Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
[email protected]
keywords
Water,
climate change,
urban projects,
chances,
strategies.
Abstract
More than one big project is involving the city
of Milano. Some of them are in a preliminary
step; others are in the middle of the realization;
more are just only dreams.
In some of these projects water has a
predominant role: it is a sign, an idea, a symbol.
On the contrary, in other projects, water is
not contemplated. Nothing about water
defined as a not unlimited resource; nothing
about storm water; nothing about saving or
protection water strategies; nothing about
water stress in drought period; nothing about
water emergency, in the double meaning of
flood or drought.
Architects, planners, investors, municipalities
and citizens should not ignore water and its
related problems anymore: the essay wants
to analyze the most significant projects for
the city of Milano and their relationships
with water.
To look at the city with an ecological point
of view, also with the help coming from
European experiences, could be a good
strategy to give critical answers, highlighting
the right way both to solve more problems
concerning water and to have good healthy
cities.
The essay will analyze some different
projects and chances, especially the Expo
2015 Water Way, Navigli Projects, City Life,
Garibaldi - Repubblica.
1
blue in architecture 09_
PROCEEDINGS_IUAV Digital Library
notes
1 | Introduction
A contemporary city can be considered a built
agglomerate in a continuous and convulse
growth where man has always tried to control
the water cycle, its courses, doing whatever
in order to rule it even by mean of laws that,
unfortunately, were erroneous. That so, they
caused ecological meltdowns, imbalances,
damage and serious problems both for man
and for the environment.
Concerning the hydrologic balance of the city,
Giuseppe Gisotti summarizes the urbanization
effects as the overall superficial flow change,
with different results as the flood capacity
alteration; the water quality deterioration;
the natural and landscape quality changing
of the rivers moreover, every collection,
distribution, and disposal system: “subtract
water at the natural cycle, they deliver it at the
use point and they dump it in other natural
cycle sectors” (Gisotti, 2007).
More than one environmental problem
that negatively influences the citizen’s life
quality is present in the contemporary
cities: local climate, temperature, humidity
and air circulation changes. Furthermore,
the waterproof surfaces, the insufficient
presence of vegetation and water mirrors, the
anthropogenic heat, the urban morphology,
and the optical characteristics of the materials
used to build structures or to pave streets,
prevent heat accumulation, frequently
provoking the effect well known as “heat
island”.
The often considerable environmental
damage, such as hydro-geological, physical,
structural, economical and social; the
qualitative and quantitative water conditions;
the climatic changes and many other factors
have allowed the development of a more
responsible conscience, encouraging deep
studies for an incisive territory management
and correct water care. The awareness of
such a critical situation has driven the change
toward different research methods and
sustainable solutions for the environment.
Laws, in particular European Directives
(2000/60/CE), contain the tools to validate
and permit scientific theories applications,
founding an organic and integrated act
for superficial and underground water
valuation, control and management, on
the basis of its ecological and chemical
conditions. The concepts here introduced
regarding the ecological conditions and
water management on hydrographical
basins level have led to adopt specific
measures, like, for example, quality
standards and emission controls, with
the goal to reduce or even eliminate the
emissions, drains and leaks.
The current tendency aims to give back to
the water spaces and dimensions that have
been subtracted before, assigning to the
urban landscape new meanings and value.
(20th Conference of European Schools of
Landscape Architecture “New Landscape,
New Lives”, Faculty of Landscape Planning,
Horticulture and Agricultural Science,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
Alnarp, Sweden, 2008). Furthermore: the
urban ecology studies suggest considering
the city as an ecosystem formed by a set of
abiotical and biotical elements that interact
among themselves; this kind of approach
ensures good results, because it considers
man as natural essence and it thinks about
the city as a part of material and energy
exchange and flow system.
In a more and more artificial city, where
nature (water and vegetation) is confined
to limited spaces, the urban ecology theory
could be an interesting approach both to
read and to answer to the environmental
problems.
So, the most advantageous ways to improve
not only the urban microclimate, but
also the way of life in the cities, are those
oriented to a diffuse realization of thick
green and water areas, better if connected
and integrated in a larger system.
Vegetation, with their metabolism,
transpiration and evaporation, ensure good
results for the microclimatic control as they
intercept the solar radiation in the visible
spectrum. The correct use of the vegetation
could regulate wind effects and improve the
environment comfort, not only in the open
spaces, but also in the surrounding built up
areas. (Scudo, de la Torre, 2003). That’s the
reason why buildings with green surfaces
are more and more diffused.
Furthermore green spaces own many other
virtues that can be exploited to improve the
environmental quality control: they lessen
noise, clean air, improve superficial water
quality purifying and absorbing pollutions.
Together with the soil, they preserve
the underground water, preventing the
pollutions from leaking in.
In case of rain, green areas mitigate the
consequences of precipitation actions,
avoiding the soil erosion and delaying the
evaporation effects. It is therefore useful to
reduce waterproof paving to a minimum in
favor of those porous.
The water itself used in the form of fountains,
basins, vertical foils, appropriately designed
and settled, promotes the microclimatic
control and contributes to achieve the
thermo and humidity comfort (Dessì,
2007).
Moreover, water and vegetation ensure the
biodiversity creation and its subsequent
development also in urban contest
generating the aspired psychological and
physical wellness and re-establishing the
far too forgotten balance between man and
nature.
Water, stormwater or superficial water, must
come back to compose and represent the
urban landscape (Bettini, 2004).
It is still necessary, for the sustainable water
management in the urban contest, to
ensure both superficial and underground
water resource care, distinguishing the
different approaches to be used to save
fresh water; to manage storm water; to
control superficial water on a territorial
level and to protect underground water.
topic one
2
Pensa Elvira
notes
2 | “Breve [iter] per exempla”
To look at the city from an ecological
perspective, taking also into account the
experiences gained in Europe, could be
a good strategy to give critical answers,
highlighting the right way both to solve more
problems concerning water and to have good
healthy cities.
Water does not cover rules aimed only at the
wellness and to the public space quality, but
it becomes constructive material, essential
for the urban space, structure element,
biodiversity vehicle and the primary element
in a healthy and vital environment.
Water, a finished resource, must be used
appropriately at urban scale: fresh water
for food and hygienic uses, exclusively;
alternative water (stormwater and sewage),
correctly purified, for every other use (civil,
industrial and irrigation).
In Europe, especially in the country where
fresh water costs are expensive or where
the “common good” concept is advanced,
sustainable technologies for water reuse are
widely applied.
More than one city builds new districts,
thinking about water in all its characteristic
and its values and using the resource in
different ways.
So, just to give a short account on sustainable
technologies to save water, some examples
from Europe are illustrated.
Fresh water
Arkadien Housing Estate (Asperg,
Stuttgart, Germany)
A little neighborhood example where
stormwater is harvested and used instead
of fresh water: from the building covers,
for the water closet and for the first flush
in the washing machine; from the streets,
for a little waterway with recreational and
landscape characteristics.
Flintenbreite Housing Estate (Lübeck,
Germany)
In the little district, biogas is produced from
the black water and organic waste, whereas
the grey water is purify by phyto-purification
and reused for flushing water and the first
flush in the washing machine. Stormwater
infiltrates the soil.
3 | Flintenbreite, the reed purification plant (after
cutting) (E. Pensa picture)
Vauban Housing Estate (Freiburg im
Breisgau, Germany)
1 | Arkadien, the waterway (E. Pensa picture)
Flintenbreite
Housing
Estate
(Lübeck, Germany) Potsdamer Platz
(Berlin, Germany)
In the district, biogas is produced from the
sewage and organic waste, the grey water
is purified using reed purification plants
and reused for flushing water and for the
open spaces irrigation, where there are Best
Practice Management structures for the
water infiltration.
The integrate system for stormwater serve
many functions: microclimate control;
stormwater retention and harvesting;
2 | Potsdamer Platz, a view (E. Pensa picture)
3
4 | Vauban, biogas plant (E. Costa picture).
topic one
Pensa Elvira
notes
Stormwater
Bo 01 Housing Estate (Malmö,
Sweden)
Many sustainable objectives are taken in Bo01.
Concerning storm water, the Sustainable
Urban Drainage System to drain storm water
in the city is realized. It includes green roofs,
open pipes, retention ponds and biotype. A
sharp biological network joins different green
spaces in the district, connecting with the
parks in the area, by means of “Green Points”
Program, a good practice guide to improve
the biodiversity in an urban contest.
Gernsbach (Stuttgart, Germany)
Work has been done along the Waldbach
river to ensure its expansion to avoid
exceptionally great floods.
6 | Hammarby Sjöstad, LOD basin and infiltration
area (E. Pensa picture).
Superficial water
Zurich (Switzerland)
Since 1990, Zurich Municipality has realized
a territorial plan to qualify and naturalized
the most part of its streams, that, in the
past, were closed in pipes. The same Limmat
river was object of considerable work and
measure to mitigate floods and to qualify
its banks.
8 | Gernsbach, Waldbach river (E. Pensa picture).
Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany)
5 | Bo 01, a wetland (E. Pensa picture).
Today, the Stadt Bächle serve as different
functions relative to the past: they control
the microclimate; they separate the
pedestrian and cycle path from the vehicle
streets; they form recreational spaces and
they are one of the attractive subjects in the
city.
Housing Estate Hammarby Sjöstad
(Stockholm, Sweden)
The natural stormwater purification is carried
out in the district. There are two different
methods in the strength of its pollution: if
it comes from the building covers or from
the green roofs, it is purified using reed
purification plants; if it comes from the streets,
it undergoes treatment in special basins by
means of Local Stormwater Treatment (LOD).
The snow, gathered during the winter from
the streets, is set down in a specific area for
the drainage and the infiltration into the soil.
7 | Zurich, Albisrieder and Bombach and streams
(E. Pensa picture).
9 | Freiburg im Breisgau, one of the Stadt Bäch (E.
Pensa picture).
topic one
4
Pensa Elvira
notes
Zaragoza (Spain)
3 | What’s happening in Milano?
In occasion of the Expo 2008, different work
has been done to qualify the Ebro banks and,
in the “Parque del Agua”, the new city park, a
large natural strip is left free to be inundated
when the river swells.
Milano is a city in continuous growth and,
as is published in the Municipality web site
(Comune di Milano), under the voice “Grandi
Progetti” (Big Projects), the introduction
sounds like this: “Projects suitable represent
the change and express the metamorphosis
of a city that opens itself to the world.
Big Projects, symbols of the cultural and
architectonical growth, mould the territory,
giving a dynamic and European (aspect) to
Milano”.
The aim, obviously, is significant, but most
of them aren’t liked by the citizens for a
variety of different reasons. First of all is that,
generally, participation isn’t requested and
people don’t know what will happen until
the works are finished.
Secondly, because also if people know
about something, it is impossible to share
opinions: “les jeux son faits” and, third but
not last, economic interests are predominant
over every other thing.
People joined together in associations to
try to change the projects (e.g. City Life and
Porta Nuova), also through legal action,
suggesting more green spaces, public and
not private, avoiding skyscrapers outside
scale to prevent narrowing and limiting
the space in the light of foreseeable
intense traffic that such a large number of
inhabitants could create there.
In spite of this, work is in progress.
10 | Zaragoza, Ebro river along the “Parque del
Agua” (course of action) (E. Pensa picture).
Urban districts
Garibaldi - Repubblica
Garibaldi-Repubblica, called “Porta Nuova”,
is a very large area in the centre of Milano,
that for too long was unused and intercluded
insomuch as to be considered an island. The
project aims to reconnect the entire area
with the surrounding one. It is subdivided
into smaller areas, planning homes, retail,
offices, a hotel, social functions, cultural
centers, creative laboratories, a large
structure to host exhibitions, green and
pedestrian spaces. There will also be the
new council office building of the Comune
5
di Milano.
Porta Nuova is designed through three
masterplan schemes for each of the three
individual projects: Garibaldi by Pelli Clarke
Pelli Architects, Varesine by Kohn Pedersen
Fox Architects and Isola by Boeri Studio.
The architecture of the individual buildings
is designed by professionals selected
through international competitions among
more than 500 architects from all over the
world.
The Project puts in different strategies,
aimed at the sustainability, following the
LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental
Design) method and, regarding the
water efficiency, there is the stormwater
collection to irrigate green areas and, inside
the building, there are low-flow fixtures and
automatic on/off sensors and dual-flush
toilets to minimize the fresh water use.
These technologies help to achieve a 30%
reduction in potable water use.
City Life
After the building of the New Expositive
Center in Rho-Pero, the Fair inside the city
will be resized. City Life is the new district
that will be built in the area.
Arata Isozaki, Daniel Libeskind, Zaha Hadid
and Pier Paolo Maggiora designed the
winning project.
The project involves the construction
of three skyscrapers called Il Dritto (The
Straight One), Lo Storto (The Twisted One)
and Il Curvo (The Curved One) and will also
host a building dedicated to the Museum of
Design. The residential area consists of 1,300
apartments (housing about 4,500 people)
in high-rise buildings up to 20 floors.
Work on the project, begun in 2007, will
be completed by 2014, and envisions five
distinct phases, each of which include
development of private and public areas.
A variant of the project, that did not interest
building cubature, plans and economical
commitments, but some improvements for
citizens (after a legal action) such as more
services and a new underground stop; a
redefinition of the open spaces, to have a
topic one
Pensa Elvira
notes
better relationship with the surroundings;
a review of the building height to avoid
shadows in the open spaces. Parking area has
been downsized.
The park surface exceeds to about 165.000
square meters, according to the Municipality
and the area property; squares and public
spaces will be minimized in favor of green
spaces and the area will be included in the
“8th Raggio Verde”, one of the most important
green projects in Milano.
In addition, more than 50% of the area to
be redeveloped will be devoted to a park,
characterized by waterways that evoke the
canals of Lombardia.
Scali Ferroviari
The new big project, recently planned with
a deal between the Municipality and the
Ferrovie dello Stato (The Railway Direction),
regards seven disused railway stations. A very
suggestive program especially for the position
of the areas that are located in a circle along
the first ring of Milano centre.
It has already incited planners, architects and
the Academic world. Last July, A. Torricelli,
Politecnico di Milano Bovisa Architecture
headmaster, promoted a seminar, involving
the Municipality and different research groups.
Next October, there will be a workshop with
the students, too.
In the meantime, there are those who are
already afraid that “a new concrete casting”
will pour on Milano.
3.1 | “Milano, scali ferroviari. Vivibilità urbana e riqualificazione ambientale” (Milano Railway Stations.
Urban living conditions and environmental redeverlopment) Poster presented at “Milano Scali Ferroviari”
Seminar. Research Group: B. Bottero, M. Bottero, G. L. Brunetti, E.Costa, L. M. F. Fabris, F. Albani, P. Carli,
E. Dentis, G. Gozzi, R. Micarelli, E. Pisati, E. Pensa, F. Rolleri. (Facoltà di Architettura Civile, Milano, 2008
July 20).
topic one
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Pensa Elvira
notes
Waterways
Navigli Projects
“Navigli Lombardi” is a society that manages,
protects, improves and promotes the five
waterways, the Navigli, supported by a
multidisciplinary scientific committee.
The primary aim is to conjugate history
and tourism with environmental benefits.
During the International Tourism Exchange
(BIT) in 2007, more than one suggestion
was presented for the Navigli future and
the touristic navigation in Milano and its
hinterland.
This touristic system will connect three parks
and numerous environmental oasis, more than
200 artistic and cultural elements, about 100
kilometers of cycle path along the towpaths
and the possibility to sail the canals.
Six metaprojects called: “Navigli Kyoto Forest”,
“Le V.I.A.E. di Leonardo” (Leonardo way),
“Piano Integrato Mobilità”, “Panorama Navigli”
(Navigli Overview), “L’anima dei Navigli”
(Navigli soul) and “Esplorando Leonardo”
(Esploring Leonardo).
To redevelop the entire system, Politecnico di
Milano, under the supervision of Prof. A. Tosi,
involving also other universities, drew up a
masterplan to individualize the necessary
works with the priority to re-establish the
Navigli ecosystem.
At present, Regione Lombardia is starting
to work at VAS (Strategic Environmental
Evaluation), concerning the “Piano Territoriale
d’Area Navigli Lombardi” (Territory Plan). It
is the first proposal that defines actions to
realize plan topics. In the same plan, regional
agreements (Contratti di Fiume Regionali) are
signed for Lambro, Seveso and Olona rivers.
7
3.2 | “Navigli System” map (kindly supplied by “Navigli Lombardi S.c.a.r.l.”)
Villoresi Canal
On the other way, the Consorzio di Bonifica
Est Ticino Villoresi (ETVilloresi) is developing
different projects on a large part of the
territory in the north of Milano and it is
increasing its works to draw water from
Ticino river.
The first is to realize an ambitious project to
reconnect TheTicino River (west of Milano)
to The Adda River (east to Milano): a project
under realization that plans 86 kilometers of
works with Villoresi Canal and other minor
canal systems of about 4.000 kilometers.
The project was presented in a meeting in
Milano, some months ago, and it is called
“V’arco Villoresi” and its intensions are to
obtain an ecosystem linear area where water
is the protagonist. Along the Villoresi Canal,
a large wood strip and a wetland area series
will connect existent parks and ecosystems;
a cycle way will join parks and towns; a
“Villoresi Museum of Water” in Panperduto
Dam and a visitors centre in Parabiago.
As M. Galli, ETVilloresi Director General,
says the aim is to give not only water, but
also high quality water for a living system.
A. Folli, ETVilloresi President, writes “to
conjugate the need to serve out water to the
country to have a modern and productive
agriculture, with quality products, water for
the environment, the landscape and usable
for the community” (Folli, 2008).
In fact, in the complexity of the project,
there was also introduced some other
solutions to bring water for the south part
of Milano, especially Pavia’s province, where
the particular agriculture typologies (rice)
have a high demand for water.
There is in program works to secure hydraulic
structures and to build small hydroelectric
plants to produce sustainable energy.
In course of valuation is the possibility to
re-establish locks and Leonardo hydraulic
works for a touristic river navigable system,
from Pamperduto to Parabiago. Here,
another project involves the enhancement
of a channel, “Canoa way”, where there will
be the possibility to compete in international
competitions.
topic one
Pensa Elvira
notes
Expo 2015 Waterway
3.3 | Pamperduto Dam (C. Pisoni picture)
3.4 | “Hydrographic Network” map (kindly supplied by ETVilloresi)
The most important project, that is involving
the city and that will have effects not only
in Milano, but also in a wider area, is Expo
2015. Milano obtained the exhibition about
two years ago, aimed at the theme: “Feeding
the Planet, Energy for Life”.
Concerning the project, there are two
remarkable components dedicated to
water: a large basin in the Expo area and a
long waterway connecting the Expo area
to the city center, the Navigli Darsena, the
entertainment core of Milano, especially at
night for young people.
Project materials are not ready, yet. Comune
di Milano gave a draft of the first project at
Politecnico di Milano when Peter Bosselman,
from Berkeley University, called from the
“Architettura e Pianificazione” Department,
came as visiting professor, for the “Research
Methods in Urban Design: Foundations,
Skills, and Tools for a Simulation Laboratory”
Course, in 2006/2007 academic year. For
this program and the following “Urban
Simulation Laboratory”, PhD Students
analyzed different aspects, producing more
than one report.
After this, for the first conference of
“Laboratorio di Progettazione Architettonica”
Proff. G. Bertelli, M. Ghilotti and M. Roda,
Didactic Seminars at Politecnico di Milano,
Architect C. Ezechieli introduced the new
“Vie d’Acqua” waterways project. But,
unfortunately, it didn’t answer to ecological
requirements.
In fact apparently, the project takes no
interests in water problems, instead,
highlighting the “landscape” image.
Avoided hypothesis, maybe hazarded, to
build a navigable canal along Pero-Naviglio
Grande, the pre-existing waterway, in the
new project is double. The first is a water line
that takes on an esthetic aspect; it becomes
authors signature, with lofty symbolisms.
It is a water line where contact is possible;
it is a clear, pure, live source. The second is
the existent, the Olona gully, with such dirty
water, for which the project plans the “canal
banks requalification” (Comune di Milano
topic one
8
Pensa Elvira
notes
website, Fotogallery Expo 2015, Picture 12).
Here, the most significant work is to hide the
concrete banks: it is a technical structure, built
to dispose of the plentiful rate of flows, so it
is not possible to take any action, because
there is the risk of compromising its rightful
function.
For “environmental improvement”, they
intend to plant trees to hide disagreeable
horizons in the “Via dell’Acqua” park, a park
with a very large surface, more than any
other big urban park in the world (Comune
di Milano web site, Fotogallery Expo 2015,
Picture 11). Presently, the Park exists through
existing parks: Boscoincittà, Parco di Trenno,
Parco delle Cave, Parco dei Fontanili; and on
different, but fragmented, agricultural areas, a
part of Parco Agricolo Sud Milano.
There is no exposure of any proposal to
improve superficial water quality and the
project does not explain where the necessary
water will be taken to create the basin and
the waterway. During the “Urban Simulation
Laboratory” work with P. Bosselmann and
F. Curti, the group interested in Expo 2015
suggested some ideas that were published
in an article in a magazine, “Territorio” (n. 43,
2008).
The group suggested the possibility to create
the basin with new building wastewater,
purifying it together with Olona gully with
natural technologies, like phytopurification.
In this way, it would be possible to purify the
river and reuse wastewater on the premises,
or inside the same buildings or to irrigate
the green areas. Anyway, there would be an
improvement of the water quality and a costfree resource for the blue line project.
Morover, it would be possible to create the
basin with the stormwater, as an expansion
area (wet pound, stormwater wetland, and so
on), built according to the Best Management
Practice indications.
An essential operation along the Olona
artificial banks would be to do to improve the
water quality, re-naturalizing them, where it is
possible, planting macrophyte vegetations to
purify water.
It is important to highlight that the background
of Expo areas had an agricultural vocation, so
9
the best way to create a “Via dell’Acqua” park
is to re-establish the historical irrigation
methods: the surface irrigation system, with
its canals, dams, fountainhead and water
meadows. This type of system is positively
and satisfactorily applied in Boscoincittà
and Parco delle Cave (Pensa, 2008).
4 | Conclusions
Architects, planners, investors, municipalities
and citizens should not ignore water and its
related problems anymore. It is no longer
the time to pay no attention to water and,
as citizens ask for solutions to save energy,
at the same time, they have to demand
solutions to save water.
Milano, even more than other cities, needs
to conjugate many aims: to suggest or to
increase the social value; to ensure the
economic value; to enforce the biodiversity,
in urban contexts too; to manage the
stormwater; to protect the superficial
and underground water; to contain the
spreading of pollution; to improve the
quality of life.
Going along with the unforeseeable
rhythms of the water emergency extreme
effects (floods or drought), water can’t be
considered as a threat or an obstacle, but an
element to understand in its dynamics by
which to begin to live with.
Social, economical and environmental aims
have to contain also the new landscape
meaning, where water is an essential
constructive material for the urban contest
and an indispensable element for a healthy
and vital environment.
Specifically, if the problem of the superficial
rivers in Milano (Olona, Seveso, Lura,
Lambro, and so on) is the bad water quality,
why not try to solve it before thinking of an
ideal line of clear water? Probably, also the
local agricultural could have a new source of
irrigation, and the Po river and the Adriatic
sea will be grateful for this.
An inflexible coordination between the
different local authorities is so necessary
to avoid superfluous work being realized.
On the contrary, it is essential that all our
energy points to solve real problems. To
ignore them, thinking only of the “poetics”
of the project, means that the project is
destined to fail, because it is not inserted in
a reality and it will create other problems.
Therefore, the auspice is that with such an
important event realization as Expo 2015,
which will leave indelible marks on the
Milan territory, and that these will highlight
the ecological and landscape aspects, of
which the future generations will gain
advantage, as some other projects are
putting in practice.
topic one
Pensa Elvira
notes
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topic one
10
Pensa Elvira
notes