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art fundamentals - Sam Rayburn High School
2012 2013 EDITION ART Russian Art and Architecture ART 18 YE AR S DO ING OU RB ES T, S O YO U CRAM KIT EDITOR Robb Dooling ® the World Scholar’s Cup® ALPACA-IN-CHIEF Daniel Berdichevsky CA N DO YO U RS ART CRAM KIT ® Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques .......................................................................... 2 Introduction to Art History ................................................................................................................................. 7 Western Art History ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Nonwestern Art History .................................................................................................................................... 19 Kievan Rus Converts! ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Serving Kiev Since 1037! .................................................................................................................................. 23 Enthroned between 1470–1499 ....................................................................................................................... 24 Postnik and Barma’s 1555–1560 masterpiece ................................................................................................ 25 It’s So 1880s! ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 Russia’s Rise to Greatness ................................................................................................................................ 27 St. Petersburg’s Imperial Abodes .................................................................................................................... 29 Defender of the City since 1782 ....................................................................................................................... 30 Lovingly painted between 1832 and 1834 ....................................................................................................... 31 The Gift that Started a Trend .......................................................................................................................... 32 Russian Culture on the Rise ............................................................................................................................. 34 Dancing with the Stars–Anna Pavlova ............................................................................................................37 Revolution Sweeps Russia ................................................................................................................................ 38 A Painting of Romantic Literature................................................................................................................... 39 Experiments in Color and Form ....................................................................................................................... 40 Non-Figurative Extremes .................................................................................................................................. 41 Irakli Toidze’s 1941 battle cry .......................................................................................................................... 42 Soaring to the skies in 1947-1952 ................................................................................................................... 43 Making an ironic statement since 1982 ......................................................................................................... 44 Art in Four Pages ............................................................................................................................................... 46 List of Lists ......................................................................................................................................................... 50 The Crunchy Table ............................................................................................................................................ 54 BY KATE TYNDALL UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS WAUKESHA WEST HIGH SCHOOL ART CRAM KIT | 2 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (1/5) LINE, SHAPE, SPACE, TEXTURE, PERSPECTIVE LINE: THE MOST BASIC ELEMENT OF ART Type of Line Implied Example ...... Curved/jagged Effect COLOR Primary color + primary color = secondary color Secondary color + primary color = tertiary color Creates illusion of a line Active Horizontal The horizon Peaceful Vertical Gothic churches Move eyes upward and instill awe SHAPE (2-D) AND FORM (3-D) Hue Neutral Value SPACE Positive space: The figures in an artwork; here, the alpaca Negative space: Empty areas; here, the black background TEXTURE Actual texture: Touchable surface; i.e., an alpaca fleece rug or impasto (thick layers of paint) Visual texture: Illusion of texture; i.e., photo of sandpaper or contrasts of light and dark Intensity Name of color on the wheel Black, white or shade of gray Lightness or darkness of a hue or a gray Purity of a hue (Primary colors are purest) DASTARDLY COLOR SCHEMES Complementary colors Warm colors Opposite colors on the color wheel (such as blue and orange) Red, orange, yellow Cool colors Green, blue, violet Local color Real-life lighting on colors Optical color Arbitrary color Color in different lighting conditions Emotional or symbolic colors WAYS TO ACHIEVE ILLUSION OF DEPTH Atmospheric perspective: Mimics smoke or fog Linear perspective: Lines meet at a vanishing point Different sizes and levels of detail based on distance Overlapping of objects higher or lower in the image LIGHT(E)NING QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. What is impasto? 2. Art’s most basic element. 3. Which three colors are the MOST intense? 4. Footprints form a(n) ______ line. ANSWERS 1. thick layers of paint—usually oil 2. line 3. red, yellow, and blue 4. implied ART CRAM KIT | 3 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (2/5) PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION DRAWING MEDIA RHYTHM: MOVEMENTS AND PATTERNS Hard pencils: thin & light lines Graphite A motif is an element of a pattern. Individual squares are motifs in checkerboard pattern, for example. Motif Charcoal Soft pencils: thick & light or dark lines Extreme version of a soft pencil; the color of the paper can show through Soft, easily blended sticks of color Pastels Fixatives reduce smearing th Popular in 18 century portraiture Pattern SHADES OF SHADING BALANCE: DISTRIBUTION OF VISUAL WEIGHT Symmetrical balance: Same elements on both sides of a central axis Approximate balance: Slight variation on both sides of a central axis Asymmetrical balance: Unites different objects (One method: large objects near the axis and small objects away from the axis) PROPORTION: RELATIVE SIZE According to Classical Greek sculptors: A typical human is seven-and-a-half-heads tall Eyes: halfway between chin and top of head Nose: halfway between chin and eyes Lips: halfway between chin and nose CONTRAST Focal point: An element that stands out and attracts visual interest, such as this fountain Hatching Crosshatching Stippling DON’T PLAY WITH MATCHES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Stippling Pastel Hard pencil Motif Charcoal Focal point Soft pencil Hatching Approximate balance 10. Asymmetrical balance ANSWERS A(3), B(4), C(1), D(7), E(6), F(10), G(2), H(8), I(9), J(5) A. B. C. D. E. F. Draws thin lines Element of a pattern Dots create shading Draws thick lines Contrasting element Unites dissimilar objects G. Easily blended medium popular in portraiture H. Parallel lines create shading I. Same as symmetrical balance, only with slight variations J. The color of the paper shows if this medium is applied lightly ART CRAM KIT | 4 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (3/5) PAINTING SCULPTURE PIGMENT + BINDER + SOLVENT = PAINT RELIEF VS. FREESTANDING SCULPTURE Pigment Colored powder made out of clay, minerals, gemstones, or animal/plant materials Binder Wax, egg yolk, or linseed oils to make pigments stick together Solvent Water or oil changes the thickness or drying time of paint Low relief Protrudes slightly from the carrier surface High relief sculpture Protrudes further from the carrier surface PAINTING MEDIA Oil paint Versatile and easily blended Glazes: transparent layers Dries slowly Tempera Visible from all angles Michelangelo’s Pieta is a famous example Water-based Egg yolk serves as the binder Dries quickly: cannot mix after application Gouache Freestanding Water-based and opaque FOUR BASIC SCULPTURAL METHODS Carving Modeling Additive process; builds objects out of clay, wax, plaster, or papier-mâché Casting Encloses a sculpture in plaster, then uses the dried plaster as a mold to make copies Construction Sculpts or welds metal or wires Dries slower than watercolor Bright colors and precise details Watercolor Most popular water-based paint Paint lighter colors, background areas, and broad details first Paint darker colors, foreground areas, and small details last Acrylic Made of plastics, polymers, and synthetic materials Invented after World War II Dries faster and makes glazes more easily than oil paint Encaustic Wax-based Marks ancient Egyptian graves Hot irons fuse colored molten wax to a surface FRESCOES Buon fresco (true) Apply pigments + water to wet plaster on a wall/ceiling Fresco secco (dry) Apply pigments + water to dry plaster Subtractive process; removes wood or stone to create an object MOBILES Alexander Calder produced mobile sculptures hanging from wires. Wind or air currents move these sculptures. BEFORE YOU CAN BREATHE A SIGH OF RELIEF QUESTIONS 1. Ancient Egyptians used wax-based paint called ___. 2. What are the four basic sculptural methods? 3. Paint consists of three ingredients: _____. ANSWERS 1. encaustic 2. carving, modeling, casting, and construction 3. a pigment, a binder, and a solvent ART CRAM KIT | 5 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (4/5) PRINTMAKING ARCHITECTURE PROCESSES KEY INNOVATIONS In all printmaking processes, the artist creates the original image on a matrix (printing plate). Remember, negative space = the background. Relief prints Intaglio prints Cut the negative space out of the wood/linoleum matrix Use a brayer (roller) to ink the positive space A press or burnisher (rubbing tool) holds paper to the ink, placing the image on the paper Opposite of relief printmaking Two methods: etching & engraving Engraving Cut lines in a wood/metal plate Etching Incise lines through a layer of wax or varnish on a metal plate Acid removes exposed metal Ink the etched grooves or the positive space and wipe ink off the negative space A press forces paper into the inked grooves Lithographs Screen prints (Silkscreens) A waxy pencil/crayon outlines the image on a matrix made of stone, zinc, or aluminum Add water, then ink to the plate The ink resists water and only colors the wax design A press forces ink on paper The artist picks a photo or other image as a stencil A squeegee forces ink through holes in the stencil, coloring fabric (such as a T-shirt) stretched across a frame PRINTMAKING HIGHLIGHTS Low-cost printmaking has illustrated documents since th the invention of the printing press in the 15 century. Prints have played an important role in the Mexican Revolution of the 1910s. Post and lintel construction Seen in Stonehenge and the Greek Parthenon Arch Inspired the dome and vault (tunnel of arches) Industrial Revolution advances Enabled the wrought iron frameworks in Paris’ Eiffel Tower and London’s Crystal Palace Organic architecture Antonio Gaudi (1852--1926) pioneered this art form in Spain His buildings lack flat surfaces or straight lines THE PERFECT MATCHES BRING RELIEF 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Inks the surface in relief printmaking Places ink on fabrics in screen printmaking Alternative to a press in relief printmaking Vertical unit Tunnel of arches Horizontal unit Water repels ink Acid removes metal A stencil directs ink A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Squeegee Burnisher Brayer Vault Post Lintel Lithography Screen printing Etching ANSWERS A(2), B(3), C(1), D(5), E(4), F(6), G(7), H(9), I(8) ART CRAM KIT | 6 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (5/5) MISCELLANEOUS MEDIA MIXED MEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL ART Collage Assemblage Everyday items Material Photos, newspaper clippings, theater tickets, and similar objects Famous Artist(s) Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp Christo and Jeanne-Claude championed this art form in the 1970s. Example: box filled with common materials creating a single statement They wrapped monuments in fabric, placed pink plastic around 11 islands in Florida, and planned other large-scale works. Joseph Cornell GLASS PERFORMANCE ART Theater + art = Performance art In performance art, the artist becomes the artwork. For example, the Guerilla Girls of New York City don gorilla masks and deliver public speeches on gender and race in the art world. CRAM QUIZ POTTERY COIL POTTERY SLAB POTTERY THROWN POTTERY Knead clay into coils Cut slabs of clay Stack the coils to form the object Make slip (liquid clay) to hold pieces together Use hands to shape pottery on a spinning potter's wheel SO YOU WANT TO BE A HAIRY POTTER? First, don’t get a haircut. Then: Middle Eastern civilizations invented glass in the third millennium B.C.E. Glass is composed of Silica, and other minerals Sand, flint, or quartz creates silica Medieval church architecture used stained glass th By the late 19 century, lampshades and windows in some houses also consisted of stained glass QUESTIONS 1. ______ describes pottery made on a potter’s wheel. 2. Which art form earned Joseph Cornell fame? 3. Civilizations in the _____ invented glass. 4. Which two artists popularized the collage? 5. In performance art, the artwork consists of _____. 6. Slip refers to _____. 7. What are the three possible ingredients of silica? 8. Christo and Jeanne-Claude introduced _____ art. ANSWERS 1. Thrown 2. boxes containing items that formed a metaphor 3. Middle East 4. Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp 5. the artist 6. liquid clay 7. sand, quartz, and flint 8. environmental ART CRAM KIT | 7 ART FUNDAMENTALS Introduction to Art History ART HISTORY ART HISTORIANS Pliny the Elder (23-79 C.E.) OBJECTIVES Reconstruct an artwork’s historical context to understand the work and its meaning. RELATED FIELDS Anthropology History Aesthetics: the philosophy of beauty Sociology Art criticism: informs the public of art events Roman author Analyzed art in Natural History Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) Renaissance artist Wrote The Lives of the Artists Johann Winckelmann (1717-1768) Enlightenment philosopher First shaped field of art history Focused on historical context SO YOU WANT TO BE AN ART HISTORIAN? Discover an artwork’s meaning through: WHAT IS ART? In early art history In modern art history ‘‘Fine art’’ only-----for audience appreciation Broad definition: anything manmade with meaning Paintings Prints Drawings Sculpture Architecture Crafts (even tattoos!) Mass culture (advertisements) Household items (forks, sofas) HOW DOES AN ARTWORK’S MEANING CHANGE? Access Religion Education Social status Race Individual interpretation Gender FORMAL ANALYSIS The artwork’s elements of composition: line, shape, form, color, space, and texture CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS Historical context: cost, patron, popularity, audience access, location COMPARATIVE STUDY Compare artworks from two time periods and identify the historical events that caused the changes in style WRONG ANSWERS ARE HISTORY QUESTIONS 1. Which single era most shaped modern art history? 2. Modern art history emphasizes ______ context. 3. (Formal analysis/Contextual analysis) may focus on criticism of an artwork. 4. (Formal analysis/Contextual analysis) may focus on the color of an artwork. 5. Giorgio Vasari’s book ______ shows artists’ new social roles during the Renaissance. ANSWERS 1. The Enlightenment 2. historical 3. Contextual analysis 4. Formal analysis 5. The Lives of the Artists ART CRAM KIT | 8 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (1/11) THE STONE AGE ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA OLD STONE AGE (UPPER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD) Several ancient civilizations arose in Mesopotamia, the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Chauvet Cave paintings (c. 30,000 B.C.E.) in S.W. of France •Depict animals such as horses and lions •Early humans drew these figures in red and yellow ochre as well as charcoal Venus of Willendorf (c. 28,000 – 25,000 B.C.E.) •Typical fertility figurine from this period bearing oversized bellies, breasts, and pubic areas •Lacks feet or facial details; stubby arms Altamira & Lascaux paintings (c. 13,000 – 11,000 B.C.E.) in France and Spain •Feature animals and human handprints •Altamira also contains the first human figure to appear in cave paintings. MIDDLE STONE AGE (MESOLITHIC PERIOD) Warmer climates initiated the Middle Stone Age Cave dwellers moved outside to rock shelters Humans conquer animals in rock shelter paintings, which date to between c. 7,000 and 4,000 B.C.E. NEW STONE AGE (NEOLITHIC PERIOD) Neolithic cultures erected formations of megaliths (‘‘great stones’’) in western Europe Stonehenge (c. 2,000---1,000 B.C.E.) in England, remains the most famous megalith Culture Notes Artwork(s) Sumerian c. 4,000 B.C.E. Built platform temples Ziggurats (stepped pyramids) Akkadian c. 2,340 B.C.E. Invaded Sumerian cities under king Sargon Freestanding and relief sculptures about the monarchy Guti barbarians c. 2,150 Entered Near East from the mountains N/A NeoSumerian c. 2,090 Installed the King of Ur Ziggurat temples: also economic & administrative centers Babylonian c. 1,792 B.C.E. King Hammurabi set first legal code Stone stele of sun-god Shamash and Hammurabi Assyria c. 900 B.C.E. Conquered the entire Near East Relief carvings of battles, sieges, and other events NeoBabylonian th 7 century B.C.E. Gradually overthrew Assyria Hanging gardens and the Ishtar Gate covered in animal figures NOT-SO-COLOSSAL QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. Altamira contains the first ______. 2. Stonehenge’s heel-stone marks _____. 3. Which civilization built the Ishtar Gate? Stonehenge on the morning of the midsummer solstice ANSWERS 1. human to appear in cave paintings 2. the midsummer solstice sunrise 3. NeoBabylonian ART CRAM KIT | 9 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (2/11) PERSIA, EGYPT, AND NUBIA AEGEAN SEA CIVILIZATIONS PERSIA CYCLADIC (C. 3,200---2,000 B.C.E.) The Persian Empire arose in modern Iran. The Palace at Persepolis, which borrows from Egyptian architecture, showcases the Persians’ skill in architecture. MINOAN (C. 2,000---1,000 B.C.E.) EGYPT More artworks have survived in Egypt than in Mesopotamia due to Egypt’s dry climate, burial customs, and natural barriers (deserts and mountains). 332 B.C.E. Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt c. 3,500 B.C.E. Beginning of the predynastic period Grew on the Cyclades archipelago Sculpted nude female figurines in simple geometric forms Crafted marble wares and decorative pottery The beginning and end of ancient Egyptian civilization Egyptian artists introduced two techniques seen in the figure of King Narmer on the Narmer Palette: Centered on the city of Knossos on the island of Crete Known for the legend of the Minotaur, a man-bull that lived in the labyrinthine palace of Knossos Created sea-themed and naturalistic artworks such as statuettes of a snake goddess and palace frescoes Built four organic-styled unfortified palaces on Crete MYCENAEN Hierarchical scale Size reflects a subject’s status Fractional representation Eyes and torso in frontal view Head and lower body in profile Peaked at the same time as the decline of the Minoans Historians believe the Mycenaeans obliterated the Minoans Constructed elegant tombs, which held objects fashioned out of gold and relief sculptures CRAM REVIEW Unlike most Egyptian tombs, King Tutankhamen’s remained hidden until 1922. Archaeologists uncovered the king's burial mask, made of blue glass and semiprecious stones. NUBIA The Nubians controlled a wide swath of Africa to the south of Egypt and even ruled Egypt for a brief period. Very little Nubian art has survived. QUESTIONS 1. Fractional representation depicts the (torso/head) in profile. 2. Cycladics created (geometric/naturalistic) works. 3. (Minoans/Mycenaeans) were skilled goldsmiths. ANSWERS 1. Head 2. Geometric 3. Mycenaeans ART CRAM KIT | 10 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (3/11) ‘‘HA HA! THAT’S CLASSIC!’’ ETRUSCANS AND ROMANS ARCHAIC GREEK (C. 660---475 B.C.E.) ETRUSCAN (1 MILLENIUM B.C.E.) Created freestanding marble/limestone sculptures Borrowed from Egyptian and Mesopotamian work Preferred more dynamic and realistic figures Built temples containing Doric or Ionic columns Greek vase painting styles first popular during the Archaic period ST Emerged in modern Italy Bridged idealistic Greek and practical Roman art Drew from Greek architecture in temples highlighting columns and triangular gables Skilled in bronze work Painted bright, colorful paintings on tomb walls and ceilings EARLY CLASSICAL GREEK (C. 475---448 B.C.E.) Sculpted strong, simple, and solemn characters poised before or after a significant action ROMAN Silhouette Simple black figures Athenian Linear black figures Corinthian Ornate ground Red figure Black ground Invented contrapposto (‘‘counter positioning’’): a figure with its weight on one leg Built temples featuring thin Doric columns MIDDLE CLASSICAL GREEK (C. 448---400 B.C.E.) Employed post and lintel construction to restore the Parthenon after Persian invaders destroyed it Produced Etruscan-influenced art early on nd Aspired to Greek idealism by the 2 century B.C.E., especially in portraits of rulers Built the Pantheon (118---125 C.E.) using vaulted construction and the Colosseum (70---80 C.E.) Romans invented concrete, a very efficient mortar for binding stone. The Roman Empire built large domes, aqueducts, and a road system with concrete. ROMAN SCULPTURES Monumental triumphal arches featuring relief sculptures Funerary relief sculptures on tombs or sarcophagi Large public statues commemorating statesmen or nobles Small portrait busts, often used in funeral processions LATE CLASSICAL GREEK (C. 400---323 B.C.E.) Architecture stagnated after Athens’ loss in the Peloponnesian War Corinthian columns gained popularity over Doric columns. HELLENISTIC GREEK (C. 331---23 B.C.E.) Combined the styles of Greece and Asia Minor in sculptures Examples: the Venus de Milo and Laocoön Group. LIES AND SLANDER? CORRECT THE FALSE STATEMENTS 1. True/False: Athenian vase paintings favored red figures. 2. True/False: The Doric column order lacks a base. 3. True/False: The Middle Classical period introduced major advances in architecture. 4. True/False: The Pantheon features posts and lintels. ANSWERS 1. False; black figures 2. True 3. True 4. False; vaulted construction ART CRAM KIT | 11 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (4/11) BYZANTINE AND MEDIEVAL ART GOTHIC ART BYZANTIUM As the eastern half of the Roman Empire, Byzantium survived Rome’s collapse in western Europe. The Byzantines excelled in religious mosaic work, made of shards of glass, stones, or tiles. KEY GOTHIC ARCHITECTURAL TECHNIQUES Byzantium also built the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. Pointed arches MEDIEVAL EUROPE: ‘‘HELP! I’M BEING REPRESSED!’’ While war, famine, and disease preoccupied Europe, the Catholic Church preserved artworks and books Monks hand-copied and illuminated books These books spread artistic ideas between northern and southern Europe Often, only nobles and clergy could read Latin was the international language Early medieval period • Nomadic Germanic craftsmen made abstract, decorative, and geometric metalwork out of bronze, silver, gold, and jewels • Viking artists designed carvings on wooden ships • A Hiberno-Saxon style (Viking + Anglo-Saxon + Celtic) grew out of the Viking invasions of England and Ireland Crested arches enhance the vertical, lofty mood of Gothic interiors Late medieval period Ribbed vaults Flying buttresses Exterior halfarches reinforce walls to offset barrel vaults' downward and outward thrust Two lean stone arches (ribs) cross and support the intersection of two vaults Hefty stone walls limited Romanesque church architects to small windows and doors In Gothic churches, flying buttresses allowed larger windows and higher ceilings Chartres Cathedral in France typifies Gothic churches, with its towering arches and vibrant stained glass windows QUICK QUERIES 1. • Church doinated architecture • Cathedrals based on Roman arches inspired the Romanesque style • Roman arches typically involved a barrel vault • Fire-resistant stone vaults replaced churches with wooden roofs th Gothic art grew in the early 12 century and endured th into the 16 century This style shaped some secular buildings, but mostly prevailed in church architecture 2. 3. 4. 5. Anglo-Saxon and Celtic styles Famous Byzantine mosaics The Hagia Sophia Saint-Sernin basilica Early medieval metalwork A. Germany B. Ravenna, Italy C. England and Ireland D. Constantinople E. Toulouse, France ANSWERS A(5), B(2), C(1), D(3), E(4) ART CRAM KIT | 12 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (5/11) EARLY RENAISSANCE THE HIGH RENAISSANCE GENERATION TRANSITIONAL PERIOD INFLUENCES LEONARDO DA VINCI Fresco painter Giotto di Bondone (1267---1337) Lived in Florence between the Gothic and Renaissance eras His realistic simple perspective overlaps figures and departs from unemotional, stylized Gothic art The invention of paper money Allowed future Renaissance art patrons like the Medici family to hoard their wealth While Greek traditions deemed artists lower-class laborers, Renaissance society began to value artistic genius. Sculpted a classical image of the sacrifice of Isaac Later spent 25 years crafting the Gates of Paradise for the same baptistry Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Placed second to Ghiberti in the above contest Focused on architecture and won a competition to design Florence cathedral's dome Planned an ingenious double-shelled dome Invented linear perspective Donatello (c. 1386-1466) Founder of modern sculpture Sculpted the bronze David, the first known freestanding nude since the classical period Botticelli (c. 1444-1510) Inspired a new ideal of female beauty in The Birth of Venus, one of the first full female nudes since the classical period Lisa Active in Florence at the same time as Leonardo Won a design competition and sculpted the marble David Lorenzo Ghiberti (c. 1378-1455) In 1400, won a competition to design a set of doors on the Florence baptistery Introduced sfumato (fumo is Italian for smoke): soft colors and outlines blur transitions between forms MICHELANGELO DI BUONAROTTI (1475---1564) MAJOR ARTISTS Sfumato in the Mona Mona Lisa EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Renaissance art flourished early in Italian cities such as Florence because of the region’s access to ancient Greek and Roman works. Inventor, architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, scientist, and musician Along with Michelangelo, inspired the term ‘‘Renaissance man’’ Painted The Last Supper and the In 1505, Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to design his tomb, but canceled the project Michelangelo accepted a later commission from Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel RAPHAEL SANZIO (1483---1520) Although a rival of Michelangelo, studied his work Michelangelo was a recluse, but Raphael recruited assistants for frescoes such as School of Athens (commemorating Greek philosophers and scientists) Painted history’s most acclaimed images of the Virgin Mary, including Sistine Madonna MUTANT NINJA QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. Which artist founded modern sculpture? 2. ______ invented sfumato painting. 3. _____ specialized in the Madonna. 4. ______ sculpted the bronze David. 5. _____ sculpted the marble David. ANSWERS 1. Donatello 2. Leonardo da Vinci 3. Raphael Sanzio 4. Donatello 5. Michelangelo ART CRAM KIT | 13 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (6/11) FROM RENAISSANCE TO REFORMATION NORTHERN EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE VENETIAN RENAISSANCE ARTISTS Prior to Renaissance influences spreading northward from southern Europe, northern European artists produced smaller but more realistic Gothic art in the th 15 century. New oil paint enhanced the realism of northern European artworks. Artist Giorgione (c. 1477---1510) Titian Vecelli (1477---1576) Tintoretto (1518---1594) Claim to fame Introduced the landscape as a subject of paintings in The Tempest and other works Painted curtains, columns, and other backdrops in his portraits, thereby revolutionizing the genre of portraiture Mannerist artist who bridged the Renaissance and Baroque styles Known for his use of chiaroscuro (contrast of light and dark) Italian artists travel in northern Europe Northern artists visit Italy and study Renaissance works Followed his own color scheme rather than Mannerist hues MANNERIST STYLISTIC PREFERENCES Toxic colors Subjects in twisted poses Distortion of the elements of the art Like Dürer, a Southern German Renaissance artist Known for religious scenes, such as Christ’s crucifixion Painted the Isenheim Altarpiece ALBRECHT DÜRER (1471---1528) REFORMATION & COUNTER REFORMATION EL GRECO Icon of the Counter Reformation Studied under Titian a Stretched his figures into dramatic positions Represents the transition between the Renaissance and Baroque eras Italian Renaissance art influences northern European art Engravings of famous Italian artworks cirulate through Europe MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD (C. 1475---1528) The Protestant Reformation criticized the Catholic Church’s supposed luxury and corruption. The Church’s response, a Counter Reformation, doubled down: it favored even more upscale church decoration and theatrical, emotional subjects. Commerce connects Venetian traders and rich German merchants Initially studied Gothic works but then traveled to Italy and shared Renaissance ideas in Germany United Italian theories and northern naturalism Engraved The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER (1497---1593) Born in Germany but more famous in England Court painter to King Henry VIII of England Painted personal, detailed portraits MINI QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. Giorgione painted the first ______. 2. Which style bridges the Renaissance and Baroque? 3. Who completed the Isenheim Altarpiece? ANSWERS 1. Landscapes 2. Mannerism 3. Matthias Grünewald ART CRAM KIT | 14 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (7/11) BAROQUE-ORAMA Renaissance era Baroque era •Clashes between city-states •Static, calm, and simple art •Conflicts between empires •Dynamic, energetic, and ornamental art CHANGE WE CAN BELIEVE IN? In Europe, the Catholic church aimed to maintain power over Spain and Italy. Missionary orders such as the Jesuits traveled to convert natives of new colonies. Baroque art favored theatrical and emotional calls to faith instead of the simple classical style. RULE BY THE ABSOLUTES PETER PAUL RUBENS (1577–1640) Flemish Baroque painter Influence lasted for generations REMBRANDT VAN RIJN (1606–1669) Adept painter, printmaker, and draftsman Painted an unconventional group portrait in The Night Watch Placed some guards in more visible positions Painted insightful self-portraits Died in poverty KING LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE Russia France Austria Spain Peter the Great Catherine the Great King Louis XIV Maria Theresa Philip IV Baroque monarchs took their power from the impoverished lower classes. Happily for us, whatever their other flaws, they served as art patrons-----leaving a legacy of amazing works for us to behold. ITALIAN BAROQUE ARTISTS CARAVAGGIO (1573-1610) Famous for extreme chiaroscuro lighting contrasts (caravaggesque) Painted poor people as religious subjects. ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI (c. 1593-1652) Studied in her father’s painter studio Painted chiaroscuro self-portraits and images of women from the Old Testament GIANLORENZO BERNINI (1598-1680) Primary Baroque artist Worked in sculpture, architecture, painting, drawing, and theater design Applied influences from his theater career to The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa NORTHERN EUROPEAN BAROQUE ARTISTS Louis XIV’s rule marked the peak of the Baroque era. The ‘‘sun king’’ built the lavish Palace of Versailles and started the salons, exhibitions that influenced French th artistic tastes into the 19 century. Aristocrats also used the new French Academy to control artistic standards. DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ (1599–1660) Court painter to Spain’s King Philip IV This Spanish Baroque artist began his artworks with areas of color, not lines Impressionists later adapted Velázquez’s approach FILL-IN-THE-BAROQUEN-LINES QUESTIONS 1. Unlike static, calm, and simple Renaissance art, Baroque art favors ______, ______, and ______ art. 2. Which artist drew influences from theater design? 3. Chiaroscuro contrasts ______ and ______. 4. Which group emulated Diego Velázquez’s art? ANSWERS 1. dynamic, energetic, and ornamental 2. Gianlorenzo Bernini 3. light; dark 4. the Impressionists ART CRAM KIT | 15 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (8/11) ROCOCO AND NEOCLASSICISM ROMANTICISM BAROQUE ART VS. ROCOCO ART Romanticism departed from Neoclassical linearism, order, and reason. Baroque and Romantic art share an emotional emphasis, but Romanticism introduced new subjects. Favored theatricality and emotion Illustrated romance and lighthearted court life Foreign settings ROCOCO PAINTERS Rococo art catered to aristocrats, who favored creamy colors and gold decorations. Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684---1721) Invented the fête galante, in which nobles sport fashionable clothes and relax in the country François Boucher (1703---1770) Painted mythical female nudes in nobles’ parties. Enjoyed the patronage of Madame Pompadour, Louis XV’s mistress Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806) Studied under and emulated Boucher; also earned patronage from Madame Pompadour Human and animal violence Historical events Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix particularly favored the above subjects. Like many Romantic artists, he created work that was Imaginative Dreamlike Passionate REALISM Realists challenged Neoclassicism and Romanticism as they touted unbiased images or subjects. According to Realism, images such as Gustave Courbet’s The Stonebreakers (which depicted road workers) deserved just as much attention as historical and religious paintings at Salons. NEOCLASSICISM France’s Revolution of 1789 inspired republican movements and artworks across Europe. The Enlightenment and interest in Greco-Roman democratic ideas inspired a Neoclassicism, which countered the Rococo style. Jacques Louis David (1748 - 1825) •Led anti-Rococo Neoclassical movement •Painted republicanthemed artworks like Oath of the Horatii •Master of ceremonies for French Revolutionary rallies •Propaganda painter for Napoleon Bonaparte Jean Dominique Ingres (1780 - 1867) •Studied under David •Applied a linear style, unemotional subjects, precise geometry, and rationality, all typical of Neoclassicism •Rival of Romantic artist Eugène Delacroix MATCHING LOCAL ARTISTS SINCE 1789 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Baroque style Eugène Delacroix Romantic style Rococo style François Boucher Gustave Courbet Neoclassical style Jacques Louis David Realist style A. Theatrical, emotional B. Received patronage from Madame Pompadour C. Linear, geometric D. Emotional, imaginative E. Leader of the Realists F. Enjoyed painting foreign settings G. Reacted to Neoclassicism and Romanticism H. Propaganda painter for Napoleon I. Lighthearted, cheerful ANSWERS A(1), B(5), C(7), D(3), E(6), F(2), G(9), H(8), I(4) ART CRAM KIT | 16 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (9/11) A GOOD FIRST IMPRESSION WORKS WONDERS LATE 19TH-CENTURY INFLUENCES THE IMPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT NEW INVENTIONS Paris's Académie des Beaux-Arts institutes strict artistic rules • The paint tube • Chemical paint Annual Salon exhibitions exclude many artists from the Impressionist movement • Photography Édouard Manet (1832–1883) Scholars consider Manet the first Impressionist, but Manet himself disagreed with this classification Contrasted bright colors to mimic light in Artists could work outdoors—inspiring Impressionism At first, paintings became more like photographs— then they became less realistic than ever before. COLONIALISM Luncheon on the Grass (Le Dejéuner sur L’herbe), The expanding domain of European nations brought African masks, Japanese prints, and other foreign items to Europe, where they inspired artists. which inspired other Impressionists Luncheon on the Grass riled controversy for displaying a nude woman in a casual setting Impressionist Edgar Degas (1834-1917) imitated Japanese prints and photography through his overhead perspective and snapshot style, respectively. Claude Monet (1840-1926) Encouraged fellow artists to paint outside, capturing their fleeting impressions of the world Monet’s Impression Sunrise inspired the originally derogatory name for the entire Impressionist movement. LATE 19TH-CENTURY STYLES PreRaphaelite Pre-Raphaelite works can appear religious due to their moralizing, Romantic, and archaic aspects POST-IMPRESSIONISM Artist Influence Contribution Paul Cézanne (1839---1906) Faded Impressionist forms Based art on geometric forms, which inspired the Cubists Bright Impressionist colors Optical mixing: dots of complementary hues create color Georges Seurat (1859---1891) Vincent van Gogh (1853--90) Impressionist emotions Paul Gauguin (1843---1903) Impressionist lights and colors Emotions dictated colors in works like Night Café Left van Gogh to paint the island of Tahiti Arose in England out of opposition to the Industrial Revolution Art Nouveau Drew from Pre-Raphaelite broad curves and images of nature Seen in decoration and architecture Flowing lines represent floral life LEAVE A GOOD IMPRESSION QUESTIONS 1. True/False: Manet painted Impression Sunrise 2. True/False: Gauguin studied under van Gogh 3. True/False: In Art Nouveau, flowing lines represent human figures ANSWERS 1. False; Monet did. 2. True 3. False; plants and flowers ART CRAM KIT | 17 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (10/11) MODERNISM Modernism refers to a group of unconventional early 20th-century artistic movements including Futurism and the other styles listed on this page. SURREALISM Psychologist Sigmund Freud inspired Salvador Dali and the Surrealists to portray the human imagination. FAUVISM AND CUBISM New Colors New Forms Henri Matisse and others built on PostImpressionism's bright colors. Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and the Cubists broke single images into multiple perspectives. Their arbitrary, outlandish colors earned them the label "fauves" (‘‘wild beasts’’). Cubist paintings are meant to imitate the human experience of perception. BAUHAUS Beginning in the 1920s, the German Bauhaus school implemented standards for streamlined, modern architecture and furniture. The Bauhaus style integrates form and function. Nazis closed the Bauhaus school in 1933, but the school’s professors, such as Josef Albers, continued to teach in the United States EXPRESSIONISM MODERNISM IN THE UNITED STATES Expressionism appeared in two German artist groups. The Barnes Foundation organized the 1913 Armory Show exhibition, which introduced modernist artworks to the United States: 1. Die Brücke illustrated the inner human mind through Fauvist arbitrary colors and the emotions typified by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch 2. Der Blaue Reiter followed Russian painter Vassily Kandinsky, who painted abstract works lacking any natural subjects. Vassily Kandinsky inspired Dutch artist Piet Mondrian to paint De Stijl paintings consisting entirely of flat colors and geometric forms. Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon Duchamp’s Nude Descending a Staircase Brancusi’s The Kiss Vassily Kandinsky’s abstract paintings Cubist figures in works by Picasso, Duchamp, and Brancusi enraged American audiences at first, but overtime Modernism won over American artists. Following the Armory Show and the World Wars, New York City replaced Paris as the center of the art world. INSTANT REVIEW DADAISM AND READY-MADES After World War I, social dissidents, especially in Zurich, satirized traditional values and norms Marcel Duchamp’s mustachioed Mona Lisa angered viewers and typifies Dada Duchamp conceived the art genre of ready-mades, which places items like urinals in a new context Picasso combined a bicycle seat and handlebars to create Bull’s Head, an example of a ready-made QUESTIONS 1. Cézanne inspired the ______. 2. Who painted De Stijl canvases? 3. ______ exhibited at the Armory Show. ANSWERS 1. Cubists 2. Piet Mondrian 3. Picasso, Duchamp, Brancusi, and Kandinsky ART CRAM KIT | 18 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (11/11) ABSTRACTION AND 20TH CENTURY ART TH BEFORE ABSTRACTION 20 -CENTURY INFLUENCES ON ART World War II halted art movements. Artists either served in the army or designed propaganda. Atomic power The exponential growth of new technologies Electronics ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM Kandinsky’s non-representational art inspired the Abstract Expressionists of the 1940s to create actionpaintings and color field paintings. Action-paintings •Emotional colors and dramatic, sweeping brushstrokes represent feelings (Jackson Pollock) MINIMALISM Minimalists reduced art to its basic elements. Their works favor simple forms and small color ranges. Frank Stella used acrylic paint and airbrushes to paint hard-edged, abstract, geometric forms David Smith and Dan Flavin made abstract sculptures from stainless steel and neon tubing, respectively PHOTOREALISM Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, and other Photorealists produced extremely realistic artworks resembling photographs. Color field paintings •Large areas of color inside simple, usually geometric forms POSTMODERNISM: REACTIONS TO MODERNISM Postmodernists either pushed beyond modernism or revived aspects of earlier art to counter modernism. REACTIONS Abstract Expressionism motivated some artists to return to naturalism. Architect Philip Johnson did the latter. He looked to the past: he placed a decorative finial atop the AT&T Building, opposing the Bauhaus idea that form should follow function. Jasper Johns crafted collages of flags, maps, and letters Robert Rauschenberg created ‘‘combines’’ of discarded items Rauschenberg’s Monogram includes a stuffed goat, a tire, and other found objects. AT&T Building A finial is, essentially, a decorative top. FINIAL IN THE BLANK POP ART In the 1960s, Robert Rauschenberg and his Pop Art contemporaries worked with everyday objects. Andy Warhol (1928---1987) Icon of Pop Art | Remembered for silkscreens of soup cans and movie stars Roy Lichtenstein (1923---1997) Hard-edged, precise images modeled after comic books----with fields of stippled dots Robert Indiana (1928-) Painted through commercial sign stencils QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. ______ illustrated soup cans in his silkscreens. ______ inspired the Abstract Expressionists. ______ earned repute for hard-edge paintings. ______ designed “combines” like Monogram. ANSWERS 1. Andy Warhol 2. Vassily Kandinsky 3. Frank Stella 4. Robert Rauschenberg ART CRAM KIT | 19 ART FUNDAMENTALS Nonwestern Art History (1/2) The Great Wall ASIAN ART AFRICAN ART CHINESE ART Art historians categorize Egyptian art in Western art history due to Egypt’s impact on Mediterranean cultures. •2,000 miles long •No longer of any defensive value •Now perceived as an artwork •Proves that what counts as art changes over time The rest of African art is considered non-Western and has a long history. For instance, cave paintings in Namibia date to 23,000 B.C.E. Africa’s humid climate limits the chances of art surviving. NOK CIVILIZATION Emperor of Qin's tomb •Houses the first emperor to unite China •Contains an entire army of lifesize clay soldiers Artworks from the Tang dynasty •Created in China's Golden Age •Unsurpassed ceramic sculptures and contemplative ink scrolls •Showcase Buddhist influence Arose in present-day Nigeria in c. 500 B.C.E. Completed naturalistic terracotta sculptures, perhaps of political and religious leaders BENIN KINGDOM INDIAN ART Occupied Nigeria from the th th 13 to the 18 century Placed bronze portrait busts on ancestor altars British army looted Benin palace and its art in 1897 Early civilizations in India crafted sensual sculptures, many of them of Hindu deities such as Shiva. European colonists crushed many African artworks, which they perceived as anti-Christian. Greek influences affected images of Buddha in later Indian art. UNDER THE INFLUENCE QUESTIONS JAPANESE ART As in China, dynastical rule affected Japan’s history and art. Japanese art also draws from Buddhism. Japanese art’s isometric (same size) perspective and flat areas of color remained a tradition even after Western influence reached the country. In the late 19th century, Japan sent a group of artists to study in France. Japan briefly adopted linear perspective and Impressionist colors, but soon returned to traditional techniques. 1. Which religion influenced art in China and Japan? 2. ______ and ______ briefly transformed some th Japanese art in the late 19 century. 3. Why do art historians classify Egypt as a western culture? 4. Hellenistic Greece affected Indian images of ______. ANSWERS 1. Buddhism 2. Impressionist colors; linear perspective 3. Egypt greatly influenced Mediterranean cultures. 4. Buddha ART CRAM KIT | 20 ART FUNDAMENTALS Nonwestern Art History (2/2) OCEANIC AND ISLAMIC ART ART OF THE AMERICAS OCEANIA: POLYNESIA, MELANESIA, & MICRONESIA PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILIZATIONS Oceania’s inhospitable climate and nondurable art media make art historical study of the region difficult. Polynesian tattoos, which signified social status, only survive as engravings. Melanesia’s Asmat group discontinued headhunting and warfare, but still produce black, white, and red shields as cultural symbols. Other Melanesian communities used carved masks in rituals to summon ancestor spirits. Fortunately, cultures such as the Maori in New Zealand still apply their traditions People settled in the Americas as early as 12,000 years ago, arriving over the Bering Strait land bridge. Due to environmental conditions and the use of impermanent media, most surviving American artworks are from the last 2,000 years. These include: Stone and clay statues Jewelry Textiles MESOAMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA Olmec Maya Toltec Inca Aztec ISLAMIC ART The religion of Islam developed in the Arabian peninsula. The Quran, Islam’s holy book, contains the teachings of the Muslim prophet Muhammad By religious tradition, Islamic art must be abstract-----lacking human or animal figures Instead, abstract patterns and lettering decorate religious buildings and copies of the Quran Early Islamic structures include Jerusalem’s Dome of the Rock (687---692) Each mosque features a qibla wall facing the holy city of Mecca These cultures eventually formed cities, where they built grand structures such as the Pyramid of the Sun. NORTH AMERICA In the late Prehistoric period, Native Americans built pueblos in what is now the American Southwest. Many pueblo complexes sprawl over at least 100 rooms and multiple stories NANO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Islamic art is not representative, but _______. 2. Where is the Pyramid of the Sun located? 3. In Polynesia, tattoos represented ______. 4. What sorts of artworks are common from Melanesia’s Asmat culture? ANSWERS Abstract (or patterned) 2. Mexico 3. social status 4. wooden shields patterned in red, black, and white 1. ART CRAM KIT | 21 CHRISTIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN RUSSIA Kievan Rus Converts! (1/2) THIS IS KIEVAN RUS… AND THIS IS KIEVAN RUS WITH CHRISTIANITY. WELCOME TO KIEVAN RUS! 988: VLADIMIR’S BIG DECISION Orthodox Christianity Catholicism Islam Judaism Vladimir I ACCORDING TO THE PRIMARY CHRONICLE… THE PAGAN ART OF KIEVAN RUS Citizens of pre-Christian Kievan Rus worshipped pagan gods. While they created art honoring these gods, little of it has survived, so most scholars begin studies of Russian art with Christianity’s arrival. EARLY KIEVAN EXPOSURE TO CHRISTIANITY Byzantine merchants traded with Kievan Rus long before the 9th century Eventually, missionaries came along with the merchants Olga, an early regent of Kievan Rus, was a Christian Her conversion did not sway the majority of Russians th 12 -century historical account of Kievan Rus Told the tale of Vladimir I’s conversion in 988 Representatives of four religions visited Vladimir He chose Orthodox Christianity because the others were too restrictive Vladimir I selected Orthodox Christianity in 988 Vladimir was convinced he had picked the right religion Vladimir married the Byzantine Princess Anna Vladimir sent a delegation to Constantinople The delegation returned with tales of fantastic churches ART CRAM KIT | 22 CHRISTIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN RUSSIA Kievan Rus Converts! (2/2) BUT WHY DOES IT MATTER? SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS CHRISTIANITY BRINGS UNITY 17 -CENTURY BREAKUP UNITY •A common religion brought Russians together •Russians of all social classes could relate NATIONALISM •A sense of togetherness increased pride in being both Russian and Christian DEFENSE TH Old Belie •Conservat •Persecuted New •Mains •Mongols invaded Russia between 1240 and 1480 • Bound by nationalism and faith, Russians ultimately united to throw them out SOVIET-ERA WOES Joseph Stalin ordered the separation of church and state in the Soviet Era. He closed Orthodox Christian churches and sold or destroyed Christian art. THE MONGOL PERIOD IN A NUTSHELL Mongols came from central Asia, drawn by the increasing wealth of Kievan Rus Hordes of invaders destroyed Kiev and other cities Novgorod remained mostly untouched The religiously tolerant Mongols allowed Russians to worship as long as tributes were paid ART’S IMPACT Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union in the 1980s, restored religious freedom and reopened churches POP QUIZ! QUESTIONS 1. The Mongol Invasion largely spared the city of ____. 2. Princess ___ married Vladimir I after his conversion. ART RELIGION •Helped spread •Inspired religion religious art •Inspired •Inspired nationalism nationalism 3. The ___ gives an account of Vladimir’s conversion. 4. Vladimir I found Islam, Catholicism, and Judaism too ____. 5. ____ was a Christian regent before Vladimir’s time 6. Vladimir’s conversion improved Kievan Rus’s relations with the ______ Empire ANSWERS 1. WE’RE HERE, TOO! Other religious traditions have thriving Russian populations, including Protestants, Jews, and Muslims. Novgorod 2. Anna 3. Primary Chronicle If you scored… 1 or 2 – Stalin does NOT approve 4. Restrictive 3 or 4 - Time for some reeducation! 5. Olga 5 or 6 – Superb, Comrade! 6. Byzantine ART CRAM KIT | 23 CHRIST PANTOCRATOR AND ST. SOPHIA’S CATHEDRAL Serving Kiev Since 1037! HISTORY AND ANALYSES TERMS AND TECHNIQUES IT’S ALL GREEK TO ME! Yaroslav the Wise (r. 1019 - 54) Term First Russian ruler to unite Kiev and Novgorod Commissioned the Cathedral of St. Sophia as a burial place Hagios Pantocrator Hagia Sophia •Still •Serious ST. SOPHIA’S BY THE NUMBERS Number of aisles that make up the cathedral's floor plan 13 Holy Almighty or Ruler of All Holy Wisdom KEY ADJECTIVES Christ's Face 9 Meaning Background Archangels •Abstract •Heavenly •Traditional •Byzantine MOSAIC BREAKDOWN Number of cupolas atop the cathedral Byzantine artists brought mosaics to Kievan Rus. Made of tiny pieces of tile, stone, or glass called tesserae, mosaics often depict a pattern or a picture. They look simple, but mosaics require complex calculations and intense training! Central cupola symbolizes Christ Surrounding cupolas symbolize apostles CHRIST PANTOCRATOR: A HIERARCHY FAST FACTS Christ Artistic Significance Pantocrator • Earliest monumental depiction of Christ Pantocrator St. Sophia's Soviet-Era Changes Cathedral • Turned into a museum of scientific atheism Christ •Main dome QUICK QUIZ Archangels •Main dome Apostles •Dome's drum QUESTIONS 1. The Catholic equivalent of Christ Pantocrator is ____. 2. The _____ hold banners reading ‘‘Hagios, Hagios, Hagios.’’ Gospel writers •Pendentives ANSWERS 1. Christ in Majesty 2. Archangels ART CRAM KIT | 24 CHRIST IN GLORY AND ICONOGRAPHY Enthroned between 1470---1499 TERMS AND TECHNIQUES Icon Paintings Novgorod Style Christ in Glory •Painted on wood or metal •Lapis lazuli or gold in special paintings • Use of ochre, brown, and red • Black outlines •Tempera on wood •Ochre and lapis lazuli pigments HISTORY AND ANALYSIS SEATING CHART Matthew John the Evangelist •Winged man •Christ's earthly nature •Eagle •Christ's divinity Christ Mark Luke •Lion with wings •Winged ox TEMPERA Most Russian icon paintings used tempera paint Tempera is made from ground pigments suspended in water Tempera requires precision as mixing too much paint is wasteful and mixing too little makes it hard to match pigments later KEY ADJECTIVES Christ's Face •Still •Serious Face MANDORLAS Lapis lazuli, a brilliant stone imported from Persia, created vibrant blue tempera paint. •Static •Neutral Gold leaf, made from thinly pounded sheets of gold, was also highly prized. These two materials often appear in a section of an icon painting called the mandorla, which forms an almond shape and surrounds religious figures. 14 TH Background •Abstract •Heavenly Archangels •Traditional •Byzantine Body •Elongated •Three-dimensional Chair •Floral •Angular CENTURY ICONOGRAPHY PRODIGIES Theophanes the Greek Byzantine Taught in Moscow and Novgorod Andrei Rublev Painted in Moscow Russian Studied under Theophanes FAST FACTS Icon paintings helped spread Orthodox Christianity through Russia Large icon paintings often appeared on the iconostasis-----the ‘‘icon screen’’ separating a church’s sanctuary and nave Icon painters did not use human models, instead using elongated figures to resemble a godlike ideal ART CRAM KIT | 25 CATHEDRAL OF ST. VASILY THE BLESSED Postnik and Barma’s 1555---1560 masterpiece HISTORY AND FLOOR PLAN NAMES AND INSPIRATIONS NAMED FOR A FOOL A CHURCH BY ANY OTHER NAME St. Basil the Blessed was a ‘‘fool for Christ’’ His devotion inspired him to walk around naked, wear chains, and see the future He was canonized in 1588, at which time his body was enshrined in St. Vasily’s Cathedral Official Names Cathedral of the Protecting Veil of the Mother of God QUICK FACTS Mystery builders Cathedral of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat English Names St. Basil's Cathedral Cathedral of St. Vasily the Blessed Postnik and Barma • The cathedral's designer may be Postnik Yakovlev, designer of structures in Kazan in the 1560s Nicknames Jerusalem Trinity Church Mix-ups Look-alikes Partial Name • St. Vasily's Cathedral is often mistaken for a part of the Kremlin, a nearby structure Museums RUSSIAN INSPIRATION Stalin's scheme Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoe • Though he initially planned to tear it down, Stalin eventually turned St. Vasily's into a museum •Votive church celebrating Ivan the Terrible's birth •1530 - 1532 THE NINE CHURCHES (AND WHAT HAPPENED ON THEIR FEAST DAYS) Saints Cyprian and Justina (Ivan took control of Kazan) Alexander, John, and Paul, the New Patriarchs of Constantinople (Ivan's victory over Yapancha) Intercession Cathedral Cathedral of the Dormition in the Kremlin •Early example of onion-shaped domes •1479 IVAN THE TERRIBLE, MAN OF GOD? Ivan IV, aka Ivan the Terrible, commissioned the Cathedral to commemorate the end of the RussoKazan Wars in 1552 His attacks on Kazan began October 1, 1552, feast day for the Protecting Veil of the Mother of God Church of the Holy Trinity St. Alexander of Svir (another military victory) The Russian Orthodox Church assigns special feast days to different saints The Velikoretskaya Icon of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker St. Varlaam of Khutyn (Patron saint of Ivan's family) Many of Ivan’s victories occurred on feast days— for instance, his defeat of the Tartar prince Yapancha on the feast day of the New Patriarchs of Constantinople Several churches in St. Vasily’s honor the link between Ivan IV’s successes and feast days Christ's Entry into Jerusalem St. Gregory the Armenian ART CRAM KIT | 26 ST. ISAAC’S CATHEDRAL It’s So 1880s! HISTORY ANALYSIS THE HERMIT’S TALE THE ARCHITECT’S TALE Roman Emperor Valens closes Orthodox Churches St. Isaac, a hermit, predicts Valens' death St. Isaac opens a monastery Theodosius re-opens churches Valens burns to death in battle with Visigoths Theodosius succeeds Valens Auguste de Montferrand (1786---1858) was a Frenchman who served in Napoleon’s army De Montferrand came to Russia in 1816 to work as a draughtsman Despite his lack of architectural training, de Montferrand built the Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dalmatia and the monument to Alexander I Because of Montferrand’s French background St. Isaac’s Cathedral looks more western than the Cathedral of St. Vasily the Blessed. RUSSIAN INSPIRATION THREE TSARS Alexander I •r. 1801 - 1825 •Commissioned St. Isaac's Cathedral Nicholas I •r. 1825 - 1855 •Ruled during most of St. Isaac's construction Alexander II •r. 1855 - 1881 •Saw the completion and consecration of St. Isaac's Height •Main dome - 101.5 meters Materials •Main building: gray stone •Columns: red Finnish granite • Central Dome - gold Style •Neoclassical with Corinthian columns •Greek cross floor plan FAST FACTS WHY NOT ST. ANYONE ELSE? St. Isaac of Dalmatia’s feast day is celebrated on May 30 in the Old Style (Julian) Calendar. Peter the Great, father of the Romanov Dynasty, was born on May 30. Dedicating the cathedral to St. Isaac tied its commissioners to Peter the Great. The main dome of the cathedral was painted gray during World War II to prevent bombing th The 16 century Villa Rotunda by Antonio Palladio, featuring a Greek cross floor plan and central dome, may have inspired this building Served as a Museum of Scientific Atheism after the Revolution MARIINSKY PALACE: ISAAC’S SECULAR SISTER Built 1839-1844 A gift from Nicholas I to his daughter, Maria Nikolaevna Built concurrently with St. Isaac's Cathedral; the two sit opposite each other in St. Isaac's Square After the Revolution, the palace served as a hospital and a government residence Today it houses the Legislative Assembly Its relationship to St. Isaac's symbolizes the ties between church and state during the imperial era ART CRAM KIT | 27 IMPERIAL RUSSIA Russia’s Rise to Greatness (1/2) THE EARLY YEARS PETER THE PATRIARCH MUSCOVITE RUSSIA REFORMATION: RUSSIA The Tsars • Ivan the Terrible was the first of this era •Tsars ruled out of Moscow The Art •Orthodox Christianity inspired most works •Icon paintings, murals and architectural works were common •Byzantine influence faded and art grew distinctly Russian The Society •Serfdom organized Russian society •Russia's economy was largely agrarian Peter the Great brought Western style to Russia’s court Nobles cut their beards and wore European garb Artists from France and Italy built and decorated Russian palaces and cathedrals Peter made education compulsory for Russians of certain social classes The Orthodox Church’s leadership was restructured and age limits placed on entrance into monastic life Peter the Great enlarged the military by taxing the peasants heavily NEW EMPIRE, NEW CAPITAL TROUBLED TIMES The Time of Troubles (1589---1613), the transition between the Muscovite and imperial eras, caused Russia immense political, economic, and social upheaval. In 1613, Michael Romanov’s election to the position of Tsar ended this turbulent period. He ruled until 1645 What? •Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg as the new capital of his empire •He chose the marshy banks of the River Neva Where? •It was close to the Baltic Sea and Finland RUSSIA BECOMES AN EMPIRE Russia is merely a kingdom Peter the Great takes the throne in 1682 Peter starts the Great Northern War in 1700 •St. Petersburg was founded in 1703 When? •It became Russia's capital in 1712 Why? Russia has vast holdings and is considered an empire Peter the Great In 1721, Peter finally takes control of Sweden and the Baltic Sea Peter the Great sought to improve Russia's maritime power through control over the Baltic Sea. The Great Northern War provided him this control. •Peter wanted to distinguish his rule from that of the Muscovite tsars •The site gave Peter access to the West BUILDING BOOM! Peter commissioned official buildings and cathedrals for his new capital He required nobles to spend a portion of their time in St. Petersburg each year This requirement meant that nobles commissioned houses and palaces Peter established strict building regulations: buildings had to be stone or brick, exemplify Baroque style, and meet a height restriction ART CRAM KIT | 28 IMPERIAL RUSSIA Russia’s Rise to Greatness (2/2) CATHERINE THE GREAT RISE AND FALL OF A DYNASTY PETRINE BAROQUE ROWS OF ROMANOVS & THEIR REIGNS Architects Traits Works Peter the Great •Domenico Trazzini (1670 - 1734) •Jean-Baptiste Alexandre le Blond (1679 - 1719) •Restrained •Symmetrical •Menshikov Palace •The Twelve Colleges •Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul AND CATHERINE TOO Catherine II "the Great" (r. 1762 - 1796) Born a German princess, Catherine married her second cousin Peter, heir to the Russian Empire When Peter inherited the throne, Catherine, overthrew him and became Russia's most famous empress EMPRESS OF ART Educating The Imperial Academy •Count Ivan Shuvalov started Russia's first Westernstyle art academy during Catherine's reign •Catherine took over this school and renamed it the Imperial Academy Enlightening Reign of Reason •Catherine the Great studied Enlightenment literature and philosophy •She maintained a personal friendship with Denis Diderot (1713 - 1784) Peter II (1727-30) Elizabeth I (1741-62) Ivan VI (1740-41) Anna (1730-40) Peter III (1762) Catherine the Great (1762 -96) Paul I (17961801) Alexander II (1855-81) Nicholas I (1825-55) Alexander I (1801-25) Alexander III (1881 94) Nicholas II (18941917) THE EMPIRE WANES Collecting Catherine's Museum •Catherine purchased entire collections of art at a time •She housed her vast art collection in the Hermitage (16821725) Catherine I (1725 -27) th As early as the reign of Paul I, 19 -century Romanov tsars feared rebellion Russian peasants resented the autocratic rule of the imperial family Art symbolized the excesses of the elites Sumptuous palaces alienated commoners The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, took over Russia in October 1917 Nicholas II abdicated after the Revolution of 1917, only to be killed with his entire family After the Revolution, much of the imperial family’s art was lost, stolen, destroyed, or sold TSAR MATCHING 1. th First 19 century tsar to fear rebellion 2. Founder of Imperial Academy 3. First ruler of the Muscovite Era 4. Enlightened tsar a. Catherine the Great b. Ivan IV Vasilyevich c. Ivan Shuvalov d. Paul I ANSWERS 1.D, 2.C, 3.B,4.A ART CRAM KIT | 29 THE HERMITAGE AND THE WINTER PALACE St. Petersburg’s Imperial Abodes Elizabeth approves Rastrelli's plans for a grander Winter Palace ~1719 Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli imagines a renovated the Winter Palace Domenico Trazzini builds Peter the Great's first Winter Palace Georg Johann Mattarnovi builds Peter the Great's 2nd Winter Palace 1762 Peter founds St. Petersburg and builds his first log cabin 1711 - 1712 ARCHITECT BIOS 1754 TIMELINE OF IMPERIAL RESIDENCES 1703 THE HERMITAGE 1730 - 1740 THE WINTER PALACE The Winter Palace constructed at taxpayer expense THE WINTER PALACE BY THE NUMBERS Yury Velten (1730-1801) Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (1729-1800) Born to German immigrants Studied architecture in Germany and Russia Worked on Winter Palace under Rastrelli from 1752 to 1762 Court architect for Catherine the Great Studied in France and Rome Designed the Imperial Academy of Arts Designed palaces and the Catholic Church of St. Catherine Also court architect for Catherine the Great VISUAL ANALYSIS The Hermitage matches the Winter Palace Though a short building, its narrow base gives it a sense of verticality Six Corinthian columns adorn the front of the building FLOOR PLAN 250 Length, in meters, of the Winter Palace's facade 1000 Estimated number of rooms in the Winter Palace The Northern Pavilion (Built 1767-1769 by Vallin de la Mothe) Hanging Garden The Southern Pavilion (Built 1765-1766 by Velten) FAST FACTS HISTORY AND INSPIRATIONS The Winter Palace represented a new court lifestyle, in which social mingling was encouraged and men and women attended the same gatherings The Palace of Versailles, belonging to France’s famous Sun King (Louis XIV), inspired Elizabeth’s redesign for the Winter Palace The construction of St. Petersburg came at a high cost to peasants in taxes and forced labor Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Enlightenment philosophy inspired Catherine to build the Small Hermitage Catherine hosted crowds of intellectuals in her new refuge, which allowed her to escape the Winter Palace’s formality Today, the Hermitage is a museum, housing Russia’s imperial art collection ART CRAM KIT | 30 THE BRONZE HORSEMAN Defender of the City since 1782 HISTORY AND INSPIRATIONS ARTISTS AND ANALYSIS SENATE SQUARE SIGHTS ARTIST BIOS Étienne-Maurice Falconet (1716-1791) The River Neva The Senate and Synod Buildings The Winter Palace The Bronze Horseman The Admiralty Building The Hermitage St. Isaac's Cathedral PETER’S MONUMENT TO HIMSELF Peter the Great commissioned the first equestrian monument of himself in 1716 The monument would commemorate his military victories Bartolomeo Carlo Rastrelli (1675---1744) designed it in 1724, but Peter’s death in 1725 delayed casting The sculpture was finally cast in 1747 In 1800, Paul I had the statue installed in front of the Mikhailovsky Castle Paul had the statue’s base inscribed with ‘‘To Great Grandfather from Great Grandson’’ Educated in France under Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne Earned membership in the Academie des Beauxarts Oversaw sculpture production at the Sevres Manufactory Travelled to Russia with Collot Returned to Paris with Collot after finishing The Bronze Horseman and falling out of favor with Catherine the Great Directed Academie des Beaux-Arts after 1788 Wrote about the monument of Marcus Aurelius Anne-Marie Collot (1748-1821) Came to Russia with Falconet in 1766 Designed the face of The Bronze Horseman Used Peter the Great's death mask as the model for her work Sculpted portrait busts of Catherine the Great, Falcomet, Denis Diderot, and Russian nobles Several of her works are still on display in the Heritage Museum in St. Petersburg Returned to Paris in 1788 with Falconet Married Falconet's son, Pierre-Étienne Falconet STONES AND SETBACKS The Bronze Horseman, made of cast bronze, took years to finish because its mold broke, starting a fire. The Bronze Horseman appears to peer out over a cliff----it is mounted on the Thunder Stone, a large boulder of red granite discovered near the Gulf of Finland. 25 feet tall and weighing 1.5 tons, the Thunder Stone took nearly two years to reach St. Petersburg by barge over the River Neva. CLASSICAL CONNECTION A sculpture named by a poet WE COME IN PEACE Monument to Peter the Great was partially inspired by an AD 176 statue of Marcus Aurelius. Both sculptures wear no armor and stretch their hands out as if in blessing. •Alexander Pushkin first callled the statue "The Bronze Horseman" in an 1833 poem about a disgruntled commoner named Evgenii Rough rider •Peter the Great's horse, representative of the Russian state, rears and tramples a snake You're welcome! •An inscription on the base reads "To Peter the First from Catherine the Second" in Latin and Russian ART CRAM KIT | 31 PORTRAIT OF THE COUNTESS SAMOILOVA Lovingly painted between 1832 and 1834 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHIES ANALYSES AND INSPIRATIONS PORTRAITURE ON THE RISE BY THE NUMBERS Traditional Russian art focused on icon paintings Peter the Great's reign brought European influence Russian nobles wanted "Western" portraits MISS INDEPENDENT: COUNTESS SAMOILOVA The Husbands Portrait of the Countess Samoilova is larger than lifesized, indicating the Countess’s wealth and status. 78 3/4 The Parties Width, in inches, of Portrait of the Countess Samoilova 105 9/16 Height, in inches, of Portrait of the Countess Samoilova WHO’S WHO? Count Nicolai Samoilov An Italian opera singer Nicholas I asked her to leave Russia due to her partying Her parties brought nobles and artists together across class differences The Countess •Stylish •Maternal •Head of the house A French diplomat Giovanina The servant The dog •Foster daughter •Stylish •Devoted •Devoted •Marginalized •Black •Adoring •Adorable A LABOR OF LOVE? Portrait of the Countess Samoilova may indicate Karl Briullov’s love for his subject. THE LIFE OF THE ARTIST Karl Briullov (1799---1852) trained at the Imperial Academy and in Europe Much of Briullov’s work exhibits Classical influence from Greek and Roman art Briullov’s art represents a transitional period between Neoclassical and Romantic art His painting The Last Day of Pompeii (1827) depicts a Classical subject in a Romantic style Briullov mostly painted portraits, with nobles such as Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra He depicts the Countess as a tsarina by putting a crown on her head and a black page at her side He references Venus by painting a blanket of flowers at her feet and giving her pearl jewelry He alludes to marriage by giving her a shawl, a traditional gift from a Russian husband to his wife The dog at the Countess’s feet symbolizes faithfulness FAST FACTS The French Connection The Last Day of Pompeii (1827) •French artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's personal style, which included dramatic hairstyles and delicate faces, may have inspired this work State Russian Museum Double or Nothing •Karl Briullov painted another portrait of the Countess, on display in the State Russian Museum ART CRAM KIT | 32 IMPERIAL PETER THE GREAT EASTER EGG The Gift that Started a Trend (1/2) HISTORY AND ANALYSES THE OFFICIAL IMPERIAL EASTER BUNNIES LET’S TALK ABOUT PORCELAIN! A HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF FABERGE Gustav Fabergé opens the House of Fabergé in St. Petersburg in 1742 Porcelain invented in China Useful Peter the Great imports porcelain from Saxony The Porcelain Manufacture is founded during the reign of Elizabeth The Porcelain Manufacture is renamed the Imperial Porcelain Factory The Imperial Porcelain Factory creates official dinner services for the Imperial family Decorative Statuett es Snuffboxes Centerpieces Peter Karl is born in 1846 Clocks Jewelry Agathon is born in 1862 Picture frames Vases •Diamonds •Rubies •Sapphires •Rock crystal Precious metals •Platinum •Gold Karl takes a Grand Tour of Europe Perfume bottles Karl begins to manage the firm in 1872 RECIPE FOR AN IMPERIAL EGG Gemstones Fabergé marries Charlotte Jungshtedt Tea services Colorful decorations •Enamel •Paint Ivory WATERCOLORS & INSCRIPTIONS ON 1ST IMPERIAL EGG Image of Peter the Great •Includes year of his birth Alexander III spots Fabergé work at 1882 Pan-Russian Exhibition The Fabergé firm named "Goldsmith by Appointment to the Imperial Crown The Fabergé firm completes the first imperial egg in 1885 The Fabergé firm makes 50 eggs between 1885 and 1917 Agathon dies in 1895; Karl's sons join the business Image of Nicholas II •Includes years of his birth and coronation The Bolsheviks nationalize the House of Fabergé in 1918 Image of Peter the Great's Cabin •Includes label identifying it Image of the Winter Palace •Includes label identifying it Karl dies in Lausanne in 1920 Fabergé et Cie opens in Paris ART CRAM KIT | 33 IMPERIAL PETER THE GREAT EASTER EGG The Gift that Started a Trend (2/2) ANALYSES AND FACTS NUMBERS EGG ROLL CALL SURPRISE! Nicholas II commissioned this egg for the Empress Alexandra in 1903 to th celebrate the 200 anniversary of St. Petersburg’s founding. 42 8 It contains a miniature sculpture of The Bronze Horseman on a sapphire----thus linking Nicholas to Peter the Great. Other imperial eggs include the Coronation Egg, created in 1897 for the Empress Alexandra. This egg contained a miniature version of Catherine the Great’s coronation carriage. FAST FACTS 4 1/2 Height of the Imperial Peter the Great Easter Egg, in inches 1 3/16 Height in inches of the replica of The Bronze Horseman Michaell Perkhin The Unsung Hero •Michael Perkhin served as the production manager for the Imperial Peter the Great Easter Egg •Perkhin's initials appear on the bottom of the egg • His skilled craftsmanship made the egg so magnificent Imperial Treasure Post-Revolution History •After the Revolution, the Fabergé eggs sat in the Kremlin Armory •Stalin sold some to collector Armand Hammer •Hammer marketed the eggs in American department stores before selling them to Lillian Thomas Pratt and Marjorie Merriweather Post •Number of Fabergé eggs currently accounted for •Number of missing Fabergé eggs 10 •Number of Fabergé eggs currently in the Kremlin COMPREHENSIVE QUIZ QUESTIONS _____ served as workmaster on the Imperial Peter the Great Easter Egg. 2. _____ commissioned The Bronze Horseman. 3. The Countess Samoilova had a foster daughter, ____. 4. _______ wrote a poem about The Bronze Horseman. 1. 5. A ___ connects the two pavilions of the Small Hermitage. 6. Peter the Great’s favorite architectural style came to be known as ____________. 7. St. Petersburg sits along the banks of the _________. 8. Catherine the Great befriended an Enlightenment philosopher named ___________. 9. Ivan the Terrible’s reign began the ______________. 10. Who hired Rastrelli to build the Winter Palace? ANSWERS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Michael Perkhin Catherine the Great Giovanina Alexander Pushkin Hanging garden Petrine Baroque River Neva Denis Diderot Muscovite Period 10. Elizabeth If you scored… 1-2: Your next competition might be a Time of Troubles… 3 --- 4: In Soviet Russia, competition demolishes you! 5 --- 6: Khrushchev orders you to REVIEW! 7 --- 8: Stalin approves 9 --- 10: Congratulations, Honored Test Taker of the Soviet Union. ART CRAM KIT | 34 INTERSECTING MEDIA Russian Culture on the Rise (1/3) LITERATURE BALLET RUSSIA’S LITERARY TRADITION JOURNEY OF CLASSICAL RUSSIAN COMPANIES Russia’s literary tradition generally falls into two categories. Some traditional Russian authors discuss suicide, slavery, and other dark themes. Other authors write about daily life in a manner that exposes political or societal themes SLAVIC INSPIRATION Byliny Skazki •Epic stories •Emerged before Peter the Great's reign •Representative of Slavic past before Western influence •Fairy tales •Initially passed down through oral tradition •Illustrated skazki grew popular in Russia in the 1860s Russia France Global •Two companies created by imperial order •Bolshoi Ballet Moscow •Imperial Ballet - St. Petersburg •Ballets Russes Paris-1909 •Formed by Sergei Diaghilev •Two companies formed in 1929 from the dissolution of the Ballets Russes •Original Ballet Russes •Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo CENTER STAGE WITH THE BALLETS RUSSES Sergei Diaghilev (1872---1929) founded the Ballets Russes in 1909. Headquartered in Paris, the Ballets Russes travelled worldwide performing high-quality ballets. Famous for male dancers and elaborate sets and costumes, the Ballets Russes featured renowned choreography and designs. Diaghilev hired Michel Fokine (1880---1942) to choreograph his ballets and worked with famous composers like Igor Stravinsky (1882---1971). Diaghilev was part of the Mir Iskusstva art movement. Members of this avant-garde group often designed sets and costumes for his ballets. THE LEFT HAND OF QUIZDOM QUESTIONS INTERSECTING MEDIA 1. ‘‘Once upon a time, there was a Russian fairy tale called a _____.’’ 2. Where was the Ballets Russes based? 3. What did Igor Stravisnky do for the Ballet Russes? 4. What was the Mir Iskustva? ANSWERS Literature Performance Visual Arts 1. skazki 2. Paris 3. Compose ballet scores 4. An avante-garde art group----not a Soviet satellite! Literature and illustrations inspired ballets and set and costume designs ART CRAM KIT | 35 THE FIREBIRD Russian Culture on the Rise (2/3) STORY TIME! PICTURE PERFECT Tsar Demian is annoyed by apple thieves BORIS ZVORYKIN BIO BOXES Life Born in 1872 Studied at the Moscow Academy of Painting Active in the Slavic Revival movement Moved to Paris after the Revolution of 1917 Died in 1935 Ivan discovers that the firebird is the thief Ivan and his brothers go in search of the bird Mysterious road sign warns Ivan that his horse will die The grey wolf eats his horse and tells him that the Firebird is in Tsar Afron's kingdom Tsar Afron offers Ivan the firebird and its cage if Ivan will retrieve the horse with the golden mane Ivan goes to Tsar Kusman's kingdom in search of the horse with the golden mane Tsar Kusman offers Ivan the horse and its bridle if Ivan can retrieve princess Elena from Tsar Dalmat Ivan retrievs Elena and falls in love with her Career Illustrated Pushkin's "Boris Godunov" and "The Golden Cockerel" Illustrated "Maria Morevna," "The Firebird," "The Snow Maiden," and "Vasilisa the Fair" Created imperial luxury books about the House of Romanov and the Theodorovsky Cathedral FIGURATIVELY SPEAKING Trend spotter! •Before Peter the Great, Russians wore robes: the beshmet, zipun, and kaftan •Zvorykin dressed his figures in this way, with the exception of the page Background information The grey wolf poses as Elena and the horse with the golden mane, allowing Ivan to keep all of his prizes •A large palace looms in the background of Zvorykin's illustration •This palace resembles St. Vasily's Cathedral, but it is symmetrical Ivan's brothers kill Ivan and claim his prizes before he can return home The grey wolf revives Ivan, who returns home and triumphantly reclaims his horse, his bride, and kingdom THE BALLET ADAPTATION Sergei Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes premiered the ballet version of The Firebird in Paris in 1910. Igor Stravinsky composed the score, Michel Fokine choreographed the dances, and Aleksandr Golovin and Léon Bakst designed the sets and costumes. Tamara Karsavina danced the title role. In keeping with the Ballets Russes’ tradition of male dancers, Diaghilev added the villainous sorcerer Kashchei to the story. FAST FACTS Art Nouveau Stylistic inspiration •Art Nouveau style inspired the jewel tones and black outlines present in this illustration Fairy Tales Famous folklorists •Alexander Afanasyev published 600 folktales •Pavel Rybnikov published four volumes of popular tales KEY ADJECTIVES EXOTIC: the African page TRADITIONAL: appearance of Ivan and the old men BRIGHT: the palace in the background ART CRAM KIT | 36 THE GOLDEN COCKEREL Russian Culture on the Rise (3/3) STORY TIME! PICTURE PERFECT THE GOLDEN COCKEREL: EXTREMELY ABRIDGED NATALIA SERGEEVNA GONCHAROVA Tsar Dadon fears attacks on his kingdom A sorcerer offers him a golden cockerel to serve as a sentinal in exchange for a wish The cockerel crows in warning and Dadon sends out his son's army When the son does not return, Dadon ventures forth Dadon encounters a mysterious tent in the mountains near the bodies of his son's soldiers Queen Shemakhan steps out of the tent, instantly enchanting Dadon Goncharova exhibited early, impressionistic paintings at the Salon d’Automne in Paris in 1906 Goncharova was active in multiple groups: the Futurists, the Blaue Reiter, and the Rayonists Goncharova worked closely with the artist Mikhail Larionov, who became her romantic partner Diaghilev discovered Goncharova at a solo exhibition of her work in Moscow Diaghilev employed Goncharova to prooduce sets of Le Coq d’or, and later asked her to accompany his group to Switzerland Goncharova produced sets for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo’s 1937 revival of Le Coq d’Or Natalia Goncharova’s great aunt Natalia was married to Alexander Pushkin VISUAL ANALYSIS OF LE COQ D’OR SET DESIGN Dadon returns to his kingdom to marry the Queen The sorcerer demands Queen Shemakhan as his wish Dadon unsuccessfully offers the sorcerer alternatives and eventually kills the sorcerer in a rage The cockerel swoops down and kills Dadon as Shemakhan laughs STAGE ADAPTATIONS Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov composed the score for an opera version of The Golden Cockerel in 1907. Vladimir Belsky wrote the libretto. It premiered in 1909 at Moscow’s Solodovnikov Theater. In 1914, it travelled to London and Paris. In 1914 the Ballets Russes adapted it to an operaballet with choreography by Michel Fokine. Natalia Goncharova designed the set Architecture Figures Gold, green, luminous Inspired by St. Vasily's Cathedral Tsar Dodon and Queen Shemakha in a carriage attending their wedding procession The golden cockerel sits on a spire to the far left INFLUENCE OF EARLIER TIMES Patterns and fashions from before Peter the Great decorate the figures and background of the Le Coq d’Or set. Early Slavic felt designs in particular inspired Goncharova. The Tale of the Golden Cockerel is a famous 1834 poem by Alexander Pushkin. ART CRAM KIT | 37 TUTU FROM LE MORT DU CYGNE Dancing with the Stars---Anna Pavlova Born in St. Petersburg in 1881 World War I exiles Pavlova from Russia Pavlova dances for the Ballets Russes THE DANCER THE COSTUME AND ITS MAKER LIFE OF ANNA PAVLOVA BAKSTAGE WITH LÉON BAKST Pavlova attends The Sleeping Beauty at the Mariinsky Theater Pavlova becomes prima ballerina in 1906 Pavlova forms her own ballet company and travels the world Pavlova auditions for the Imperial Ballet School at 8 and is accepted at 10 Pavlova graduates in 1899, debuting in Les Deyades pretendues Pavlova dies of pleurisy brought on by pneumonia in the Hague in 1931 PAVLOVA PERFORMS Classical Ballets Signature Piece The Sleeping Beauty Giselle The Dying Swan Born Lev Samoilovich Rosenberg in 1866 in Belarus Studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Art Met Alexandre Benois in 1887 Moved to Paris in the 1890s to study at the progressive Académie Julian With Benois and Diaghilev, formed Mir Iskusstva (World of Art) movement in the late 1890s Mir Iskusstva exhibited at the Exhibition of Russian and Finnish Artists in 1898 Founded the World of Art magazine in 1899 Worked for the Ballets Russes beginning in 1909 Designed sets for The Firebird (1909) Designed sets for Scheherazade (1910) Designed sets for The Sleeping Beauty (1921) Died in Paris in 1924 VISUAL ANALYSIS Wings Made of feathers Increase dancer's expressivity BACKGROUND-LE MORT DU CYGNE Ballet choreographed to cello solo Le Cygne from Charles Camille Saint-Saëns’ suite Le Carnaval des Animaux Choreographed by Michel Fokine for Pavlova in 1905 Choreography includes expressive use of the upper body, especially the hands and arms En pointe movements, performed on the tips of the toes, feature prominently in the choreography Pas de bourree suivi, step taken en pointe, also appear in this ballet Pavlova performed the piece thousands of times, and was scheduled to perform it the day after she died Pavlova’s last request: for her costume for Le Mort du Cygne to be prepared as if she were about to perform Bodice Made from ivory silk, a heartshaped feather arrangement , and a blue stone Tutu Made of netting with gold sequins Decorated with feathers to emphasize Pavlova's small waist Short to emphasize en pointe movements WE HAVE QUESTIONS WHAT WE HAVE 1. The wings of Pavlova’s costum swan costume were made of _____. 2. En pointe movements require agile use of one’s _____. 3. What was Pavlova’s last request in life? WHAT YOU HAVE 1. Feathers 2. Toes 3. For her swan costume to be prepared. ART CRAM KIT | 38 MODERN ART AND ARCHITECTURE Revolution Sweeps Russia THE REVOLUTION SOVIET ART RISE AND FALL OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF ART MONUMENTAL FAILURE Catherine the Great started the Imperial Academy She modeled it after European examples Progressive artists emerged nonetheless It taught conservative art standards Monument to the Third International, designed by Vladimir Tatlin, was meant to house the Comintern, which promoted communism abroad A Constructivist work, Monument to the Third International defied academic conventions: its design used a twin helix structure. The building was never constructed, as it would have required an impractical amount of steel. STALIN’S REFORMS Bolsheviks eliminated the Imperial Academy Progressive state schools replaced it. REVOLUTIONARY BREAKDOWN! Soviet Strongman Peredvishniki •Artistic group from the Imperial Academy dedicated to revealing the lives of ordinary Russians PROPAGANDA POSTERS Bolshevik •Political party responsible for the Revolution of 1917 •Led by Vladimir Lenin Proletkult Constructivism •Proletariat Cultural Educational Organization •Group based on the theories of Alexander Bogdanov •Believed art needed to be useful •Group that believed art needed to serve the industrial society •Moved towards abstractionism as a rejection of Academic art •Kazimir Malevich and Vladimir Tatlin were Constructivists In 1932, Stalin organized the Moscow and Leningrad Union of Artists, forcing artists to work for the good of the state. Inspired by the pre-revolutionary lubok tradition Posters came to Russia around 1880 as advertisements for popular goods Produced from 1917 until the 1980s Posted in both urban and rural eras Used to bring Communist Party messages to the common man Used simple imagery and text At first, propaganda posters were abstract-----a rejection of academic conventions Later, Socialist Realism was the dominant style Symbol from Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, an abstract propaganda poster by El Lissitzky. ART CRAM KIT | 39 VSEVOLOD MIKHAILOVICH GARSHIN A Painting of Romantic Literature THE ARTIST THE SUBJECT THE PEREDVIZHNIKI VISION BRIEF BIO OF A BRIEF LIFE The Founding •Students at the Imperial Academy disliked the official subject matter for the yearly competition •In 1863 they rebeled and formed the Peredvizhniki The Members •Ilya Repin helped found the group •Ivan Kramskly, a painter of both nobles and peasants, was one of the original 14 members Vsevolod Garshin (1855---1888) was one of Russia’s most popular tragic artists In his short life, Garshin produced 20 stories, most dealing with dark themes Audiences loved Garshin for both his writing and for his beautiful, dark appearance Garshin participated in Russia’sprogressive intelligentsia along with Repin After episodes of depression and the suicides of his brother and father, Garshin took his own life SHORT STORIES TO KNOW Four Days The Philosophy •Peredvizhniki means "Wanderers," "Itinerants," or "Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions" •These artists felt art should reveal the living conditions of the downtrodden 1877 •Based on Garshin's experience in the Russo-Turkish War (1876 - 1877) •Told the story of a soldier facing the man he has killed •Intensely psychological A Red Flower 1887 •Written about a patient in an insane asylum •The main character's obsession with a cluster of red poppies slowly consumes him ALWAYS REPIN’ Ilya Repin (1844-1930) was born to a military family in Chuguyev. After studying icon painting, Repin enrolled in the Imperial Academy. He won a medal for KEY ADJECTIVES Face The Raising of the Daughter of Jairus in 1872 before leaving on a scholarship tour of Europe. In 1876, he became a full member of the Academy and began teaching history painting. Repin participated in the Peredvizhniki and painted portraits of both commoners and nobles. •Bearded •Disheveled •Intense •Sad Attire •Somber •Black •Transcendant Setting •Messy •Utilitarian •Unadorned PORTRAIT OF VSEVOLOD MIKHAILOVICH GARSHIN REPIN’S WORK History Paintings Portraits Preparing for Examinations The Raising of the Daughter of Jairus Ivan the Terrible with his Son Ivan Alexey Pisemsky Leo Tolstoy Vladimir Stasov Modest Mussorgsky Peredvizhniki works The Bargemen of the Volga Get the picture? Garshin never actually owned this portrait of thimself. Garshin also served as a model for Ivan the Terrible with his Son Ivan. ART CRAM KIT | 40 I AND THE VILLAGE Experiments in Color and Form ARTIST AND ANALYSIS FACTS AND REVIEW LIFE OF MARC CHAGALL MAN OF MANY MEDIA Born in 187 near Vitebsk in a Jewish community Studied under Yehuda Pen Studied under Leon Bakst at Zvantseva School of Arts Wed Bella Rosenfeld in 1915 Fled to New York, wife died Had a child with Virginia Haggard Married Valentina Brodsky Died in France in 1985 FAST FACTS Politics Back in the USSR •Chagall rarely spoke about politics •The Soviet Union invited Chagall to an exhibition of his work at the Tretykov Gallery in 1973 •This is surprising as Chagall had expressed his dislike of artistic censorship ARTISTIC INFLUENCES Legacy Chagall’s work draws on his upbringing in Vitebsk and his Jewish faith. Strongly influenced by French avant-garde art. His work resembles that of cubists like Picasso and Degas, but with his own brilliant use of color. Painted large murals and small easel paintings Illustrated books Designed tapestries and stage sets. Crafted ceramics and stained glass. Cubis m Not a style icon •Chagall's abstract style won him fame abroad, but had little place in the Socialist Realism of the Soviet Union Home -town Jewish faith YOU AND THE QUIZZAGE QUESTIONS 1. I AND THE VILLAGE Figures Setting •A peasant faces a goat in the foreground •A woman milks a goat near the side •An upside-down woman plays the violin in the background •A farmer hoists a scythe •Multicolored houses in the background represent the village •An orthodox church topped with a cross stands between the houses 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Soviet Union exhibited Chagall’s work at the ___. Chagall studied in Vitebsk under _________. ‘‘______’’ is a short story by Garshin about a soldier. Repin’s _______ depicted 11 burlaks working. _____ was never built due to the impractical amount of steel it would have taken. ______, pre-Soviet works combining imagery and text, influenced later poster traditions. 1. ANSWERS Tretykov Gallery 2. Yehuda Pen 3. Four Days 4. Bargemen of the Volga Shapes •Triangles crisscross the image •Concentric circles and lines shape the faces of the man and goat •Organic elements like the buildings and shrub sprig balance the geometric shapes 5. Monument to the Third International 6. Lubok ART CRAM KIT | 41 PROUN BY EL LISSITZKY Non-Figurative Extremes ARTIST AND ANALYSIS FACTS AND REVIEW EL LISSITZKY’S LIFE MATERIALS ANALYSIS Jobs Education Relationships - Born Lazar Markovich Lissitzky -Married to Sophie Kuppers - Friends with Kazimir Malevich - Studied under Yehuda Pen - Unable to attend the Imperial Academy due to antiSemitism - Moved to Germany to study architectural engineering - Worked as architectural engineer in Moscow - Illustrated Jewish children's books and other works - Taught at Vitebsk Arts College under Marc Chagall - Graphic designer in Berlin - Soviet propaganda artist and exhibition designer Papers • Creamcolored cardboard • Colored paper Paints • Gouache • Watercolor WARM---warm colors, such as yellow and orange, advance toward the viewer in Proun GEOMETRIC ---Proun is entirely geometric, consisting of rhombuses, lines, and rectangles NON-FIGURATIVE---Lissitzky made the Proun series without any figurative subject matter WHAT’S IN A NAME? Lissitzky named an entire series of works ‘‘Proun,’’ a Russian acronym for ‘‘Project for the Affirmation of the New.’’ Lissitzky wanted viewers to look within a work for meaning, so he gave all his prounen the same name. Growing up in a Jewish community affected Lissitzky His architectural background informed his style Constructivism and Suprematism inspired Lissitzky to reject figurative subject matter Landscape art influenced Lissitzky’s Proun LISSITZKY AND MALEVICH: THE SUPREMES 1919 Lissitzky and Malevich hired to teach at Vitebsk Arts College 1920 - 1922 Lissitzky works with Malevich to spread Suprematism • Graphite • Ink • Varnish KEY ADJECTIVES MAJOR INFLUENCES Shades Each work is called ‘‘Proun,’’ while the series as a whole is called ‘‘Prounen.’’ He assigned each a different number, though. EL QUIZZITSKY QUESTIONS 1. El Lissitzky studied _____ in Germany and Russia. 2. Proun is a type of mixed-media piece called a ____. 3. Lissitzky worked with ___ to popularize Suprematism. 1. ANSWERS Architectural Engineering 2. Collage 3. Kazimir Malevich ART CRAM KIT | 42 THE MOTHERLAND CALLS Irakli Toidze’s 1941 battle cry ARTIST AND ANALYSIS FACTS AND REVIEW IRAKLI TOIDZE: MAN OF MYSTERY GET THE PICTURE? The Title The double reference to a mother in the title suggests a soldier's duty to both country and family Born in 1909 Graduated from Georgian Academy of Fine Arts Made popular propaganda posters of Lenin in 1930s The Figure The mature woman is a "mother" calling her "sons" to defend her in war A maternal force, the main figure can also be seen as a protector A PAINTER’S TALE Created The Motherland Calls in 1941 Designed propaganda posters of Stalin Tamara Toidze bursts into her husband's studio Died 1982? He tells her to hold her position as he draws her "The Motherland Calls" becomes wildly popular AWARDS. WHO NEEDS THEM? Won the title ‘‘Honored Art Worker of the Russian Federation’’ Won the USSR State Prize Like most propaganda artists, Toidze saw his work as a service to the state and did not seek glory FIGURES AND ANALYSIS A mature woman in a red cloak stands in the foreground. Behind her, bayonets point toward the sky, representing a multitude of soldiers. The woman holds an oath of loyalty for soldiers in her right hand while gesturing toward the bayonets with her left. The text above reads Rodina-mat zovet! Translation: ‘‘the motherland calls’’ or ‘‘the motherlandmother calls.’’ BY CONTRAST… Most Soviet propaganda posters, including The Motherland Calls, are examples of Socialist Realism. This style drew from daily life in the Soviet Union to convey nationalistic messages. Other, mostly earlier propaganda posters, such as El Lissitzky’s 1919 Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, are non-figurative. INVASION! Operation Barbarossa Cities Under Fire •Nazi forces invaded Russia in 1941 •Leningrad and Moscow suffered greatly Protect the Motherland! •Propaganda posters inspired Russians to defend their home ART CRAM KIT | 43 KOTELNICHESKAYA EMBANKMENT BUILDING Soaring to the skies in 1947-1952 ARTIST AND ANALYSIS A HISTORY LESSON ARCHITECT BIOGRAPHIES STALIN’S PLANNED PALACE Andrei Rostkovsky Little is known about this architect Dmitry Chechylin (1901-81) From Shostka Chernigova Province Studied at Vkhutemas, an art and technical school, until 1929 Designed four major Moscow metro system stations in the 1930s Designed the Moscow Pavilion for the 1939 Agricultural Exhibition Designed the Zaryadye skyscraper Built the Moskva Pool in 1958 on the site of the planned Palace of the Soviets Built Rossiya Hotel in 1967 over the unfinished Zaryadye skyscraper Stalin, like the Romanovs, understood the power of architecture as a political tool He commissioned the ambitious Palace of the Soviets to prove the power of his regime He wanted an administrative center located on the site of the Cathedral of Christ our Savior In 1931 he demolished the church to make room In 1933, Boris Iofan’s design for the Palace won a state-sponsored competition Construction began in 1937 but stopped due to World War II Steel from the site was reused from 1941 to 1945 The palace was officially abandoned in 1958 A CHURCH RESURRECTED Built in the 19th century to commemorate the expulsion of Napoleon's army, it was torn down to make room for the Palace of the Soviets and only rebuilt in the 1990s. KOTELNICHESKAYA BY THE NUMBERS 32 9 stories in the main tower stories in the apartment block Cathedral of Christ our Savior - 1990s Remix! 18 stories in the wings of the main tower 176 Height, in meters, of the main tower SAME BUILDING, DIFFERENT USE Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building •Apartment Complex Kudrinskaya Square Building •Elite apartment building STYLE WATCH! Hotel Ukraina •Hotel Gothic Classical Hotel Leningradskaya •Hotel Art Deco Main building of Moscow State University •University Red Gates Administrative Building •Government offices Soviet Classicism Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building •Government offices ART CRAM KIT | 44 BLINDMAN’S BUFF Making an ironic statement since 1982 (1/2) ARTISTS’ HISTORIES FACTS AND ANALYSIS TWIN HISTORIES PAINTING UNDER THE INFLUENCE Vitaly Komar born 1943 Studied at the Moscow Art School from 1958 1960 Alexander Melamid born 1945 Studied at the Stroganov Institute from 1962 - 1967 Influence of Communism Influence of Johannes Vermeer •Portrait of Stalin •Red tablecloth •Soldier's uniform •Drab decor •Fluttering curtain •Floor detail •Window lighting •Relationship between man and woman Began collaborating in 1965 Exhibited at the Blue Bird Cafe in 1967 Experienced government censorship Developed Sots Art in 1972 Painted their families as heroes in the 1970s Arrested in 1974 for non-conformist art Participated in the Bulldozer Show in 1974 Exhibited at Ronald Feldman Gallery in 1976 Left the Soviet Union in 1977 Lived in Israel Became United States citizens in 1988 HIDDEN MEANING This picture, from Komar and Melamid’s ‘‘Nostalgic Socialist Realism’’ series, incorporates imagery popular in the Soviet Union to raise questions about totalitarianism. Is the soldier a friend or foe to the young woman? Are the citizens of the Soviet Union really ‘‘blind’’ to their own oppression? A PIECE OF WORK YEARS TITLE DESCRIPTION 1982-83 Nostalgic Socialist Realism Incorporated Soviet images to question totalitarianism 1994-97 People’s Choice Used survey research to define artistic qualities 19952000 Asian Elephant Art & Conservation Project Taught elephants to paint 2001 Symbols of the Big Bang Incorporated real and imaginary symbols ? Berlin/Moscow--Moscow/Berlin Stained glass recreations of prior works FAST FACTS The Bulldozer Show • After Soviet officials demolished the Bulldozer Show, many Russian artists began smuggling their works abroad Trans-State • Soviet officials forbade Komar and Melamid from leaving the country to attend their own exhibition at the Ronald Feldman gallery • In response, the duo created "Trans-State," a fake country with its own passports, currency, and declaration of independence ART CRAM KIT | 45 UNTITLED: WASHINGTON AND LENIN Making an ironic statement since 1982 (2/2) ARTIST HISTORY AND REVIEW LEONID LAMM FLAGGED ‘EM DOWN Birth •Born 1922 •A generation older than Komar and Melamid Education •Studied architecture at the Moscow Council Building Institute •Mentored by Lakov Chernikov •Expelled for dissidence in 1947 •Imprisoned by the Soviet government after a failed immigration attempt Imprisonment •Spent three years in a labor camp and Butyrskaia Prison •Forced to create government propaganda Integrates portraits of Lenin and Washington, each bordered by his nation’s flag The images are repeated and distorted to fit within the framework of the Pythagorean Theorem A sky-blue background surrounds the image INTERNATIONAL SUPERSTARS Cities Spirituality •Grew up Jewish •Studied Jewish Kabbalah •Attempted to move to Israel •Both Washington and Lenin have cities named after them - Washington, D.C. and Leningrad States Works •Published sketches from his imprisonment as "Recollections from the Twilight Zone" in 1982 •As "founding fathers" of the Soviet Union and the United States, Lenin and Washington are easily recognizable Currency Politics •Critical of both capitalism and totalitarianism •Washington's face appears on American currency, associating his image with capitalism INFLUENCES MATH LESSON By arranging Lenin and Washington according to the Pythagorean Theorem, Lamm portrays them as equals-----and implies the same of all they represent. American • Pop Art • Andy Warhol Russian • Sots Art • Komar and Melamid ART CRAM KIT | 46 CRUNCH KIT Art in Four Pages (1/4) IN THE BEGINNING---KIEVAN RUS Kievan Rus was an early kingdom encompassing much of modern Russia and Ukraine Centered at the city of Kiev, this kingdom’s denizens were largely pagan Kievan Rus held established trade routes with the Byzantine Empire VLADIMIR’S CONVERSION Vladimir I sought to unite Kievan Rus under one religion Representatives of Islam, Judaism, Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity attempted to convert Vladimir He eventually chose Orthodox Christianity, seeing the others as too restrictive Constantinople’s impressive Orthodox Christian art reassured Vladimir he had made the right choice Soon, Byzantine artists flocked to Kievan Rus Religious art spread Christianity throughout the kingdom, unifying Kievan Russians This unity allowed Russians to oust invaders during the Mongol Period The Primary Chronicle, a 12th-century text, tells of Vladimir’s conversion ST. SOPHIA CATHEDRAL AND CHRIST PANTOCRATOR Yaroslav the Wise built this cathedral in Kiev only a century after Vladimir I’s conversion He intended it as a burial place for future rulers The cathedral exhibits obvious Byzantine styling St. Sophia’s Cathedral consists of nine aisles and 13 domes, representing Christ and the Apostles The central dome contains a large mosaic depicting Christ Pantocrator Christ Pantocrator is a common Orthodox Christian interpretation of Christ, representing him as the judge of humanity The mosaic depicts a hierarchy of religious figures CHRIST IN GLORY AND ICON PAINTINGS Icon paintings overtook mosaic art in popularity around the 12th-century Icon paintings are usually tempera paint on wood Tempera paint requires precision and training Iconographers did not paint realistic works, rather, they recreated an allegedly ‘‘divinely inspired’’ ideal Icon paintings were small and intended for quiet contemplation, though some larger icon paintings were intended for use in cathedrals Christ in Glory depicts Christ on a throne surrounded by the Gospel writers, who appear as mythical beasts This work represents a departure from purely Byzantine style and the rise of a unique Russian style CATHEDRAL OF ST. VASILY THE BLESSED This cathedral’s onion-shaped domes and bright, geometric patterns are now an icon of Russian art The builders of this cathedral, Postnik and Barma, were Russian rather than Byzantine The cathedral contains nine churches joined by galleries Each church commemorates an event significant to its patron, Ivan the Terrible Most of the events relate to Ivan’s conquest of Kazan The church is dedicated to St. Vasily, an eccentric holy man from Moscow ST. ISAAC’S CATHEDRAL This cathedral, located in St. Petersburg, represents Western Europe’s significant influence on Russian art Three tsars oversaw the construction of this cathedral---Alexander I, Nicholas I, and Alexander II The cathedral is dedicated to St. Isaac of Dalmatia, a hermit who lived near Constantinople Isaac was imprisoned for ordering the Byzantine Emperor Valens to abandon Arianism and open Constantinople’s Orthodox churches Peter the Great, founder of the Russian Empire, was born on Isaac’s feast day Auguste de Montferrand, a French architect, created this Neoclassical cathedral MUSCOVITE RUSSIA Ivan the Terrible began Russia’s Muscovite Era During this period, tsars ruled Russia from Moscow Icon paintings grew popular, prompting the founding of state-sponsored art academies TIME OF TROUBLES Between 1589 and 1613, Russia experienced economic, environmental, and political upheaval Michael Romanov’s election as tsar ended the Time of Troubles and began the Romanov Dynasty PETER THE GREAT Peter the Great came to the throne in 1682 He wanted to Westernize and modernize Russia In 1700, Peter began the Great Northern War, eventually taking over the Baltic Sea The end of this conquest marked the beginning of the Russian Empire Peter reformed education, the church, and the nobility In 1703 he established a new city, St. Petersburg, in a marshy area near the River Neva He made it Russia’s capital in 1712 ART CRAM KIT | 47 CRUNCH KIT Art in Four Pages (2/4) ST. PETERSBURG St. Petersburg sprang up at Peter the Great’s command Nobles were required to spend time in the city, so palaces and government buildings arose quickly Peter set strict standards on height, materials, and architecture to ensure a uniform look Architects such as Domenico Trazzini and JeanBaptiste-Alexandre Le Blond created Petrine Baroque masterpieces THE LINE OF SUCCESSION Catherine I, Peter’s wife, succeeded him in 1725 Peter II succeeded her in 1727 Anna followed in 1730 Elizabeth overthrew Anna in 1741 CATHERINE THE GREAT Catherine II ruled from 1762 to 1796 She came from a lowly German principality, married the heir to the throne, Peter III, and overthrew him An enlightened monarch, Catherine studied French philosophy and literature During her reign, Count Ivan Shuvalov founded an art academy, which Catherine took over and renamed the Imperial Academy of Arts LATER ROMANOVS Paul I succeeded Catherine II in 1796 Alexander followed in 1801 Nicholas ruled after 1825 Alexander II took over in 1855 Alexander III succeeded him in 1881 Nicholas II took the throne in 1894 REVOLUTION By the late 1800s, many Russians were disenchanted with the lavish lifestyles of the nobility Feeling alienated rather than awed by palaces and monuments, Russians resented imperial art In 1917, Russians rebelled under the direction of the Bolshevik Party, overthrowing the emperor and bringing Vladimir Lenin to power THE SMALL HERMITAGE The imperial family’s primary residence in St. Petersburg was the Winter Palace Rebuilt numerous times, this palace symbolized the wealth and power of the imperial family Court in the Winter Palace entailed countless oppressive restrictions THE SMALL HERMITAGE In order to avoid these restrictions, Catherine the Great built the Small Hermitage as a refuge Yury Velten and Jean-Baptiste-Vallin de la Mothe each built a pavilion of this structure Catherine hosted intellectual gatherings in this space Now, it serves as a museum housing the vast imperial art collection MONUMENT TO PETER THE GREAT Catherine the Great was not born in Russia, so she used art to solidify her ties to the Romanov line She commissioned a large equestrian sculpture of Peter the Great Peter himself commissioned an earlier sculpture Catherine’s sculpture was designed by EtienneMaurice Falcomet and Anne-Marie Collot The design closely resembles a classical sculpture of Marcus Aurelius The monument stands on a pedestal made from a Finnish granite boulder called the Thunder Stone The statue earned the nickname ‘‘The Bronze Horseman’’ after a poem by Alexander Pushkin PORTRAIT OF THE COUNTESS SAMOILOVA Portraiture became tremendously popular during the imperial era Karl Briullov’s portrait of Countess Samoilova portrayed her as a goddess, tsaritsa, or romantic figure The Countess was an anomaly in imperial Russia due to her independence and wealth She was forced to leave Russia by Nicholas I, who disapproved of her partying Karl Briullov, a Russian painter educated in Western Europe, painted in a style that bridged the Neoclassical and the Romantic IMPERIAL PETER THE GREAT EASTER EGG Small conversation pieces were staples of imperial home décor Porcelain was crafted in large quantities at the Imperial Porcelain Manufacture Gustav Faberge, a goldsmith, started the House of Faberge, which his sons eventually took over In 1882, Alexander III spotted the firm’s work at the Pan-Russian Exhibition, awarding the firm the title ‘‘Goldsmith by Appointment to the Imperial Crown’’ The Faberge firm produced 50 imperial eggs Each contained a surprise, such as a jewel or portrait The Imperial Peter the Great egg commemorates St. Petersburg’s 200th year of existence The egg displays four miniature watercolors and contains a tiny statue of the Bronze Horseman ART CRAM KIT | 48 CRUNCH KIT Art in Four Pages (3/4) LITERATURE AND FOLKTALES Pre-imperial Russian culture gained popularity during the 19th century Folktales came to represent purely Russian culture free of Western influence Authors like Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Maxim Gorky, Anton Chekhov, and Vladimir Nabokov began and developed Russia’s literary culture Common themes included everyday life and dark topics like suicide and war BALLET Russia’s classical ballet tradition began with the Bolshoi Ballet and the Imperial Ballet These companies received imperial funding and produced ballets that remain popular to this day Sergei Diaghilev founded the Ballets Russes in Paris in 1909 This company popularized Russian fairy tales throughout Western Europe Ballets combined literary inspiration, set designs, music, and performance THE FIREBIRD The Firebird is a Russian folktale about a tsar who sent his sons out in search of a bird who had been stealing his apples With the help of a gray wolf the tsar’s son Ivan found not only the bird, but also a horse with a golden mane and a princess Ivan’s brothers attempted to kill their brother and claim their father’s reward However, Ivan returned, married the princess, and won his father’s kingdom ILLUSTRATION FROM THE FIREBIRD Boris Zvorykin, a Russian artist, moved to France and worked closely with the Ballets Russes Zvorykin illustrated fairy tales and poems along with imperially sponsored books This image comes from a book of four Russian fairy tales The selected image from The Firebird resembles the Cathedral of St. Vasily the Blessed Traditional Slavic art heavily influenced Zvorykin His work also shows Art Nouveau influence THE GOLDEN COCKEREL This fairy tale teaches how fleeting wealth and life can be THE GOLDEN COCKEREL In the story, Tsar Dodon strikes a deal with a sorcerer for a golden bird that will warn him of an impending attack After the bird gives a warning, Dodon sends his sons out to defend the kingdom When they do not return, Dodon ventures out himself and discovers a silk tent in the mountains Queen Shamakhan emerges from the tent and Dodon takes her back to his kingdom The sorcerer demands the queen as his reimbursement for the golden cockerel Dodon kills the sorcerer before the golden cockerel kills him SELECTED SET DESIGN FROM THE GOLDEN COCKEREL Natalia Goncharova created this set design Goncharova associated with countless artistic groups, including Russian Neoprimitivists, the Knave of Diamonds, the Donkey’s Tail, and others Slavic, Modernist, and Futurist art inspired her She worked closely with Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes, designing multiple sets The selected set design from the Golden Cockerel was created for the third act of the opera-ballet performance of the tale Slavic textile designs and Russian architecture are referenced in this work TUTU FROM LE MORT DU CYGNE Anna Pavlova came from a humble Russian family After training at the Imperial Ballet School, Pavlova transformed ballet by changing the preferred body type for ballet dancers Pavlova danced with the Mariinsky Ballet in Russia and the Ballets Russes in Paris before beginning her own company Pavlova frequently performed her signature piece, The Dying Swan, in a costume y Leon Bakst The costume’s short tutu emphasizes her willowy legs, and the feather wings accentuate her expressive arm movements The tutu’s designer, Leon Bakst, participated in the Mir Iskusstva movement with Sergei Diaghilev He designed for the Ballets Russes and for Pavlova This work shows the cross-cultural influences between France and Russia It also shows the intersections between visual and performing arts ART CRAM KIT | 49 CRUNCH KIT Art in Four Pages (4/4) IMPERIAL ACADEMIC ART The Imperial Academy in St. Petersburg taught strict academic standards However, many of its students were very progressive The Peredvizhniki, a group of socially responsible artists, emerged from this context REVOLUTIONARY ART The Proletkult (Proletariat Cultural Educational Organization) argued that art should serve a purpose Constructivism tried to meet the Proletkult’s artistic standards through abstraction Kazimir Malevich and Vladimir Tatlin (designer of the Monument to the 3rd International) were Constructivists SOVIET PROPAGANDA AND SOCIALIST REALISM Soviet officials sought a new artistic style to represent a new social order Though initially abstraction was preferred, eventually Socialist Realism became the dominant style Socialist Realism incorporated images from everyday life in the Soviet Union This style characterized Soviet propaganda posters VSEVOLOD MIKHAILOVISH GARSHIN Ilya Repin was a Romantic, Realist painter who helped form the Peredvizhniki His style greatly influenced Socialist Realism Repin painted a portrait of Vsevolod Garshin Garshin was an author whose works dealt with themes like suicide and society’s dubious morals Garshin was intensely popular, but committed suicide at 28 after a long battle with depression Repin’s portrait of Garshin depicts the author as a serious scholar unconcerned with daily life I AND THE VILLAGE Marc Chagall grew up in a Russian Jewish community before the Revolution He left for France and met many Cubist painters Chagall painted in a style similar to Picasso but with more vibrant arbitrary colors I and the Village depicts Chagall’s youth in bright colors and geometric shapes PROUN El Lissitzky grew up in a village near Chagall’s home Lissitzky faced anti-Semitism and left for Europe Lissitzky created a series of works called Prounen Like all his works, they are abstract and geometric Lissitzky also created abstract propaganda posters in the early years of the Soviet Union THE MOTHERLAND CALLS Little is known about Irakli Toidze, creator of The Motherland Calls, other than the fact that he was a highly successful propaganda artist Toidze created iconic portraits of Stalin and Lenin During World War II, Germany attempted to invade Russia under operation ‘‘Barbarossa’’ When Toidze’s wife heard of the invasion, she burst into her husband’s studio, inspiring this poster The work displays Socialist Realism and calls upon soldiers to defend their ‘‘mother,’’ Russia KOTELNICHESKAYA EMBANKMENT BUILDING Stalin understood the political power of architecture He proposed the Palace of the Soviets as a symbol of the Soviet Union’s power While the Palace was never constructed, Stalin did build seven Moscow skyscrapers, the Seven Sisters One sister, the Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building, was designed by Dmitry Chechylin and Andrei Rostkovsky Chechylin was a famous and prolific designer of Soviet buildings His design incorporates Gothic, Classical, and Art Deco elements The building was an apartment complex for the elite BLINDMAN’S BUFF Komar and Melamid are two dissident Soviet artists who collaborated often over multiple decades They criticized the Soviet Union in their work, leading to censorship and arrest Eventually the pair fled to the United States and continued to create art Blindman’s Buff uses the imagery of Socialist Realism to question totalitarianism The work explores the idea that Soviet citizens are blind to their own oppression UNTITLED: WASHINGTON AND LENIN Leonid Lamm, another dissident Soviet artist, criticized totalitarianism and capitalism in his art Lamm was persecuted and imprisoned for his outspoken political views Untitled: Washington and Lenin examines the legacies of two iconic leaders by arranging them according to the Pythagorean Theorem By portraying the two as equals, Lamm implies unchecked capitalism and rampant totalitarianism are equally negative ART CRAM KIT | 50 CRUNCH KIT List of Lists (1/4) 9 RULERS TO REMEMBER 5 BUILDINGS TO RECOGNIZE Peter the Great Considered the patriarch of the Romanov dynasty, he founded St. Petersburg, radically reformed Russia, and patronized numerous impressive works of art St. Vasily’s Cathedral This church consists of nine cathedrals in one and was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible to honor his victory in the RussoKazan War Catherine the Great After overthrowing her husband, this tremendously popular Russian ruler patronized art and brought Russia into the Enlightened age St. Sophia’s Cathedral Yaroslav the Wise commissioned this cathedral as a burial place for Russian rulers; it contains the Christ Pantocrator mosaic Yaroslav the Wise This early tsar united Kiev and Novgorod and commissioned St. Sophia’s Cathedral St. Isaac’s Cathedral Vladimir I This early tsar converted to Orthodox Christianity, inspiring Kievan Russians to convert and unifying the population Three tsars (Alexander I, Nicholas I, and Alexander II) oversaw the construction of this cathedral under the direction of Auguste de Montferrand; it represented new European influence on Russian art The Small Hermitage Catherine the Great commissioned this work as a refuge from the harsh constraints of the winter palace; today it houses a vast art collection The Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building Stalin commissioned this apartment building as to demonstrate the power of architecture; Chechylin and Rostkovsky built the skyscraper in a style called Soviet Classicism, combining Classical, Art Deco, and Gothic architecture Alexander III This tsar commissioned the first Imperial Faberge egg Elizabeth I This empress remodeled the Winter Palace and was a patron of art Ivan the Terrible This ruler started the Muscovite Era and commissioned St. Vasily’s Cathedral Michael Romanov This tsar ended the Time of Troubles and began the Romanov Dynasty Nicholas II The last Russian emperor, this ruler’s fall marked the birth of the Soviet Union 8 STYLES TO KNOW Sots Art Soviet Classical Socialist Realism A mixture of Pop Art and Socialist Realism, Komar and Melamid invented this style and used in Blindman’s Buff This architectural style combines Gothic, Classical, and Art Deco elements to showcase the power of the Soviet Union; an example is the Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building This artistic style uses imagery from everyday Soviet life and was often used in Soviet art, including The Motherland Calls Constructivism This style uses abstraction to appeal to workers rather than gallery owners; this was popular for propaganda posters around the time of the Revolution Modernism This style favored pre-imperial culture and influenced Natalia Goncharova’s style, especially the in her selected design from The Golden Cockerel Suprematism Kazimir Malevich and El Lissitzky developed this style in the early Soviet Union Cubism Marc Chagall painted in this style, using geometric shapes and arbitrary color Petrine Baroque This architectural style developed in Russia alongside its namesake St. Petersburg 10 YEARS TO KNOW 988 Vladimir I converts to Christianity 1682 Peter the Great ascends the throne 1703 Peter the Great founds St. Petersburg 1721 Peter the Great wins the Great Northern War; Russia becomes an empire 1762 Catherine the Great comes to the throne 1863 The 15 Peredvizhniki artists come together for the first time 1909 Sergei Diaghilev founds the Ballets Russes 1917 The Russian Revolution occurs; the Soviet Union formed 1941 Germany invades Russia; The Motherland Calls created 1991 The Soviet Union dissolves; Lamm creates Untitled: Washington and Lenin Check out the Crunchy Table for the years in which all the selected artworks were created. ART CRAM KIT | 51 CRUNCH KIT List of Lists (2/4) 8 PAINTERS TO PONDER 7 WRITERS TO RECALL Pushkin, Alexander Russian poet; wrote a poem about The Bronze Horseman in 1833; founding father of Russian literature; wrote poems inspired by Russian folktales Garshin, Vsevolod Popular Russian author; committed suicide at 28 after a long battle with mental illness; wrote 20 stories during his lifetime Tolstoy, Leo 19th-century Russian novelist whose stories brought attention to Russian literature Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 19th-century Russian novelist whose stories brought attention to Russian literature Gorky, Maxim With Melamid, launched the Sots Art movement in 1972; with Melamid, painted Blindman’s Buff (1982---1983) Russian author whose works represent a continuation of a flourishing Russian literary tradition Nabokov, Vladimir Melamid, Alexander With Komar, launched the Sots Art movement in 1972; with Komar, painted Blindman’s Buff (1982---1983) Russian author whose works represent a continuation of a flourishing Russian literary tradition Rybnikov, Pavel Nikolaevich Lamm, Leonid Outspoken opponent of both capitalism and communism, this artist produced Russian folklorist who travelled to Russia’s provincial areas collecting popular epic tales Briullov, Karl A key figure in the transition between the Neoclassical and Romantic painting styles; may have had a secret romantic relationship with the Countess Samoilova (1803---1873) Goncharova, Natalia This artist led the Russian Neoprimitivist Movement; the selected set design from Le Coq d’Or comes from this artist’s 1914 set Repin, Ilya Chagall, Marc Komar, Vitaly Realist artist associated with the Peredvizhniki; painted the selected portrait of Vsevolod Garshin Cubist painter famous for his extensive use of arbitrary color; painted I and the Village in 1911 Untitled: Washington and Lenin Lissitzky, El Prolific Soviet Jewish artist; created the Proun series 6 ARCHITECTS TO ADMIRE Chechylin, Dmitry Soviet architect who served as Moscow’s chief architect from 1945 to 1949; helped design the Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building Postnik and Barma Relatively unknown architectural duo responsible for the design of the Cathedral of St. Vasily the Blessed Vallin de la Mothe, JeanBaptiste He became Catherine the Great’s court architect in 1766; after designing the Northern Pavilion of the Small Hermitage, he designed the Catholic Church of St. Catherine Velten, Yuty Under Catherine II, this man served as court architect; designer of the Southern Pavilion of the Small Hermitage between 1765 and 1766 De Montferrand, Architect hired by Alexander I to design Auguste the Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dalmatia Rostkovsky, Andrei Relatively unknown architect responsible for part of the design of the Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building 5 ARTISTS TO KNOW Falconet, Neoclassical sculptor responsible for The Etienne-Maurice Bronze Horseman Collot, AnneMarie Talented sculptor and pupil of ÉtienneMaurice Falconet (1716---1791); sculpted the face of The Bronze Horseman using Peter the Great’s death mask as a model Zvorykin, Boris Active in the Slavic Revival Movement; illustrated the selected image from ‘‘The Firebird’’ Bakst, Leon Founded the World of Art magazine in 1899; designed ballet sets and costumes for companies in Moscow and St. Petersburg; designed the selected costume for The Dying Swan Toidze, Irakli Successful Soviet propaganda artist and designer of The Motherland Calls ART CRAM KIT | 52 CRUNCH KIT List of Lists (3/4) 7 COMPANIES TO KNOW House of Faberge Founded by Gustav Fabergé in St. Petersburg in 1842; run by Peter Karl and Agathon Fabergé after their father’s death; named ‘‘Goldsmith by Appointment to the Imperial Crown’’ by Alexander III Ballets Russes Founded by Sergei Diaghilev in 1909 in Paris; established a reputation for highquality performances featuring male dancers and elaborate sets Imperial Ballet Founded in St. Petersburg and funded by the imperial court; later renamed the Mariinsky Ballet, most of the Ballets Russes’ dancers performed with this ballet earlier in their careers Proletkult An acronym for Proletariat Cultural Educational Organization; this group followed the teaching of Alexander Bogdanov and argued art needed to be useful to society Faberge et Cie Firm opened by Eugene and Alexander Fabergé in Paris in 1924 Original Ballet This ballet company formed as a result of Russe the dissolving of the Ballets Russes 7 RELIGIOUS FIGURES TO RECOGNIZE St. Basil the Blessed Russian Orthodox saint known for wearing chains, walking on his hands, criticizing the miserly, having prophetic visions, and going naked; body is entombed in a structure annexed to St. Vasily’s Cathedral St. Isaac of Dalmatia Orthodox Christian saint; St. Isaac’s Cathedral was built in his honor Saints John, Paul, and Alexander Orthodox Christian saints; the New Patriarchs of Constantinople 12 Apostles Followers of Christ symbolized by the arrangement of domes on St. Sophia’s Cathedral; these figures appear on the drum of the dome containing Christ Pantocrator Christ Christian religious figure; this figure is the central figure in the Christ Pantocrator mosaic and the Christ in Glory icon painting; Easter eggs symbolize this entity’s resurrection Arius Christian philosopher whose ideas sparked Arianism St. Dalmatius Disciple of St. Isaac of Dalmatia; St. Isaac’s monastery was named after this saint Ballet Russe de This ballet company formed as a result of Monte Carlo the dissolving of the Ballets Russes 5 MORE INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE 7 CITIES TO REMEMBER Washington, George American ‘‘founding father’’; appears in Untitled: Washington and Lenin (1991) by Leonid Lamm Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; the grandeur of its churches confirmed Vladimir I’s conversion to Christianity Gorbachev, Mikhail This Soviet leader restored religious freedom and some capitalism to Russia Kiev Lenin, Vladimir Leader of the Bolshevik Party during the Revolution of 1917 Capital of present-day Ukraine; capital of Kievan Rus at the time of Vladimir I’s conversion in 988; religious center of Kievan Rus for centuries after his conversion Stalin, Josef Leader of the Soviet Union; an atheist, this man sought to eliminate the Orthodox Church from Russia with limited success; this leader proposed the destruction of St. Vasily’s Cathedral, turned the Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dalmatia into a Museum of Scientific Atheism, and sold the Imperial Fabergé Eggs on the global market; recognizing the symbolic power of architecture, he built the Seven Sisters and many other Soviet Classical buildings Moscow Russia’s capital during the Muscovite era; home to St. Vasily’s Cathedral St. Petersburg Founded by Peter the Great in 1703, it was built on a marsh and became Russia’s capital in 1712; forced labor and high taxes funded this city’s early growth; contains the Small Hermitage, the Winter Palace, and The Bogdanov, Alexander Russian philosopher and politician whose work inspired Proletkult Bronze Horseman Vitebsk Town located in modern-day Belarus; formerly a part of the Soviet Union; home to a large Hasidic Jewish population Paris French capital; home to the Ballets Russes Novgorod City in Kievan Rus that became a religious and artistic center a century after Vladimir I’s conversion ART CRAM KIT | 53 CRUNCH KIT List of Lists (4/4) 7 ESSENTIAL TRANSLATIONS 5 IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS Hagios ‘‘Holy’’; this word appears three times on each of the standards carried by archangels in Christ Pantocrator Primary Chronicle Historical account of Kievan Rus written in the 12th century; details Vladimir I’s conversion to Orthodox Christianity Iconostasis ‘‘Icon screen’’; this wall divides the sanctuary of an Orthodox Christian church from the nave and is often covered with large, ornate icon paintings ‘‘A Red Flower’’ Rodina-mat’ zovet! ‘‘The motherland calls’’ or ‘‘the motherland-mother calls’’; the Russian title of The Motherland Calls by Irakli Toidze (1902---1982) Short story by Vsevolod Garshin (1855-88) in which a patient in a mental institution becomes obsessed with a cluster of red poppies in the hospital garden; his obsession destroys him ‘‘Four Days’’ Short story by Vsevolod Garshin (1855--1888) based on Garshin’s own experiences in the Russo-Turkish War Skazki ‘‘Fairy tales’’; these Russian popular tales inspired authors and artists after the Slavic revival ‘‘The Golden Cockerel’’ Byliny ‘‘Epic stories’’; these Russian popular tales inspired authors and artists after the Slavic revival 1834 poem by Alexander Pushkin illustrated by Boris Zvorykin (1872---1935); it moral is that life and wealth are fleeting; many Russians interpreted this poem as a political statement about the selfishness of tsars ‘‘The Firebird’’ Russian folktale detailing Ivan Tsarevich’s capture of the Firebird; subject of a popular ballet and an illustration by Boris Zvorykin Lubok Refers to popular prints combining images and text sold in vast quantities to Russians of all classes; this tradition informed later propaganda posters Pantocrator ‘‘Ruler of All’’ or ‘‘Almighty’’ 5 POTENT PAINTINGS Christ in Glory Icon painting of Christ surrounded by the gospel writers-----in the Novgorod style Blindman’s Buff Created by Komar and Melamid as part of their Nostalgic Socialist Realism series; depicts a man and a woman playing a game; a portrait of Stalin appears in it; may have been influenced by the work of Jan Vermeer; this work is critical of the oppression in the Soviet Union I and the Village Untitled: Washington and Lenin Portrait of the Countess Samoilova 8 WONDERFUL WORKS Christ Pantocrator This mosaic is located in the main dome of the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kiev; despite its location in Kievan Rus, this work exhibits strong Byzantine influence Illustration from Boris Zvorykin published this image in a book of French-translated Russian fairy tales; it depicts Ivan Tsarevich riding the horse with the golden mane L’Oiseau de Feu Costume from Léon Bakst designed this costume for Anna Pavlova’s signature ballet, The Dying Swan Painted by Marc Chagall (1887---1985) in 1911 while in Paris, this vibrantly-colored Cubist work draws on the artist’s recollections of growing up near Vitebsk The Dying Swan Painted by Leonid Lamm (b. 1922) in 1991, it depicts George Washington and Vladimir Lenin arranged according to the Pythagorean Theorem Proun Made by El Lissitzky in 1924-1925 as part of his Prounen series of collages The Motherland Calls Created by Irakli Toidze, this Socialist Realism-style propaganda poster calls soldiers to defend Russia against the Nazis Monument to Peter the Great Also called The Bronze Horseman; depicts Peter the Great on the back of a rearing horse, trampling a snake Painted by Karl Briullov (1799---1841), this work depicts the Countess Samoilova (1803---1873) at her Italian villa Illustration from Le Coq d’Or Natalia Goncharova painted this as a set design for Act III of the opera-ballet version of Le Coq d’Or by the Ballets Russes Imperial Peter the Faberge egg made for Empress Alexandra Great Easter Egg to mark St. Petersburg’s 200th year ART CRAM KIT | 54 CRUNCH KIT The Crunchy Table Selected Work Creator Created Medium Size Location Patron St. Sophia Cathedral, Interior of Dome with Christ Pantocrator and Angels Unknown Byzantine artist 1037-61 Mosaic Monumental Kiev Yaroslav the Wise Christ in Glory Russian painter (in Novgorod?) 1470-99 Icon, tempera on wood 42 1/8 x 30 7/8 inches Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Unknown Cathedral of St. Vasily the Blessed Postnik and Barma 1555-60 Architecture 47.5 meters Moscow Ivan IV Vasilyevich St. Isaac’s Cathedral Auguste de Montferrand 1818---58 Grey stone, red Finnish granite, gold 101.5 meters St. Petersburg Alexander I The Small Hermitage Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe and Yury Velten 1764-75 Stone Not given St. Petersburg Catherine the Great Monument to Peter the Great EtienneMaurice Falconet 1782 Sculpture, bronze, red Finnish granite 20 foot sculpture, 25 foot pedestal St. Petersburg Catherine the Great Portrait of the Countess Samoilova Karl Briullov 1832-34 Oil on canvas 105 9/16 x 78 3/4 inches Hillwood Estate Museum Countess Samoilova Imperial Peter the Great Easter Egg Faberge Firm 1903 Gold, platinum, diamonds, rubies, enamel, bronze, sapphire, watercolor on ivory, rock crystal 4.25 x 3.125 inches (diameter) Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Nicholas II Ilustration for ‘‘L’Oiseau de Feu’’ Boris Zvorykin 1925 Gouache, metallic inks, black ink, white ink, graphite 10 7/8 x 8 3/16 inches Metropolitan Museum of Art Louis Fricotelle The Tsar’s Palace Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova 1941 Collage, gouache on paper 65 x 97 cm Museum of the History of Theatre, Moscow Ballets Russes Tutu from Le Leon Bakst Early 20 century Net, goose feathers, stone Not given Fine Arts Museum, San Francisco Anna Pavlova Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin Ilya Repin 1884 Oil on canvas 35 x 27 3/4 in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York None I and the Village Marc Chagall 1911 Oil on canvas 6 ft 3 5/8 x 59 5/8 inches Museum of Modern Art, New York None Mort du Cygne th ART CRAM KIT | 55 Selected Work Creator Created Medium Size Location Patron Proun El Lissitzky 1924-25 Collage of cut-andtipped wove papers (prepared with gouache, graphite, and varnish), and brush and pen and black ink, with red watercolor, on cream laminate cardboard 498 x 650 mm The Art Institute of Chicago None The Motherland Calls Irakli Toidze 1941 Gouache and colored pencil on gelatin silver print 23 x 16 inches Museum of Modern Art None Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building Dmitry Chechylin and Andrei Rostkovsky 1941-52 Not specified 32 stories (176 meters) Moscow Josef Stalin Blindman’s Buff Vitaly Komar and Alexander Melamid 1982-83 Oil on canvas 72 x 47 inches Metropolitan Museum of Art None Untitled: Washington and Lenin Leonid Lamm 1991 Acrylic on canvas 70 x 70 inches Metropolitan Museum of Art None ART CRAM KIT | 56 FINAL TIPS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR FINAL TIPS ABOUT THE AUTHOR Work together! You’re part of a team-----enlist your teammates to quiz you, or even just to read aloud to each other. Reading out loud is one of the least exciting and most effective study strategies. (It helps when at least one team member has a nice voice.) Know your styles! Memorize which style is which and figure out how one evolved from another. The sequence of artistic evolution is pretty logical. Differentiate your rulers! You won’t need to name all of them, but remembering who ruled when helps. Think long-term! Use this kit as a review tool in the last days before the test, but, before that, use the Power Guide to your arsenal to make sure you know every testable fact. Map it out! Make visual representations of everything from wars to floor plans. It’s not called art for nothing. Kate Tyndall goes by the 中文 名字 佟康坦. When not obsessing about Chinese tests or running tests in the basement of the University of Illinois’ phonetics lab, she can usually be found at a coffee shop or local vegetarian restaurant drinking a fine French Roast. She competed at Waukesha West High School for two years before passing the torch to her younger brother, who had better be studying at this very moment lest he face her wrath. ABOUT THE EDITORS ROBB DOOLING DANIEL BERDICHEVSKY AUTUMN ELIZABETH After honoring family tradition and winning the Nebraska Academic Decathlon, Robb opted against becoming the King in the North and instead joined DemiDec. His is pictured with his dog, Golden Wind. In college, Daniel decided he could be at least enough of an artist to hang a hiking boot on the wall. His roommate had no grounds to object: he was busy brewing beer in the bathtub. A graduate of Webster University, Autumn is a writer and non-profit consultant. When not out changing the world or writing the next great American novel, she travels as much as she can and plays with her cat.
