Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Bab 4 : E

Transcription

Perkembangan
Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
Bab 4 : E-government dan Otonomi
Daerah
Dr. ir. Ari SANTOSO, DEA
Sebagian materi ini di sadur dari presentasi dari Dr. Gati Gayatri Depkominfo
1
Definisi e-Gov
• Use of ICTs
– Inside government departments.
departments
– Between government departments.
– To interact with citizens.
– To interact with the business community.
• Change to the process of government
– Citizen centric
– Citizen involving
g
1
Definisi e-Gov
• “The current potential to build government
services and practices using existing [information]
technologies and applications.” – Jane Fountain
• “E-government … calls for rethinking the way
government functions are carried out to improve
some processes, to introduce new one and to
replace those that require it.” -- RAND Europe
p
to common conceptions
p
about e• Two components
government:
– Political participation and deliberation
– Public administration Æ service delivery
Trends Driving Government Transformation
IT skill shortage and
aging of workforce
Internet
Increased outsourcing
and privatization
Government
Performance
measurement and
accountability
Globalization
Increased public
expectations
2
World growth in key ICTs 1991-2003
Disparity in Internet use by region
3
E-government readiness rankings: Top 25
countries & South and Eastern Asia
Web measure index 2005: top 25 countries
4
Scores by stages, selected countries 2005
Percent utilization
Indonesia Position on ICT
Negara
Ukuran Infrastruktur
Ukuran Modal SDM
%Pop
Online
Tel/
HP/
100
100
Human
Dev.
Index
Info.
Access
Index
62.1
69.97
36.45
0.934
0.999
843.52
52.5
52.41
44.63
0.936
0.999
280.75
55.3
56.72
66.96
0.923
0.916
0.99
1.26
1.2
3.14
1.73
0.677
0.583
39.02
768.68
46.5
67.65
28.46
0.936
0.999
PC/
100
Internet
host/
AS
58.52
2928.3
Australia
46.46
Britania Raya
38.78
Indonesia
Kanada
10000
Malaysia
9.45
29.33
17.0
19.93
21.32
0.774
0.333
Singapura
48.31
437.56
49.3
48.45
68.38
0.876
0.333
Turki
3.81
10.64
6.2
28.00
24.56
0.735
0.416
5
Rangg
king
Negara
Total
Konektivitas
Lingk.
g
Bisnis
Bisnis &
Konsu
Konsumen
Hukum &
Kebijakan
Sosial &
Budaya
Pendukung
g
e-Service
1
Swedia
8.67
7.9
8.5
9.1
8.9
9.3
9.0
3
AS
8.43
7.4
8.6
8.7
8.4
9.3
9.3
3
UK
8.43
7.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.8
9.3
9
Australia
8.25
7.7
8.2
8.3
8.8
8.5
8.5
10
Kanada
8.23
6.8
8.7
8.3
8.5
9.0
9.3
12
Singapura
8.17
8.1
8.5
7.9
8.0
8.3
8.5
20
Taiwan
7.43
7.2
8.0
7.7
7.2
7.1
7.0
33
Malaysia
5.55
4.3
7.2
5.5
5.9
5.5
4.8
39
Turki
4.63
3.4
6.1
3.4
4.9
5.8
5.5
53
Indonesia
3.31
2.0
5.7
2.6
2.9
3.8
3.1
6
theWORLD
competitiveness
SCOREBOARD2005
IMDWORLDCOMPETITIVENESSYEAR
BOOK2005
7
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
Rata-Rata
Rata
Rata Usia
Harapan Hidup
Angka Melek
H fO
Huruf
Orang
Dewasa
Rata rata Lama
Rata-rata
Pendidikan
Indeks
Pendidikan
Indeks Kesehatan
Pengeluaran Per
Kapita
(Purchasing
Power Parity)
Indeks
Perekonomian
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
Indonesia position on Scores of HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Countries
Year
1995
2000
Thailand
58
76
74
76
73
Malaysia
59
61
58
59
61
p
Philipina
100
77
85
83
84
104
109
112
111
110
Cina
111
99
104
94
85
Vietnam
120
108
109
112
108
Indonesia
2003 2004 2005
8
The National Competitiveness Scoreboard
2005, Scores by HDI
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Propinsi
Jakarta
Sulawesi Utara
D.I. Yogyakarta
Kalimantan Timur
Riau
Kalimantan Tengah
S
Sumatera
t
Ut
Utara
Sumatera Barat
Bali
Jambi
Banten
Maluku
Usia
harapan
hidup
(tahun)
Melek
huruf
dewasa
(%)
Rata-rata lama
pendidikan
(tahun)
Pengeluaran per
kapita (ribu)
IPM
72
71
72
69
68
69
67
66
70
67
62
66
98
99
86
95
97
96
96
95
84
95
94
96
10,4
8,6
8,1
8,5
8,3
7,6
84
8,4
8,0
7,6
7,4
7,9
8,0
617
588
611
592
588
586
589
589
596
586
609
576
75,6
71,3
70,8
69,9
69,1
69,1
68 8
68,8
67,5
67,5
67,1
66,6
66,5
The National Competitiveness Scoreboard
2005, Scores by HDI
No
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
PROPINSI
Jawa Tengah
Bengkulu
Nangroe Aceh D.
Sumatera Selatan
Jawa Barat
Lampung
Maluku Utara
Bangka Belitung
Sulawesi Selatan
Sulawesi Tengah
Kalimantan Selatan
Gorontalo
25 Jawa Timur
26
27
28
29
30
Sulawesi Tenggara
Kalimantan Barat
NTT
Papua
NTB
Harapan
Hidup
Melek
Huruf…
Lama
P’didik’n
Per Kapita
IPM
69
65
68
66
65
66
63
66
69
63
61
64
86
93
96
94
93
93
96
92
84
93
93
95
6,5
76
7,6
7,8
7,1
7,2
6,9
8,4
6,6
6,8
7,3
7,0
6,5
594
587
558
583
592
583
583
588
587
580
596
573
66,3
66 2
66,2
66,0
66,0
65,8
65,8
65,8
65,4
65,3
64,4
64,3
64,1
66
83
6,5
594
64,1
65
64
64
65
59
88
87
84
74
78
7,3
6,3
6,0
6,0
5,8
578
580
563
578
583
64,1
62,9
60,3
60,1
57,8
Sumber: UNDP, Bappenas, BPS, 2004
9
E-GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES
To
From
Government
Business
Citizen
G2B(front office)
G2C(front office)
output to
output to civil
business in
society
market
Government
G2G(back office)
internal business
processing
Business
B2G(front office)
input from business
in market
B2B
B2C
Citizen
C2G(front office)
input from civil
society
C2B
C2C
Definisi e-Gov
Government to Business
Government to Citizen
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Federal Asset Sales
2. Online Rulemaking
Management
3. Expanding Electronic Tax Products
For Business
4. Consolidated Health
Informatics
5. Business Compliance
One Stop
6. International Trade Process Streamlining
USA Service
Free File
Online Access for Loans
Recreation One Stop
Eligibility Assistance
Online
E-Authentication
Government to Government
1. e-Vital
2. e-Grants
3. Disaster Assistance and Crisis
Response
4. Geospatial Information One Stop
5. SAFECOM
Internal Effectiveness and Efficiency
1. e
1
e-Training
Training
2. Recruitment One Stop
3. Enterprise HR Integration (includes eClearance)
4. e-Travel
5. Integrated Acquisition
6. e-Records Management
7. Payroll Processing
10
Core Backbone INHERENT
Core Backbone INHERENT
11
Integration of Existing & Palapa
Ring (East) Network
to Asia Pacific
to India
Sabang to Thailand
Kalimantan
Banda Aceh
о
Meulaboh
Tapaktuanо
Sulawesi
Tarakan
Medan
о
о
Sibolga
Padang
Batam
Bengkulu
Pontianak
о
о
Gorontal
o
Samarinda
о Palu
Balikpapan
о
Palembang
о
o
Sampit
Banjarmasin
a ja as
Jakarta
о
о
Sumatera
о
Mataram
Kolaka
о
End
e
о
o
Sumbawa
oo
Kalabahi
Atambua
Jayapur
a
Timik
a
Ambo
b
n
Maumer
o
о e
о
Sarmi
Fakfak
Bulukumba
Rab
a
o
o
о
Makassar о
Manokwar
i
Biak
Sorong
Kendari
Waingapu
Jawa
о
о
о
o
Cirebon
Semarang
о
Surabaya
о
о
о
оо о
о о
Ketapang
Parigi
ManadTernate o
o о
o
Palopo
о
о
Belitung
о
Kalianda
Toli-toli
о
о
о
Natal
о
Singkawang
о
= New Network
= Existing Network
= Landing Point
Tobelo
oo o
o
oo
Saumlaki
Kupan
g
oo
Merauke
Maluku - Papua
Nusa Tenggara
to Perth, Australia
23
10 - 12 - 2005
Members of Palapa Ring Consortium

6 Members of

Consortium:
PT. Bakrie Telecom,, Tbk
PT. Excelcomindo Pratama, Tbk
PT. Indosat, Tbk
PT. Infokom Elektrindo
PT. Powertek Utama Internusa
PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk
Consortium Agreement Signed in Surabaya, 10 November
2007
2007.
Project Funding from each member investment, with
consortium business scheme.
Estimated Cost : USD $ 255,1 million eq. with IDR 2.346 billion.
24
10 - 12 - 2005
12
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF E-GOV
Real space
society
Internet
mobile
Information
/ service
Real space
governmentt
information
Sharing
system
call center
fax,mail,
phone
civil service
center
in-person
agency
website
Agency 1
Agency 2
Common
Data base
Agency 3
…
citizen /
business
e-gov portal
Agency N
Problem addressing
?
Problem addressed
Discussion
/ consultation
Cyber space
government
• eGov services are difficult to be
found
• Individual eGov services are
disconnected, not interoperable
• Citizens/Business have to find
several services, going then
from one to another
• No user guidance available
• eGov services do not comply
with e-accessibilityy criteria
13
A
Approach
Problem addre
essed
Access of e-Gov
• “One-stop-shopping” place where
all services can be located
• Id
Identification
tifi ti off relevant
l
t
services based on life event
and business episodes
• User provided with a scenario
through structured workflow
• Virtual assistant assigned to
the user
• eGov services comply with eaccessibility criteria
Good Governance- Components

Rule of law

Effectiveness & efficiency

Transparency

Equity and inclusiveness

Accountability

Consensus orientation

Responsiveness

Participation
Process Re
Re--engineering
Fiscal Reforms
Good Governance
ICTs can help in Implementing all the above
components for Good Governance
14
“Make Government Businesslike”
NOT Making Government Like Business
STRATEGY FOR CITIZEN SERVICES
CAPTURE the Private Sector
Profit Motives
While keeping Govt’s Social
Responsibility
9 Customer orientation
9Public orientation
9 Efficiencies
9Equality and justice
9 Management Practices
9Affordability
9 Financial Resources
9 HR Talent
9 Entrepreneurship
9Accountability
9Objectivity
9Transparency
Ultimately Financial Motive is the Single Biggest Success Driver
Underlying
Principle
9Treat EG Projects as Infra Projects
9Build PPP for Individual Projects
9Private financing wherever possible
9Govt. financing where necessary
Reforms Agenda for Good Governance
Re-invent the Government for Good Governance
9 Focus on Good Governance & divest other roles to private sector
9 Shift from Command- control regime to market driven regime
9 Un-bundle competitive & commercial functions from State’s roles
9 Strengthening Institutions to perform State domain roles
Re-define Service Delivery
9 Improve Citizen interface with Government
9 Improve service delivery through use of Information Technology (IT)
9 Government Process Re-engineering & Administrative Reforms
9 Bring in Responsiveness,
Responsiveness Accountability & Transparency
Improve effectiveness, internal efficiencies & reduce costs
Right-sizing the Government
Development through Public-Private Partnership / Privatization
Democratic Decentralization- powers to Panchayats & MCs
Empowerment of Citizens, Women & the Disadvantaged
15
The Key Challenges…..
Commitment…. Mindset ….. Change…
Processes
¾Re-engineering
¾Improvement
¾Reforms
¾Optimisation
P
Preparedness
d
P
People
l
¾Architecture
¾Awareness
¾Standards
¾Capacity Building
¾Technology
¾Training Staff
¾Components
¾Skill Development
¾HW, SW, NW
¾Connectivity
Institutional, Administrative, Legal…. Framework…
The six ICT pillar
1.
Physical and Social Infrastructure Development
2.
Improving Service Delivery through efficient Government
Administration
3.
Accelerated Human Resources Development (HRD)
4.
Promoting investments in the Knowledge sector
5.
Promoting adoption of ICT in growth of industry and business
6
6.
Legal,
L
l R
Regulatory
l t
and
d Institutional
I tit ti
l Framework
F
k provisions
i i
for
f
growth of knowledge sector
16
IT Infrastructure - State Wide Area Network
The voice, video and data connectivity for four tiers of the state of Punjab
1
Government of India support. To be established in 9-12 months timeframe
IT Infrastructure - State Wide Area Network
Topology of the Network Architecture for PAWAN
4
17
IT Infrastructure – State Data Centre
DATA CENTER SCHEMATIC
Public
Web
Servers
To Internet
Cisco
Secure IDS
Appliance
To District HQ
Cisco Secure PIX
Firewall
Server Load
Balancers in
Redundant
Mode
Application
Servers
VPN
Concentrator
AAA Server
New trends in e-Gov
• In line with changing business practice
– Changing customer relations
– Integration of channels
• Recent rethinking of e-Government
• Multi-channel e-Government
– Explosion of channels and devices
• Mobile Phone (SMS), PDA (mobile internet), iDTV, etc.
– Respect for traditional channels (supported by ICTs)
– Service delivery over multitude of channels
• Allowing blending and crossing of channels
18
New trends in e-Gov
• Citizen centered e-Government
–
–
–
–
Take into account needs, preferences and skills citizens
Segmentation of population
Stimulation of take-up through marketing
Rethinking and simplifying of services
Paradigma Pemanfaatan ICT
Proses
Pendekatan
Fokus
Orientasi
Basis
Distribusi
Birokrasi
Unit Kerja
Dokumen
Ekslusif
Reformasi
Publik
Fungsi
Informasi
Flow &
Share
Teknologi
Komunikasi
T k l i Informasi
I f
i dan
d
K
ik i
Sumber Daya Manusia
Sistem Baru
B
Sistem Lama
L
Otomasi
Transformasi
Sumber: Indonesia SAKTI
19
Information Bridge
PEMERINTAH
BISNIS
PUBLIK
K
INFORMATION
BRIDGE
EDUKASI
Information System
Biro
Sekretariatan
Gubernur
A
P
P
.
E
K
S
T
E
R
N
A
L
Web
Service
- Masyarakat
- Pendidikan
- Bisnis
- Pegawai
- Departemen
- Pimpinan
PUDA
PEMPROVARAP
DIK-AREN
Kios
PEMPROV-
Shared
Services
Pemprov- WEB & ICH
Dinas
A
P
P
.
I
N
T
E
R
N
A
L
PEMPROV-
PEMPROV-NET
ARDA
20
key Index - Environment
- Measure the degree
g
of conduciveness of
country’s ambience to promote ICT
• Right policies to help expand ICT
– Education – computers, internet and content in schools
– Training people to reach relevant individual skills
• Public access to digital inclusion & education
• Public/
P bli / ffree iinternet
t
t centers
t
• Affordability to tools & services
• Competitive environment to keep prices low.
• Production, services & maintenance
• Legal framework that encourage ICT investments…
Key item - Infrastructure
Availability
y & quality
q
y of key
y access
infrastructure for ICT within a country
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Telecommunication wired and wireless penetration
Wideband penetration
Internet providers around the country
Numbers of Hosts
IP addresses, use and availability
PC access / penetration
Power & electricity access / penetration
21
Government websites
mcit, 2003 & 2004
Government Institution
Total of
Inst
2003
2004
Department/Ministry/state level
institutions
37
33
37
Other government institutions
32
28
28
Local government: Provinces and
regencies
470
292
224
Level of implementation of e-government go.id
MCIT, 2005
Level of Implementation
Freq
%
L l1
Level
166
59
Level 2
90
32
Level 3
0
0
Level 4
0
0
Under construction
25
9
281
100
Total
22