KOSMETIKOS_ENG_leidi.. - Karaliaus Mindaugo profesinio

Transcription

BEAUTY FIELD
HYGIENE COSMETICS. MODULAR
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND
TRAINING PROGRAMME
BEAUTY FIELD
HYGIENE COSMETICS. MODULAR
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND
TRAINING PROGRAMME
Kaunas
2015
KARALIUS MINDAUGAS VOCATIONAL
TRAINING CENTRE
Group of preparation of methodical material:
Ph.D. Jūratė Jocienė, vocational teacher-expert
Dalė Visockienė, vocational teacher-supervisor
Audronė Kazlauskienė, vocational teacher-supervisor
Elena Tamulynienė, vocational teacher-supervisor
Ingrida Bakšenskienė, vocational teacher
Aušra Slepkovienė, senior vocational teacher
Rytis Rutkauskas, senior vocational teacher
Methodical group of consultants:
Ph.D. Laimutė Anužienė
Ph.D. Alicija Ramanauskaitė
Ph.D. Jolanta Valiulienė
Ph.D. Vilma Šliužaitė
Ph.D. Aivaras Anužis
Ph.D. Aistė Antanaitienė
Ph.D. Tomas Darbutas
Ieva Anužienė
Daiva Abromavičienė
Aurelija Naseckaitė
Language editor: Indrė Sekevičienė
Design and layout: Grafikos dirbtuvės
The learning and teaching aid has been developed within the project “Development of
learning and teaching aids for modular vocational programmes in the subfields of hair
and beauty care and the relating services at home, and piloting of the modular study
programmes” No. VP1-2.2-ŠMM-04-V-03-013.
CONTENTS
Foreword
11
Presentation of unique education system of Karalius Mindaugas vocational
13
training center
Conveyance of the centre’s vocational training experience
13
Concept and purpose of vocational education
13
Practical application of the paradigm of ST Ignatius of Loyola in the
14
vocational education
Structure of education/self-education programme
15
Education/self-education of value attitudes
17
Description of modular vocational education and training programme
20
Structure of modular vocational education and training programme
21
Hygiene cosmetics
MODULE I. Introduction to profession
22
MODULE II. Data compilation and presentation in the context of hygiene
24
cosmetics programme
Acquisition of knowledge and skills
25
Correct use of spoken and written language for special purposes
25
Use of information technologies in learning and vocational activities
29
Economic theories and business basics
37
Aesthetical attitude to the world
41
General knowledge on the civil safety and rescue system
44
Requirements of safe work organisation, electrical safety, fire safety and 47
occupational hygiene
Consolidation of knowledge and skills through practise
55
The creative integrated project “Genealogical Tree”
55
MODULE III. Make-up techniques
55
59
Anatomy, histology, physiology and biochemistry of skin and skin
appendages. The main types of skin, their care
59
Causes of skin diseases, symptoms, rash elements. Purulent and fungal
skin diseases
63
The creative integrated project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”
66
66
68
Purpose of use, effect and ingredients of cosmetic means and products
68
Morphology and physiology of microorganisms, prevalence in the
environment
71
Rules of cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation, application of aseptics
and antiseptics
72
The main colours, combinations of colours, colour types
74
Types of make-ups and doing techniques
76
The main definitions of decorative cosmetics
81
The creative integrated project “Getting Richer by Giving”
Realisation of knowledge and skills
Community project “Let’s Love Our Teacher”
82
82
84
84
Bibliography
85
Glossary
86
List of module III annexes
87
MODULE IV. Performing facial care procedures
88
89
Physiological processes present in the human body
89
Skin abnormalities
92
Groups of cosmetic means and products
97
Requirements for a cosmetic saloon and a cosmetician’s work place
99
Performing facial skin care procedures
100
The creative integrated project „Seeking Justice”
102
102
104
Biology of the pathogen of infectious diseases
104
Infectious and non-infectious diseases
106
The major groups of medication and their effect
110
Notions and method groups of physiotherapy
112
The main speciality terms of facial care
115
The creative integrated project “I Trust”
119
119
Bibliography
121
Glossary
124
List of module IV annexes
125
MODULE V. Performance of body care treatment procedures
126
128
Safe work with electric devices
128
Performance of physiotherapy body care treatment procedures
129
Performance of the classical hygiene massage of separate body parts
133
Composition of human body
137
Biology of viruses
145
Viral, pre-cancerous and cancerous diseases
146
Performance of depilation
149
Work place for hand and foot care procedures
151
Microbial pollution in the environment
151
Performance of hand and foot care treatment procedures
153
Nail disorders and diseases
161
The main speciality terms
163
The creative integrated project “Thank You for Everything”
Community project “Let’s Respect Our Teacher”
167
167
169
169
Bibliography
170
Glossary
172
List of module V annexes
173
MODULE VI. Introduction to the labour market
174
MODULE VII. Provision/sale of service
175
FOREWORD
176
“Cosmetics. Modular Vocational Training Programme” is a book
Modelling of an attractive presentation of service to the client
176
prepared for the students studying under the vocational training programme
Planning of the creative presentation of service to the client by
stipulating the variety of possible forms and measures of presentation
187
Consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice
The creative integrated project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”
Test/simulation of sale/provision of service to the client
The creative integrated project “Getting Richer By Giving”
Community project “Let’s Love Our Teacher”
198
198
200
and for all those, who are interested in the beautician’s profession. The
material presented in the book not only provides knowledge for the student,
who seeks to acquire the subject-related and personal competencies of the
beautician, but also educates the ability to adapt to new conditions of the
changing environment, provides motivation for improvement and life-long
learning.
“Cosmetics. Modular Vocational Training Programme” is composed of
200
the teaching material of modules, i.e., aims, objectives and results that form
209
the modules, theoretical material, visual material, control questions and
209
tasks, glossary and literature sources.
The prepared material discusses the topics analysing the modular
211
vocational training programme and teaching process; work object of the
211
beautician and the main work tasks; evaluation of client’s cosmetic hygiene
Biblography
212
Glossary
214
List of module VII annexes
216
MODULE VIII. Planning of employment
217
MODULE IX. The final module
220
needs and provision of recommendations; selection of cosmetic means and
products; composition of client’s servicing plan; performance of various types
of make-up, mechanical skin cleaning, scrubbing, mask application, classical
hygiene face and body massage, depilation, manicure and pedicure procedures;
gluing of acrylic nails and performance of the nail art; application of nontraditional methods in the beautician’s practice; teaching of healthy life-style
and nutrition; communication and cooperation with clients and their family
members; observance of communication and cooperation principles; analysis
and evaluation of the customer service.
This book will provide an opportunity to study independently and will
facilitate the teaching/learning process for the students and their teachers.
Hygiene cosmetics. Modular vocational education and training programme
11
PRESENTATION OF UNIQUE EDUCATION SYSTEM
OF KARALIUS MINDAUGAS VOCATIONAL
TRAINING CENTER
CONVEYANCE OF THE CENTRE’S VOCATIONAL TRAINING EXPERIENCE
We are happy to share the accumulated practical experience of vocational training
with everyone who takes this book to his/her hands and reads it. The essential truth that
we seek to testify is our personal experience that the person’s education is possible only
through an understanding of the meaning of human life and the aim of his/her existence.
The search for the meaning of life is a long process, which requires complete openness and
constant listening to oneself. The search for the meaning, same as the life, is a constantly
changing and dynamic process. It invites the person to raise the same existential questions:
who is the person? What is the meaning of life of a person, what is his/her goal? What is
good and what is bad? What is the meaning of work? Where the true happiness of a person
lies, which path leads to the fullness of life? Finally, what is the source of human existence
and functioning, which attracts the heart of each person? These and many other questions
are not left to the person only as the occupation for the leisure time: the search for meaning
is the primary and the foremost goal of each person.
CONCEPT AND PURPOSE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
The educational programme of the King Mindaugas Vocational Training Centre (hereinafter – the Centre) is oriented to the National Education Strategy for 2013-2022, which considers the target set in the Lithuanian Progress Strategy “Lithuania 2013” to become a modern
and thrusting country, which is open to the world and fosters its own national identity.
The education has a mission to help to educate a progressive, independent and creative
person, who wishes and is able to learn and creates the future for himself/herself, his/her
country and the world in a responsible and solidary manner. In view of this main target of
the strategy, the Centre’s vocational training is understood as an integral part of the whole
personality education. The long-term experience of the Centre shows that the purpose of
training is not only to help to acquire, change or enhance the desired vocational qualification, i.e. to prepare a young person for a qualitative work, but also to educate the vocational
and human value attitudes, allowing him/her to become an honest, responsible and independent person, who seeks for the improvement. Such person seeks to become a person,
who is a creative and publicly matured member of the society, who is able to contribute to
constant changes and seeks to live a meaningful life by answering to the God’s invitation
and public needs. In other words, we believe the purpose of vocational education to be not
only the learning of a certain profession, but also the education of students for an honest,
free, meaningful and happy life.
13
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE PARADIGM OF ST IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA IN
THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
to decide easier what is valuable for him, as a person seeking to improve, and what
are his/her goals.
The education of the value attitudes is emphasised in all education documents, for
The ability to create interpersonal relations based on trust and respect is educated,
example, the Law on Education of the Republic of Lithuania (17.03.2011) stipulates that “edu-
which allows the student to feel that the person can develop and grow like an
cations is the nurturing of spiritual, intellectual and physical personal values through com-
individual only in a relation with God and other persons. It means that only by
munication and teaching”. The “White paper” stipulates: “Vocational training is an inte-
overcoming himself/herself, he/she can successfully integrate and act in the
gral part of the overall personal education. The aim of vocational training is a conscious,
society, give a sense to his/her life and seek spiritual maturity. This understanding
independent, active and constantly learning personality, which is already matured for the
conditions higher openness and sensitivity to other persons, interest in the societal
national and state needs and which creates the personal life, material and spiritual values,
life and hearing out of the guiding by the Holy Spirit.
public welfare, participates in the process of creation of democratic society on the basis of
The critical ability to look at the social, cultural, political context of your own
the subject, professional and human values” (White Paper, 1999, p. 19). However, the educa-
country by choosing optimum personal individual flow and public growth and
tion guidelines found in these and other documents are the provisions of the general nature,
development guaranteeing values from a variety of value systems is educated. This
which do not provide any specific methods how this could be implemented. Therefore, the
deepens the understanding that only a person with a strong value basis can resist
main goal of each educational establishment is to create its own educational methods,
various forms of violence, power, authority cult, which are persistently offered
allowing the successful integration of person‘s professional competencies and formation of
by the secular society as well as the consumer-oriented, material world-view
his/her value attitudes. The Centre chose a unique and individual vocational training path
preventing from the path to a belief and creating the spiritual void in the person’s
and selected the Catholic education world-view based on the educational paradigm of St.
heart.
Ignatius of Loyola. Its subject matter is formed by the method based on cyclality, which is
formed by the stages of experience, reflection (contemplation), action and evaluation and
self-evaluation. The constant use of the paradigm in the entire context of education emphasises the ensuring of qualitative education of students, which is oriented to the deepening of
understanding that the professionalism is the responsibility for the performed work.
The holistic attitude to the teaching/learning is formed. It allows the students to
constantly contemplate the meaning and importance of what they do. The students
are encouraged to raise such questions as “Why is this necessary for me?”, “How
will this help me to achieve the happiness?”. By becoming active and critical
participants of the education process, the students deepen their understanding
that the person cannot limit himself/herself only to the acquisition of knowledge,
and should rather form personal and vocational value provisions by seeking to
become a full-fledged personality.
The ability to indicate and consider personal experience and rely on it in adopting
future decisions is educated. The constant contemplation of the acquired experience
and evaluation helps the student to have a more precise and deeper understanding
of the meaning and the aim of the every-day activity, enables him/her to associate
the newly acquired knowledge and educated personal and vocational characteristics
with the already acquired experience. This continuous reflection of the change of
experience stimulates active, conscious and motivated activity helping the student
14
STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION/SELF-EDUCATION PROGRAMME
In order to facilitate the assimilation of vocational skills and acquire the skills for the
students that are necessary for the ever-changing labour market, to be responsible for own
learning, plan own professional life path, the Centre’s learning/teaching process is planned
and implemented by presenting the vocational education content in complete cycles – modules. Module – a part of vocational education programme formed of several subjects related
in terms of context, which have a defined aim and are oriented to the acquisition of a certain
competency. The structure of the modular programme is formed of the general modules
identical to all vocational training programmes and of the modules, which are characteristic to separate vocational training programmes. The general modules – “Introduction to
Profession”, “Data Collection and Submission”, “Introduction to Labour Market” (see Fig. 1).
The students of primary vocational training must assimilate all modules in order to acquire
a qualification. Each module is completed with an evaluation. The general modules are completed with a differential credit, vocational modules – with an interim qualification module
examination.
The process of modular vocational education/self-education, as an uninterrupted cycle,
is illustrated by the presented education programme structure table (see Table 1). The unique
education programme is realised on the basis of the trinity principal:
15
The third part of education context (approx. 20%) – EVALUATION/SELF-ASSESSMENT
EXPERIENCE
C-o-n-t-e-m-p-l-a-t-i-o-n
Acquisition of knowledge
and skills
ACTION/
CONTEMPLATION
E-x-p-e-r-i-e-n-c-e
Consolidation of
knowledge and skills
through practice
EVALUATION/
SELF-ASSESSMENT
– is aimed at the realisation of student knowledge and skills by implementing the
community projects. In the course of the academic year (September, January
A-c-t-i-o-n
and May), three major community projects are implemented, i.e. “The Teacher
Realisation of
knowledge and skills
of My Life”, “Let’s Love our Teacher” and “Let’s Respect our Teacher” (see Table 1).
The duration of each of these projects – three weeks. Each week is accordingly
dedicated to the evaluation/self-assessment of the general education, vocational
training and socio-cultural education. The general skills and knowledge of
CONTEXT
students are discussed and evaluated, the students are encouraged to express their
attitude to various problems and situations encountered in life, reveal their social,
creative and vocational skills through communication and cooperation. It is an
The circle of the course of education programme is formed of three parts having a direct
influence on each other: GAINING OF EXPERIENCE – ACTION/CONTEMPLATION – EVALUATION/
SELF-ASSESSMENT.
person and how they improved intellectually and spiritually after the semester.
The major projects include the creative integrated projects implemented during the
semester, after-class activities of students, organised conferences, cultural events,
The first part of Programme context (50%) – GAINING OF EXPERIENCE – is dedicated
competitions, exhibitions, trips, recollections, traditional festivals, social work,
to the acquisition of knowledge and skills, implementation of the requirements of the
volunteering, etc. In other words, the large projects allow the students to show
training programme and conveyance of the core of teaching content by traditional
their achievements, celebrate them and indicate the future aims.
learning/teaching methods. The priority is given to the education of vocational and
essential competencies.
16
excellent opportunity for the teacher to see and find out what is important to a
EDUCATION/SELF-EDUCATION OF VALUE ATTITUDES
The second part of context (approx. 30%) – ACTION/CONTEMPLATION – is aimed
In the Centre, the education of value attitudes is based on the principles of Jesuit peda-
at consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice (volunteering, arts,
gogy, the basis of which is CURA PERSONALIS – caring about the person as the highest value,
communication, etc.). It emphasises the importance of personal and vocational
mostly focusing on the student’s personal education, his/her vocational, intellectual, social
values in the vocational activity and by educating the ability to use the gained
and spiritual growth. Seeking to adopt fair decisions both in personal life and professional
competencies in practice and to contemplate own actions in terms of value
activity, each person chooses the values and observes them. However, the recognition, eval-
by associating the newly acquired experience with the already possessed.
uation and systemisation of values are not an easy task of personal maturity, ability to hear
Consolidation of knowledge and skills is performed during the last week of each
out oneself, other persons and God. An important role in the area of the formation of voca-
month through a creative integrated project: “Genealogical Tree”, “How Can I Be
tional and personal value provisions is played by the vales accentuated in the school and
Useful to Others?”, “Getting Richer by Giving”, “I Seek Justice”, “I Trust”, “Thank
their hierarchy. Unlike many other schools, our Centre chose the Jesuit system of values,
You for Everything”. Six projects are implemented in the course of academic years
which is based on the MAGIS principle. It encourages the students to contemplate their own
(see Table 1), the aims of which include the integration of the vocational training
actions and to decide on the best personal and professional decisions of all. In the Ignatius
with the general competency education programme based on the holistic personal
spirituality, this principle is related to the Latin saying “Ad majorem Dei Gloriam” inviting
concept, the emphasis of the importance of intellectual and spiritual improvement
to do everything to the greater glory of God and love for the closest ones. In order to educate
of the student. In order to educate the moral self-consciousness and to help him/
the openness of students to the God, oneself and other person, we selected the exclusion of
her to recognise and reveal the talents and skills received as a gift from the God, one
the three groups of personal and vocational values.
specific value is emphasised during each project (see Table 1), which is discussed
1. Fundamental values – BELIEF, HOPE and LOVE. These values are related to the com-
in detail between the students and the teacher and associated with one’s personal
munity projects “The Teacher of My Life”, “Let’s Love our Teacher” and “Let’s Respect
behaviour, lifestyle and selected professional activity. It helps the student to create
our Teacher”. The aim is to guide the students towards the deeper experience of
his/her own world-view based on the human and Christian values.
these values during the entire education process.
17
18
Creativeness
Belief
Community project
“Let’s Respect
our Teacher”
Responsibility
Love
Openness
Hope
Module X
Module X
Module X
Module X
Community project
“The Teacher
of My Life”
Service
Diligence
Sociality
Education of vocational and personal values
Course II
Module X
Community project
“Let’s Love
our Teacher”
Module X
Loyalty
Fairness
Appreciation
Creativeness
Responsibility
Love
Variety of values,
possibilities and
criteria for their
selection
Module X
Module X
Diligence
Service
REALISATION OF
KNOWLEDGE AND
SKILLS
Community project
“Let’s Love
our Teacher”
Community project
“The Teacher
of My Life”
Course I
would assume the total responsibility for the education of community members.
REALISATION OF
KNOWLEDGE AND
SKILLS
ture that each community member would not remain isolated, unheard, unevaluated and
S ep tem ber
image and attitudes. The Centre seeks to create such a communication and cooperation cul-
Module X
community has an educational effect by the performance of individual duties, behaviour,
Sociality
The Centre’s community is an active player in the area of education. Each member of the
N ove m be r
O ct obe r
the educational function. The mission of the Centre – sociality for the life-long education.
Belief
Community project
“Let’s Respect
our Teacher”
Module X
Module X
Module X
Fairness
Loyalty
Appreciation
REALISATION OF
KNOWLEDGE AND
SKILLS
May
Apri l
Ma rch
Februa ry
January
December
TABLE 1
department, canteen, dormitory, etc.) – all employees of educational establishment perform
Level WHAT?
ment team and employees of the servicing units (accounting department, housekeeping
Level HOW?
into the education process, but also the members of the Centre’s administration/manage-
and skills
sons and informal education, when not only students and profession teachers are involved
and skills
integrated and major community projects. It is performed constantly – each day, during les-
Consolidation through practice
Creative Integrated Project
“Genealogical Tree”
The value education of students is not limited only to the implementation of creative
“Genealogical Tree”
the challenges as new opportunities for the creation of personal success.
and skills
3. CREATIVENESS in generating valuable ideas and realising them, by evaluating
and skills
but also about one’s environment, community and country;
“How Can I Be Useful to Others?”
2. RESPONSIBILITY for one’s actions, morality, active care not only about oneself,
“How Can I Be Useful to Others?”
innovations;
and skills
1. OPENNESS to a different attitude, positive initiatives, dialogue, cooperation,
and skills
sidered as the fundamental progress values in Strategy “Lithuania 2030”, i.e.:
“Getting Richer by Giving”
of My Life”, “Let’s Love our Teacher” and “Let’s Respect our Teacher”, which are con-
“Getting Richer by Giving”
3. Three vocational values are associated with the community projects “The Teacher
and skills
6. appreciation – the ability to accept everything what is sent by the God in life.
and skills
value attitudes;
“I Seek Justice”
5. loyalty – the loyalty for God, the person close to use, loyalty for oneself and
“I Seek Justice”
working for the welfare of the entire society;
and skills
justice for all works of God, especially for the poor, isolated and disadvantaged,
and skills
4. fairness – “give the other person whatever belongs to him/her”. The seek for
“I Trust”
3. service – service to God and person;
“I Trust”
2. diligence – conscious improvement of individual powers;
and skills
1. community – being, doing and learning together;
and skills
values:
“Thank You for Everything”
creative projects and discussed with students and associated with their vocational
“Thank You for Everything”
2. Each month, the following values of Ignatius are emphasised during the integrated
19
UNIKALIOS KARALIAUS MINDAUGO PROFESINIO
MOKYMO CENTRO UGDYMO SISTEMOS PRISTATYMAS
DESCRIPTION OF MODULAR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
AND TRAINING PROGRAMME
to apply the knowledge on the physiological and pathological processes taking
place in human organism in practice;
to select the cosmetic means and products;
to prepare a customer servicing plan;
to ensure high-quality and safe performance of cosmetic procedures;
PROGR AMME DESCRIPTION
to perform mechanical and hygiene skin treatment, scrubbing and application of
the mask;
The hygiene cosmetics cosmetician evaluates the conditions of the client’s skin, selects
to perform classical hygiene massage of the face and separate body parts;
and performs appropriate hygiene procedures for the face and body skin care (scrubs,
to do various types of make-ups;
masks, mechanical and hygiene skin cleaning, classical hygiene face and body mas-
to perform hygiene manicure and pedicure;
sage, various kinds of make-ups, hygiene manicure and pedicure, depilation), selects
to do hair removal procedures;
cosmetic products for the procedures and the individual use, applies new methods for
to work safely with the electrical devices necessary for the cosmetic procedures;
the care of client skin elasticity and improvement of the look of the skin, teaches on
to teach on the principles of healthy lifestyle and nutrition;
the principles of healthy life-style and diet, analyses and evaluates the effectiveness
to communicate and cooperate with the colleagues and clients;
of customer service. He/she communicates and cooperates with the colleagues and
to analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of customer service.
clients and applies the knowledge of business economy and management in his/her
activity.
AIM OF THE PROGR AMME
The training programme is aimed at preparing the hygiene cosmetics cosmeticians,
Having completed the hygiene cosmetics cosmetician training programme, the students have an opportunity to receive the INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY
certificate.
who are able to provide cosmetic services.
Professional perspectives.
PROGR AMME OBJEC TIVES
Having acquired the qualification of hygiene cosmetics cosmetician, the person can
1. Provision of theoretical knowledge on human anatomy and physiology, skin composition and care, technologies of cosmetic procedures.
2. Education of practical skills of students to provide cosmetic services.
3. Education of the general skills of students.
4. Preparation of a specialist, who is able to adapt in the labour market.
work as a cosmetician in beauty parlours and salons, cosmetology treatment centres
(under the supervision of the doctor), be consultants in beauty shops and pursue individual activity.
STRUCTURE OF MODULAR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND
TRAINING PROGRAMME HYGIENE COSMETICS
1ST HALF-YEAR
Final evaluation is a qualification examination according to the procedure of exam-
2ND HALF-YEAR
inations established by the Minister of Educational and Science of the Republic of
Lithuania.
THE ACQUIRED COMPETENCIES
Having heard the course of hygiene cosmetics cosmetician training programme, the
student will have following competencies:
to evaluate the cosmetic hygiene needs of the client;
I. Introduction
to Profession
II. Data
Collection and
Presentation
III. Make-up
Techniques
3RD HALF-YEAR
VI. Introduction to
Labour Market
VII. Sale/Provision of
Service
IV. Performance
of Skin Care
Procedures
V. Performance
of Body Care
Procedures
4TH HALF-YEAR
VIII. Planning of
Employment
IX. Final
Module
to evaluate the client’s skin and provide recommendations for its care at home;
20
21
GYVŪNŲ PRIŽIŪRĖTOJO MOKYMO PROGRAMA
MODULE I.
INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSION
THE AIM is to reveal the particularities of student’s selected profession, to familiarise with
teaching/learning environment and to educate the value attitudes for the implementation of the
social project “The Teacher of My Life”.
MODULE I.
INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSION
LEARNING/TEACHING TOOLS:
EVALUATION AND SELF-ASSESSMENT:
Module teaching/learning material (annexes).
self-control questions (in vocation, general
cultural and value aspects);
presentation of the prepared scenario for the
celebration of the Teacher’s day (group work).
THE OBJECTIVES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.
to familiarise with teaching/learning environment and evaluate the present vocational
preparation level;
2. to create conditions for the harmony of personal and professional values of students;
3. to familiarise the students with the actual working environment and start to plan individual
vocational work trends and guidelines.
Annex 1. Module 1. Introduction to profession.
THE RESULT – to reveal the particularities of profession, to familiarise with the learning/
teaching environment, to create conditions for the harmony of personal and vocational values,
trends and guidelines of planned individual professional work.
REALISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
MODULE:
TOPIC:
IMPLEMENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF THE
INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSION IN THE SOCIAL PROJECT “THE
TEACHER OF MY LIFE”
TEACHING/LEARNING CONTENT:
presentation of learning/teaching material;
presentation of learning/teaching procedure,
rules and provisions;
importance of education of general cultural
competencies;
verification of available professional knowledge
and skills;
personal and professional values and their
importance in the vocational activity;
importance of volunteering for the vocational
activity;
importance of pilgrimage for the formation of
personal value attitudes;
“picture” of selected profession, work places of
the service provider.
22
Introduction to
profession
HOURS
DEDICATED:
108
TEACHING/LEARNING TECHNIQUES AND
METHODS:

lecture;
work in groups;
individual work;
virtual and actual excursion in the institution;
review of video material, films and insights;
discussion;
questions-answers;
case analysis.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
to stipulate and describe the individual education trajectory (in professional, general cultural
and value aspects).
23
MODULE II. DATA COMPILATION AND
PRESENTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF HYGIENE
COSMETICS PROGRAMME
THE AIM OF MODULE is to provide general knowledge necessary for the compilation and
MODULE II. DATA COMPILATION AND PRESENTATION
IN THE CONTEXT OF HYGIENE COSMETICS PROGRAMME
Objective
01
ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
ACQUISITION OF GENERAL MAIN KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS
presentation of information (data).
THEORETICAL TRAINING MATERIAL
THE AIMS OF MODULE ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.
to reveal the bases of general knowledge and skills necessary for the compilation and
presentation of information (data);
2. to consolidate the general knowledge and skills when implementing the integrated creative
project “Genealogical Tree”.
CORRECT USE OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
Purpose of use of the Lithuanian standard language and language culture;
THE RESULT – applied general knowledge and skills necessary to compile and present
Writing culture (deepening of spelling and punctuation knowledge);
information (data).
Vocabulary culture (norms and mistakes);
ACQUISITION AND CONSOLIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
Language correctness (word formation, morphology, syntax mistakes);
Public speech particularities. Types of speeches.
MODULE:
COSMETICS DEPARTMENT
Data Compilation and Presentation in the Context of
Hygiene cosmetics Programme
HOURS DEDICATED: 144
1.
correct use of spoken and written
language for special purposes;
2. use of information technologies in
learning and vocation activity;
3. economic theories and business basics;
4. aesthetical attitude to the world;
5. general knowledge on civil safety and
rescue system;
6. requirements of safe work organisation,
electrical safety, fire safety and
occupational hygiene;
7.
implementation of integrated creative
project “Genealogical Tree”.
METHODS:

work in groups;
individual work;
lecture;
discussion;
presentation.
24
“
Juozas Balčikonis
Purpose of use of the Lithuanian standard language and language culture
What is the Lithuanian language and how to describe it? It is a language spoken only
about 4 million people and is not included among one hundred most popular languages
of the world. We are a small nation with a very old language, which is similar to Sanskrit
MODULE FINAL TASK:
(classical Hindu language), ancient Latin and Greek. Our language is vocal, pleasant to the
description of the application of general
ear and abundant in words. The Lithuanian language is also extraordinary due to the fact
knowledge of vocational subject in the selected
vocational activity (by using the Internet space,
literature);
creative project “Genealogical Tree”.
learning/teaching material;
training programme;
prepared learning/teaching material for
self-control questions;
review (test) of theoretical knowledge;
practical tasks.
inquiry preparation tools:
The evaluation is based on the 10-grade system
based on the established criteria.
www.manoapklausa.lt, www.apklausa.lt,
etc.
„
lecture;
presentation of the performed tasks of integrated
theoretical lectures (according to the topics);
Only the clarity of language leads us to the clarity of thought.
On the other hand, no other incompetency is more obvious
than the incompetency of language.
that it managed to survive. In the turns of history, it could have disappeared from the family
of languages and yet survived. Let us remember the book smugglers, the attribution of the
Lithuanian language to the language of commoners, etc.
The Lithuanian language, as a separate language of the eastern Baltic subgroup, started
to develop from the 7th century. As far back as in the 13th - 14th century, the main dialects of
the Upper and Lower Lithuania started to emerge in the language. The Lithuanian written language emerged only in the 16th century with the emergence of the first Lithuanian
book – “Catechism” by Martynas Mažvydas – in 1547. The standard Lithuanian language
was formed in the late 19th – early 20th century on the basis of the dialect of Western Upper
Lithuanian (Kaunas). Having withstood various challenges (press prohibition, Russification
in the Soviet Times), the modern-day Lithuanian language is the only official state language
25
of the Republic of Lithuania (also one of the official EU languages since 2004), protected by
Loan-translation is a word or phrase formed on the basis of other languages. The
special institutions and defended under the Law on the State Language. The Lithuanian lan-
loan-translation can be correct (standard) and incorrect (non-standard). Correct loan-trans-
guage is very archaic and meets all the needs of the modern Lithuanian society.
lations do not contradict with the tendencies of the formation of the Lithuanian words or
The Lithuanian language goes hand in hand with those who use it. It quickly reveals
phrases and have no equivalents in the standard language. Incorrect loan-translations (or
who you are and what you do. The first impression about the speaker is based on how fluent,
calques) do not meet the tendencies of the formation of the Lithuanian words or phrases and
expressive and convincing his/her language is. The language culture is a part of the general
have equivalents in the standard language, e.g., išsireiškimas (= posakis, pasakymas); didelis
culture of a person. Each speaker must feel the responsibility for his/her own language and
ačiū (= labai ačiū).
its correctness and shall seek to make his/her language clear, correct and unique.
The language culture is an exemplary or at least an appropriate use of language in the
same way as, for example, the behaviour culture is an exemplary or at least an appropriate
behaviour. The language culture is the quality of language involving the correctness, consistency of sentences and compliance with the standard language norms. There are spoken
and written language cultures, the latter of which is regulated in a stricter manner. The
requirements applicable to the everyday language are less strict or it is not regulated at
all. The language ethics focuses not only on the correctness, but also on the cultural and
polite manner of addressing to someone, asking, saying sorry, thanking and greeting. It has
always been and will be important to respect the other talking party, not to offend him/her
with one’s words. The language aesthetics aims at making the language not only correct,
but also figurative, vocal and forcible. Even a fact-based formal language can be beautiful.
Therefore, caring about the language culture, we also care about the communication
culture and show that we actually respect people, who we meet in one way or another. In
fact, sometimes we do not even realise how much pain and trouble we can cause to people
by a single careless word or saying.
There are several main causes of the mistakes in language, i.e., impact of other languages, impact of dialects, jargon, slang and non-compliance with the proper language style.
Vocabulary culture (norms and mistakes)
Based on the origin, the mistakes of vocabulary are barbarisms, based on the violation
of language system – loan-translations, based on the use – jargons.
The borrowings that are not legalised in the standard language are called the barbarisms (Gr. barbaros mans “foreign”), for example, papkė (= aplankalas, segtuvas); markeris
(= teksto spalviklis, spalviklis).
The majority of the barbarisms used in the Lithuanian language are of Slavonic origin,
far less – of German origin. Currently, there is a flow of barbarisms from the English language. The obvious barbarisms that are not justifiable in the Lithuanian language are
those having excellent Lithuanian equivalents. Such mistakes were attributed by the State
Commission for the Lithuanian Language to the List of the Biggest Language Mistakes (see
http://vlkk.lt/lit/klaidos).
26
Language correctness (word formation, morphology, syntax mistakes)
Derivatives of prefixes and suffixes are the most important for the language culture,
because the majority of mistakes is related to their formation and use (kursiokas, -ė (= bendrakursis, -ė; kurso draugas, -ė); grupiokas, -ė (= grupės draugas, -ė). Some mistakes are also
possible in the formation and use of compounds. Less mistakes are observed in the formation
and use of ending derivatives, for example, bendraautorius (= bendraautoris).
Morphology and syntax form the grammar. The object of morphology – the forms of
words, syntax – compounds and sentences. The morphology mistakes are not frequent, because
the forms of words are hardly influenced by other languages.
More usual morphology mistakes include a wrong use of gender, a wrong use of grammar
number, wrong endings, confusion of pronominal and non-pronominal forms or reflexive and
non-reflexive forms, for example, absolventui (= absolventei) Pavardenei įteiktas dėstytojo diplomas; Kirpykla dirba jau keturi (= ketveri) metai; Pasirašė vyriausias (= vyriausiasis) buhalteris.
Syntax mistakes are very common and serious. For example, the verb atitikti should control the accusative case (as compared with a famous proverb Atitiko kirvis kotą), however, one
sometimes incorrectly uses atitikti with the dative case based on the Russian example and says
atitinka dydžiui (= dydį), atitinka amžiui (= amžių), atitinka nuotaikai (= nuotaiką), atitinka
reikalavimams (= reikalavimus), etc.
The syntax mistakes are difficult to recognise and correct. In case of any doubt regarding
the morphology and syntax subjects, it is necessary to check the grammar and other language
culture publications (see Bibliography and Appendices).
Public speech particularities. Types of speeches
Similarities of public and private speaking. In both cases the thoughts should be expressed
logically and whatever you are saying should be applied to the other party of the talk, for example, the same thing is explained to a five-year-old in one way, to an adult – in another. It is necessary to speak persuasively. In order to ground the thoughts, we illustrate the image, tell funny
stories. To enhance the impression, we use the tone of voice, face expressions, gestures. When
speaking, we observe the reaction of the other person: what he/she says, what he/she does, how
their face looks like.
27
Differences. The public monologue speech has a clearer structure; the public speech shall
Annex 1. Lithuanian Language Culture and Language for Special Purposes.
be correct both in terms of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation; the public speech shall be
BIBLIOGRAPHY
presented in a manner other than an ordinary talk. When speaking publicly, personal manners
should not be demonstrated, e.g., various grimaces or poses, bywords or “lowing” shall also be
refused.
Classification of public speeches. Information speeches (report, paper, lecture, lesson),
appeal speeches (meetings, agitation, propaganda, protest, pre-election, patriotic speech,
sermon); emotion speeches (celebration, presentation, greeting, acknowledgement, anniversary, epitaph (speech by the grave); memento speech (speech on the occasion of anniversary of
death), occasional lecture, toast.
Speech planning. Selection of the topic, collection of material, planning of enunciation,
preparation of introduction and ending, writing of a text, telling it out loud and practice.
1. Gavenauskienė D., Keršienė O., Leonavičienė V., Vėtienė E. (2001) Kalbos kultūros
vadovėlis (Lithuanian Culture Handbook). Vilnius: Homo liber.
2. Kazlauskienė A., Rimkutė E., Bielinskienė E. (2010) Bendroji ir specialybės kalbos
kultūra (General Language Culture and Culture of Language for Special Purposes).
Vilnius: Pasaulio lietuvių centras.
3. Šukys J. (2006) Kalbos kultūra visiems (Language Culture to Everyone). Kaunas:
Šviesa.
4. http://lkz.mch.mii.lt – Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai (Recommendations for the
Use of Office Language) (prepared by P. Kniūkšta) (last seen on 09.05.2013).
5. http://www.klaidutis.lt – Lietuvių kalbos mokymosi svetainė (Lithuanian language
SELF-CONTROL QUESTIONS / TASKS
1. B
y relying on your own personal knowledge and experience, please write the letter
on the theme “What would I tell the foreigner about the Lithuanian language?”.
Max 150-200 words.
2. D
escribe the selected speciality. Consider your experience, personal characteristics
and skills suitable to the selected profession. Please explain why you selected this
speciality and how you imagine your activity in this area. Max 200-250 words.
3. P
lease write the acknowledgement speech (10-15 sentences) according to the
presented framework: A. say thank-you for the evaluation; B. say how important
it is for you; C. thank those who contributed to your achievement; D. it is possible
to tell something interesting about Your life.
4. Please indicate professions, the representatives of which have to communicate a
lot.
5. Please make a list of professions and positions, essential part of which is related
to: A. communication with clients; B. management and delivery of speeches.
6. Please write at least three motives why you attributed your profession to one of
the groups.
7. Consider what talker is good and what is bad. Please write 5 descriptions that
come to your mind first; discuss it with your friend.
8. Answer the question what properties you are still lacking to be as good talker.
28
learning website) (last seen on 09.05.2013).
6. http://www.vlkk.lt – Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisija (State Commission for
Lithuanian Language) (last seen on 09.05.2013).
7. http://dz.lki.lt – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Contemporary
Lithuanian Language) (last seen on 09.05.2013).
USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN LEARNING AND VOCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Distance learning;
Online search of information;
Communication by using ICT devices.
Distance learning
Technologies form an integral part of distance learning. Historically, distance learning
is related to the development of technologies. According to the scientists, distance learning
started upon the emergence of the industrial society. At the end of the 19th century, distance
learning was already established as the studies of correspondence, i.e., studies by using
correspondence.
The emergence of Internet and various rapidly developing technologies allowed the
spread of distance learning and encouraged the communication and collaboration of learners. Currently, the focus of the studies is more on the educational rather than organisational
matters related to the delivery of training.
29
When comparing distance and traditional studies, it is possible to distinguish the
The entire education process takes place in virtual learning environment (VLE). The
below listed particularities of the advantage of distance studies.
Flexibility. A possibility to study at a convenient time, in a convenient place and in a
convenient speed.
Modular structure. A possibility to form individual or group training plans from individual course modules.
full content of course and module is presented, communication is provided for discussions
(in forums, conversations or by e-mail), practical tasks are performed, the work in groups is
performed, whereas the acquired knowledge and skills are verified by computer tests, evaluated by automatic means, etc.
VLE allows various learning scenarios and methods. Similarly as in the actual learning
Workability. Use of the newest information and communication technologies (printed
environment (e.g., class, occupation), VLE seeks to help the students to learn, monitor the
material, radio, videotapes, audiotapes, compact disks, telecommunication, virtual learning
learning process, improve its content. Therefore, VLE could be described as the system of
environment, etc.).
learning material, tasks, communication and evaluation means allowing the flexible man-
New role of an educator. The curators and lecturers have a more important role as
agement of the education process (Fig. 1).
they must understand the technologies and new emerging functions: coordination of learning process, consultation, correction of the delivered course, leading in the projects, etc.
New requirements for the learner. A precise motivation, individuality, diligence and
certain main skills of the use of technologies are critical.
Handling and
presentation
of material
Bilateral communication. Students and lecturers communicate both synchronically
and asynchronically.
Parallelism. A possibility to study without losing a contact with the professional activity and by applying the newly acquired skills in the practice straight away.
Cost-effectiveness. The data of the research performed abroad shows that distance
Individual
work
Monitoring and
management of
learning process
VIRTUAL
LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT
Tasks and
assessment
studies are cheaper than the traditional ones. It is achieved by a more effective use of premises, technical tools, concentrated and unified content of teaching material and possibility
to work with a considerable flow of students.
Social equality. Equal opportunities to acquire education irrespective of the place of
residence, state of health or material resources.
Internationality. Export and import of global achievements in the market of education
Communication
and cooperation
Fig. 1. General features of the virtual learning environment
services, international cooperation.
VLE was first started to be used in higher education schools. The same situation was
Distance studies are delivered by using virtual learning environments. One of the
in foreign countries and in Lithuania. The universities have already been widely using vir-
most popular modern-day virtual learning environments is Moodle (moodle.org). It is an
tual learning environments – in this way, the students are taught an increasing number of
Australian designed system dedicated to organise the learning in the network. Moodle is an
university courses. After some time, VLE started to be implemented in the schools of general
open-source, web-based virtual learning environment created on the basis of the concept
education as well. In the higher schools, VLE is usually used for traditional distance learning
of social constructive pedagogy (cooperation, proactiveness, critical evaluation, etc.), when
when the lecturer and the student cannot meet frequently. However, this education model
knowledge is constructed by mutual cooperation between the students or together with a
does not meet the aims of the schools of general education, therefore, other VLE application
teacher. Since Moodle is an open freely distributed system which, without prejudice to the
methods started to be applied, learning at school is coordinated with the help at home, spe-
licence agreement, could be adapted to personal needs, translated into desired language and
cific education areas are searched where the virtual learning would be desired and effective
used without any restrictions. The system is already translated and being translated into
(for example, for work with especially talented children).
50 languages. Moodle is successfully applied in science, professional and general education
establishments.
After discussing the essential features of the virtual learning environment, it is necessary to compare them with the distance learning. Distance learning is a more general
concept, which is first of all used to describe the physical distance between the student and
30
31
the teacher. Virtual learning environment is one of the most effective means for the imple-
Search of information in the web
mentation of distance learning. Thus, the distance learning could be organised by various
means, for example, video conference. Even sending of e-mails with tasks and explanations
The information can be recorded in several ways.
to students could be one of the methods of distance learning. Whereas the VLE is a measure
Copy information to your computer.
for expression of systematic ordered distance learning method and organisation of learning
Mark the address of information interesting for you in the web browser (function
process.
Favorite/Bookmark).
See Annex 2. Information Communication Technologies.
Online search of information
First of all, it shall be noted that the Lithuanian name of Internet is “pasaulinis žiniatinklis” (World Wide Web) or simply “žiniatinklis” (Web). Internet is a simple network formed
of interconnected and communicating computers.
Function Favorite
1. Open the necessary page, e.g., www.delfi.lt.
The web browsers are used for browsing the Internet. Various browsers are possible:
2. If you use Internet Explorer browser, press caption Add to Favorites.
3. If you use FireFox browser, press caption Bookmarks above and then Bookmark this
page.
Internet Explorer
FireFox
Google Chrome
etc.
How the browsing is done?
1. Load your web browser, for example, Internet Explorer
or FireFox
2. Write the address in the address bar, for example, www.delfi.lt, and press Enter.
See Annex Information Communication Technologies.
32
33
Communication by using ICT devices
Check the availability, everything is fine and you can proceed. Note: you will have to remember the selected username in the future.
In this constantly developing world, not only the environment is changing, we are
Select the password – you will use it each time you want to log in. The selected pass-
changing as well as our communication. Intrapersonal communication measures are
word shall be of at least 8 symbols. The inscription strength of password is provided near the
becoming more widespread in our everyday life. Could we have ever imagined that we would
password field. After entering the selected password, the system finds out if this password
communicate and see the person in another part of the world without leaving our home?
is difficult (strong) or easy (weak) to guess.
The universal access to modern multi-modal communication systems has an unquestioned
huge potential to change and enrich the social interactions between persons. One of the
most ordinary forms of modern-day communications is the electronic mail. The most popular one is Gmail offered by Google, and it is presented below.
Re-enter the password. Enter your password once again in this field for the system to
verify if you made no mistake in writing it.
Security question – you have to enter the question the answer to which you should
always remember.
Answer – the answer to the entered question is entered in this field.
Electronic communication (e-mail)
Additional e-mail – an alternative e-mail address should be written in this field (if
any) to be used for your verification in case a problem occurs or you forget the password. If
What is Gmail?
Gmail is an e-mail system developed by Google and described by Google itself as “a new
kind of webmail created on the basis of an idea that e-mail can be more intuitive, effective
and useful”.
you do not have an alternative e-mail, you can refuse to fill this field.
Location – the country of your residence should be written in this field. Usually,
Lithuania is already provided as an option, therefore, nothing should be changed.
Type the text – write the below listed symbols in this field.
Terms of Service. Here you have to read the below indicated information with the
How to use it?
terms of service. By pressing I agree, you confirm your compliance with the above indicated
In the address bar (the area where the address of website is entered) on the top of the
Terms of Service, Programme Regulations and Privacy Policy. If you agree with all the terms
browser, enter the address www.gmail.com. Press Enter to open www.gmail.com website.
and conditions, press the button I agree below. Create an account.
At the bottom of the website you can see a button allowing you to create an account.
Press this button to open a window (to create Google account Gmail), where you will provide
If you made any mistakes, the system asks to repeat one or another action, for exam-
information about yourself and will create your e-mail. It will be necessary to fill the pro-
ple, to repeat the password. Re-enter information and rewrite the symbols to the field Type
vided fields.
the text. If everything is fine, a window is opened where you are congratulated for the successful connection to Gmail.
How to register?
Name – enter your name.
It has been confirmed by the scientists that the visual communication is probably the
Surname – enter your surname.
most important aspect of human communication. The new technologies provide an oppor-
Desirable username – select your name and surname as the username and enter
tunity to see persons we communicate with in any part of the world. The most popular direct
them in this field. Thus, your username will be [email protected]. Your selected
visual communication is a video conference. In all cases, its location is the Internet. There
username has to be from 6 to 30 symbols. After entering the selected username to the field,
are two types of conferences: public and closed. Everyone can connect to public video confer-
it is necessary to press the button below to verify the availability. The system checks if the
ences, whereas the closed conference can only be access if you are invited by the owner or by
selected username is not in use. If such name is already in use, several options are offered
having special connection data. The latter is especially used by the businessmen.
to select the similar name. You have to select from the options or think of a new username.
If you see the inscription that your selected username is available after pressing the button
34
See Annex Information Communication Technologies.
35
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Comparison of one of positive aspects of distance learning with the traditional
studies. The aim of this task is to acquire the skills of online communication.
A. Make the groups of 3 students.
B. Describe the selected aspect (4-5 pages).
C. Prepare the PowerPoint presentation.
D. Present your work by using the video conference equipment.
1. Balbieris G., Kriščiūnienė N., Muraškienė D., Urkis M., Vaskela G., Verseckas A.,
Verseckas V., Sederevičiūtė E. (2005). Virtuali mokymosi aplinka (Virtual Learning
Environment). Online access: http://www.vipt.lt/cms/app?service=external/index&sp=2313&sp=2030 (last seen on 20.04.2013).
2. Kas yra nuotolinės studijos? (What are the Distance Studies). Online access: http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzF3eBoXgn8 (last seen on 20.04.2013).
3. Google galimybės. Kaip greitai ir teisingai ieškoti informacijos? (Google Potential. How
to Search Information in a Fast and Proper Manner). Online Access: http://www.
studijuok.lt/course/33/google_galimybes_kaip_greitai_ir_teisingai_ieskoti_informacijos_2.htm (last seen on 20.04.2013).
2. Description and presentation of social tools.
A. The students are grouped into pairs.
ECONOMIC THEORIES AND BUSINESS BASICS
B. One pair of students selects one tool of social networking (Facebook, Doodle,
Market economic system;
Skype, RSS, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.).
C. By working together, the students prepare a paper composed of the following
parts:
Demand. Supply. Market equilibrium price;
Consumers. Savers. Investors;
Business organisation and financing;
Competition and marketing.
introduction (short description of social networking tool, main functions,
aims);
the example chosen by students showing how this tool of social networking
could be used in the learning process;
conclusions.
Volume – up to 5 pages. (spacing – 1.5 lines, font – Times New Roman).
D. The pair of students who worked together should present the selected tool.
Other students are taught on the use of this tool.
Market economic system
Market is a system where people engage in exchange. A person buys goods and services to meet his/her needs. The wishes and needs of the society and unlimited, whereas the
resources are very limited. Thus, the economics is a science on the effective use of available
limited production resources to meet the unlimited needs of society for the goods and services. There are three groups of resources or production factors: natural, human and capital
resources. Entrepreneurship is also included into the list of production factors quite often.
Entrepreneurship refers to the special personal skills of a person that are necessary to help
business and to manage it. The theory of economics is composed of two parts: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the
activity of individual persons, families, business companies, fields of economy and other
economic entities making individual decisions. Macroeconomics is a branch of economics
examining the entire national economics system.
36
37
Demand. Supply. Market equilibrium price
Competition and marketing
Demand is the quantity of specific goods or services that the consumers (buyers) want
and can acquire at the specific time and for various prices. The quantities of demand for
specific products are varying. The change in the demand can be influenced by the change of
such factors as income, price of substitutes, number of buyers, price of completed products,
expectations, change of tastes and habits. Supply refers to various quantities of a specific
good that the producers want and can sell at the specific time and for different prices. The
producers usually offer a specific product for a higher price, because they seek profit. Market
equilibrium price or simply the market price is a price, which coordinates the quantity of
goods demanded by the buyers with the quantity desired to be sold by the sellers. When the
price of good is lower or higher than the market price, the lack or excess of good is established. It is eliminated by the competition in the market.
Competition is the race between the buyers and sellers in buying and selling resources
and products. Types of market structure include perfect competition, monopoly competition, oligopoly, monopoly. Under the conditions of market economy, the competition exists
in successful markets. The businessmen have to review their aims, know the needs of buyers
and seek to overtake the competitors. Marketing is the activity aimed at meeting the needs
of consumers in the process of exchange. The constituents of marketing include product,
price, support of sales and point of sale. Marketing functions include information collection, sale of product, financing, standardisation and classification, risk management.
1. Please think of how large shopping centres meet the needs of you as the client.
Consumers. Savers. Investors
Please describe how you will determine the needs of the future client.
2. Please create the advertisement of the service planned to be provided.
Consumer is a person having income and purchasing goods and services for personal
use. Types of income include wage, salary, lease, interest, profit. The formation of personal
3. Do the test. In column “Answer”, write the letter of the selected answer.
budget would help the users and savers to choose correctly. Cleared funds should be used
for saving and investment activities. Clear funds are income minus costs. When starting to
save, it is important to determine the financial objectives, to evaluate income and plan the
costs. When investing money, it is necessary to evaluate three criteria, i.e., security, profitability and liquidity. Other methods can also be used to increase the personal property. The
most popular forms of insurance include life, health, property and civil liability insurance.
ITEM
NO
1.
Business organisation and financing
QUESTION
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
What are the factors
conditioning the
production of goods
and services in the
market economy?
A. Free exchange.
What is the
business?
A. Activity providing benefit to everyone.
ANSWER
B. Shortage.
C. Government.
D. Banks.
It is good to start business in case of unexpected opportunity, change in market conditions, laws, good idea how to improve the available product, develop the substitute for
2.
the current product or product which is not available in the market. The businessman is
B. Activity related to the production of goods.
C. Activity aimed at receiving profit.
a person who assumes the risk for the development of a new product or implementation
D. All answers are correct.
of a better way of commercial activity. The main forms of business organisation include
the individual company, economic partnership, company, non-profit organisation, state
enterprise, cooperative. The money exchange occurs in the financial market between those
wishing to borrow and savers. The forms of short-term and long-term financing are distinguished. Financial reports include company’s balance-sheet, profit (loss) statement, etc.
3.
What is the service?
A. Any kind of benefit offered by one side to
another.
B. Activity, which does not develop and does not
process natural products.
C. Activity of development and processing of
physical products.
D. Intangible activity defined by the interaction
between the user and the service provider.
38
39
4.
The market exists
where:
A. The consumers express their needs and
wishes.
Annex 3. Economics and Business Basics.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
B. Products are advertised.
C. Government and businessmen establish
stores.
5.
What is characteristic to the market
economy?
D. Buyers and sellers exchange goods and
services for money.
2. Autorių kolektyvas (2006). Ekonomika (Economics). Kaunas: VDU leidykla.
A. Tradition and customs.
4. *Maldeikienė A. (2004). Ekonomika (Economics). Vilnius: Tyto alba.
B. Private ownership, competition and pricing
system.
5. Martinkus B., Žilinkas V. (2001). Ekonomikos pagrindai (Economics Basics). Kaunas:
C. Planned economy and government
ownership.
D. Relations between slaveholders and slaves.
6.
What is the profit?
1. *Ekonomika ir verslas (Economics and Business) (2008). Vilnius: LJA.
A. Production in company’s warehouse.
B. Company’s income for sold production.
3. *Makutėnas V., Makutėnienė D. (2003). Ekonomika (Economics). Kaunas: Šviesa.
Technologija.
6. Snieška V. ir kt. (2006). Mikroekonomika (Microeconomics). Kaunas: Technologija.
Note: publications marked with (*) are listed for students, who did not study economics
and business at the secondary school.
C. Difference between income and costs.
D. Remuneration for work.
7.
What are the types of
entrepreneurship?
A. Industrial, commercial, financial.
B. Industrial and banking.
C. Commercial and industrial.
8.
9.
Aesthetical categories;
Aesthetical perception of the world.
If product demand
grows faster than
the supply, how the
market equilibrium
price will change?
A. Price will drop.
Concept of aesthetics
Competition is
important because:
A. It restricts the consequences of demand and
supply.
B. Price will increase.
C. Price will remain unchanged.
D. Insufficient information to answer the
question.
C. It encourages the producers to work more
efficient.
D. It creates the market, where the producers
control prices.
People who invest
their savings into
shares:
A. Earn money, if they sell their shares for a
price higher than the purchase price.
B. Receive considerable profit.
C. Invest with very small risk.
D. Do not participate in country’s financial
market.
40
Concept of aesthetics;
D. Financial and shopping.
B. It eliminates the seek for profit.
10.
AESTHETICAL ATTITUDE TO THE WORLD
The start of aesthetics science originated 2,500 years ago in the Ancient Egypt, India,
China and developed in the Ancient Greece.
There are 3 main approaches to the aesthetics object in the modern-day aesthetics:
1. aesthetics - science on art;
2. aesthetics - science on beauty;
3. aesthetics – science on the most general regularities of the aesthetical recognition
of the world.
3 different groups of objects are possible in the aesthetics, i.e.:
1. natural objects of nature;
2. object for use;
3. specially developed objects – works of art. They are characterised by the highest
aesthetical value.
41
The taste is formed by the general culture and aesthetical education. The aim of aes-
We perceive and evaluate the reality in terms of aesthetics by having a certain aesthet-
thetical education is to form a specific aesthetical person’s relation with reality and the
ical (beauty) ideal in front of our eyes. Aesthetical ideal is a vision of perfect life and perfect
world: to educate the ability to feel the beauty in the surrounding environment and to
person. This feeling is educated by a real life. In various epochs, the properties of great spir-
enhance the personal culture.
ituality, seek for beauty and good belonged to the aesthetical ideal. The aesthetical ideal is
embodied by the art.
Aesthetical categories
The aesthetical taste is formed on the basis of aesthetical ideal. Aesthetical taste is the
person’s ability to evaluate various natural phenomena in terms of aesthetics and works of
Aesthetical categories describing certain aesthetical factors are created for the aesthet-
art, create aesthetically valuable objects. The aesthetical taste is of an emotional nature. It
ical perception and evaluation of reality. The main aesthetical categories include the beauty,
manifests in each separate case as we directly perceive specific phenomena. The aesthetical
tragedy and comedy. Other categories are grouped alongside, i.e., generosity, plaintiveness,
tastes of each one of us are different. The taste is more individual than aesthetical ideal.
heroism, greatness, etc.
None of the aesthetical factors can be fully revealed without using the category of
beauty. On the basis of beauty, we can aesthetically evaluate nature, public life and works of
art. A person associates harmony and consistency with the beauty. Beautiful is what complies with the person’s perception of a perfect life, what meets the person’s ideal.
The basis of tragedy refers to various encounters of public life, conflicts, fight of irrec-
1. What does the aesthetics examine?
2. Where will you apply the aesthetics knowledge in your vocational activity?
oncilable forces. This fight usually brings suffering and destruction for heroic fighters and
ends tragically.
Tragedy can occur only in a fight in the name of great public ideals.
Comedy is characterised by contradictions, the nature of which is related to negative,
disgusting phenomena, shortcomings and defects of individual persons or social groups.
The perception of comedy requires the developed aesthetical feeling of comedy – so-called
humour.
Aesthetical perception of the world
Aesthetical perception of the world and aesthetical activity originated and developed
in the course of the work.
Aesthetical attitude is emotional. It is a unique spiritual feeling. We feel joy, delight,
sympathy, disgust, anger. We express the aesthetical attitude with a positive or negative
evaluation of the object or phenomenon: some objects are delightful and gratifying, other
3. How aesthetics is different from ethics?
4. Is anything beautiful necessarily valuable?
5. Please write your opinion by prolonging the thought and presenting at least one
example: “Aesthetical appearance of employee is important in the communication
with consumer (client), because …”
6. What principles of communicate should be applied in communication with a
consumer (client)?
7. What St. Thomas Aquinas spoke about the beauty and what properties assigned to
it?
8. What is the morality and why is it important for us?
are unpleasant due to their disgust, some phenomena provide enjoyment, other – mockery,
etc. The aesthetical attitude to the world is embodied by an aesthetical activity, which manifests in various areas of life – school, work, home, etc. The universal aesthetical attitude to
BIBLIOGRAPHY
the reality is expressed by an art.
The more sensitive the person is for beauty, the more intolerant he/she is for the disgust and the more determined to improve the life. The developed aesthetical attitude to the
world is, first of all, an aim to create a new beauty in all areas of life and not only the watch
1. Andrijauskas A. (1995). Grožis ir menas (Beauty and Art). Vilnius: VDA leidykla.
2. Estetikos enciklopedija (Encyclopaedic of Aesthetics) (2010). Vilnius: Mokslo ir
enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
the beauty. Therefore, it is important to educate the feeling of beauty.
42
43
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON THE CIVIL SAFETY AND RESCUE SYSTEM
3. organises the provision of residents with individual and collective protection
means;
Protection of residents in case of emergency situations;
4. explores and registers the sources of danger;
Emergency situations, their qualification, causes and possible consequences.
5. extinguishes fires;
6. performs rescue and other emergency works;
Civil safety is an activity involving state and municipal institutions, preparation of all
economic entities, public organisations, preparation of residents for the emergency situation, actions taken in case of emergency situation, elimination of consequences, use of all
national resources for the survival of residents, sustaining of country’s economic viability,
protection of property and environment against the established emergency situation, by
active participation of citizens in these processes.
The objectives of the civil safety and rescue system are as follows:
1. formation of the conditions for the state institutions, economic entities and res-
7. maintains public order in the district of disaster;
8. provides medical assistance and carries out the public health care in case of emergency situations;
9. evacuates people and property from hazardous territories;
10. performs sanitary cleaning and other hazardousness elimination means;
11. organises temporary accommodation and material support to the injured;
12. organises the burial of the dead;
idents to move from the ordinary living (working) conditions to the emergency
13. organises the terminated provision of necessary municipal services;
situation by incurring lesser losses, supporting the peace, preserving human
14. provides assistance for the protection of vitally important objects;
life, health, property, protecting the environment from the impact of emergency
15. accumulates the stock of vitally important material values;
situation;
16. trains managers, employees, civil safety and rescue system forces on rescue actions
2. ensuring of the optimum use of national resources for the security of citizens,
maintaining the vitality of national economy, localisation and elimination of
in case of emergency situations;
17. investigates and analyses the causes of emergency situations.
sources and consequences of emergency situations;
3. preparation of the public for the practical actions in case of emergency situations,
encouragement of the public initiative in these areas and enhancement of trust in
the activity of civil safety and rescue system.
The civil safety and rescue system of the Republic of Lithuania is composed of the
following:
The main document of regulation and establishment of the procedures in the area of
civil safety is the Law on Civil Protection of the Republic of Lithuania.
The residents of the Republic of Lithuania have the following rights in the area of civil
safety:
the right to the protection of life and health, material and financial support in
Government’s Emergency Situations Commission;
Fire and Rescue Department under the Ministry of the Interior and subordinate
case of emergency situations or danger;
the right to receive information on possible dangers and recommendations on
institutions;
how to protect oneself or minimise the danger caused to personal health and
health of others.
ministries, state and municipality institutions, municipality fire safety and
other civil safety services, economic entities, establishments;
Environmental Monitoring and Laboratory Control Network.
In view of the causes, nature and threat caused by emergency situations, the civil
safety and rescue system implements the following objectives:
1. warns the residents on the threatening emergency situation, informs on the possible consequences and measures of their liquidation;
There are many sources of emergency situations in Lithuania that may cause death
and injuries to many people.
Emergency situation shall mean the situation resulting from natural, technical, ecological or social causes or military actions and causing an immediate and significant danger
to the health and safety of people, property, nature or death, injuries to people, or property
losses.
2. performs the prevention of emergency situations;
44
45
Emergency event shall mean the event of natural, technical, ecological or social char-
acter, which has reached or exceeded the established criteria and poses a hazard to the life
or health of people, physiological or social conditions of their life, property, economy and
environment.
Please write a paper on the influence of civil safety on the everyday life of a person
(scope – 2 pages).
The types of emergency situations are divided into four groups, i.e., natural, technical,
ecological and social.
Annexes. Civil security slides.
Natural emergency situations shall mean the significant changes of climate condi-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
tions causing natural calamities, mass forest and peat bog fires, geologically hazardous phenomena, especially harmful or mass epidemics, epizootic, epiphytotic events.
Technical emergency situations shall means disorders of various technological processes causing fires, explosions, passing of various chemical and radioactive pollutants to
the environment, destruction of buildings, accidents of various transportation facilities,
energetics, pipelines and other emergency events characteristic to the industry objects and
1. Kučinskas S. (2009). Civilinė sauga (Civil Safety). Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto
leidykla.
2. Civilinė sauga dideliems ir mažiems (Civil Safety to Grown-ups and Children) (2007).
Online access: http://pdfknygos.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/.
communications.
Ecological emergency situations shall mean the reasons causing changes of the state
of dry land, atmospheric composition and properties, conditions of hydrosphere.
Social emergency situations shall means massive riot and turmoil, blockades, provo-
REQUIREMENTS OF SAFE WORK ORGANISATION, ELECTRICAL SAFETY, FIRE SAFETY
AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
cations, diversions, acts of terror as well as military actions in the territory of Lithuania or
neighbour country.
Principal definitions and concept of occupational health and safety;
Person. His/her psycho-physiological properties, interaction with environment.
Civil safety signals
Ecology;
Risk factors having influence on the working efficiency and health of a person;
In order to speed up and simplify the transmission of notification on the established
emergency situations, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania approved the list of civil
safety signals and procedure of their notification. In total, there are 8 signals.
Attention to everyone;
Hazard of radiation;
Chemical hazard;
Catastrophic flooding;
Flood hazard;
Hurricane hazard;
Air-raid alert;
Cancellation of air-raid alert.
Accidents at work and occupational illnesses;
Formation of safe and healthy working conditions. Instruction, training and
certification;
Rights and duties of employer and employee. Work and leisure regime;
Electrical safety;
Fire safety;
First-aid administration to the injured person.
Principal definitions and concept of occupational health and safety
The occupational health and safety analyses the legal norms of organisation of health
and safety of employees, methods of improvement of working conditions, issues of prophylaxis of industrial traumas, intoxications and occupational illnesses, safe technological
46
47
processes, electrical safety methods, occupational hygiene, industrial sanitary matters, safe
based on the relation to work – work-related (as well as accidents on the way to/from work)
construction and repair methods, protection against fires, explosions, accidents and mea-
and not related to work. Causes of accidents can be technical, organisational, sanitary.
sures of technique, requirements applicable to the design, planning and maintenance of
companies.
Occupational illness means acute or chronic health disorder of an employee caused
by one or more harmful or hazardous factors of the working environment recognised as the
Person. His/her psycho-physiological properties, interaction with environment.
Ecology
occupational illness in accordance with the established procedure. Occupational diseases
can be acute and chronic. The causing factors include chemical substances, dust (aerosols),
biological, physical factors, stress at work, etc.
The organism of the working person reacts to a variety of irritants: duration of work
operations, impact of hearing, smell, vision and tactile organs. The working conditions are
diverse and complex; the heat, moisture, harmful and poisonous substances are usually
Formation of safe and healthy working conditions. Instruction, training and
certification
extracted; mechanisms and devices cause extensive noise. These unfavourable industrial
factors are harmful in terms of occupation. They cause occupational illnesses, intoxication,
The employees shall be familiarised with safe working methods, trained on safe work-
increase the likelihood of traumas and diseases. Therefore, it is very important to establish
ing methods irrespective of the length of service, qualification or type of production. The
what industrial factors are hazardous and to find out their impact on human organism and
instruction on the matters of occupational health and safety shall be performed according
environment and to take necessary protection means.
to the instructions approved in accordance with the established procedure. The instructions
are various: introductory, at work place (initial, periodical, additional), special.
Risk factors having influence on the working efficiency and health of a person
The certification of employers, employees and heads of units is performed at the end of
the training programme, upon the request of the employer, in case of change of the nature
Harmful factor means the risk factor present in the working environment, which may
of work, having established the violation of work, after 5 years from the certification.
cause a disease or occupational illness to the employee and the long-term impact of which
may be life-threatening. The harmful factors can include industrial aerosols, organic and
Rights and duties of employer and employee. Work and leisure regime
inorganic dust, vibration, industrial noise, laser radiation, electromagnetic fields, high and
low temperature, increased atmospheric pressure, toxic substances, etc.
The employer shall have a right to request the employees to follow the standard acts of
occupational health and safety, to impose disciplinary penalties for those in breach of stan-
Hazardous factor means the risk factor present in the working environment, which
dard acts of occupational health and safety, to receive information on occupational health
may cause acute health disorders or death to the employee (violations of electrical safety
and safety from state management institutions, to transfer part of their rights and duties on
and fire safety norms, etc.). The working efficiency and health are also highly influenced by
the matters of occupational health and safety to the authorised person.
such social factors as labour relations and stress.
Obligations of the employer. The employer must train the employees on the safe perAccidents at work and occupational illnesses
formance of work by concluding an employment contract, transferring to another job position, changing the nature of work, processes, production technology, work conditions, in
Accident at work means an accident that happened at work, including the traffic acci-
case of change of safety at work standards, norms, instructions. The employer shall provide
dent during working hours, investigated and recognised as accident at work in accordance
the employees with individual and collective work means free of charge. In case of acci-
with the established procedure and resulting in a trauma suffered by the employee (minor,
dents, the employer must guarantee the administration of first-aid to the employees.
severe or fatal). The accident at work, when the employee dies of illness not related to work,
shall not be considered as accident at work. Accidents at work are classified based on the
The employees shall have a right to request the employer to guarantee occupational
consequences - minor, severe, fatal; based on the number of injured persons – single, group;
health and safety, to provide with work clothing, individual safety measures, know about
the harmful and hazardous factors present in their working environment, refuse to work in
48
49
case of any potential danger to their health and safety, as well as those works he/she has not
First-aid administration to the injured persons
been instructed to perform in a safe manner, to request compensation for the damage caused
to health due to unsafe working conditions in accordance with the established procedure.
The employees must know the methods of first-aid administration in case of minor
traumas, such as bruising, strain of ligaments, minor injuries, bleeding, intoxication with
Duties of Employees. The employees must protect their own health and not to cause
gas or vapour and damage caused by electric current. The health of all newly employed
harm to other employees, know how to work safely, to familiarise with and fulfil the require-
persons and those working under the conditions of higher hazardousness or harmfulness
ments of standard acts of occupational health and safety, observe the operating regulations
shall be checked. There should be first-aid kits in the company, which are constantly sup-
of machines and mechanisms, occupational health and safety instructions, not to work
plemented with medication and dressing. If the employee suffers trauma, he/she must be
with technically unfit work tools and notify the employer hereof.
immediately provided with the first aid.
Work and leisure regimes are regulated by Article 40 of the Law on Safety and Health
at Work.
Electrical safety
Please mark one correct answer.
The impact of electrical current on the human organism depends on such factors as
electrical resistance of the body, strength of current, duration of current flow, path of current, type (direct, alternating). The possible traumas caused by the electrical current include
burns and electric shock. To ensure the safety, the organisational and technical measures
are applied for the operation of electric devices. The main methods of electrical safety are
grounding and neutral connection. Grounding means the connection of conductive frames
by electric chain with the ground in order to protect human from the current caused by
accidental volume between the frame and the ground. Neutral connection means the connection of conductive frames and other construction parts by electric chain with grounded
neutral wire of supply mains.
Fire safety
Burning is a fast reaction of material oxidation extracting heat and light (flame). The
burning process requires such factors as combustible material, oxidising agent, source of
combustion. Fire means uncontrolled burning process resulting in material losses. The
causes of fires include careless behaviour with fire, irregular electrical devices and violation
of the rules of their use, careless use of heating devices, etc. The main methods of fire extinguishing are physical and chemical. The most frequent extinguishing measures include
1. What is the occupational health and safety?
A. Training of employees.
B. Prophylaxis measures for the protection of health.
C. All prevention measures aimed at workability, health and life of employees.
2. Harmful factor means:
A. Factors of the working environment which may, in case of accidental
circumstances, cause trauma, death and acute impairment of health of the
employee;
B. Risk factor present in the working environment which, acting on the health
of employee, can cause an occupational illness, and its long-term impact can
be life-threatening;
C. Acute impairment of employee’s health.
water, water vapour, foam, covers, sand, etc. The fire-extinguishers used for extinguishing
fire are selected according to the extinguishing materials, i.e., foam, liquid, carbonic acid,
powder, and mixed type.
50
51
3. Occupational illness means:
A. Trauma suffered at work during work time;
B. Acute or chronic disorder of employee’s health caused by a harmful factor;
C. Accident suffered on the way to work.
4. When does the employer have a right to dismiss the employee from work?
A. The employee was imposed with a disciplinary penalty during the last twelve
months;
B. If the employee was imposed with two disciplinary penalties during the last
twelve months;
C. Both variants are correct.
5. The employees must:
A. Check their health;
B. Not use individual protection measures;
C. Work with technically unfit means if they are still working.
6. What is the introductory instruction?
52
7. In order to stop the arterial bleeding, it is necessary:
A. To raise the limb, put on the string above the wound and tighten it and then to
apply to the doctor. Also, put on the sterile bandage on the wound;
B. Placing of bandage is sufficient;
C. To wash the wound for 15 minutes under the flowing cool water.
8. What cannot be done in case of burn?
A. Apply grease.
B. Put on a sterile bandage.
C. I n case of burns due to strong acid, wash for 15 minutes under the flowing
water.
9. How to relax the employee from electric current?
A. Take by hand and pull away.
B. Push.
C. T
ry to relax with an isolation material: wood, rubber, etc., and to turn off the
power supply.
10.Which one of the following cases is the violation of fire safety rules?
A. Instruction of employees at least once per 12 months.
A. Employees do not know how to use fire-extinguishing means.
B. Instruction of all employees, with whom an employment contract is concluded.
B. Evacuation routes are easily passable.
C. T
he introductory instruction must be heard by the employees working
according to the assignments/permits.
C. Smoking is allowed in appropriate locations.
53
Annex 4. Occupational Health and Safety.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The Labour Code: http://www.infolex.lt/ta/27274; http://www.rln.lt/lt/
Objective
02
isigaliojo-nauji-darbo-kodekso-pakeitimai/.
2. Elektrosauga ir priešgaisrinė sauga (Electrical and Fire Safety) (1998). Vilnius:
CONSILIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
CONSOLIDATION OF THE GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS WHEN
IMPLEMENTING THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED
PROJECT “GENEALOGICAL TREE”
Valstybinė darbo inspekcija.
3. Law on Safety and Health at Work No IX1672 of 1 July 2003. Order on the Chief State
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “GENEALOGICAL TREE”
Labour Inspector of the Republic of Lithuania No V-241 of 10 August 2012 On the
Approval of Description of Preparation of Occupational Health and Safety Instructions
and Procedure of Instruction (Official Gazette No 96).
4. Gražulevičienė R., (2002). Žmogaus ekologija (Human Ecology). Kaunas: VDU leidykla.
5. Obelinis V., Bagdonienė T., Mačionis A. ir kt. (2002). Darbo medicina (Occupational
Medicine). Kaunas: LIC „Už gyvybę“.
The knowledge and skills of the hairdressing programme module “Data Compilation
and Presentation” are consolidated by the creative project “Genealogical Tree”. During this
project, the education of professional values is integrated and the project is realised, where
the students demonstrate their skills to associate competency to collect and present data
with professional values, perform the reflection of experience and evaluate it.
6. State Labour Inspectorate http://www.vdi.lt/ (last seen on 09.05.2013).
THE AIM OF CONSOLIDATION is to establish the knowledge and skills of general vocational
training by realising the creative project “Genealogical Tree”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to summarise the consolidated knowledge and skills;
to familiarise with the course of realisation of creative project “Genealogical Tree”;
to present the historical haircut formation stages;
to present the sociality as the target value;
to perform and (self)evaluate the consolidation of competency.
THE RESULT – consolidated knowledge and skills of general vocational training.
Consolidation methods. The competency consolidation form and method are selected
by the student individually. Possible methods of activity include the individual or group work
in the class, individual or group work (with consultation in the class). The form of presentation of the creative project is optional: in the form of paper, illustration, demonstration, etc.
Practical task. The students (individually or in a group) select the subtopic of the creative project, the research object of which is to present the historical stages of the styling
of haircuts. The students receive a task to select information on the selected subtopic. They
can do that by browsing the online space, reviewing the recommended films, reading and
analysing the indicated literature. The collected material shall be systemised by students
and presentation shall be prepared on the selected method: it can be the report by using
slides, presentation of photographs, preparation of role-playing situations, paper, etc. During
the presentation of a project, the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list
the aim of the creative project and target result, list the process of project presentation,
indicate the contribution of each group member (in case of work in a group), specify what
54
55
MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
kind of acquired knowledge and skills were used in the project, specify the new experiences
acquired during the project. In order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the
reflective self-control questions are provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms of value.
THE MODULE AIMS at teach how to do make-ups in a responsible and individual manner.
The evaluation criteria are as follows:
THE OBJECTIVES OF MODULE ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. to evaluate the condition of the skin;
2. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills by volunteering and realising a
creative project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”;
3. to select the cosmetic means and products;
4. to do various types of make-up;
5. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills by volunteering and realising a
creative integrated project “Getting Richer by Giving”.
6. to cultivate the values while implementing the creative community project “Let’s love our
teacher”.
1. creative application of knowledge in practice;
2. conveyance of vocational/personal values;
3. cooperation with partners, colleagues;
4. completeness of presentation description.
LIST OF MODULE II ANNEXES
THE RESULT – the ability to do various make-ups and simple skin care procedures in a responsible
and individual manner, knowledge on the condition and physiology of the skin, selection of
cosmetic means and products and ability to associate it with the environmental factors.
Annex 1. Lithuanian Language Culture and Language for Special Purposes.
Annex 2. Information Communication Technologies.
Annex 3. Economics and Business Basics.
Annex 4. Occupational Health and Safety.
Annexes. Civil security slides.
NAME OF MODULE:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The Holy Script. (2009) Vilnius: Lietuvos Vyskupų Konferencija.
2. Šv. Ignacas Lojola. (1998) Autobiografija. Dvasinės pratybos. (Autobiography. Spiritual
Training). Vilnius: Aidai.
3. Piličiauskas A. (2012) Pedagoginio dvasingumo link (Towards the Educational
Spirituality). Vilnius: Margi Raštai.
4. Grebliauskienė B., Večkienė N. (2004) Komunikacinė kompetencija: komunikabilumo
ugdymas. (Communication Competency: Education of Communication). Vilnius: Žara.
5. Pontifical Council for Social Communication. Etika reklamos srityje (Ethics in the
Advertising). 22.07.1997 // Bažnyčios žinios. No 13–14. 13.07.1998.
anatomy, histology, physiology, biochemistry of skin and
skin appendages;

the main types of skin, their care;
causes of skin diseases, symptoms, rash elements;
purulent and fungal skin diseases;
purpose of use, effect and ingredients of cosmetic
products;
morphology and physiology of microorganisms,
prevalence in the environment;
creative integrated project “How Can I Be Useful to
Others?”;
rules of cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation,

56
Make-up Techniques
TEACHING/LEARNING TECHNIQUES
AND METHODS:

lecture;
discussion;
practical work;
work in groups;
individual work;
watching and listening of video/
audio material;
reflection;
presentation.
application of asepstics and antiseptics;
MODULE FINAL TASK:
the main colours, combinations of colours, colour types;
integrated task: theoretical part
types of make-ups and doing techniques;
the main definitions of decorative cosmetics;
creative integrated project “Getting Richer by Giving”.
(knowledge review test) and
practical task;
presentation of integrated creative
project.
57
MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
module teaching/learning material;
practical training means, equipment and materials (tools
review (test) of theoretical
literature (presented in the theoretical training material).
practical tasks;
evaluation of the integrated creative
for doing and removal of make-ups, cosmetician’s chair,
products);
knowledge;
Objective
01
EVALUATION OF THE CONDITION OF THE SKIN
THEORETIC AL TR AINING MATERIAL
project in terms of value.
1.1. ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF SKIN AND SKIN
APPENDAGES. THE MAIN TYPES OF SKIN, THEIR CARE
Skin anatomy, histology and physiology
Skin is a complex and the largest organ of the body of the area of 1.5-2 m2, mass – 2-3
kg, thickness – 0.5-5 mm. Skin is composed of 3 layers: outermost layer (epidermis), actual
skin (dermis) and subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).
Epidermis weights approx. 0.5 kg, whereas its thickness depends on the location and
varies from 0.06-0.08 mm in the area of eyelids up to 0.5-0.8 mm in the area of palms and
soles. The histological structure of epidermis is composed of various cells situated in five
layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum. The cells of epidermis are fully restored within 26-28 days, whereas the cells
of stratum corneum – within 4-5 days.
Dermis (actual skin) is of the thickness of 2 mm. It is composed of the connective
tissue and is similar to gel by its physical/chemical properties containing collagenous and
elastic fibres. It also contains blood cells, mast and prism cells participating in the inflammatory and allergic reactions. The actual skin consists of two layers, i.e., stratum papillare
and reticular layer. The dermis contains skin appendages (sebaceous and sweat glands),
lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and nerves. Restored cells grown, reach the surface and
perish again in 20-40 days.
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) connects the skin with the tissues contained in the
skin. It is composed of the network of connective tissue, passed by blood vessels and nerves,
whereas the gaps are filled with sebaceous cells. The subcutaneous layer provides a body with
a shape, is the storage of food reserves and protects the organism from cold and traumas.
The scheme of skin composition is provided in Annex 1.
The main functions of the skin include protection-barrier, immune, thermoregulation, metabolism, resorption, secretion, sensation and aesthetic-phenotypic.
Skin appendages
Skin appendages include sebaceous gland, sweat gland, hair, nails, blood vessels, skin
nerves.
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The sebaceous gland is located in the dermis. The secretion ducts of the gland usually
open to the hair follicles, however, they can also open to the surface of the skin. There are 2-3
glands around each hair. There are no sebaceous glands in the protractile surface of palms,
soles and fingertips.
The sweat gland is a tubular structure situated in the subcutaneous layer. The gland
opens straight to the surface of the skin. During the day, the sweat glands secrete 300-800
ml of sweat, in case of heavy sweating – up to and over 1,500 ml. There are 2 types of sweat
glands: apocrine and eccrine.
The hair covers the entire body except for palms, soles, side surfaces of fingers and
skin passes to the mucous membrane. The hair is classified into soft hair and short hair or
stubble. The hair is composed of hair shaft, hair root, hair follicle and filiform papillae.
Fig. 2. Skin blood vessels (www.skin-care-forum.basf.com)
The nail is a specific toughened part of epidermis. Nails cover the external surface of
finger tips, provide strength and power to fingers. The nail consists of nail bed, nail folds and
nail matrix (see Fig. 1). The finger nails grow approx. 1 mm per week, toe nails – 3-4 times
slower.
Skin nerves compose 2 networks situated in parallel with the blood vessels. Nervous
fibres are located in the epidermis, therefore, only the skin protects from various damages
to the organism. The majority of nervous fibres are located in the area of lips, fingertips and
genital. All nervous fibres can be classified into several types: some of them react to pain,
Nail plate
Epidermis
Nail fold
Lunula
others to temperature changes or to touching, pressing and vibration.
In terms of cosmetics, there are three main types of biochemical processes: skin keratinisation, skin protective hydro-lipid film and skin melanogenesis.
Keratinisation is an epidermal dystrophy of cells resulting in the formation of keratin
and oils in the corneous layer. The proteinaceous substances of cells turn into keratohyalin,
eleidin and keratin. The basic cells are constantly multiplying, thus, resulting in the continuous replacement of corneous and dying cells with the new ones. The new cells push the
old ones towards the surface of the skin, where they change their shape, the biochemical
changes of proteins occur as well as gradual separation of proteineous flat cells from the
surface of the skin.
Nail bed Phalange Nail Dermis
matrix
Fig. 1. Nail anatomy (www.medpraktika.lt)
Skin protective hydro-lipid film is composed of weakened corneous cells, oils and
secretion of sweat glands, it is of acidic reaction and composed based on the emulsion type.
There are two emulsion types: “oil-in-water” or “water-in-oil”, which describe the type of
skin (oily or dry skin).
The improper care of skin leads to the disorders of skin’s protective-barrier function
The skin contains deep network of blood vessels (between dermis and hypodermis)
and surface network of blood vessels (between papilla and reticular dermis layers) (see Fig.
2). There are no blood vessels in epidermis, therefore, when damaged, the epidermis does
not bleed and only secretes lymph from intracellular gaps.
and pH changes. It forms the conditions for purulent, fungal diseases and the skin becomes
sensitive and allergic.
The main harmful factors destroying the protective skin film include long-term skin
treatment with alcoholic product,; use of medication containing alcohol and ether for more
than 10 days, every-day washing with alkaline products, harmful impact of washing powder
caused to skin, frequent skin scrubbing procedures, improper cosmetics.
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Melanogenesis. Melanin is a pigment produced of the cells called melanocytes situ-
ated in the basic layer of epidermis (see Fig. 3). Melanin is produced of amino acid – tyrosine.
The complex process, which involves vitamin C and ferment tyrosinase, leads to the formation of dihydroxyphenylalanine and other intermediary products. Indol-chinon which
polymerises into melanin is formed during the last stages. Melanogenesis becomes stronger
when exposed to ultraviolet rays. Melanin protects the organism from the harmful effect
of irradiation energy. Its insufficiency can result into the start of degeneration processes –
malign tumours.
1. What are the main anatomic facts of human skin?
2. What are the main skin layers?
3. What are the main epidermis layers?
4. What is the composition of dermis?
5. What are the functions of the skin?
6. Please describe the sebaceous and sweat glands.
Melanocytes
7. What are the composite parts and functions of the hair?
Melanin
8. What are the composite parts and functions of the nail?
9. Please describe the skin keratinisation.
10.Please describe the protective skin hydro-lipid film.
Fig. 3. Melanocytes in the skin (www.wikipedia.org)
The main types of skin, their care
There are four main types of skin: normal, dry, oily, combination. There are also two
11. Please describe the process of melanogenesis.
12. What are the main types of the skin? How the type of skin is determined?
13. Please describe the care of various skin types.
subtypes of skin, i.e., sensitive and ageing. The type of skin is conditioned by internal and
external factors. The type of skin is determined based on such parameters as skin elasticity
(turgor), skin tonus, keratinisation, skin colour, comedones, milia and other rash elements,
wrinkles, pigmented stains, dilated blood vessels, reaction to external stimuli and cosmetic
1.2. CAUSES OF SKIN DISEASES, SYMPTOMS, RASH ELEMENTS. PURULENT AND
FUNGAL SKIN DISEASES
products.
The type of skin can also be determined by the skin type determination test presented
in Annex 2.
Description and care of various skin types is presented in Annex 3.
Causes of skin diseases
The causes of skin diseases are classified into external and internal.
The external causes include pathogenic microbes and viruses, vegetal origin parasites
and fungi, animal origin parasites, mechanical factors, physical factors, sources of irradiation energy, various chemical substances.
The internal causes include metabolism disorders, disorders of the function of internal secretion glands, diseases of internal organs, avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis, food
products and internally used medication.
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General symptomatology of skin diseases. Rash elements
All symptoms of diseases are classified into subjective and objective.
Subjective symptoms are all symptoms felt by the patient: itching, pain, burning, tension, etc. Objective symptoms are pathological changes of the external appearance of the
skin and are classified into initial and secondary rash elements. The initial rash elements
occur on a completely healthy skin, whereas the secondary elements develop from the initial morphological rash.
Rash elements are classified into initial and secondary.
The initial rash elements include stain, nod, papula, nub, phlyctaena (see Fig. 4), blister, abscess, pustule. All initial rash elements, except for nub, disappear without leaving any
scars. The secondary rash elements include scale, erosion, sore, fissure, over-scratching,
scab, scar, lichenification (refer to Fig. 5), vegetation.
Streptostaphyloderma includes ordinary impetigo and neonatal epidemic pemphigus.
The prophylaxis of pyoderma requires proper skin care, disinfection of clothing, beddings and premises.
Fungal skin diseases. General characteristics
Fungal skin diseases are caused by various pathogenic fungi – dermatophytes. Fungi
can cause damages to the mucous membrane, skin, hair, nail and internal organs. The
spread of fungal infection is assisted by external and internal factors.
Symptoms: brownish stain on the skin, reddish, clear limited stains on the skin,
deep hard skin blisters, scabs, blackheads, itching, skin wetness, skin scales, fissures, skin
purulence.
Fungal skin diseases include keratomycosis, dermatophytia, epidermophytia, trichophytia, microsporia, candidoses.
1. What are the causes of skin diseases?
2. What are the symptoms of skin diseases?
3. Please list the initial rash elements.
4. Please list the secondary rash elements.
5. How the pyodermas are classified according to the disease agent?
Fig. 4. Phlyctaena (www.ligos.sveikas.lt)
Fig. 5 Lichenification (www.studydroid.com)
Purulent skin diseases. General characteristics
Purulent skin diseases are caused by purulent cocci (streptococci and staphylococci).
Based on the agents, pyodermas are classified into streptodermas, staphylodermas and
mixed. In view of the depth and expansion of process, they are classified into surface and
deep, acute and chronic, restricted and expanded.
Staphylodermas include staphylococcus impetigo, follicle, sycosis, furuncle, carbuncle, hidradenitis and multiple paediatric abscesses.
Streptodermas are surface and deep processes caused by streptococci. Surface streptoderma includes streptococci impetigo. It also includes vegetative chronic pyoderma and
ecthyma. Streptoderma does not damage the skin appendages and hair, damages only
the skin and wrinkles. Their complications include lymphangitis, lymphadenitis and
6. How the pyodermas are classified in respect of depth and spread?
7. What is attributed to staphylodermas?
8. What is attributed to streptodermas?
9. What is attributed to streptostaphylodermas?
10.What conditions the spreading of the fungal infection?
11. What kind of fungal diseases do you know?
12. How to prevent from fungal diseases?
13. Please evaluate the condition of the client’s skin when doing the make-up.
glomerulonephritis.
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Objective
02
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CONSOLIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS THROUGH PRACTICE
context of selected subtopic (e.g., “Selection of Appropriate Colours According to the Type of
CONSOLIDATION OF ACQUIRED VOCATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS BY VOLUNTEERING
AND REALISING THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED
PROJECT “HOW CAN I BE USEFUL TO OTHERS?”
Skin”; “Fantastical Make-up”). It can be a PowerPoint presentation, demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, etc. During the discussion of a project, the students shall
argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project and target result,
list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each group member (in
case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and skills were used in
the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project. In order to help the stu-
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “HOW CAN I BE USEFUL TO OTHERS?”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of module “Make-up
Techniques” of the hygiene cosmetics cosmetician training programme is performed by volunteering and realising a creative project “How Can I be Useful to Others?”. The aims, meth-
dents to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions are provided during
the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms of value.
ods, necessity and use of volunteering are presented during the consolidation, the education
of vocational values is integrated and project is implemented, where the students demon-
3. cooperation with colleagues;
strate their skills to associate the competency of doing make-ups with personal and voca-
tional values, perform the reflection of experience and self-evaluation.
THE AIM OF CONSOLIDATION is to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and
skills by volunteering in the creative project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”.
1. to summarise the consolidated knowledge and skills;
2. to familiarise with the course of implementation of creative project “How Can I Be Useful to
Others?”;
3. to present the aims, methods, necessity and use of volunteering;
4. to reason the diligence as the target value;
5. to perform and evaluate the consolidation of competency.
THE RESULT OF CONSOLIDATION – consolidated knowledge and skills of teaching elements
of module “Make-up Techniques”.
Methods applied. The competency consolidation form and method are selected by the
student individually. Possible methods of activity include the individual or group work in
the class, individual or group work (with consultation in the class). The form of presentation
of the creative project is optional: in the form of paper, illustration, demonstration, composition, etc.
Practical task. The students receive a task to organise the goodness campaign in the
chosen nursing home, centre, etc. The aim of goodness campaign is to do a make-up on the
basis of volunteering by properly selecting colours according to the type of skin. The course
of campaign is photographed, video-recorded and later reviewed, discussed and evaluated.
The acquired experience, photos, video material shall be systemised, formatted and prepared by the students (individually or in a group) as a presentation of 10-15 min. in the
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Objective
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The purpose of oils (also called emollients) is to soften the skin. Emollients include
SELECTION OF COSMETIC MEANS AND PRODUCTS
fats, oils and fat substitutes.
The most usual waters in cosmetics include distilled water, distilled vegetal water,
ethyl ether, alginate, Hamamelis, blossom water, sage extract.
The purpose of use of emulsifiers is to connect oils and the water.
2.1. PURPOSE OF USE, EFFECT AND INGREDIENTS OF COSMETIC MEANS AND
PRODUCTS
The purpose of use of bioactive components (vitamins, hormones, ferments, microelements, alpha hydroxy acids, etc.) is to condition the effect of cosmetic product.
Classification of cosmetic means and products
Cosmetic means and products for the care of various types of skin
Cosmetic products are preparations used for facial and body care. They are necessary
Cosmetic means and products can be classified according to the purpose of use for the
to make the skin look smooth, young and elastic as long as possible. The functions of cosmetic products are as follows:
procedures: milks, tonics, scrubs, creams, activators, masks.
Milks are the mix of water, oils and emulsifiers enriched with cleaning agents and
1. prophylactic, hygienic, conserving. Help to preserve healthy skin and hair;
2. correcting. The preparations are used for the elimination of external skin changes
used to remove the water/oil-soluble particles of impurities.
Tonics (lotions) are water or ether-based solvents of various organic and inorganic
substances used for finishing the skin cleaning procedure and balancing the pH of the skin.
and defects;
Scrubs are the products used for the removal of dead skin cells. The types of skin scrub
3. external improvement.
The hygienic cosmetic products are classified according to several properties, such as
possibilities of use, purpose of use of a product, nature of use, type of skin, used ingredients,
groups of users, application in skin care programme, etc.
The scheme of the classification of cosmetic products is provided in Annex 4.
Creams are the emulsions with higher or lower oil and water content, connected into
the cream consistency by emulsifiers. Cosmetic creams moisture, feed, soften, protect the
skin and stop its ageing. Types of creams: day, night, hormone, protective, regenerative,
anti-wrinkle, massage, etc.
Masks are cosmetic products that help to achieve quick result, however, are not
Composition of cosmetic products
characterised by a long-term effect. The scheme of classification of masks is presented in
The ingredients of cosmetic products include oils, water, emulgators (emulsifiers),
active ingredients, conserving ingredients, aromatic ingredients, coloured ingredients and
other special additives.
The oily phase, water phase and emulsifiers form the basis, i.e., the emulsion, which
can be of two types, i.e., oil-in-water, water-in-oil. The type of emulsion conditions the purpose of use of cosmetic product based on the type of skin (see Fig. 6).
Water
include physical, chemical, vegetal, proteineous or ferment, passive.
Annex 5.
Skin preparation for the make-up
The main procedures of skin preparation for the make-up include skin scrubbing,
application of skin feeding and/or moisturising masks.
Skin scrubbing technology. Skin scrubbing is a procedure involving the use of products
with scrubbing particles. The scrubbing cream removes the surface layer of corneous cells,
cleans the skin pores and improves the penetration of active substances into the deeper
Oils
layers of the skin.
Oil-in-water
Water-in-oil
(basis of moisturising
(basis of oily
products)
products)
The technology of scrub product: cleaning of face and neck skin with a milk and tonic,
application of a scrub and massaging, removal of a scrubber and cleaning with a tonic,
application of a mask or a cream.
The technology of “Gomaž” scrubbing product: cleaning of face and neck skin with a
milk and tonic, application of a scrub and drying, wiping off of a scrub, washing of the scrub
Fig. 6. Types of emulsions
68
residues, application of a mask or a cream.
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Mask application technology. The cosmetic mask is a cosmetic preparation or a mix
applied on the face, which improves the cosmetic condition of the face. The effect depends
2.2. MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS, PREVALENCE IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
on what main ingredients and active substance are used for the masks.
Morphology and physiology of microorganisms
Mask application technology: cleaning of face and neck skin with a milk and tonic,
application of a mask and keeping, cleaning of a mask and cleaning with a tonic, application of a cream.
Morphology is the science analysing the shape, size, composition, situation of microorganisms and their ability to colour.
Skin scrubbing and mask application procedures are presented in Figures 7 and 8.
Microorganisms are classified into 3 main groups: eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses.
Eukaryotes include fungi and protozoa, prokaryotes – bacteria.
Based on the shape, bacteria are classified into sphere-shapes – cocci; rod-shaped – bacilli;
spiral-shaped – spirochaetes; hook-shaped. Cocci cause purulent diseases: dermal (furuncules,
carbuncules), tissues (sepsis, mastitis, abscess) and splanchnic (meningitis, pneumonia).
Fungi belong to eukaryote microorganisms, can be oval-shaped, thread-shaped and have
hyphae that form mycelium. Fungi can be saprophytes, semi-pathogenic and pathogenic.
Semi-pathogenic and pathogenic fungi cause diseases called mycoses. There are dermal, hair
and nail mycoses.
Viruses are intracellular microorganisms, because they proliferate in the live cells. These
are the smallest microorganisms that do not have cellular composition, but have virions of
various shapes formed of DNA or RNA. Viruses cause various diseases: flue, hepatitis, varicella,
AIDS, etc.
Fig. 7. Skin scrubbing
Fig. 8. Application of face mask
Physiology of microorganisms is a science studying the physiological processes of
microorganisms, i.e., metabolism, breathing, growing, proliferation, extraction of toxins and
ferments.
Prevalence of microorganisms in the external environment
Microorganisms are found in water bodies, soil, air, human organism, as well as on the
1. Please provide the classification of several cosmetic products.
2. What are the main ingredients of cosmetic products?
3. What is the cosmetic emulsion? What are the types of cosmetic emulsion?
4. Please describe the following definitions: milk, tonic, skin scrub, cosmetic cream,
mask.
5. Please select the cosmetic means and products for individual clients.
6. Please prepare the procedures of skin preparation for make-up.
skin.
Constant and accidental microflora is found in water bodies, which passes from soil,
air, human and animal organisms and food industry companies with waste water.
The microbes pass to the air from the land surface with dust, from human and animal
organisms – with fine water drops. The pathogenic microorganisms resistant to drought, e.g.,
tuberculosis, microbacteria, purulent staphylococci, streptococci and viruses, can be present
in the air of premises.
The skin microflora is composed of constant (resident) and temporary (transit) microorganisms. Constant microorganisms live and proliferate on the skin, they cannot be eliminate
by washing the hands with soap or detergents. Temporary microorganisms are those who
pass to the skin accidentally and live for a short period of time. They are usually found on the
hands of hospital personnel, can be pathogenic and cause hospital infections. The environment and medication are contaminated via dirty hands infected with microorganisms, and
various infectious diseases, usually of the intestine group, are spreading.
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1. What are the groups of microorganisms?
2. What bacteria cause purulent diseases?
3. Please define the concept of physiology of microorganisms.
4. What is the composition of skin microflora?
5. Please describe the microflora of the environment where the make-up is done.
MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
1. Please describe the importance of disinfection, antiseptics, aseptic and sterilisation
for make-up procedures.
2. What sanitary and hygiene requirements are applicable to make-up procedures?
3. What are the cosmetician’s actions before work, during work and after work?
4. What are the actions of the cosmetician in emergency (special) cases?
5. What requirements are applied to the premises of the provision of make-up
services, inventory and its maintenance?
2.3. RULES OF CLEANING, DISINFECTION AND STERILISATION, APPLICATION OF
ASEPTICS AND ANTISEPTICS
Disinfection, antiseptics, aseptics and sterilisation
6. What personal hygiene requirements are applied to persons doing make-up?
7. What are the main rules of cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation of make-up
tools?
8. Please describe the work place of the cosmetician doing make-ups in accordance
Disinfection means a destruction of the majority or all microorganisms, except for
with the occupational safety and hygiene requirements.
bacterial spores, in the environment by using physical and chemical means. The aim of disinfection is to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. It is different from sterilisation, which
destroys all microorganisms or their spores.
Antiseptics means an application of physical, chemical, biological and mechanical
means for the destruction of microbes in wounds, pathological formations, body cavities
and surface.
Aseptics means a surgical work method used to protect the surgical wound from
microbes, by using the physical means for sterilising the instruments, dressing, surgical
materials and gloves and chemical means for sterilising the hand and the surgeon and
operating environment.
Sterilisation means a destruction of all living microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and
their spores, fungi and their spores and protozoa).
The requirements for disinfection, antiseptics, aseptics and sterilisation are stipulated in the Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 117:2007 “Health Safety Requirements for Beauty
Services”.
The students are familiarised with the Health and Safety Instruction for the Hygiene
Cosmetics Cosmetician No 94 and the Lithuanian Hygiene Norma HN 117:2007 “Health Safety
Requirements for Beauty Services” (see Annexes 6 and 7).
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Objective
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Analogous colours are the colours next to each other in the colour wheel. These shades
TECHNIQUES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF MAKE-UPS
are most similar to each other and form no contrast, thus, cause the impression of harmony.
When inserting the isosceles triangle in the colour wheel, three colours touched by the
peaks of the triangle are called the triadic. The position of triangle can be changed by creating new combinations. The blends of these three pure (therefore contrast) colours create
3.1. THE MAIN COLOURS, COMBINATIONS OF COLOURS, COLOUR TYPES
harmonious combinations.
Colours
Colour is a sensation formed to a person by A specific organisation of colour vision
system. Colour is also the property of objects or sources of light. We see the colour due to the
rays of light, however, the rays themselves do not have colour.
All colours and shades can be obtained by mixing the main three colours – red, yellow
and blue. Additional (derivative, secondary, complement) colours include orange, green
and violet. They are obtained by mixing the main colours (red + yellow=orange, yellow +
blue=green, blue + red=violet). By mixing the main and additional colours, the colour wheel
is obtained (see Annex 8).
Fig. 10. Supplementing, analogous and triadic colours (www.tigercolor.com)
Based on the impression of warmth and cold, the colours are grouped into warm – red,
yellow and closer colours reminding fire, and cool – sky-blue, green and blue, reminding
ice, cosmic space. The warmth or coolness of colours depends on the yellow or blue shade,
Achromatic colours are well matched when used together. Balanced with other colour,
since the colours dominated by blue are called cool, and those dominated by yellow – warm
grey shades act as a background accentuating weaker shades and absorbing the blatancy of
colours. Warm and cool colours are presented in Figure 9.
too contrast combinations.
The gamma of warm and cool colours can also be matched. It is easier to match inactive pastel colours, however, the contrast combinations are more effective.
Warm colours
Make-up colours according to the types of seasons
The colour type is determined according to the natural pigmentation of hair, eyes and
skin. The body pigmentation is also naturally matched by the prevalence of warm or cool
colours. People are classified into four types analogous to the seasons of the year: warm
Cool colours
types – spring and autumn, cool types – summer and winter. The description of the appearance of colour types is presented in Annex 9.
Fig. 9. Warm and cool colours
Having determined that the woman is of warm type (spring, autumn), it is better to
select warm colours, whereas in case of cool type (summer, winter) – cool colours. If the
make-up of warm colours is used for the woman of cool type, we will not achieve the desired
From the subjective point of view, each colour can be attractive and unattractive, however, the beauty of colours is revealed only in case of the harmony of colours and their
effect, the client will look unnatural and tired. The scheme of proper make-up colours is
presented in Annex 10.
combinations.
Harmonious colours are considered to be the pairs of main and additional colours.
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Make-up doing techniques
Make-up doing process: make-up cleaning, correction of eye-brows, blemishing of facial
1. Please describe the main and derivative colours.
skin, application of powder and correction, contouring of eyelids, application and correction of
eye-shadows, application of mascara, contouring and correction of lips and use of lipstick, use
2. Please describe warm and cool colours.
of blush, use of compact powder, make-up fixing.
3. What are the principles of colour matching?
4. P
lease describe the colour types of women according to the seasons of the year and
make-up colours suitable for them.
Corrections of shapes of separate parts of the face
In order to correct face features, it is possible to use darker or lighter make-up foundation, correction means, powder, blush and bronzers. To deepen, reduce or conceal something
– darker tones should be used, whereas to enlarge or bring something forward – lighter tones.
3.2. TYPES OF MAKE-UPS AND DOING TECHNIQUES
The main shapes of faces and their corrections. Ideal face – no corrections are necessary; oblong face – darker tones should be applied on upper and lower parts of the face; round
Means and products used for make-up
face – darker tones should be applied on the sides; rectangular face – darker tones should be
Means used for make-ups include latex sponge, brush for liquid make-up founder,
brush for blush, compact powder brush, brushes of various sizes and forms for applying and
correcting eye shadows, brush for cleaning crumbled eye-shadows, brush with a sponge
for dispersing the line, angled brush for eye contour and eyebrows, eye contouring brush,
applied on the sides and the angles should be rounded; triangular face – darker tones should
be applied on the upper sides of the face; pear-shaped (trapezoid) face – darker tones should
be applied on the lower sides of the face. The main shapes of faces and their corrections are
provided in Figure 12.
brush for eye lashes, brush for lips. It is also recommended to have the curler for eyelashes,
Ideal
tweezers, sharpener, scoop, scissors, hair pins, cotton balls for cleaning impurities, dust,
Oblong
Round
cosmetics residues, ear cleaning pins for make-up corrections and a gown.
The products used for make-ups include milk and tonic for cleaning impurities, dust
and cosmetics residues, moisturising daily face cream, blemish, make-up primer, make-up
foundation, blush, compact powder, eye pencil, lip pencil, eyebrow pencil, eye shadows, mas-
Rectangular
cara, lipstick, lip gloss, liquid/gel eye contour product, make-up fixer, glitter, strass, adhesive
Triangular
Trapezoid
eyelashes, etc. (see Fig. 11).
Fig. 12. The main shapes of faces and their corrections
Nose corrections. Ideal nose – no corrections are necessary; wide nose – the sides shall
be darker (the spine shall remain light); narrow and long nose – the tip should be darker and
the sides should be lighter; crooked nose – a light line should be created at the centre of the
nose and the sides should be darker; eagle shaped nose – the tip of the nose should be darker.
Chin corrections. Projecting chin – the projecting part of the chin should be darker;
hollow chin – the chin should be lighter and the neck should be darker; double chin – the chin
Fig. 11. Products used for make-up
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should be darker.
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MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
Eye corrections. Deep hollow eyes should be “lifted” in the inside angle of the eye by
applying darker eye shadows under the eyebrows and lighter colours on the eyelids. When
facial correction is performed, glitter, strass, adhesive eyelashes, etc. are used. The differences
between morning, day and evening make-ups are presented in Figure 14.
the eyes are too far from each other, they are “brought closer” by applying darker tones in
the inside angle of the eye and lighter tones from the middle of the eyelid to the temporal
area. When the eyes are too close to each other, lighter eye shadows are applied in the inside
angle of the eye to the eyelid bend and darker eye shadows are applied in the area under the
eyebrows – from the middle of the eye up to the eyebrows. When correcting too puffy eyes,
neutral colours are applied on the eyelids and darker tones are applied on the eyelid bend and
carefully retouched towards the temporal area. The same procedure is applied for the round
eyes – the folded outside angle of the eye shall be corrected by dark coloured pencil and slightly
retouched with dark shadows. For the eyes with folded eyelid, it is necessary to accentuate the
eyelashes, the delineation of the eye contour is not recommended. The dark tone is applied on
the upper wrinkle of the eye and retouched; the nacreous eye shadows should be replaced with
matted colours. The correction of various shapes of eyes is presented in Annex 11.
Correction of lips. Full, wide and thick lips are reduced using the contour below the line
of the lips. Narrow and small lips are enlarged by using the contour outside the lip line. Saggy
The morning make-up
Day make-up
Evening make-up
Fig. 14. Differences of morning, day and evening make-ups (www.marykay.com)
or turned-up lip angles shall not be covered until the very end – the contour pencil is used to
straighten the angles. The contours of asymmetric lips are slightly corrected and asymmetry
Occasion make-up is used not only for occasion, but also for photos and camera, there-
is covered (by using powder). Neutral colour lipstick is used for jelly-shaped (formless) lips. The
fore, it should be suitable both for day and evening. The specialists recommend the use of mat
corrections of wide, narrow and asymmetric lips are presented in Figure 13.
high-quality products.
Wedding make-up is created in view of the demands of the client and matched with
various details (clothing, accessories, etc.). The make-up shall conceal all noticeable imperfec-
Wide lips
Narrow, small lips
Asymmetric lips
tions, accentuate the natural beauty, be soft, sensitive and romantic. On one hand, the face
should look natural and fresh, on the other hand – it shall be sufficiently accentuated and be
noticeable in the photographs.
Make-up for photo shoots. It is recommended to use more cosmetics than for an ordinary make-up, because the lights will absorb all the excess during the photo shoot. All facial
imperfections shall be blemished with correcting tools, blemishes, the shape should be corrected and it is also necessary to use compact powder to make the skin look even and mat.
Fig. 13. Corrections of the main shapes of lips
Fantastic make-up is the creation of a style without observing any rules. All products
and means are used for this type of make-up, i.e., adhesive eyelashes, drawing on the body,
Types of make-up
The morning make-up is very soft, dim, transparent and pastel. This kind of make-up
creates the impression of an ordered women, who takes cares for her skin.
Day make-up is more accentuated than the morning make-up, is neutral and aims at
accentuating the features of the face. The make-up is done without corrections, glitter and by
using natural colours.
Evening make-up is more accentuated than the day make-up, darker powder is used,
78
adhesive face decorations, etc.
Make-up for persons wearing glasses. It is recommended to consider not only the
colour of hair, eyes and skin, but also the colour and model of the frames of glasses and the
type of lenses. The lenses of short-sighted glasses reduce eyes, therefore, it is recommended to
use more accentuating make-up. The lenses of far-sighted glasses magnify the eyes, therefore,
the eye shadows of darker colours can be used.
Make-up for older women must provide the colour for a pale face, mask the wrinkles, accentuate lips and cheeks. When doing the make-up, it is necessary to avoid glossy eye
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MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
shadows, to use natural colours, use a pencil for lips and a lipstick with moisturising formula.
MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
3.3. THE MAIN DEFINITIONS OF DECORATIVE COSMETICS
Men make-up is necessary to intensify the features of a man’s face. Men should use
make-up products for face correction and to conceal imperfections. The most important thing
is the moisturising of the face skin, whereas the powder used should be compact or waterbased, which is ideal for the skin colour (it can also be a cream with colour).
The main characteristics of images of historical periods
Periods: pre-history, Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Early Middle Ages, Renaissance, New
Ages, 19th century, 20th century, 21st century.
The images of historical periods are provided in Annex 12.
Fashion and design
History of cosmetics
History of cosmetics: make up origin, early cosmetics, dangerous beauty, cosmetics in
Europe, cosmetics in Victorian area, make up arts developments, direction off as hionand
make up, major in fluences on fashion and cosmetics.
Speciality vocabulary
Speciality vocabulary: bathroom drawer, makeup bagor, a makeupcase, cotton pads,
cotton balls or cotton puffs, special cleansing wipes, moisturizer, primer, imperfections,
pores, foundation, complexion, flawless, evenout, skin tone, jawline, blendin, tinted, con-
Fashion is the style dominating in the society for a certain period of time (clothing, jew-
cealer, under-eyecircles, powder, pressed powder, powder puff, loose powder, tone down,
ellery, other accessories, architecture, food, works of literature, etc.) and periodically returning
blotting paper, t-zone, bronzer, a sun-kissed look, contour, highlight, blush, shimmer, eye-
with certain changes and improvements. In a more narrow sense – the change of a clothing
brows, brow bone, eyelid, crease, eyelashes, lash line, tearduct, waterline, pluck, tweezers, a
style dating back the French Royal Manor of the 17th century, the clothing style of which was
palette, applicator, eyeliner, a pencil eyeliner, mascara, an eyelash curler, waterproof mas-
an example for other European countries.
cara, lip balm, lipgloss, lipstick, lip liner, Cupid’s bow.
Design is a field of plastic art: artistic construction of various products and formation of
the living environment. It is classified into industrial and graphical.
Creating Perfect Makeup Look
Creating perfect make up look: creating perfect skin, flawless skin preparation,
1. Please describe the products and materials used for make-ups.
2. Please list and describe the stage of make-up procedure.
makeup tips for foundation, perfect make up application, make up brushes, perfect eye liner
application.
Art of selling beauty products
Art of selling beauty products: business in salons, beauty marketing ideas, indepen-
3. Please describe the corrections of different face shapes.
dent beauty consultant marketing ideas, how to become a great independent beauty sales
4. Please describe the corrections of different eye shapes.
and spa business.
5. Please describe the corrections of different lip shapes.
consultant, how to sell beauty products from home, how to start an online beauty product
6. Please list and describe the types of make-up.
1. Please write and present selected historical period make-up.
7. Please list the historical periods.
8. Please list and describe the main features of the image of various historical periods.
2. Please compose a make-up speciality vocabulary.
3. Please present the phases of make-up technology.
9. Please describe the definitions of fashion and design.
80
81
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MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
Objective
05
MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
CONSOLIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS THROUGH PRACTICE
argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project and target result,
CONSOLIDATION OF ACQUIRED VOCATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS BY VOLUNTEERING IN
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT
“GETTING RICHER BY GIVING”
list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each group member (in
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “GETTING RICHER BY GIVING”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills through practice of module “Make-up
case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and skills were used in
the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project. In order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions are provided during
the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms of value.
Techniques” of the hygiene cosmetics cosmetician training programme is performed by vol-
unteering and realising a creative project “Getting Richer by Giving”. The volunteering as
the method of self-knowledge and realisation is presented during the consolidation, the
education of vocational values is integrated and project is implemented, where the students
demonstrate their skills to associate the competency of doing make-ups with personal and
vocational values, perform the reflection of experience and self-evaluation.
THE AIM is to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills by volunteering in the
creative project “Getting Richer by Giving”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to familiarise with the course of realisation of the creative project “Getting Richer by Giving”;
to present the volunteering as the method of self-knowledge and realisation;
to reason the service as the target value;
to perform and evaluate the consolidation of competency.
THE RESULT OF CONSOLIDATION – consolidated acquired vocational knowledge and skills.
Methods. The competency consolidation form and method are selected by the student
individually. Possible methods of activity include the individual or group work in the class,
individual or group work (with consultation in the class). The form of presentation of the
creative project is optional: in the form of paper, illustration, demonstration, composition,
etc.
Practical task of consolidation. The students receive a task to organise the goodness
campaign for the Centre’s community members. The aim of campaign is to do the occasion
or photo shoot make-up for the campaign participants. The goodness campaign is photographed, video-recorded and later reviewed, discussed and evaluated. The acquired experience, photos, video material shall be systemised, formatted and prepared by students as
a presentation of 10-15 min. in the context of selected subtopic (e.g., “Occasion Make-up”;
“Make-up for Photo Shoot”). It can be a PowerPoint presentation, demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, etc. During the presentation of a project, the students shall
82
83
MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
Objective
06
MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TO CULTIVATE THE VALUES WHILE
IMPLEMENTING THE CREATIVE COMMUNITY
PROJECT “LET’S LOVE OUR TEACHER”
1. Adomonis J. (2008). Nuo taško iki sintezės (From Point to Synthesis). Vilnius: Vilniaus
COMMUNIT Y PROJEC T “ LET ’ S LOVE OUR TE ACHER ”
3. Health and Safety Instruction of Hygiene Cosmetics Cosmetician No 94.
dailės akademijos leidykla.
2. Beloglavkienė U. (2008). Kosmetologijos pradmenys (Basics of Cosmetology). Vilnius:
Mokesčių srautas.
4. Jones R. (2005). Grožio pamokos. Profesionalo paslaptys (Beauty Lessons. Secrets of the
THE AIM is to consolidate the vocational knowledge and skills by reasoning the importance of
values of love and responsibility to the quality provision of the services.
Professional). Vilnius: Aktėja.
5. Jones R. (2014). Makiažas per 5/10/15 minučių (Make-up in 5/10/15 minutes). Vilnius:
1.
To reason the importance of values of love and responsibility to the quality provision of the
services.
2. To reveal citizenship as perceived responsibility and active participation in the society.
3. To perform goodness campaigns, by highlighting the expression of charity and social
responsibility.
THE RESULT – consolidated vocational knowledge and skills of the 3rd half-year by associating
the values of love and responsibility with the quality provision of the service.
Alma littera.
6. Kazlauskienė D. (2004). Medicinos mikrobiologija (Medicine Microbiology). Vilniaus
kolegija.
7. Lasinskaitė-Čerkašina
REALISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN THE COMMUNITY
PROJECT “LET’S LOVE OUR TEACHER”
importance of love and responsibility for the
quality provision of the service;
personal responsibility: assuming responsibility
for own actions;
concept and expression of social responsibility;
citizenship as the assumption of responsibility
for ourselves and our country.
HOURS
DEDICATED:
108
METHODS:

lecture;
work in groups;
individual work;
discussion;
goodness campaigns;
case analysis
Pavilionis
A.,
Vaičiuvėnas
V.
(2003).
Medicinos
mikrobiologija ir virusologijos pagrindai (Medicine Microbiology and Virology Basics).
KMU leidykla.
8. Laužackas
TOPIC:
A.,
R. (2008). Kompetencijomis grindžiamų mokymo / studijų programų
kūrimas ir vertinimas (Creation and Evaluation of Training/Study Programmes Based
on Competencies). Kaunas: VDU.
9. Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 117:2007 “Health Safety Requirements for Beauty
Services”.
10. Michael F. (2013). Būkime gražios. Vidinio ir išorinio grožio vadovas (Let’s Be Pretty.
Handbook of Inside and Outside Beauty). Vilnius: Versus Aureus.
11. Nordmann L. (2012). Professional Beauty Therapy: The Official Guide to Beauty Therapy
at Level 2. Cengage Learning EMEA.
12. Gailevičius P., Obelenienė D.M. (1996). Odos ir venerinės ligos (Dermal and Venereal
Diseases). Leidybos centras.
13. Piličiauskas A. (2012). Pedagoginio dvasingumo link (Towards the Educational
MODULE FINAL TASK:
To present the vocational knowledge and skills
by reasoning the importance of values of love
and responsibility to the quality provision of the
services.
14. Putramentienė A. (2003). Mikrobiologija, dezinfekcijos ir sterilizacijos pagrindai
(Microbiology, Disinfection and Sterilisation Basics). Kauno kolegija.
15. Sakalauskas G. (2012). Savanorystė probacijos sistemoje: prielaidos ir galimybės
(Volunteering in the Probation System: Presumptions and Possibilities). Vilnius: Teisės
The Holy Script. (2009) Vilnius: Lietuvos Vyskupų
self-control questions (in vocation, general
institutas.
Kriūnaitė V., Grigas R. (sud.) (2006) Tautiškumas
review and self-assessment of community
Konferencija
ir pilietiškumas: sintezės keliai. Vilnius: Vilniaus
pedagoginio universiteto leidykla.
84
cultural and value aspects);
project.
16. Šv. Ignacas Lojola. (1998). Autobiografija. Dvasinės pratybos (Autobiography. Spiritual
Training). Vilnius: Aidai.
17. The Holy Script. (2009). Vilnius: Lietuvos Vyskupų Konferencija.
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MODULE III.
MAKE-UP TECHNIQUES
18. Valantinaitė I. (2011). Makiažo menas (The Art of Make-up). Vilnius: Ciklonas.
Make-up technique – a change of face and appearance with a make-up.
19. Vasiliauskienė S. (2004). Kosmetologijos užrašai (Cosmetology Book). Klaipėda:
Manicure – hand skin and nail care.
Morphology – a science on the form and composition of organism.
Ciklonas.
20.Vasiliauskienė S. (2009). Klinikinė kosmetologija (Clinical Cosmetology). Vilnius:
Ciklonas.
Permanent make-up service – an insertion of special ink or pigments into the skin of
the face, by accentuating or correcting the contours of eyebrows, eyes and lips.
Powder – fine, usually fragrant cosmetics and hygiene powder.
GLOSSARY
Antiseptics – a minimisation of the number of microorganisms by treating the skin
and mucous membrane with special products (antiseptics).
Safe service – any kind of service provided in accordance with the established conditions and without prejudice to the safety requirements established in the legal acts, which
causes no risk to human health and life during its provision or later or causes the risk not
exceeding the risk established as permissible in the legal acts.
Sanitiser – a device used to disinfect the cleaned instruments with ultraviolet rays.
Applicator – a brush with a foam head used for the application of eye shadows.
Aseptics – a protection of live tissues and sterile materials from microorganisms.
Beauty service – hair, face, body and nail care, tattoo, permanent make-up, piercing
and other services.
Chiropody – feet and toenail care.
Client – a serviced person (user of a service) which uses the services provides in the
hairdressing salon, cosmetics or tattoo cabinet and salon.
Collagen – a material composed of the connective tissue, which maintains the moisture in the skin.
Correction – a correction of skin defects and less attractive features of the face.
Service – a result of any activity, which is used to satisfy or meet the needs of a specific
user.
Service provider – a natural or legal person, who registered its activity and provides
services in accordance with the established procedure.
Sterile instrument – an instrument without any live microorganisms and their spores.
Sterilisation – a destruction of microorganisms and their spores by physical and
chemical means.
Tattoo service – a service during which a special pigment is penetrated into the epidermis layer.
Correction – a removal of the line, contours and stains.
Cosmetic product – a material or preparation used for external body parts (epidermis,
LIST OF MODULE III ANNEXES
hair, nails, lips and external genitals) or teeth, cleaning of mouth mucous membrane, perfume, change of appearance or scent, protect and/or maintain their good condition.
Decorative cosmetics service – a service the provision of which is associated with the
Annex 1. Scheme of Skin Composition.
Annex 2. Skin Type Determination Test.
application, spray, sticking etc. of respective amount of decorative cosmetics on client’s epi-
Annex 3. Description and Care of Various Skin Types.
dermis, hair, nails, lips.
Annex 4. Scheme of Classification of Cosmetic Products.
Disinfection – a destruction of the majority or all microorganisms, except for bacterial
spores, in the environment by using physical and chemical means.
Elastane – the main protein of the connective tissue conditioning the ageing of the
Annex 5. Scheme of Classification of Masks.
Annex 6. Health and Safety Instruction of Hygiene Cosmetics Cosmetician No 94.
Annex 7. Lithuanian Hygiene Norma HN 117:2007 “Health Safety Requirements for
Beauty Services”.
skin.
Face and body care service – a cosmetic massage, application of cosmetic masks, hair
removal and other face and body care services.
Instrument cleaning – a primary wiping of pollutants, soaking and washing of an
instrument, rinsing with water.
Keratin – a fibril protein present in the layer of human epidermis.
Annex 8. Colour Wheel.
Annex 9. Description of Appearance of Colour Types.
Annex 10. Colour Type Make-up Colours.
Annex 11. Corrections of Various Shapes of Eyes.
Annex 12. Images of Historical Periods.
Make-up – a cosmetic procedure helping to conceal small cosmetic imperfections and
accentuate individual advantages.
Make-up artist – an artist, who makes a professional make-up.
86
87
MODULE IV.
PERFORMING FACIAL CARE PROCEDURES
THE MODULE AIMS at teaching how to perform the main facial care procedures in a
responsible and individual manner.
MODULE IV.
Objective
01
TO ASSESS THE CLIENT‘S FACIAL SKIN CONDITION
AND TO SELECT FACIAL SKIN CARE PROCEDURES
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE MODULE ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. to assess the client’s facial skin condition and to select facial skin care procedures;
2. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills in the creative integrated project
“Seeking Justice”;
3. to select cosmetic means and products, to perform facial skin care and physiotherapy
procedures;
4. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills in the creative integrated project
“I Trust”.
THE RESULT – the ability to safely perform the main facial care procedures, the classic hygienic
facial massage, to identify infectious and non-infectious skin diseases; the awareness of the
physiological and pathological processes present in the human body, biology of the pathogen of
infectious diseases, as well as effect of the major groups of medication on the body.
NAME OF MODULE:
COSMETICS DIVISION
Performing facial care procedures

Physiological processes present in the human body;
Skin abnormalities;
Groups of cosmetic means and products;
Requirements for a cosmetic saloon and a
cosmetician’s work place;
Performing facial skin care procedures;
Implementation and presentation of the creative
integrated project “Seeking Justice”;

Biology of the pathogen of infectious diseases;
Infectious and non-infectious diseases;
METHODS:

Lecture;
Discussion;
Field work;
Individual work;
Work in groups;
Watching and listening of video/audio
material;
Reflection;
Presentation.
The major groups of medication and their effect;
Notions and method groups of physiotherapy;
MODULE FINAL TASK:
The main speciality terms of facial care;
integrated task: theoretical part (knowl-
Implementation and presentation of the creative
integrated project “I trust”.
edge review test) and practical task;
project.
TEACHING/LEARNING TOOLS:
Training material of the module;
Field training tools, equipment and materials (equip-

ment and materials for performing facial skin care
procedures, cosmetic bunk);
The reference literature, as provided in the theoretical training material.
88
field tasks;
evaluation of the creative integrated
1.1. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES PRESENT IN THE HUMAN BODY
Basics of human anatomy, physiology and pathology
Anatomy is a branch of biology science exploring the body structure.
Human anatomy is the science of the human body structure, forms, structures, development and functions thereof.
Physiology is the science exploring the physical, biochemical and information processing functions of living organisms.
Physiology helps to understand healthy body’s activities, its ability to adapt to a constantly changing environment. Physiology forms the theoretical and practical basis for
examining pathological processes occurring in the body.
Pathology is the study and diagnostics of the diseases by testing of tissues, organs
or the whole body. The word “pathology” may also refer to the ailing status itself or health
disorder.
Types of cells and tissues and their functions
Cell is a structural unit of living organisms that is able to exist, develop and multiply
on its own. Structure of the cell: membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
Chemical composition of the cell. Cells can contain oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and
nitrogen that constitute inorganic substances (water and salts) and organic compounds
(proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids).
Types of human cells: smooth muscle cell (performs muscle movement), nervous cell
(transmits neural signal from one part of the body to another), red blood cell (transfers
oxygen), white blood cell (protects the body against microorganisms), spermatozoon (male
sexual cell), fat cell (stores fat), bone cell (is located in bone at broad intervals). The skin is
composed of many various cells (such cells are at the very surface of the skin).
Tissue is a system of cells and intercellular substances, which shares a common origin,
structure, and purpose.
Types and functions of tissues: epithelium (covers the body, cavities of organs and
the body), connective tissue (connects various tissues and maintains their interrelation),
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MODULE IV.
MODULE IV.
adipose tissue (protects critical organs from injuries), cartilage and bone tissue (build sup-
Digestive system organs, glands, and their influence on metabolism
port of the body), muscle tissue (determines movements of organs and the whole body) and
nervous tissue (transmits neural signals into the brain). The schemes describing various
types of tissues are provided in pictures 1-6.
Human digestive system organs: mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, cecum, rectum (see Fig. 7).
Mouth
Esophagus
Fig. 1. Epithelium (www.biologycorner.com)
Stomach
Liver
Fig. 2. Connective tissue (www.dc253.4shared.com)
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Fig. 7. Human digestive system organs (www.avevitaklinika.lt)
The human digestive system begins with the oral cavity. When food is in the mouth,
other digestive organs prepare it for further processing reflexively. From the mouth food
puree gets into the oesophagus and then into the stomach. The food moves further within
Fig. 3. Adipose tissue (www.upload.wikimedia.org)
Fig. 4. Bone tissue (www.sciweb.hfcc.net).............
the intestine and the undigested waste reaches the rectum and is finally discarded through
the anus.
Two major glands are also attributed to the digestive system - the liver and the pancreas, which produce digestive juices. In addition, the digestive system produces hormones
and participates in protective reactions.
Salivary glands, the stomach glands, small intestine glands are also attributed to the
digestive glands. Enzymes produced by the glands turn the insoluble food materials into the
soluble ones. During digestion the energy accumulated in food is released.
The human ability to digest all the consumed food is very limited. For complete assimilation of the food it has to be digested to the very finest particles, namely molecules and
atoms. The food is degraded and digested by various enzymes present in saliva, gastric, pan-
Fig. 5. Smooth muscle (www.lt.wikipedia.org)
90
Fig. 6. Nervous tissue (www.upload.wikimedia.org)
creatic and duodenal juice.
The scheme of the human digestive system is presented in Annex 1.
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MODULE IV.
Healthy lifestyle, nutrition, basic food materials
Healthy lifestyle is a daily lifestyle that strengthens and improves the body’s reserve
capabilities, helps a person to remain healthy, to preserve or even improve one‘s health.
Balanced diet means food materials, vitamins and minerals incoming in sufficient
quantities and optimal ratio for meeting the maximum needs of the body with the minimum amount of nutrients.
Food ration is the quantity of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and
water that a person needs to get through the day.
The materials providing energy for the body are known as the energy materials (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, organic acids, alcohol). The materials not providing energy are
called the non-energy materials (water, vitamins, and minerals).
The main nutrients are proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The principles of a healthy
diet are as follows: proteins should make up 10% - 12%, fats - 30% - 35%, and carbohydrates round 55% of the daily diet. Minerals are essential for normal function of the human body.
They include: selenium, fluoride, iodine, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, potassium,
sodium. Vitamins are organic compounds that are critical for the human body (A, B, C, D, E,
K, etc.).
MODULE IV.
Late acne (acne tarda). Acne is specific for women over 25.
Rosacea. Acne is specific for women and men over 40. Acne can appear due to gastrointestinal illness.
Small children’s acne (acne infantum). This acne is like acne juvenilis and disappears
up to 5 years of age.
Acne caused by medication. It can appear due to the use of corticosteroids, bromine,
iodine preparations intended for both internal and external consumption.
Blackheads (comedones). Comedones have the output channel, they are not protuberant over the surface of the skin and there is no skin redness or swelling around them (see
Fig. 8). Comedones are located in the T zone of the face, in the upper part of the chest area,
on the back between the shoulder blades, and on external sides of upper arms. Comedones
are removed by mechanical means, upon prior evaporation of skin, and by applying masks
contracting the pores afterwards.
Whiteheads (milia). Milia usually appear on the skin affected by seborrhoea, but may
also occur on the normal skin. They appear on the face (eyelids, temples, cheek areas), they
may also occur on the back, hands and genitalia, especially for men. Milia are callus of the
size of millet, which are slightly protuberant above the skin. They do not have an external
discharge pore (see Fig. 9). The mass of a milium is discharged by piercing a thin layer of the
epidermis by a disposable needle and thoroughly disinfected.
1. Please describe the definitions of anatomy, physiology, pathology.
2. Describe the types of human cells and tissues and their functions.
3. Describe the human digestive system.
4. What are the daily rates of the main nutrients?
5. Consult the client about healthy lifestyle and diet.
Fig. 8. Blackheads (comedones)
Fig. 9. Whiteheads (milia)
Seborrhoea. Seborrhoea is a pathological skin condition that affects the function of
1.2. SKIN ABNORMALITIES
Disorders of skin sebaceous glands
Young people’s acne (acne juvenilis). Boys and girls get it equally often, but boys
92
the sebaceous glands and causes qualitative change of the skin fat. There is dry and liquid
seborrhoea.
Dry seborrhoea is caused by hypofunction of the skin sebaceous glands and is distinguished by skin dryness, scaling off, weakening and early loss of hair (see Fig. 10). Such skin
is susceptible to stimuli; therefore it is more subject to inflammatory effects.
suffer more severe acne. The first acne appears at the beginning of the sexual maturation.
Liquid seborrhoea is characteristic of hyperfunction of the sebaceous glands of the
Untreated cases of acne tend to multiplication and can remain up to 25 years or even up to
face, scalp, sternum and the area between the shoulders. The skin of these areas is greasy,
40 years of age.
glossy; the roots of the hair follicles are enlarged, hair is weak.
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MODULE IV.
MODULE IV.
Pigmented skin care. The hyperpigmented facial and body skin shall be protected
from ultraviolet (hereinafter referred to as UV) sunlight. Cosmetic treatment includes alpha
hydroxyl acid with hydroquinone and kojic acid. Products containing vitamin C, PP and plant
minerals also have bleaching effect.
Hyperpigmented areas should be protected from UV sunlight, because the skin blushes
rapidly without pigment.
Vascular disorders of skin and skin care
Fig. 10. Dry seborrhoea (www.skinsight.com)
Fig 11. Liquid seborrhoea (www.skinsight.com)
Vascular disorders of the skin. Telangiectasias are vascular dilation in the facial area.
In most cases the blood vessels dilate in the cheeks and nose areas, and look like vascular
“stars” (see Fig. 14). They are caused by both external and internal factors. Cuperosis is a vas-
Skin pigmentation disorders, pigmented skin care
cular dilation in a larger area of the facial skin that increases intensively. In the background
Skin pigmentation disorders. They may be congenital and acquired and have reduced
same reasons as telangiectasias, including inheritance. The skin affected by cuperosis is
of red facial the twigs of dilated blood vessels are visible (see Fig. 15). They are caused by the
or increased functional activity.
often very sensitive to any type of external or internal stimuli.
Congenital melanin hyperpigmentation: lip melanosis (redness), freckles, moles, pigmented nodules, etc.
Acquired melanin hyperpigmentation: brown spots, senile pigmented spots, etc.
Acquired melanin hyperpigmentation are caused by both external and internal factors.
Melanin hypopigmentation may be congenital and acquired. Acquired melanin
hypopigmentation are caused by both external and internal factors.
Melanin hypopigmentation: vitiligo, albinism. Vitiligo and albinism cases are illustrated in Fig. 12 and 13.
Fig. 14. Telangiectasias (www.skincare-addiction.com)
Fig. 15. Cuperosis (www.uwhuidtherapeut.nl)
Skin care. For care of the skin affected by cuperosis cosmetic products designed for
soft, sensitive and red skin shall be selected. Such skin is treated by dermatologists. The aim
of treatment is to eliminate the dilated blood vessels using electricity or laser.
Scars and stretch marks
Scars. Scars are formed when the skin is subject to physical, chemical, mechanical,
Fig. 12. Vitiligo
(www.mundo-maquiado.blogspot.com)
94
Fig. 13. Albinism
(www.melbourneer.com)
and thermal factors. A scar is formed when the skin is damaged below the base layer of the
epidermis. In the location of the scar the structure of the skin tissue is altered due to damage
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of the elastic and collagenous fibers, nerves
or blood vessels. Scars are classified to:
1. Define types of acne.
atrophic scars (heal below the surface of
the skin), hypertrophic scars (heal above
2. Define dry and liquid seborrhoea.
the surface of the skin), keloid scars (have
very bright scar lines, “overgrown“ on the
skin surface). Scars are treated by laser procedures, and scar “grinding”. The types of
3. Define pigmentation disorders and their reasons.
Fig. 16. Atrophic scar (www.dermnetnz.org)
scars are illustrated in Fig. 16-18.
Stretch marks are stretched skin
4. Define vascular disorders and their reasons.
5. When is a scar formed?
lines of white or purple (red) colour. Stretch
6. Define types of scars.
marks are formed when the skin is overstrained and due to hormonal changes.
7. Define causes for formation of stretch marks.
Stretch marks occur during pregnancy,
adolescence, due to strongly increased body
weight, in patients with endocrine diseases,
Fig. 17. Hypertrophic scar (www.dermnetnz.org)
8. Assess various skin conditions.
due to long-term use of glucocorticoids,
due to genetic reasons. Stretch marks are
1.3. GROUPS OF COSMETIC MEANS AND PRODUCTS
treated by cosmetic procedures: peeling,
body contour wrap, laser, mesotherapy. The
Aromatherapy cosmetics
results of stretch marks are illustrated in
Fig. 19. A surgery procedure for removal of
stretch marks is called abdominoplasty. If
stretch marks are fresh and not abundant,
Aromatherapy (gr. aroma - odour, therapeia - care, treatment) is usage of aromatic oils
Fig. 18. Keloid scar (www.dermnetnz.org)
massage may be effective too.
for treatment, care, and relaxation.
For the production of essential oils several techniques are used: pressing at low temperatures, the “second pressing“ of oil, the “third pressing“ of oil, pressing at high temperatures, chemical extraction.
The essential oils are classified based on their effect on the body: soothing (lavender, melissa, chamomile, marjoram, tea plant, rose tree, valerian, geranium, etc.), irritating (mustard, black pepper, cinnamon, paprika, ginger, bay leaf, rosemary, etc.), refreshing
(citrus fruits – orange tree, lemon tree, lemon grass, grapefruit, mandarin, bergamot, as
well as conifers, mint, eucalyptus).
Aromatherapy methods: aromatherapy bath, inhalation, aromatherapy massage.
Hair care products
Hair care products are cosmetic series for the care of hair and hairy scalp part.
Hair care products are divided into: shampoos, balms, conditioners, masks, special oils
Fig. 19. Stretch marks prior to and after the treatment (www.lazerineklinika.lt)
96
and waxes, tonics, mousses, creams.
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Composition of hair care products: cations, restorative agents, waxes, oils, silicone
materials, vegetable extracts, preservatives, fragrances, conditioning additives.
Perfume. Deodorants and antiperspirants
Perfume is a mixture of fragrant oils, aromatic compounds, and other soluble sub-
MODULE IV.
Usage of cosmetic brands “Abidis“, “Anna Lotan“, “Anesi“, “Aquatonale“, “Jericho“ for
facial skin care is described in Annexes 2-6.
1. Define the effect of aromatherapy substances.
stances, used to provide a pleasant smell for a person, item, etc. Ability to harmoniously associate the scents is called arrangement, and obtaining of the product is called composition.
There are three phases of the perfume scent: the main, the medium and the final one.
Production methods of perfume: heating, cold processing, distillation, extraction by
volatile solvents, cold-pressure.
Deodorants and antiperspirants. Deodorants are designed for neutralisation of bacteria that cause unpleasant smell. They always contain aromatic components.
Antiperspirants inhibits the secretion of sweat, they not necessarily contain fragrances.
Their main ingredient is aluminium salt that dries the skin and thus prevents unpleasant
odour.
Forms of deodorants and antiperspirants: aerosol, ball, stick, cream.
2. What is the classification of the essential oils based on their effect on the human
body?
3. List and define types and purpose of the hair care products.
4. Describe the production methods of perfume.
5. List and define the forms, advantages and disadvantages of deodorants and
antiperspirants.
6. Select the cosmetic products based on the facial skin type and condition.
The main components of deodorants: alcohol, isobutane, propylene glycol, octyl stearate, triclosan, fragrances.
1.4. REQUIREMENTS FOR A COSMETIC SALOON AND A COSMETICIAN’S WORK PLACE
Selection of cosmetic products for facial skin care
Cosmetic means and products are selected upon assessment of the client‘s cosmetic
hygienic needs.
For normal facial skin type – moisturising, nourishing procedures (skin scrubs,
masks, hygienic facial massage);
For dry facial skin type - moisturising, nourishing procedures (skin scrubs, hygienic
cosmetic facial and neck massage with vitamin E, masks);
The following major procedures are performed at the cosmetician‘s: skin cleansing,
stimulation of the facial and neck skin using masks, hygienic facial and neck massage,
make-up, depilation, chemical dyeing of eyelashes and eyebrows.
The purpose of the cosmetic procedures is improvement of the skin condition, prevention of ageing of the skin, elimination of the skin defects.
For oily facial skin type – procedures that regulate secretion of the skin sebaceous
The skin problems may be solved by applying complex procedures: darsonvalization,
glands: dry therapeutic massage, moisturising masks for contracting the pores and protec-
galvanization, desincrustation, ionophoresis, electrocoagulation, waxing, lymphatic drain-
tion against inflammation, skin scrubs, mechanical hygienic cleaning of the skin);
age, laser therapy, mesotherapy, etc.
For mixed facial skin type – selection of products by areas: nourishing, regenerative
(for dry skin areas); contracting the pores, cleansing, protecting against inflammation (for
oily areas); moisturising (for all facial areas).
For sensitive facial skin – soothing, moisturising procedures (masks, enzymatic or
passive skin scrubs, facial massage with soothing oils and creams);
For aging facial skin – nourishing, moisturising procedures, treatments improving
skin blood flow (hygienic cosmetic facial massage, treatments for aging prevention of the
skin with collagen and fruit acids).
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Cosmetic procedures, their variety and purpose
Equipping the cosmetician’s parlour, appliances, cosmetician’s workplace
Special sanitary-hygienic requirements for cosmetic parlour are provided for in the
Lithuanian HN 117-2002.
The following appliances are used in the cosmetician‘s parlour: darsonval, galvanic
current, desincrustation, ionization appliances; wax and paraffin warmers, lamp-loupe,
infrared lamp, vaporizer, sanitizer, multifunction machine, etc.
The cosmetician‘s workplace shall include: the couch with various lying positions,
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couch cover set (couch bedspread, blanket for the client), bathrobe for the client, elastic
MODULE IV.
Hygienic cosmetic facial massage, massage methods, purpose and effect
strap for the hair, dressing table with mirror, auxiliary trolley used for tools and materials,
trolley for the equipment, waste bin, cosmetic products and materials for the procedures
performed, disposable utensils and tools.
Hygienic cosmetic facial massage is performed to prevent the skin aging, to maintain
the shape and ovals of the face and neck, to improve the activity of the sebaceous and sweat
glands, to accelerate lymph circulation, to stimulate the release of harmful substances from
the tissues, To improve the skin elasticity and colour.
The main massage methods: stroke, rub, squashing, vibration.
1. List the essential requirements of the cosmetician’s parlour.
2. Describe the cosmetician’s workplace where the facial skin care procedure is
performed.
Stroke removes old skin cells of the epidermis, improves the activity of the sweat and
sebaceous glands and the skin metabolism, the skin tone, blood circulation, and raises the
temperature of the skin. Stroke has a calming, relaxing effect.
Rub is moving, shoving, and stretching of the tissues in various directions. Rub
increases mobility of the tissues, scars are stretched out, thus improving the blood flow to
1.5. PERFORMING FACIAL SKIN CARE PROCEDURES
the tissues and tissue resorption. Rub is stimulating.
Squashing increases the muscle tone, strengthens the contracting functions of the
Cleansing of the skin, indications and contraindications
muscles, reduces fatigue, pain, induration of the muscles, and increases performance of the
muscles.
Cleansing of the skin is a usual procedure performed for hygienic and treatment
purposes.
Types of cleansing of the skin: cosmetic – hygienic, chemical, physical, mechanical.
Scrubbing of the skin is a natural way of cleansing the skin, a cosmetic procedure that
removes dead epidermal cells.
The types of skin scrub include: physical, chemical, and vegetal (“Gommage“, “Scrub“),
proteineous or fermentic, passive.
Vibration enhances extinct reflexes of the deep muscles. Vibration of a certain frequency diminishes the pain, improves nutrition and regeneration of the tissues, and changes
the blood pressure.
Filling in the client’s card
Prior to the facial skin care cosmetic procedure the client’s card shall be filled in, as
shown in Appendix 7.
Indications for scrubbing of the skin: aging, gray, unviable, thickened skin, seborrhoea, and psoriasis.
Contraindications for scrubbing of the skin: suppurative, fungal, viral, infectious diseases of the skin; acute illness, fever, allergies, extremely sensitive skin, cuperosis.
Deep cleansing technology of the skin, indications and contraindications
Deep cleansing of the skin is a complex procedure including a heated steam bath
(or moisturizing masks), mechanical skin cleansing, skin disinfection (darsonvalization),
masks contracting the pores, the end of the procedure.
Indications for the deep cleansing of the skin: oily skin, comedones, milia, individual
papules, pustules.
Contraindications for the deep cleansing of the skin: infectious skin diseases (suppurative, fungal, viral), multiple skin warts, non-infectious skin diseases in progression stage
(dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, etc.), severe cuperosis, high blood pressure, asthma, epilepsy,
1. Define the cosmetic procedures: cleansing and scrubbing of the skin, mask, the
mechanical cleansing of the skin, the classical hygienic facial massage.
2. List the indications and contraindications of the skin scrub.
3. List the indications and contraindications of the mechanical cleansing of the skin.
4. Define the purpose and effect of the classical hygienic facial massage.
5. Perform the facial skin care procedures.
6. Fill in the client’s card.
fever.
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Objective
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client“). Presentation method can be selected from several options: it can be a PowerPoint
THE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF THE MODULE
“PERFORMING FACIAL SKIN CARE PROCEDURES“
OF THE HYGIENIC COSMETICS TRAINING
PROGRAM ARE CONSOLIDATED IN THE CREATIVE
INTEGRATED PROJECT “SEEKING JUSTICE”
presentation, demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, etc.
During the presentation of a project, the students shall argument the selection of
a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project and target result, list the process of project
presentation, indicate the contribution of each group member (in case of work in a group),
specify what kind of acquired knowledge and skills were used in the project, specify the new
experiences acquired during the project. In order to help the students to educate the value
attitudes, the reflective self-control questions are provided during the presentation allowing
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “SEEKING JUSTICE”
During consolidation the basic etiquette rules for appropriate public behaviour and
the rethinking of the realised project in terms of value.
communication with the clients are presented, the education of vocational values is inte-
grated and project is implemented, where the students demonstrate their skills to associ-
ate the acquired competency with personal and vocational values, perform the reflection of
experience and self-evaluation.
skills in the creative project “Seeking Justice“.
CONSOLIDATION OBJECTIVES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. to summarise the consolidated knowledge and skills;
2. to familiarise with the course of realisation of a creative project “Seeking Justice”;
3. to present the basic etiquette rules for appropriate public behaviour and communication with
the clients;
4. to reason the justice as the target value;
5. to perform and evaluate the consolidation of competency.
by the student individually. Possible methods of activity include the individual or group work
in the class, individual or group work (with consultation in the class). The form of presentation of the creative project is optional: in the form of paper, illustration, demonstration, etc.
Practical task. The students receive a task to organise the goodness campaign for the
Centre’s community members. The aim of the campaign is to perform the facial care procedures for the campaign participants on the basis of volunteering. The course of campaign
is photographed, video-recorded and later reviewed, discussed and evaluated. The acquired
experience, photos, video material shall be systemised, formatted and prepared by the students (individually or in a group) as a presentation of 10-15 min. in the context of selected
subtopic (e.g., “Body posture is a skillset mark”; “Human facial expression and its encryption
during conversation with the client”, “10 most important things in communication with the
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Objective
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material. They die within 3-5 minutes in the process of boiling and heating. Sunlight and UV
TO SELECT COSMETIC MEANS AND PRODUCTS,
TO PERFORM FACIAL SKIN CARE AND
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES
rays and also kill them. Chemical substances: 1 % formalin, 1-2 % chloramines destroy fungi
within 20-30 minutes, 5 % phenol – within 2-5 minutes, and 5 % bleach solution works even
faster. 1-2 % spirituous aniline dye solutions are effective against fungi.
The incubation period of the disease is highly variable and lasts from a few days to
several months. The disease affects the skin, hair and nails. Mucosa and internal organs are
3.1. BIOLOGY OF THE PATHOGEN OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infection, immunity, allergy
Infection is the entirety of biological processes caused by an infectious agent in the
Some fungi parasitize only in the human body (anthropophilic), while others reside
only in animals or birds: (zoophilic); however many of them live in both human and animal
bodies. Geophilic fungi that are low-pathogenic for humans live in the soil.
body. Infectious disease is a health disorder, where part of the human body or the whole
Some fungi are only partially pathogenic (mold, candida). They are found on the skin
body is no longer able to carry out their normal functions due to the impact of pathogenic
as saprophytes and become pathogenic and cause disease symptoms, as soon as circum-
microorganisms.
stances are favourable.
The source of infection is an organism that contains pathogens that are constantly
Dermatomycoses (fungal diseases) are growing in number and they are diseases of
emitted into the environment. The source of infection may be a sick person or animal, bac-
modern civilization. The most usual ones are dermatophysis (rubrophytia, feet epidermo-
terial carriers.
phytia, mikrosporia, deep ringworm) and candidiasis.
The routes of infection: contact (direct and indirect), alimentary (through water and
food), droplet (spread through the air), transmission (through blood), placentary.
Immunity is the entirety of biological phenomena (processes and mechanisms), supporting the stability of the body’s inner medium (homeostasis) and protecting it against
infections and other genetically alien factors.
Immunity is divided into innate immunity (natural) or the quality and acquired
immunity.
Allergy is hypersensitivity after repeated exposure to an antigen or an allergen.
Allergens can be food products, household products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc.
Fungus is spread due to many exogenous and endogenous factors.
Droplet infections (tuberculosis, diphtheria) transmitted through the air
Tuberculosis is a chronic, infectious, granulomatous disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mycobacteria tuberculosis). The features of the mycobacterium tuberculosis are as follows: they are resistant to heat, cold, ethyl alcohol, sensitive to UV rays and
chlorine compounds; in direct sunlight they are killed within 1-1.5 hours, while in a room
mycobacteria can survive up to 1.5 months.
Tuberculosis pathogen can survive, spread and infect someone: through tiny saliva,
Upon the first contact with an allergen, the antibodies circulate in the body and attach
sputum droplets in the air for up to 5 meters within 5 hours; in dry secretions in a dark, cold
themselves to the skin cells in the bronchi, on the blood vessel walls, etc. When the allergen
room for up to 1 year; in street dust up to 10 days; in surface waters up to 150 days; in human
enters the body repeatedly, the allergic reaction takes place between the allergen and the
corpses infected with tuberculosis for 3 years.
attached antibody.
There are two types of allergic reactions: rapid and slow. The rapid allergic reactions
occur rapidly (within a few or dozen minutes), whereas the slow allergic reactions occur
after a few hours or days.
General characteristics of fungi. Fungal skin diseases
Tuberculosis can also be transmitted by both direct and indirect contact. A patient is
not dangerous to the environment after 2-3 weeks of treatment.
Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease that affects the respiratory tract, it may also
damage the heart muscle. Diphtheria is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium (Corynebacterium
diphtheriae). This is a micro-organism that emits a strong poison (toxin) into the environment, which causes all disease symptoms characteristic of diphtheria and damages various
Fungal skin diseases are caused by various pathogenic fungi – dermatophytes. Fungal
organs. Vaccinated people become insensible to this poison, but do not acquire resistance to
cells consist of yarns, the so called micelles. The optimum growth temperature is 28–30ºC,
diphtheria bacteria. If the vaccinated got infected, the diphtheria bacteria could survive in
and PH – 6,5. Fungi multiply by sharing, overgrowth, budding and spores.
their body, usually in the nasopharynx, for quite a long time (up to three months), without
Aerobes fungi are pathogenic for humans and animals. Some of them grow well on
fruits and vegetables, even in the soil. They remain alive even for 3-5 years in pathological
104
vulnerable for patients with candidiasis.
causing any symptoms.
The diphtheria agents are relatively resistant, so they can spread through items
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contaminated by saliva of an infected person, such as toys. Untreated diphtheria bacilli car-
itching increases. As a person is scratching, scratched pair nodules become visible. One is
riers emit the bacteria into the environment for up to three months. Susceptible people get
the beginning of the mite trail, and the other one is the end. Scabies trails are located in the
infected by droplets through the air.
areas with the softest skin, i.e., hand toes, palm sides and inner surfaces of the wrists, the
Prevention of fungal skin diseases, droplet infections transmitted through the air
The beauty services intended for prevention of fungal skin diseases, droplet infections
transmitted through the air are provided in accordance with the beauty services health and
safety requirements as established in the Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 117: 2007.
1. Please describe the definitions of infectious process and infectious disease.
2. List the ways of transmission of an infectious disease.
elbow flexor surfaces, the elbows, around the armpits, belly area around the navel, inner
surfaces of the thighs and the buttock skin. In case of small children the palms and soles
skin may be also affected. Scabies are illustrated in Fig. 20.
Lice infestation. It is caused by lice – blood-sucking parasites. Infection is transferred
from person to person or through contaminated clothing and bedding. There are three forms
of the disease: Head lice infestation (caused by a head lice that inhabits the crown and
temporal areas); clothing lice infestation (caused by clothing lice that live in the seams of
underwear and folds; nits are found on the pubic hair, armpit hair), pubic lice infestation
(caused by a groin louse, rests in the pubic area, the scrotum skin, the crotch, sometimes
spreads into other hairy areas: chest, belly, armpits, eyebrows, eyelashes). Lice infestation
is illustrated in Fig. 21.
3. Define the concept and types of immunity.
4. Define the concept and types of allergy.
5. List the main biological features of pathogenic fungi.
6. List the ways of transmission of droplet infections spread through the air.
7. List the hygienic and sanitary requirement for the facial skin care procedures.
Fig. 20. Scabies (www.delfi.lt)
3.2. INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Parasitic skin diseases and their prevention
Scabies. These are caused by itch-mite. It chews the horny layer of the epidermis,
burrows ducts in the epidermis and lays the eggs therein. Hatched larvae fall on the skin
surface, the male mites fertilize them, and they again chew the horny layer of the epidermis
and burrows ducts therein.
The disease is transmitted from contact with infected people. Scabies are attributed to
sexually transmitted diseases; it can be transmitted through contaminated bedding, towels,
clothing and other items.
The incubation period is 8-12 days. At the inlet spot of a mite there appears a blackish
crust, and where the mite stays there is a tiny greyish blister. While the mite burrows a duct,
it stimulates the nerve endings, so patients feel itchy. At night mites become overactive, and
106
Fig. 21. Lice infestation (www.healthline.com)
Pruritic skin diseases and their prevention
Nettle-rash. It is a sudden rash of the skin and mucous membranes with itchy elevated bumps (see Fig. 22). After several hours patches disappear without a trace. Nettle-rash
is a frequent allergic disease.
There are several clinical forms of nettle-rash: acute, chronic, relapsing, disease caused
by physical factors. Nettle-rash can be allergic or non-allergic and inheritable.
Nettle-rash can be caused by food, medication, cold, heat, sunlight. Nettle-rash can
also be a symptom of some internal organ disease.
The primary element of the rash is a bump. It is 0,5–10 cm in diameter, elevated above
the skin, with tight limits, itchy, red or whitish, sometimes of various configurations. There
bumps are as follows: red, white anaemic, orbital, deep under the skin, bullous, haemorrhagic, manifesting with pigmentation. The bumps occur rapidly, even within several minutes. The adjacent bumps can mingle, thus forming a source resembling a map. Fig. 23).
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scalp area, nails and joints. Psoriasis is illustrated in Fig. 24.
Both men and women are equally affected by, age of patients usually ranging from 20
to 40, but it can also occur in children and older people. The course of the disease is relapsing,
with attacks and remissions. The causes are not clear; the disease tends to be inheritable.
There are also biological and psychological causes.
The disease is initiated by the following factors: physical stimuli, chemical irritants,
allergic processes, skin infections, bacterial inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, medications, stress situations, spicy meals, and alcoholic beverages. There are three stages of psoriasis: progressive, static and regressive.
Fig. 22. Nettle-rash (www.manosveikata.lt)
Fig. 23. Bump (www.siklusair.com)
Itchy skin. Itchy skin is often not an individual disease, but a subjective symptom of
allergy or other skin disease. Sometimes the skins tart itching due to physiological factors,
namely cold, spring climate, ageing. Itching can also be caused by allergens, medication, various chemical substances, plants, etc.
The following local itching clinical forms are distinguished: anal itching, genital itching,
head itching, palms and soles itching, armpits itching, back itching, nasal itching, itching of
mucous membrane of the cheeks and tongue, lips itching, itching of mucous membrane of
the pharynx and trachea.
Non-infectious skin diseases and their prevention
Dermatitis. It is inflammation of the skin caused by external or internal stimuli.
Dermatitis is revealed by redness and swelling of the damaged skin. In the background of
swelling and redness there can appear rash in nodules, vesicles or even blistering. Palpation
in that place shows hot skin; the patient complains of pain, burning, itching.
Based on the causes and development, dermatitis may be: simple contact dermatitis
(caused by mechanical, temperature, radiation, biological, chemical factors), allergic contact
dermatitis (usually caused by chemical substances), allergic dermatitis (develops when the
irritant enters the inside the body).
Neurodermatitis. It is also called atopic dermatitis. Causes of occurrence: functional
Fig. 24. Psoriasis (www.webmd.com)
1. What causes scabies?
2. Where are the scabies trails located?
3. Define the forms of lice infestation.
4. List the factors causing nettle-rash.
disorders of the nervous system, inheritance, immunoallergic mechanisms, diseases of the
digestive and endocrine systems, foot mycosis, etc. Neurodermatitis can be limited and diffuse.
Eczema is an allergic skin inflammation reviewed as various itchy rashes. This is a
quite common disease caused by certain stimuli, both internal and external. Depending on the
causing factors and process of the disease, eczema can be: atopic (caused by food, cloth, dust,
pollen, animal hair, dandruff), seborrhoeic (eczema is caused by a fungal infection), microbial
(caused by various microbes and fungi).
Psoriasis - a chronic renewable inflammation of the skin, which is characterized by
body skin rash in papules and plaques that are covered with scales, causing damage to the
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5. List the factors causing itching diseases.
6. List the forms of dermatitis and the factors causing them.
7. List the forms of eczema and the factors causing them.
8. List the factors causing and provoking psoriasis.
9. Identify the most often non-infectious skin diseases.
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3.3. THE MAJOR GROUPS OF MEDICATION AND THEIR EFFECT
Methods of introduction of medication
through the skin
Relation between pharmacology and facial skin care procedures
Pharmacology is a science that deals with the patterns of medication use and
Active
Passive
their distribution in organs and tissues, biotransformation and excretion from the body.
Pharmacodynamics deals with the biological and therapeutic effect of medication to the
Liposomes
Diffusion
Mechanical
modifiers
Chemical
enhancers
Iontophoresis
Ultrasound
body, investigates the pathological process, changes in the body functions occurring under
the influence of medication, as well as explores the effect of medication, their interaction
and dosage.
Electroporation
Depending on their characteristics and nature of the disease, medication can be used
orally (when medication is consumed directly into the digestive tract) and parenterally
Fig. 26. Dermal medication delivery methods
(when medication enter the body bypassing the digestive tract). Bypassing the digestive tract
means that medication are injected directly, inhaled or applied externally.
The main groups of medication affecting the skin: antibiotics, antihistamines, hormones, vitamins, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), medication increasing
the body resistance. The medication affecting the skin are illustrated in Fig. 25.
Effect of medication on the body
The effect of medication can be as follows: local, resorptive, etiotropic, pathogenetic, symptomatic and syndromic, reflexive, etc.. The effect of medication on the body is
described in Annex 8.
The more medications are administered, the greater the possibility of incompatibility
and the risk of undesired operation. It is observed that co-administration of two or more
medications, their effect is increased or decreased. The interaction of medication, where the
antihistamines
body reaction changes in the same direction, is called synergism. The interaction of medi-
immunityenhancing
agents
antiviral
agents
vitamins
cation, where their effect is reduced due to combined usage, is called antagonism.
Undesired effect is observed in most medication, especially those used for treating
Medication
for the skin
nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
tumours, antibiotics, vitamins, estrogens, antihistamines, analgesics, etc. Undesired reactions are divided into: toxic, allergic, dysbacteriosis and superinfection, immunity suppression, embryotoxic and teratogenic, and carcinogenic effect of medication.
Decrease in the specific effect of repeatedly administered medication (tolerance) develops using hypnotics, analgesics, anaesthetics, laxatives, diuretics, and medication reduc-
hormones
antibacterial
agents
antifungal
agents
ing blood pressure. Urge to repeatedly consume medication having euphoric effect is called
pharmacomania, manifesting in physical and mental dependence. It develops by repeatedly consuming narcotic analgesics, barbiturates, cocaine, ethyl alcohol. Concentration of
the repeatedly consumed medication in the body is called cumulation. It may be caused by
slow discharge of medication from the body or slow biotransformation of medication.
Fig. 25. Medication affecting the skin
Sometimes skin diseases are treated and their defects are eliminated by surgery, electrocoagulation, cryotherapy, diathermy, laser, and various methods of physical therapy
(electrostimulation, massage, electrophoresis, etc.). Dermal medication delivery methods
are shown in Fig. 26.
110
Application of herbal medicine for skin care
Herbal medicine is a medical branch invoking use of various plants for medical purposes. Herbal medicines, compared to the chemical operate slowly, but cause side effects
much less frequently, most of them are safe for long-term use. The therapeutic effect of
plants is caused by active substances and certain chemical compounds: alkaloids, glycosides,
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MODULE IV.
essential oils, vitamins, bitter materials, tannins, minerals, etc. There are plants that are
irritating the skin, causing inflammation. The skin inflammation induced by plants - dermatitis - may be simple (inflammation occurs at the contact spot) and allergic (the latter is
caused by repeated contact with a plant). A simple skin inflammation is caused by nettle,
meadow buttercup, etc. Allergic dermatitis occurs due to rue, indoor primrose, jasmine, narcissus and tulip bulbs, hops, yarrow, celandine, wild strawberry leaves, etc. The same herbs
do not necessarily cause allergic skin inflammation to everyone, but only to individuals who
are sensitive to one or another plant.
In cosmetology tea tree, satin cedar, cinnamon, eucalyptus, clove, fir, cypress, lavender, mint, myrrh, peppermint, pine, rosemary essential oils are used as natural antiseptics.
MODULE IV.
4. Do not use sockets, plugs, switches and other electrical installation, if they are out
of order;
5. Fill in the client’s card;
6. Follow the sanitary and hygienic requirements;
7. Explain the effect of the procedure and further skin care to the client;
8. Be aware of the first aid actions.
Classification of physiotherapy treatments
Physical and physical-chemical methods of physiotherapy: hydrotherapy (treatment
with fresh water), balneotherapy (treatment with water of different chemical composition
and water containing various gas), thermotherapy (heat treatment), cryotherapy (cold treatment), peloidotherapy (or peloidothermia, pelotherapy, pelothermia - treatment with mud,
1. Explain relation between pharmacology and facial skin care procedures.
2. What are the main ways of use of medication?
3. List the main groups of medication affecting the skin.
4. Define the concepts of synergism and antagonism.
5. Define the concept of herbal medicine.
peat), climate therapy (treatment with climatic factors), thalassotherapy (sunbath and sea
bath treatment), heliotherapy (sun treatment), herbal medicine (treatment with plants), chromotherapy (colour therapy), aerosol therapy (treatment with medicinal substances, aerosols),
halotherapy (treatment with salts), etc.
Treatment with energy generated by appliances: phototherapy (treatment with artificial light, e.g., mercury quartz lamp, solarium, laser, etc.), electrotherapy (treatment with permanent low and high frequency currents, electromagnetic fields, etc.), X-ray therapy (treatment with x-rays), radiation therapy (treatment with energy of radioactive isotopes), etc.
Natural methods of treatment based on movement (physical therapy): mechanother-
6. List the active substances of plants and explain their effect.
7. What is the effect of plants used in cosmetics industry.
apy, massage, therapeutic gymnastics, occupational therapy, etc.
Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy is use of fresh water for treatment. Balneotherapy is use of artificial and
3.4. NOTIONS AND METHOD GROUPS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
Notions of physiotherapy
Physiotherapy uses physical agents for prevention and treatment. Physical factors: natural (sun, air, water, therapeutic mud, clay, etc.) and artificial (electric current, artificial light
sources, laser, etc.).
Safety rules for physiotherapy
Safety rules for physiotherapy:
natural mineral waters and chemical water for treatment.
Classification of water procedures: 1) based on temperature: cold (up to 20°C); cool (20–
35°C); indifferent (36–37°C); warm (37–39°C); hot (39°C and more); contrasting temperatures; 2)
based on volume: general (baths, showers, washing, douche, underwater massage, swimming
in fresh or sea water, etc.), local (compresses, irrigation, intestinal washing, etc.).
Phototherapy
Treatment with artificial light rays is called phototherapy.
Radiotherapy is electromagnetic oscillations induced by movement of electrons inside
1. Follow the requirements of procedure technology;
the radiation energy source. These oscillations spread in space at the speed of 300 000 km/s.
2. Do not leave the client unobserved;
Different kinds of radiation energies differ from each other by vibrations per second, i.e., wave
3. Do not repair electrical appliances, do not touch them with wet hands, do not use
frequency or length. Electromagnetic waves scale is provided in Fig. 27.
electrical appliances, if they have been in contact with water;
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MODULE IV.
MODULE IV.
Peloidotherapy
Gamma rays
Peloidotherapy (or peloidothermia, pelotherapy, pelothermia) is treatment with mud,
X-ray
paraffin wax, ozokerite. Phases of paraffin facial mask: the facial and neck skin is cleansed
and scrubbed, fat cream is applied, followed by a gauze mask, the eyes are covered with wet
Ultraviolet
rays
Visible light
rays
Infrared
waves
cotton disks (may be dunk in soothing extracts), 38-40° C hot paraffin is applied with a brush
in 3-4 layers, the face is covered with a towel, the mask remains on the face for 15 minutes.
The procedure can be repeated 1-2 times per week.
Microwaves
1. What requirements are applied for physiotherapy procedures?
Radio waves
2. List and define physiotherapy methods.
3. Define the concept of balneotherapy.
4. Define the positive and negative impact of UV rays.
Wave length
Fig. 27. Electromagnetic waves scale (www.tamsoje.lt)
The positive effect of UV rays: stimulates pigmentation, increases levels of red blood
cells, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D3, and improves the aesthetic appearance of skin.
The negative effect of UV rays: burns, skin inflammation, pigmentation disorders, skin
5. Define the effect of infrared rays to people.
6. Define the concept of thermotherapy.
7. Perform the facial paraffin mask.
8. Select the physiotherapy procedure based on the facial skin type and condition.
aging, cancer.
Infrared rays makes a sudden impact on the body. They not only heat the surface of
the body, but are absorbed into the body about 4 cm, completely warm up the tissues, organs
3.5. THE MAIN SPECIALITY TERMS OF FACIAL CARE
and muscles, and stimulate release of fat, elimination of toxic materials, encourage healing
of wounds and ulcers, cellulite treatment.
Thermotherapy
Thermotherapy is treatment with heat procedures. The following methods are used:
Basic skin care specialized terms
Speciality vocabulary: cosmetology, manicure, pedicure, artificial nails, special occasion hairstyling, shampooing hair, cosmetic application, body hair removal, chemical hair
relaxers, permanent waves, coloring, highlighting of hair, hair extensions, wig treatments,
cosmetologist, hair stylists, shampooers, manicurists, estheticians, electrologists, skin type,
1) Warmed materials, transferring their heat to the body: water (water therapy, warmers,
facial skin type test at cosmetic surgery room, facial skin type test home condicions, normal
heating compress), mud (mud therapy), paraffin (paraffin therapy), ozokerite (ozokerite
skin, dry skin, oily skin, combination skin, sensitive skin, aging skin, skin elasticity (turgor),
therapy), clay (clay applications), sand (sand bath); 2) forms of energy, which is converted
skin tone,skin keratinisation, skin color, wrinkles, pigment spots, vasodilatation, hypo-al-
into heat in the tissues of the body: light (light therapy), electric current (electricity therapy).
lergenic soap, chin, center of cheeks, outer cheeks, center of forehead, outer forehead,
nose, blemishes, firm, smooth, pores, clogged pores, irritated, sensitive, rough, protective
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MODULE IV.
MODULE IV.
moisturizer, shiny, thick, dull colored, coarse pores, pimples, blackheads, sebaceous glands,
use alcohol-free tonic or tonic with alcohol, use moisturizing cream at day time, use a light
broken capillaries, vessels, itching, burning, chafing, stinging, epidermis, translucent,
antiseptic night cream from time to time if you wish, and apply a clarifying mask one or
dermis, nondrying mask, light antiseptic cream, moisturizing cream, allergens, perfume,
two times a week.
SPF number.
Combination skin care: gently cleanse and lubricate the dry skin with home-made
cold or moisturizing creams regularly. The oily part need to be deeply cleansed and toned
Taking care of different skin types
with regular application of home-made astringents. Both the dry and greasy areas need
moisturizing.
There are many factors that can influence your skin type. They fall into two categories
Sensitive skincare: useproducts that do not contain potential allergens; wash face
internal and external. Internal factors: hormonal changes, genetics, smoking, health prob-
with mild baby soap, rinse thoroughly and pat the skin dry with a soft towel; do not use
lems and medications. External factors consist of things like climate, your skin care routine,
rough towel, every night apply moisturizing cream
sun damage and environmental toxins. Let take a closer look at these independent factors.
Before you can use a facial skin care product you need to know your skin type. How
Aging skin care: avoid artificial tanning. Don‘t use sunlamps and tanning beds, as well
as tanning pills and tanning makeup, use products with an SPF number of 15 or higher.
to recognize skin type: facial skin type test at cosmetic surgery room or facial skin type test
home conditions.
Facial massage procedure
Normal skin: not too oily or dry and blemishes are uncommon; firm, with a healthy
appearance; normally smooth with small pores; does not feel dry or oily.
Dry skin: feels tight and may exhibit visible flaking; often delicate and easily irritated;
may be sensitive to cold weather; has the appearance of a matte finish, lacking sheen.
Oily skin: is shiny, thick and dull colored; has coarse pores and pimples and other
embarrassing blemishes; is prone to blackheads; pores are enlarged.
Forehead – starting at the forehead by the eyebrows and using your three massage
fingers, gently move across the forehead with small circular motions. Nose – beginning at
the inner hollow of the eye, massage downward with your index finger, along the sides of
your nose. Eyes – exercise caution in this area. Using your index finger above the eyebrow
and middle finger below the eye, massage in a gentle sweeping motion from the inner eye
Combination skin: it is a combination of both oily and dry skin with certain areas of
area to the outer area, toward the temples. Mouth and Chin – using your index and middle
the face oily and the rest dry; there is a central greasy panel consisting of the forehead, nose
fingers and starting at the chin, gently massage in a circular and upward motion around
and chin and a dry panel consisting of cheeks and the areas around the eyes and mouth.
the mouth and lips. Bring the massage motion to the top of the mouth, under the nostrils.
Sensitive skin: broken capillaries; vessels beneath the surface of the skin distinguish
Chin – fatty deposits can add up here. Starting where the right jaw meets the ear, gently
this skin type; should not be over stimulated; can be easily irritated; always itching, burn-
grasp the skin between your index and middle fingers and walk them the length of the jaw
ing, chafing and stinging.
in a scissor-like motion. Massage back to the starting point using a circular motion. Cheeks
Aging skin: round, pigmented spots may appear in some areas; the dermis loses its
to Temples – starting at the chin and moving upward across the cheeks to the temples,
some of its elasticity and fat, causing the outer layer of skin to droop and wrinkle, small
massage in a light manner using the middle and index fingers only. When you reach the
blood vessels become more fragile and break down.
temples, massage in a circular motion. Neck and Décolletage – begin at the back of the neck
Skin care of every type
and massage upwards toward the head using small circular motions. Coming around to the
Normal skin care: cleaning twice a day with a mild baby soap and water and toned
front of the neck and using the three massage fingers, massage the neck starting at the col-
with something mild, like rose water; using moisturizing cream at day time and nourishing
larbone and work your way upwards toward the chin.
at night; using makeup products that contain a sunscreen. Once every two weeks, stimulate
the circulation and smooth the surface of the skin by using a nondrying mask.
Cosmetics ingredients
Dry skin care: cleaningtwice a day with water or mineral water but not tap and hot.
Dry skin needs plenty of thorough but gentle cleansing, regular stimulation with massage
Product ingredients: Aloe, Alpha Hydroxy Acids – (AHA), Avocado Oil (Persea americana),
and generous quantities of oil and moisture. A moisturizer increases the water content of
Ceramides, Chamomile, Co-enzyme Q10, Collagen, Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs), Essential Oils,
the outer layers of the skin and gives it a soft, moist look.
Ginkgo Biloba, Glycerin, Horse Chestnut Extract (HCE), Jasmine, Jojoba Oil (Simmondsia chin-
Oily skin care: cleansing with warm water and soap, avoid harsh soaps or cleansers,
116
ensis), Karite Butter, Liposomes, Natural Botanicals, Passion Fruit, Shea Butter, Sun Filters,
117
MODULE IV.
Sunflower Oil (Helianthus annuus), Vitamin A: (Beta Carotene), Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic
Acid, Vitamin C: (Ascorbic Acid), Vitamin E, Wheatgerm Oil (Triticum aestivum).
MODULE IV.
Objective
04
1. To create skin care speciality vocabulary.
2. To describe the various skin types.
3. To describe care of various skin types.
4. To present the stages of facial skin care procedure.
5. To present the stages of facial massage procedure.
TO CONSOLIDATE THE ACQUIRED VOCATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN THE CREATIVE
INTEGRATED PROJECT “I TRUST”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “I TRUST”
The knowledge and skills of the module “Performing facial skin care procedures“ of the
Hygienic Cosmetics Training Program are consolidated in the creative integrated project “I
Trust”. The basic principles of effective communication with clients are presented during the
consolidation, the education of vocational values is integrated and project is implemented,
where the students demonstrate their skills to associate the competency of doing facial care
procedures with personal and vocational values, perform the reflection of experience and
self-evaluation.
skills in the creative project “I Trust“.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to familiarise with the course of realisation of a creative project “I Trust”;
to present the basic principles of effective communication with clients;
to reason loyalty as the target value;
by the student individually. Possible methods of activity include the individual or group
work in the class, individual or group work (with consultation in the class). The form of
presentation of the creative project is optional: in the form of paper, illustration, demonstration, composition, etc.
Practical task. The students receive a task to organise the goodness campaign for the
Centre’s community members. The aim of the campaign is to perform the facial care procedures for the campaign participants on the basis of volunteering. The course of campaign
is photographed, video-recorded and later reviewed, discussed and evaluated. The acquired
experience, photographs and videos should be systemised, formatted and prepared by the
students (individually or in a group) in a form of 10-15 minutes presentation of the selected
subtopic (e.g., “Pleasant and Polite Communication with a Client”, “Understanding of Client’s
Needs”, “Fast Receipt of Necessary Information though a Contact with a Client”). Presentation
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MODULE IV.
MODULE IV.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
method can be selected from several options: It can be a PowerPoint presentation, demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, etc. During the presentation of a project,
the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project
and target result, list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each
group member (in case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and
skills were used in the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project. In
order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions
are provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms
of value.
1. Anusevičienė O.V., Cibas P., Lilienė L. (2009). Žmogaus anatomija ir fiziologija. (The
human anatomy and physiology). Kaunas.
2. Balevičienė G., Maciulevičienė R. (2002). Odos ligų atlasas. (Atlas of skin diseases).
Vilnius.
3. Brud W. S., Glinka R. (2003). Kosmetikos pagrindai. (Cosmetics basics). Mokslas ir
studijos.
4. Dabkevičius Z. (2008). Mikrobiologijos ir bakteriologijos pagrindai. (Fundamentals
of Microbiology and bacteriology). Šiauliai: Šiaulių universitetas.
5. Extract from the Minutes No.65 of Meeting of the Occupational Safety and Health
Commission of the Republic of Lithuania held on 2002-04-11 “On Approval of
the General Provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Committee of the
Company” (Gov. News, 2002, No. 70-2952).
6. Facial Massage Procedure. Internet access: http://www.renaudnaturals.com/
facialmassageprocedure.html. Reviewed on 2013 02 23.
7. Facial Skin type test. Internet access: http://www.natalchemy.com/facial-skintype-test.aspx. Reviewed on 2013 02 25.
8. Gorinienė G., Gorinaitė A. (2006). Fizioterapija ir kurortiniai veiksniai. (Physiotherapy
and spa factors). Kaunas. LKKA.
9. Health and Safety Instruction of Hygiene Cosmetics Cosmetician No.94
10. Internet access: http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_
id=302715&p_query=&p_tr2. Seen on 2013 02 12.
11. Jasaitienė D., Marčiukaitienė I. O., Valiukevičienė S., Bylaitė M. (2010). Žvynelinės
sisteminio gydymo ir fototerapijos metodika. (Phototherapy and systemic treatment
of Psoriasis). Kaunas.
12. Kazlauskienė D. (2004). Medicinos mikrobiologija. (Medicine Microbiology). Vilnius:
Vilniaus kolegija.
13. Krausas H. (2004). Fizioterapija namuose. (Physiotherapy at home). Vilnius: Avicena.
14. Lasinskaitė-Čerkašina A., Pavilionis A., Vaičiuvėnas V. (2003). Medicinos
mikrobiologija ir virusologijos pagrindai. (Medicine Microbiology and Virology
Basics). KMU leidykla.
15. Lasinskaitė-Čerkašina A., Pavilionis A., Vaičiuvėnas V. (2005). Medicinos
mikrobiologija ir virusologijos pagrindai. (Medicine Microbiology and Virology
Basics). Kaunas. KMU.
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16. Laužackas R. (2008). Kompetencijomis grindžiamų mokymo / studijų programų
kūrimas ir vertinimas (Creation and Evaluation of Training/Study Programmes
Based on Competencies). Kaunas. VDU.
17. Lithuanian Hygiene Norma HN 117:2007 “Health Safety Requirements for Beauty
Services”.
18. Mickienė Ž (2005). Farmakologija. (Pharmacology). Kaunas. Kauno kolegija.
MODULE IV.
32.Vocabulary and product ingredients. Internet access: http://www.make-upusa.
com/vocabulary.htm. Reviewed on 2013 02 25.
33.What factors can influence your skin type? Internet access: http://360skincare.
qondio.com/what-factors-can-influence-your-skin-type. Reviewed on 2013 02 25.
34.Žigienė K. (2006). Reabilitacijos ir fizioterapijos pagrindai. (Rehabilitation and
Physiotherapy basics). Kauno kolegija.
19. Milašienė I. (2004). Ligų gydymas vaistažolėmis ir augalinės kilmės vaistais.
(Treatment of diseases with herbs and herbal medicines). Šiauliai: Šiaulių kolegijos
leidykla.
20.Molienė L., Molis S. (2000). Žmogaus biologija ir sveikata. (Human biology and
health). Kaunas. Šviesa.
21. Naruševičienė N. O. (2004). Farmakologija. (Pharmacology). Panevėžys: Panevėžio
kolegijos leidykla.
22.Order of the Director of the Fire and Rescue Department under the Ministry of
Home Affairs No. 1-223, dated 2010-07-27, Vilnius.
23.Piličiauskas A. (2012). Pedagoginio dvasingumo link. (Towards the Educational
24.Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania “On Approval of
Provisions of Social Insurance Benefits in case of Accidents at Work and
Occupational Diseases” No. 309, dated March 22, 2004, Vilnius.
25.Rudaitienė A. (2003). Mikrobiologija, dezinfekcijos ir sterilizacijos pagrindai.
(Microbiology, Disinfection and Sterilisation Basics). Kauno kolegija.
26.Sakalauskas G. (2012). Savanorystė probacijos sistemoje: prielaidos ir galimybės.
(Volunteering in the Probation System: Assumptions and Possibilities). Vilnius.
Teisės institutas.
27. Šv. Ignacas Lojola. (1998). Autobiografija. Dvasinės pratybos. (Autobiography.
Spiritual Exercises). Vilnius: Aidai.
28.The Holy Script. (2009). Vilnius: Lietuvos Vyskupų Konferencija.
29. Types of skin. Internet access: http://www.1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_oily_
skin.htm. Reviewed on 2013 02 26.
30.Vasiliauskienė S. (2004). Kosmetologijos užrašai. (Cosmetology Book). Klaipėda:
Ciklonas.
31. Vasiliauskienė S. (2008). Kosmetologijos užrašai. (Cosmetology Book). Vilnius:
Ciklonas.
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MODULE IV.
GLOSSARY
Antiseptics – a minimisation of the number of microorganisms by treating the skin
MODULE IV.
causes no risk to human health and life during its provision or later or causes the risk not
exceeding the risk established as permissible in the legal acts.
and mucous membrane with special products (antiseptics).
Beauty service – hair, face, body and nail care, tattoo, permanent make-up, piercing
and other services.
Client – a serviced person (user of a service) which uses the services provides in the
hairdressing salon, cosmetics or tattoo cabinet and salon.
Collagen – a material composed of the connective tissue, which maintains the moisture in the skin.
Cosmetic product – a material or preparation used for external body parts (epidermis,
hair, nails, lips and external genitals) or teeth, cleaning of mouth mucous membrane, per-
Service – a result of any activity, which is used to satisfy or meet the needs of a specific
user.
Service provider – a natural or legal person, who registered its activity and provides
services in accordance with the established procedure.
Sterilisation – a destruction of microorganisms and their spores by physical and
chemical means.
Synergists - interacting in the direction of and reinforcing each other’s effects.
Therapy - treatment of non-surgical methods.
fume, change of appearance or scent, protect and/or maintain their good condition.
Elastane – the main protein of the connective tissue conditioning the ageing of the
LIST OF MODULE IV ANNEXES
Annex 1. The Client‘s card.
Annex 2. Use of “Abidis” cosmetics for the skin care of various types.
skin.
Electrocoagulation - a method of treatment of tissue by searing DC or AC high frequency electric current.
Annex 3. Use of “Anna Lotan” cosmetics for the skin care of various types.
Annex 4. Use of “Anesi” cosmetics for the skin care of various types.
Extract - a solution obtained by extraction - extracted, dissolved and separated material.
Annex 5. Use of “Aquatonale” cosmetics for the skin care of various types.
Annex 6. Use of “Jericho” cosmetics for the skin care of various types.
Free radicals - chemical compounds constantly arising in human cells. A small amount
Annex 7. Human digestive system organs.
Annex 8. Effect of medication on the body.
is useful because they help to overcome the germs and bacteria.
Ingredient - a complex compound or mixture component.
Keratin – a fibril protein present in the layer of human epidermis.
Make up cleaning – cleaning of residue of dirt, dust and cosmetics from the skin
surface.
Make-up – a cosmetic procedure helping to conceal small cosmetic imperfections and
accentuate individual advantages.
PH - a unit of measurement of the skin to determine the chemical acids.
Prophylaxis – the entirety of measures for protection against diseases, including cosmetic instruments and procedures.
Safe service – any kind of service provided in accordance with the established conditions and without prejudice to the safety requirements established in the legal acts, which
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MODULE V.
PERFORMANCE OF BODY CARE TREATMENT
PROCEDURES
THE MODULE AIMS at teaching the performance of body care treatment procedures in an
independent and responsible manner.
MODULE V
PERFORMANCE OF BODY CARE TREATMENT PROCEDURES
practical training means, equipment and materials

(equipment and materials for the performance of
body care treatment procedures, cosmetic bed);
literature (presented in the theoretical training
THE OBJECTIVES OF MODULE ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.
to teach the performance of body care treatments procedures, classical massage of separate
body parts, depilation, physiotherapy procedures;
2. to teach the performance of hand and feet care procedures;
3. to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills through volunteering in a creative
integrated project “Thank You for Everything”.
4. implementation of a community project “Let’s Respect our Teacher”, by revealing the
importance of association of trust and creativeness values for the harmonious and meaningful
life and work of the person.
material).
practical tasks;
evaluation of an integrated creative
THE RESULT – the ability to work safely with electrical devices, to perform the main body
care treatment procedures, physiotherapy procedures, classical hygiene massage of separate
body parts, manicure and pedicure, to recognise contagious and non-contagious skin diseases,
knowledge on the main physiological and pathological processes taking place in the person’s
organism, ability to evaluate the cosmetic and hygiene needs of the client and formation of the
servicing plan.
NAME OF MODULE:
Performance of Body Care Treatment
Procedures
HOURS DEDICATED : 320
safe work with electric devices;
performance of physiotherapy body care procedures;
performance of classical hygiene massage of
separate body parts;

composition of the human body;
biology of viruses;
viral, pre-cancerous and cancerous skin diseases;
performance of depilation;
workplace for hand and foot care procedures;
performance of hand and foot care procedures;
nail disorders and diseases;
the main speciality definitions;
implementation and presentation of a creative
integrated project “Thank You for Everything”.
METHODS:

lecture;
discussion;
practical work;
individual work;
work in groups;
watching and listening of video/audio
material;
reflection;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
integrated task: theoretical part
(knowledge review test) and practical
task;
project.
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MODULE V
Objective
01
MODULE V
sternal cardiac area; the air should be blown several times; if the injured becomes conscious,
TEACHING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BODY CARE
TREATMENT PROCEDURES, CLASSICAL MASSAGE
OF SEPARATE BODY PARTS, DEPILATION,
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES
it is necessary to do the external cardiac massage combining it with the artificial respiration.
1. What are the actions of the cosmetician in case of work with electric devices:
before starting the work, during the work, in emergency cases, after completing
1.1. SAFE WORK WITH ELECTRIC DEVICES
the work?
2. How the first-aid is administered in case of electricity-related accidents?
Electrical safety requirements in the cosmetician’s work place
Electrical safety requirements applicable in the cosmetician’s work place are stipulated in the Hygiene Cosmetician Safety and Health Instruction No 94 (see Sections 3-6 of the
instruction of Annex 1).
First-aid in case of electricity-related accidents
Everyone must know how to relax the person, who suffered the trauma caused by the
electric current in a fast and proper manner, how to carry out external (indirect) cardiac
massage and artificial respiration, how to stop the bleeding, ligature the wounds, fit the
support in case of bone fractures, relocate and transport the injured person.
If the injured person shows no breathing signs and has no pulse, it is necessary to
administer the first-aid as soon as possible.
First action. In case of electricity-related trauma, it is necessary to relax the injured
person from the electric current. If the injured person holds the electric wire in his/her
1.2. PERFORMANCE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY BODY CARE TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy is an application of low temperatures in order to reduce the organism’s
reactivity and to slow down the metabolism. The entire body can be cooled down before
the complex surgery or after a severe brain trauma. A certain body part is exposed to freeze
when it is necessary to stop the bleeding, to relieve the pain and to cause local anaesthesia.
Cryodestruction is a destruction of the source of disease by using cold temperature. In the
cosmetology, cryotherapy is applied to treat those having nose hypergranulation, red acne,
focal balding, as well as flat angiomas, blotches and some other skin diseases as well as for
anti-cellulite procedures.
The substances used in cryotherapy include ice, carbon dioxide (CO2) snow, liquid
nitrogen, chorethyl, other anaesthetics.
Cryotherapy methods are illustrated in Fig. 1 below.
hands and it is impossible to pull it out, the person administering the first-aid shall, first
of all, turn off the part of equipment that is in contact with the injured person as soon as
possible.
Second action. Revival of the person injured by electric current before the arrival of the
doctor. The person should not be allowed to walk and continue to work. One of the common
Application
Contact
Spraying
consequences of electric traumas is the clinical death – the transitional period between life
and actual death. It is important to recognise the clinical death and to save the person as
soon as possible.
Symptoms of the clinical death: no breathing sings, cardiac arrest, unconsciousness,
expanded pupils that do not get narrower in case of light exposure.
Sequence of actions of the revival of person, who suffered the electricity-related
Fig. 1. Cryotherapy methods (www.verkiuklinika.lt)
trauma: the head should be reclines, several thumps with a fist should be applied on the
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Electrotherapy
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Desincrustation (saponification) – deep cleaning of pores of oily damaged skin. The
Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as a medical treatment.
Darsonvalization is a treatment with high-frequency impulse variable current of low
amperage. The ozone is generated during the darsonvalization procedure, which is characterised by bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. The local impact of darsonvalization on
the skin includes activated bloodstream and lymphatic fluid circulation, stimulated metabolism of cells, improved skin elasticity, faster healing of wounds, normalised function of
sebaceous glands, stopped hair loss. Contraindications: acute purulent processes, malign
tumours, sensitivity to electric current (see Fig. 2).
principle of this method: due to galvanic current, NaCO3, is formed on the negative electrode
and, during electrolysis process, the oil turns into soap, the pore becomes soapy, the hair follicles are cleaned and the excess amount of accumulated oil is removed. The lotion-desincrustant and micro-galvanic current apparatus are used.
Magnetic therapy
The electric current created by the magnetic field acts the body in the same way as the
current in the organism and its vibration causes the resonance of cells, tissues and organs.
Magnetic field therapy stimulates the organism, enhances the self-defence mechanisms,
the cardiac muscle contractions become stronger, the blood circulation becomes faster,
the distorted heart rate is restored, the bloodstream is improved, the respiration becomes
deeper, higher oxygen content passes to the tissues and cells, the cell metabolism improves,
the slag is removed faster, the immune system is stimulated, the allergic reactions of the
skin disappear. The magnetic field acts relaxingly and soothingly. Contraindications: mushroom poisoning, bacterial sepsis, high body temperature, blood infection, strong bleeding.
Ultrasound therapy
Ultrasound – high frequency mechanic oscillations of solid, liquid and gaseous medium
Fig. 2. Darsonvalization (www.nodosgroup.ru)
particles, which are inaudible to persons. The ultrasound source spreads high frequency
oscillations that act mechanically on the tissues that are in contact with it and resulting in
Ionisation is a feeding of electrified cosmetic product (extract, serum) into deep layers
a change of pressure and micro-vibration. The ultrasound therapy improves metabolism of
of the skin by using the galvanic current. When performing the ionisation, active electrodes
cells, blood-stream, lymphatic fluid circulation and metabolism, increases the permeability
are placed on the area to be treated, whereas a neutral electrode is connected with the cli-
of cell membranes, stimulates the hydration of epidermis and stimulates the collagen syn-
ent’s hand. Contraindications for ionisation: dermal wounds (after skin cleaning procedure,
thesis, relaxes the muscles, reduces the pain and inflammatory processes. The ultrasound
hair removal procedure, burns), electric cardiac stimulator, metallic irons in bones, braces,
is used by inserting the active substances into skin cells and performing deep skin cleaning.
etc. The mechanism of ionisation procedure is illustrated in Fig. 3 below.
Contraindications: infections, pregnancy, thrombosis, haemophilia, electricity, metal and silicone implants, inflammatory skin processes, cardiac diseases, malign tumours (see Fig. 4).
ANODE
SOURCE
CATHODE
Fig. 3. Ionisation (www.grynas.delfi.lt)
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Fig. 4. Ultrasound therapy (www.manosveikata.lt)
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Colour therapy
1.3. PERFORMANCE OF THE CLASSICAL HYGIENE MASSAGE OF SEPARATE BODY PARTS
The colours have influence on the well-being, behavioural changes and health by
Types and systems of massage
acting on the emotions. Below is indicated the impact of certain colours.
Red – the colour of energy, vitality, helps to treat the wounds.
The massage can be classified by various approaches. Based on the scope, the mas-
Orange – reinforces the immunity, sexual potency, helps to treat digestion disorders.
sage is classified into full and partial. Based on the purpose, the massage can be therapeu-
Yellow – the colour of intellect and intelligence, suitable to improve the mood and
tic, sports, hygiene and cosmetic. Based on the performance technique, it is classified into
thinking.
manual, pedal, apparatus and combined.
Green – the colour of harmony and fertility, treats disorders of nervous system, heart
diseases, provides emotional harmony.
Blue – the colour of peace, wisdom and harmony, treats nervous system diseases,
Apart from the types of massage, the following main systems of massage are singled
out.
reduces the heat, stops the bleeding.
Violet – restores the balance, sooths and drowses.
Classical massage. There are four methods of massaging: palming, rubbing,
White – the colour of cleanness and purity, which sooths and relieves the pain.
rumpling and oscillation. Each of these methods also includes the main and
Gold – the strongest of all colours, which enhances the bioenergetic field.
auxiliary, continuous and discontinuous methods. The massage starts with palming
Silver – helps the organism to heal and reduces overweight.
and then is followed by rubbing in order to prepare the tissues for rumpling. After
Black – the rarest of all colours used in therapy; helps to relax during very difficult
each massaging method, the palming is also performed. The rumpling includes
moments.
oscillation. The massage is completed with a continual oscillation and palming.
The massaging is performed from the periphery to the centre according to the
direction of the flow of the lymphatic fluid. The massing directions are provided
in Annexes 2-3.
1. Please describe the definition of cryotherapy and provide the examples of treatment.
2. Please describe darsonvalization, ionisation and desincrustation.
3. Please describe the impact of magnetic field on human organism.
Swedish massage. Rubbing takes 60-70% of all the time dedicated for massaging.
The rubbing is more intensive and stronger than in case of the classical massage
and the aim is to penetrate deeper into the layers and to affect the thickenings of
tissues. The massage is applied against the direction of the flow of lymph.
Finnish massage. This type of massage starts from the feet and is continued
4. Please describe the impact of ultrasound on the organism.
upwards. The methods of massage are not very diverse and the variation is quite
5. Please describe the impact of magnetic therapy on the organism.
a single finger (thumb) or aggravated thumb.
6. Please describe the impact of colours on the organism.
7. Please describe the darsonvalization procedure applied on separate body parts.
restricted. For example, even the toughest muscles are rumpled by the cushion of
Russian massage system by I.M. Sarkisov-Sirasini and A. Biryukov. This system
is usually applied for sportsmen, because its authors mostly practiced on the sports
massage. The system includes strict requirements on the direction of massaging,
position of the hand and sequence of massage techniques.
Reflexive massage systems. They are usually applied for therapeutic purposes,
however, during the last decades, certain methods have been intensively used
for the preparation of sportsmen and prophylaxis. These systems are based on
the reflexive impact on human organism. It is a segmented massage and related
massages of connective tissue and periosteum.
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Trigger point (Chinese) massage. It is characterised by mechanic, humoral,
reflexive and bioelectric impact. Some points of human body surface have a
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nervous system. The massaging of certain segment areas causes reciprocal reactions in various internal organs.
functional relation with various organs or their systems. By acting mechanically
The massage’s impact on the skin. During the massage, the thickened epidermis cells
on such biologically active point, it is possible to cause a reciprocal reaction to the
are removed, the skin respiratory functions are improved, the activity of sweat and seba-
certain internal body, which does not have an anatomic relation with a mentioned
ceous glands is improved, the capillaries of blood and lymph expand, the temperature of
point.
skin and deeper tissues increases, the resistance of skin to various negative external impacts
Contactless massage. It is related to the human bioenergetic fields, which may
have a positive influence on the well-being of other persons, their health and help
to diagnose pathological changes.
increases, the skin elasticity improves.
The massage’s impact on muscles, ligaments and tendons. The massage improves
the spreading of nervous impulses in muscles and all muscle functions. The massage
improves the bloodstream in muscles, oxidation processes, helps to restore the functions
Hygiene requirements to the massage premise, masseur and massaged person
The massage is usually performed in a special room – massage cabinet. The working
area should be of at least 8 m2 (for manual massage) and 12 m2 (for massage with apparatuses) in a joint room or a separate cabinet of 18 m2. The massage room should be dry, light,
with natural or artificial lighting. Ventilation – blowing-sucking or natural, relative air
moisture – no more than 60%. A special couch with a synthetic cover of the width of 60-70
cm and length of 2 m should be fitted in the massage cabinet. Each couch contains two rollers, a flat cushion, the stairs for the patient to climb and sand bags.
The masseur must be careful, attentive and tactical in respect of a patient. His behaviour
should be calm and inspiring the trust. The palms of the masseur should be strong and
tough, the movements – gentle, smooth and rhythmical. The massaging can be done with
clean, warm hands and short nails only. A cotton robe with short sleeves is the most suitable
apparel for the work. The masseur’s footwear should be comfortable and flat.
Before the massage procedure, the massaged person should have a wash. After the
massage procedure, it is recommended to dress with warmer clothes. During the massage
procedure, the muscles of the massaged person should be maximally relaxed, therefore, the
hands and legs are massaged in a certain physiological position, by slightly bending via all
joints. For a better slide on the body surface, the talc, rice and children powder, various lubricants and creams are used. The first massage procedures should be shorter and of lower
intensity. It is recommended not to talk during the massage procedure.
The impact of massage on human organism. Indications and contraindications.
The massage’s impact on organism is a complex physiological process. It could be classified into general impact on the entire organism or its separate systems.
Massage’s impact on the nervous system. The massage can increase or reduce the
irritability of nervous system subject to the used massage techniques and the state of
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of tired muscle and to increase its efficiency; the pain swelling, thickness of muscles disappears faster, the provision of joint and nearby tissues with blood improves, the joint capsule improves, the elasticity of ligaments improves, the resorption of joint liquid as well as
metabolism products accumulated around the joint increases. For sportsmen, the massage
of joints reduces the effects of the traumas.
The massage’s impact on the haematic and lymphatic systems. The massage speeds
up the flow of blood and lymphatic fluid, stimulates the expansion of capillaries and opens
the reserve capillaries. The gas circulation is increased between blood and tissues during the
massage and the tissue oxygen therapy takes place at the same time. The massage speeds up
the blood flow in arteries and facilitates its flow in veins. The massage temporarily increases
the amount of haemoglobin and form elements in the blood.
When massing, especially palming from the periphery to the centre, the flow of lymph
accelerates, its tonus and vasomotor functions are improved. The accelerated flow of lymph
reduces its stasis in tissues, the swelling of tissues and improves the metabolism.
The massage’s impact on the metabolism and internal organs. The increase in temperature of tissues during the massage accelerates all chemical reactions, activates the metabolic processes, accelerates the oxidation of tissues, diffusion, metabolism in tissues. The
general massage has a positive impact on the functions of respiratory, bloodstream, digestion systems, bloodstream and internal secretion glands. The massage reflexively causes
influence on respiration – the breathing can become deeper, relaxed and slower. The massage positively influences the organs of stomach cavity, enlivens the works of smooth muscles and improves the gastric, intestine functions, gall extraction, increases the extraction
of urine.
Indications and contraindications for the hygiene massage. The hygiene (prophylactic) massage can be applied to all healthy persons in view of their age and sensitivity of nervous system. Long and intensive massage is not suitable for children due to their increased
sensitivity and susceptibility to impressions. Shorter massage procedures should be applied
to the persons over 60. Furthermore, when massaging such persons, it is not recommended
to use various striking oscillation techniques, because they may provoke the heart rhythm
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1.4. COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BODY
disorders.
In case of elevated body temperature, acute inflammations, abscesses on the body surface, dermal rash, multiple blotches, susceptibility to bruising, the hygiene massage may
Importance and functions of the musculoskeletal apparatus
have contraindications. In case of vein inflammations, the massage is not used and in case
The human musculoskeletal system is a skeletal and muscular system, which con-
of severe varicose veins, the legs cannot be massaged. In case of stones in the gall bladder
nects the skeleton, bone connections and muscles. Its main functions include the provision
and kidneys, the abdominal area is not massaged, whereas when applying the back mas-
of a shape to a body, the possibility to move and change the position, performance of the
sage, the chopping, striking and clapping techniques are not used. The massage of abdom-
majority of protection, homeostasis and other functions.
inal areas is also avoided in case of groin rupture, during menstrual period and pregnancy
of women.
The passive part of the locomotor apparatus is composed of the bones, the active – of
the muscles.
The skeleton maintains the shape of the body together with the muscles and allows
Methods and impact of the classical massage
the body to move. The heart and lungs are protected by the thorax and the muscles attached
to the bones, whereas the abdominal organs – by the lower spinal part, pelvic bones and
The methods of classical massage: palming, rubbing, rumpling and oscillation. The
technique of performance of these methods and impact are described in Annex 4.
solid abdominal muscles. The encephalon is inside the cranial box, whereas the medulla –
inside the spinal canal. Another important function of bones is the production of blood cells.
Composition of bones. The osseous tissue is a connective tissue with a very thick
1. Please describe the types of massage.
2. What are the main massage systems?
intercellular matter. The durability of bones is conditioned by calcium and other inorganic
materials, whereas the lightness and elasticity – by intercellular matter organic compounds
(protein collagen).
Bone composition. The human skeleton is made of cartilaginous and osseous connective tissue. The cartilaginous tissue is composed of cartilaginous cells and intercellular matter. The osseous tissue, same as cartilaginous, is made of cells and stiff intercellu-
3. Please describe the massage systems.
4. Please list the hygiene requirements for the massage premises, masseur and
massaged person.
5. Please describe the impact of massage on separate organism systems.
6. Please list the indications and contraindications of the hygiene massage.
7. Please describe the physiological impact of palming, rubbing, rumpling and
oscillation.
lar matter. The bone is covered with poriosteum and the ends are covered with cartilage.
Human bones are of various sizes and shapes. Based on the shape, they are classified into
three groups: long (tubular), wide and short bones.
The human skeleton is composed of 220-228 bones. All these bones are connected with
bone connections which, according to the nature of movement, are classified into inert connections or seams, semi-inert connection and mobile connections – joints.
The human skeleton scheme is presented in Fig. 5.
The skull protects the encephalon, vision, scent, hearing and other organs. It is classified into two parts: facial and cranial box or cranium. The spine is composed of 31-35
vertebrae (7 vertebrae in spine area, 12 in thorax, 5 in lumbar, 5 in sacral 1-5 in tailbone).
The sacral vertebrae are grown into a single bone – sacrum, whereas 1-5 tailbone vertebrae
8. Please describe the techniques of palming, rubbing, rumpling and oscillation
methods.
9. Please perform the classical hygiene body massage of separate body parts.
– into a tailbone. The thorax is composed of a sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic spine
vertebrae. The main function of thorax is to protect the internal organs. The skeleton of
upper extremities is composed of shoulder arc (scapula and collarbone) and hand bones
(humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges). The skeleton of lower
extremities is classified into the pelvic arc and leg bones. The pelvic arc is composed of
lumbar bones (each of them is composed of a hipbone, ischium and pubic bone). The pelvic
protects the abdominal and pelvic area organs and is a strong support for the legs. The leg
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bones are composed of femur, patella, calf bones (tibia and fibula) and foot bones (tarsus
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The striated muscles are classified into skeleton striated and cardiac muscles. The
motions of skeleton striated muscles are fast and voluntary. The contractions of cardiac
bones, metatarsal bones and phalanges).
The detailed skeleton scheme is presented in Fig. 5.
muscle are involuntary.
There are over 600 skeleton muscles in human organism and majority of them are
skull
double. Based on the performed action, the skeleton striated muscles are flexor, rotator,
abductor, protractor, adducent, retractor, levator, expansive, lowering and other. The mus-
spine
cles that perform the opposite direction movement when contracting are called the antag-
collarbone
scapula
breastbone
ribs
onists, whereas the muscles performing the motion of the same direction are called the
humerus
ulna
radius
pelvic bones
cervical, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, upper and lower extremities muscles.
carpal bones
synergists.
Based on the location in the organism, the skeleton muscles are classified into cephalic,
The image of human muscular system from the front and from the back is presented
in Annexes 6-7.
Respiratory system
There are two main parts of the respiratory system – respiratory tract, where the
femur
inhaled air is circulating, and lungs, providing the blood with oxygen and eliminating CO2
from the organism. The respiratory tract is classified into upper and lower respiratory tract.
fibula
The upper respiratory tract consists of nasal cavity, pharynx and oral cavity, lower – larynx,
tibia
trachea and bronchi. The scheme of the respiratory system is illustrated in Fig. 6.
foot bones
Nasal cavity
Fig. 5. Human skeleton (www.edu.glogster.com)
Throat
Muscular system
Exhaled
air
Trachea
Inhaled
air
Bronchi
Left
lung
The muscles provide the body with a shape. When the muscle contracts, the movements of certain body organs and the entire body are performed. In case of intensive move-
Vocal
chords
Right lung
Capillaries
Alveoli
Exhaled carbon
dioxide
Exhaled
oxygen
ment of skeleton muscles, the energy of organic substances turns into movement energy.
Approx. 70% of energy turns into heat, which is transported by the blood to other organs.
Thus, the working muscles extract the heat, which helps to maintain the body temperature.
The muscles also perform the protective function.
Diaphragm
Capillaries
Blood cells
Fig. 6. Respiratory system (www.sorimpeksas.com)
Types of muscle tissues. Smooth and striated muscle tissues are singled out. The
majority of smooth muscles are located in the skin and they regulate the width of the eye
pupil. The continuous layer of smooth muscles is in the walls of respiratory tract, veins,
digestive tract, urinary bladder and other organs. When these muscles contract, the radius
of the aforementioned organs decreases. The smooth muscles are characterised by slow
contraction.
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Nose is an initial part of the respiratory tracts as well as the part of smell analyser. The
air is heated, moistened and fine dusts are mechanically retained in the nasal cavity. The
larynx is the initial part of the lower respiratory tract and also functions as the vocalisation
organ. Trachea starts as the continuation of larynx and is divided into two main bronchi
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– right and left. Lungs – the main respiratory organ located in the thoracic area. This is the
Male reproductive system. It consists of external (scrotum, penis) and internal (testi-
place of gas circulation between the inhaled air and blood contained in the veins of the lower
cle, epididymis, vas deferens, vesiculae seminales, prostate, bulbourethral gland) reproduc-
blood circulation system. The circulation of gas between the blood and lungs takes place in
tive system. Scrotum is the formation of skin and fleshy cover, which surrounds and pro-
the finest particles of the lungs – alveoli.
tects the testicles, epididymis and permatic cord. The spermatozoids and sex hormones are
produced in the testicles. The spermatozoids mature in the epididymis until they become
Urinary-reproductive system
mobile. Vas deferens is the continuation of epididymis, where the spermatozoids are trans-
The urinary system consists of kidneys and urinary tract: ureters, urinary bladder
ferred from the epididymis to the ductus ejaculatorius. The prostate is the conker-shaped
gland located between the urinary bladder and in front of the ampulla recti. The prostate
and urethra.
Kidneys serve as the most important organ of the urinary system. Bean-shaped kidneys are located on each side on the upper part of abdominal cavity. The kidneys participate
produces approx. one fourth of the semen as well as assists in pressing the urethra during
the ejaculation to protect the urine from passing into the urinary bladder (see Fig. 8).
in maintaining the temperature. In the structural and functional point of view, the most
important structure of the kidney is a nephron, where the urine is produced by filtrating the
blood and its plasma. The urine flows from the kidneys to the urinary bladder through the
ureters. The urinary bladder is a temporary storage of urine located in the lower pelvic area
Urinary
bladder
behind the symphisis pubica. The urine is removed though the urethra.
Seminal
vesicle
The reproductive system performs the reproductive and endocrinal functions. The
reproductive system consists of external and internal genitals. The reproductive system of
Urethra
Prostate
women and men is analysed separately.
Female reproductive system. It consists of external (labia, clitoris, vagina entry,
Bulbourethral
gland
Ductus ejaculatorius
Penis
hymen) and internal (ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina) reproductive system. Ovary is an
Epididymis
almond-shaped gland, where the ovules mature and the hormones are produced. The oviduct – is a tube-shaped formation, which connects the ovary with the uterus. During the
ovulation, the ovum moves through the oviduct towards the uterus. Uterus – a pear-shaped
muscular cavern organ dedicated to bearing and delivering the foetus. Vagina connects the
Testicle
Scrotum
external reproductive system with uterus. The forepart of vagina consists of the urethra,
Fig. 8. Male reproductive system (www.nspinfo.lt)
urinary bladder, the rear part – of the rectum (see Fig. 7).
Heart, its composition and functions
Oviduct
Uterus
Ovary
Urinary bladder
Uretha
Clitoris
Labia
maiora
Cervix
Rectum
Vagina
Fig. 7. Female reproductive system (www.nspinfo.lt)
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The flow of blood and its circulation in the organism is called the bloodstream. Flowing
in the organism, the blood provides the organs and tissues with oxygen, nutrients, water,
salts, hormones and helps to eliminate the products of metabolism from the organism.
Thanks to the bloodstream, the heat is extracted from the tissues through the skin to the
environment. The blood circulation is the result of the work of heart and veins. Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and lymphatic vessels form the circulatory system.
Heart – a hollow muscular organ consisting of 2 atria and 2 ventricles. There is a
septum in the middle, dividing it to the left and right parts. A valve is located in each of these
parts, which divides them to atrium and ventricle. Each atrium is connected with a ventricle by mitral valves. The blood flows in one direction only – from atria to ventricles. From
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pulmonary veins to the left atrium. During the systole, it passes from the left atrium to the
ventricles it is pushed to veins – aorta and pulmonary trunk.
The veins are diverse: arteries, veins, capillaries. The blood flows from the heart by
arteries, and to the heart – by veins. Large arteries are branching into finer and theses to the
finest veins (capillaries) that are situated in the entire organism.
left ventricle.
The major blood circulation system starts from the left ventricle. The arterial blood
flows from the left ventricle through aorta. The blood is carried to all tissues, cells, organs,
The contraction of atria and ventricles is called the systole, whereas the relaxation –
where it gives away the oxygen, binds with carbon dioxide. The venous blood flows into the
diastole. The period of one contraction and one relaxation of the heart is called the cardiac
right atrium through the upper and lower empty veins. From the right atrium, it flows to
cycle.
the right ventricle.
The blood circulation systems are presented in Annex 8.
The scheme of heart composition is presented in Figure 9.
Lymphatic and immune system
Left carotid artery
Brachiocephalic artery
Upper empty vein
Right pulmonary arteries
Right pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Chords
Right ventricle
Lymphatic system – a human organ system, which performs the organism’s protec-
Left subclavian artery
tive and vital functions. It maintains the homeostasis of liquids in tissues, ensures that the
Aorta
fluids passing to tissues and macromolecules would be returned back to the bloodstream.
Left pulmonary arteries
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Semilunar valves –
pulmonary arterines
The flow of the lymphatic fluid through the lymphatic veins is called the lymphatic circulation. The lymphatic system includes lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic nodes. Lymphatic capillaries are closed tubes passing from the intercellular gaps. By
binding with each other, the capillaries form the lymphatic vessels, which are branching in
Mitral valve
the tissues and organs. The excess of intercellular fluid passes to lymphatic vessels through
Left ventricle
the lymphatic capillaries. The lymphatic system contains certain thickenings – lymphatic
Interventricular septum
nodes. The majority of them are located in the armpits, groin, thoracic and abdominal cavities, cervical area. These are particular tissue filters, which keep the microorganisms.
The immune system is a special system of tissues and organs, which defends the
Lower empty vein
organism from infectious pathogens and other foreign matters – antigens.
Antibodies are albuminous substances that are formed in the organism when the forFig. 9. Heart composition (www.vlmedicina.lt)
eign substances are passing to it.
Nervous system
Blood composition. Arterial and venous blood circulation vessels
Blood is a connective tissue formed of liquid intra-cellular matter blood plasma and
blood cells. There are three types of blood cells: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leucocytes
(white blood cells) and thrombocytes (blood platelets). The main organ of production of
blood cells – red bone marrow.
Arterial and venous blood circulation vessels. In the organism, the blood flows in two
closed systems – minor and major blood circulation systems – that are connected with the
heart by the veins.
The minor blood circulation system starts from the right ventricular pulmonary trunk,
which is divided to 2 pulmonary arteries. They transport the venous blood to the lungs,
where the gas circulation occurs, the venous blood turns into arterial and flows through
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The functions of the organism are mostly regulated by the nervous system. It is classified into central and peripheral. Central nervous system (CNS) consists of encephalon
and medulla, whereas the peripheral nervous system (PNS) – of nerves, nervous plexus and
nervous nodes.
The peripheral part of nervous system, which regulates the activity of skeletal muscles, is called the voluntary somatic nervous system. The other part of peripheral nervous
system, which regulates the activity of internal bodies, is called the involuntary autonomic
or vegetative nervous system.
The vegetative nervous system is composed of two parts: sympathetic (its nerves stimulate, accelerate or slow the activity of certain internal organs) and parasympathetic (its
nerves usually act on the bodies conversely than of the sympathetic part).
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Endocrine system
1.5. BIOLOGY OF VIRUSES
Endocrine system is the system of organs producing the active chemical substances
Biology of AIDS pathogen
that regulate the vital processes. These are internal secretion (endocrine) glands. They do
not have outflow ducts and diffuse the formed hormones directly to the blood. Therefore,
these glands are called ductless. The hormones are transmitted by the blood throughout the
entire organism. Even a small amount of hormones has influence, which is usually slow
and long-lasting. The impact of each hormone is special and peculiar.
Endocrine glands: hypophysis (pituitary gland), pineal gland (epiphysis), thyroid,
parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, renal capsules, gonads.
1. What parts constitute the musculoskeletal apparatus and what functions do they
perform?
The AIDS pathogen – human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – is a retrovirus. HIV is
transmitted via direct contact with the mucous membrane, blood and other fluids extracted
during sexual intercourse with the person having HIV. The virus can also be transmitted via
breast milk. The use of narcotics by sharing the same needle is one of the main paths for the
infection. When a mother is giving birth to a child, the newborn can also be infected with
the virus.
After the contraction, the first symptoms emerge after three-six weeks. The person
has fever, feels sick, drowsy, arthralgias and myalgias are manifesting. The person can also
complain about the headache, pain in the abdominal area, diarrhoea, feels cervical rigidity,
sensitivity to light. The spots, nodes, nettle rash, infectious exanthema are observed on the
skin.
The virus proliferates via immune system cells. On the average, the human contin-
2. Please describe the types of muscular tissues.
3. What is the classification of muscles according to their situation in the organism?
4. Please describe the respiratory system.
5. Please describe the urinary system.
ues to live from 9 to 11 years. The virus changes, mutates and obtains the resistance to
medication.
The disease affects and weakens the immune system, therefore, the organism can no
longer fight many diseases.
Hepatitis and hepatitis viruses
Hepatitis is also called the inflammation of human liver. The hepatitis may occur due
6. Please describe female and male reproductive systems.
7. Please describe the importance of bloodstream system.
8. Please describe the composition of the heart.
9. Please describe the cardiac vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries.
10.Please describe the composition of the blood.
to various reasons. It can be caused by viral infection, transfusion of contaminated blood
and hazardous substances that pass to human organism – alcohol, drugs, toxins.
Hepatitis A is a very contagious viral infection caused by hepatitis A virus, which damages the liver of human. Usually, it is not life-threatening. The pathogen passes to the digestive system with a contaminated food, water, due to unwashed hands that were in contact
with faecal substances or via contact with a person having hepatitis A virus.
Hepatitis B – a viral disease transmitted by blood, which is caused by the hepatitis B
virus. It can be transmitted to the foetus of the pregnant women, during sexual intercourse,
when using intravenous narcotic substances, when performing medical or domestic inter-
11. Please describe the minor and major blood circulation system.
12. Please describe the human lymphatic system.
13. Please describe the human immune system.
14. Please list and describe the CNS and PNS parts.
ventions with insufficiently sterile tools, blood or blood products during blood transfusion.
Hepatitis C is a chronic viral liver disease caused by C virus. Hepatitis C is a potentially life-threatening disease: the acute form of disease is developed in 15-20% of cases; the
chronic form – in 55-86% of cases; in 20-30% of cases, the illness complicates into liver cirrhosis in 20-30 years. 30% of all liver transplantations are related to the liver diseases caused
by virus C infection.
15. Please describe the importance of endocrine system.
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AIDS and hepatitis prevention tools in cosmetician’s practice
AIDS and hepatitis prevention means are stipulated in the Lithuanian Hygiene Norm
HN 117:2007 “Health Safety Requirements for Beauty Services” (see Annex 9).
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acrocianosis and bloodstream disorders. Verrúca plantáris is more usual in macerated toes,
sole under the toes, the frontal surface of the sole and heel area. Verrúca plantáris are usually
surrounded by calluses and are painful. The infection is possible is public swimming-pools
(see Fig. 13).
1.6. VIRAL, PRE-CANCEROUS AND CANCEROUS DISEASES
Viral skin diseases
Viral skin diseases include herpes rash, blotches, molluscum contagiosum and condylomata acuminata. The viruses pass to human organism via skin and mucous membrane
during the direct contact, via contaminated objects, during sexual intercourse with a patient
or virus carrier, when kissing another person. The air-borne infection is also possible. The
incubation period varies from several days to 2-3 weeks and more.
Herpes rash includes the herpes simplex and herpes zoster.
Herpes simplex. The pathogen – virus herpes simplex, which is transmitted during the
Fig. 12. Myrmecia (www.ligos.sveikas.lt)
Fig. 13. Verrúca plantáris (www.web.udl.es)
direct contact. The symptoms include multiple rash in the oral mucous membrane, redness on the palate, obvious oedema, many blisters, bad general condition, high fever, poor
well-being, vomiting, salivation, halitosis. The usual localisation is on the lips, but can also
be on the cheeks, external nasal area, mouth, cornea, genitals (see Fig. 10).
Herpers zoster. Pathogen – virus herpes varicealle, which causes acute viral disease
affecting the nerves, skin, mucous membrane and causes strong pain. The symptoms include
weakness, poor well-being, bad appetite, fever, blisters in the red background situated around
the nervous stems and nervous branches. The usual localisation is in the area of nervi trigemini I branch, second cervical segment, thoracic and lumbar areas (see Fig. 11).
Condylomata acuminata pathogens – Popova family viruses. The virus is transmitted
during sexual intercourse and is attributed to the sexually transmitted diseases. The development of condylomata acuminata is conditioned by inflammatory processes, gonorrhea,
trichomoniasis, chlamydiosis. The infection is transmitted via direct contact or via contaminated objects. The symptoms include small reddish formations of the size of pin head, usually growing on a leg. Localisation – in the areas of skin passing to the mucous membrane.
Molluscum contagiosum is an infectious disease caused by large filtrated virus. It is
mostly common in children. The infection is contracted during the direct contact, during
contact with a patient or virus carrier and via contaminated objects. The symptoms include
small, glossy, pearl colour nodes with a concave centre, grey, yellowish white. Localisation:
face, neck skin, breast, genital area.
Pre-cancerous skin diseases
Fig. 10. Herpes simplex (www.ligos.sveikas.lt)
Fig. 11. Herpes zoster (www.web.udl.es)
Pre-cancerous skin diseases include actinic keratosis, cutaneous horn, leukoplakia
and leukokeratosis.
The blotches include myrmecia and verrúca plantáris.
The blotches are caused by dermotropic virus, which belongs to the Papova virus family.
The infection is transmitted via direct contact or via contaminated objects. The infection is
facilitated by skin traumas, dry skin, reduced skin pH. The symptoms include the nodes on
the skin of the size of pin head with uneven surface and hyperkeratosis, colour – from yellowish white to dirty grey. Localisation: hands, forearms and soles (see Fig. 12).
The emergence of verrúca plantáris is conditioned by tight footwear, hyperhidrosis,
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Actinic keratosis is more common in older people, especially in those having lower
quantities of skin pigment. The damages occur to people working outside and heavily
impacted by sun or those who are intensively sun-bathing. The symptoms include oval,
irregularly shaped red foci on the face, neck, head and palms with strict limits and of the
diameter of 1 cm, which later become of dirty grey or brown colour. The skin is dry, atrophic,
rigid with telangiectasias in the damaged areas. In the limited damaged areas, the blotched
formations emerge (see Fig. 14).
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The cutaneous horn is the further phase of the development of actinic keratosis. The
Spinocellular epithelioma starts with a blotched node, which grows quickly and
cutaneous horn grows up to 1 cm, but can also be of 3-4 cm (sometimes even of 15 cm). The
becomes ulcerous in the centre. Sometimes, white grains are visible at the bottom of ulcer. It
usual localisation is on the face and scalp (see Fig. 15).
is usually localised in the lower third of the face, cervical and hand areas. It quickly spreads
metastases to regional and further lymphatic nodes.
Melanoma – a malign tumour, which develops from pigment cells. The tumour develops from the healthy skin or from already located accruals of pigment cells. The initial small
painless node of blue or brown-black colour develops into metastases reaching the further
areas of the skin. The course of melanoma is characterised by extreme malignancy. The
metastases are quickly emerging in the lymphatic nodes and internal bodies, the patient is
exhausted and dies.
Fig. 14. Actinic keratosis (www.dermnetnz.org)
Fig. 15. Cutaneous horn (www.gopixpic.com)
Leukoplakia and leukokeratosis refer to isolated or multiple thickenings and degenerations of mucous membrane or part of it. The surface of leukoplakia is slightly glossy, is
of opal-colour and can be slightly elevated over the mucous membrane and, in such case, is
called leukokeratosis. The usual localisation is on the lower lip, cheeks, mucous membrane,
tongue and genitals. Erosions and even ulcers can emerge on leukoplakias and these formations can bleed. The leukoplakias emerge under the influence of sunrays, when having
a bad habit to bite the lips, due to nicotine irritation for smokers, when wearing unfitted
1. How the AIDS is contracted?
2. How the hepatitis is contracted?
3. What measures are used for AIDS and hepatitis prevention in the beautician’s
practice?
4. Please describe herpes simplex and herpes zoster.
5. Please describe the myrmecia and verrúca plantáris.
prosthetic, etc.
6. Please describe the condylomata acuminata.
Cancerous skin diseases
The malign skin tumours can develop from epithelium, pigment and connective tissue
cells. The most usual is the cancer of epithelium cells. It is characteristic to older persons
and more common in men.
The skin cancer usually develops in the face area and later spreads to the nearby tissues,
7. Please describe the molluscum contagiosum.
8. Please describe pre-cancerous skin diseases.
9. Please describe cancerous skin diseases.
damages the lymphatic nodes, deeper skin layers and causes metastases. It can develop in
the areas of burns, tuberculosis lupus, syphilis scars and former traumas.
The cancerous tumours of basic and spiky cells are singled out, which develop in the
certain epidermis layer.
Basocellular epithelioma starts with a small spot with solid node, which grows slowly
and acquires a whitish-red glossy shade. There are no symptoms of inflammation. The solid
roller and isolated, fine, pearl coloured nodes are visible at the edge of focus. Later, the centre
becomes ulcerous and covered with scars. Basocellular epitheliomas are usually localised in
two upper thirds of the face.
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1.7. PERFORMANCE OF DEPILATION
Depilation is the removal of unwanted hair from the surface of the skin.
Hair removal methods: mechanical (hair cutting with scissors, removal with tweezers, shaving, rubbing with pumice – sea stone); chemical (depilation creams, foams, hair
bleaching, waxing); electric (hair removal with electric devices, electrolysis, thermolysis);
photoepilation (by using light waves – laser, pulse light).
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The technology of hair removal by using wax. The hot wax mass is spread according
to the hair growth direction; the paper is pressed into the mass or a strip of material; when
the mass of wax stiffens, the hair is removed by ripping the strip against the hair growth
direction (see Fig. 16).
The hair is removed together with roots, therefore, the outgrown hair is usually thinner than those outgrown after shaving. The hair does not grow back from 4 to 6 weeks, however, this method of depilation can be very painful. Quite often, the hair grows into the skin
after the procedure and the area of depilation becomes red.
Special means and materials are used for the performance of depilation. Description of
production for depilation from Spanish company “Depileve” is presented in Annex 10.
Depilation with sugar paste. New products as the alternative for wax are produced
for the elimination of unwanted hairiness. The main ingredients of these products include
sugar and respective percentage of water, which conditions the texture of the product.
The technology of depilation with sugar is completely different from the depilation
with wax. Since the depilation mass is spread on the skin against the hair growth direction
and removed according to the growth direction, the breaking of the hair and growing into
the skin is avoided (see Fig. 17).
The advantages of depilation with sugar: it is possible to remove even very short hair,
the hair follicle is less traumatised, the hair does not break and rarely grows into the skin.
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Objective
02
TEACHING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HAND AND
FEET CARE TREATMENT PROCEDURES
2.1. WORK PLACE FOR HAND AND FOOT CARE PROCEDURES
Hygienic assessment of the workplace used for hand and foot care treatment
procedures
Hygienic assessment of workplaces – evaluation of the measurement results of values
of factors present in the working environment in terms of their hazardousness to the health
of employee. All companies, institutions and organisations of the Republic of Lithuania are
following the provisions of the hygienic assessment of work places. They organise the tests
and assessment of the working environment, implement the means of improvement of
working environment, establish the supplements for employees working in areas, where it
is impossible to improve the working environment with technical means for the work, in
case of deviations from normal conditions.
The card of hygienic assessment of work places is presented in Annex 11.
Please list the parameters of hygienic assessment of work places.
2.2. MICROBIAL POLLUTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Tests of environment microbial pollution
The tests of environment microbial pollution are regulated by the national standards
Fig. 16. Waxing (www.beachcombershair.co.uk)
Fig. 17. Depilation with sugar paste (www.dermaepil.lt)
1. Please list and describe the methods of hair removal.
2. Please describe the technology of hair removal with wax.
3. Please perform the waxing of separate body parts.
stipulating, which objects should be inspected (hospitals, children education establishments,
public catering establishments, cosmetic cabinets, hairdressing salons, etc.), how often the
inspections should be performed (once per month, once per quarter, etc.), what should be
tested (the total content of microbes, enterobacteriaceae, indication microbes, pathogenic
microbes), how they should be tested, what methods should be used and what standards
should be followed.
The environment microbial pollution tests are important in the cosmetician’s practice,
because the cosmetics cabinets are tested in view of the observance of the hygiene norms
(disinfection, antiseptics, sterilisation of instruments) and the spreading of pathogens of
infectious diseases in the working environment is prevented.
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Hand and foot care treatment procedures. First-aid in case of traumas, intoxication,
burns
The aims of first-aid – termination of the injuring impact, restoration or compensation of the vital functions, stabilisation of the condition before the administration of the
professional medical aid.
First-aid in case of traumas. The main tools in case of traumas are bandages and
cold compresses. Types of wounds: cutting, stabbing, gunshot, beating, biting, tearing. When
administering the first-aid, it is necessary to use a sterile bandage by processing the edges
of the wound in advance and by disinfecting the surrounding area with disinfectant liquid.
In case of severe bleeding, it is necessary to stop the bleeding by pressing the wound and by
lifting the injured limb. In case of foreign matter embedded into the body, it is necessary
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First-aid in case of chemical burns. It is necessary to keep the damaged area under
the flow of cold water for at least 20 minutes in order to remove all chemicals, until the
wound is washed, it is necessary to undress the injured person and, after washing, to cover
the burnt area with a sterile bandage.
1. What objects are tested for the assessment of the microbial pollution of the
environment?
2. What is the importance of the tests of environment microbial pollution in the
cosmetician’s practice?
to avoid removing it. In case of minor injury, it is necessary to stick the strapping. When
administering the first-aid, the wound cannot be processed with iodine, the foreign matter
should not be removed from the wound, in case of open fractures – the ordering of fractures,
touching of wounds and washing with the water should be avoided.
In case of intoxication with chemical substances (ammonia vapour, nitrogen oxides,
sulphur hydrogen, carbon monoxide). The injured person should be carried or walked from
the contaminated premises, calmed and the collar should be opened. If the person is unconscious, he/she should be laid on the side. If the breathing or cardiac activity is stopped, it is
3. What is the main purpose of first-aid?
4. How the first-aid is administered in case of trauma?
5. How the first-aid is administered in case of chemical intoxication?
6. How the first-aid is administered in case of burns?
necessary to apply reviving and call the emergency. In case of intoxication with acids and
alkaline, when it passes on the skin, it is necessary to remove as much of acid/alkaline
as possible with a dry cloth and wash heavily under the flowing water. It is necessary to
undress the burnt area and use bandages. In case of drinking acid, give 1-2 glasses of milk,
jelly, sour cream, several whisked eggs or water; in case of drinking alkaline, it is necessary
to drink 1-2 glasses of milk, lemon acid or 2% vinegar as soon as possible and to transport the
injured person to the health care institution or to the doctors directly.
In case of food poisoning, it is necessary to terminate the pass of poison to the organism and to sooth. If the person is unconscious, he/she should be laid on the side and it is
necessary to make sure that he/she would not choke. If the person is conscious, there is no
shock, spasms, it is necessary to provoke the vomiting (give to drink 1-2 litres of warm salty
water). In case of stopped breathing or cardiac activity, it is necessary to apply revival and
call emergency or transport the person to the hospital.
First-aid in case of burns. When administering the first aid, it is necessary to apply
cold on the burnt body surface. Then it is necessary to apply a dry sterile bandage and to contact the doctor as soon as possible. The blisters cannot be torn, no creams or powder should
be applied. The organism extracts high amounts of water through the burnt skin, therefore,
2.3. PERFORMANCE OF HAND AND FOOT CARE TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Nail anatomy
Nail is the appendage of skin. It is a layer of stiff keratin cells. The functions of nails
include protection of fingers from small traumas, ability to perform fine precise actions,
helping to restore the stability, toe nails help to maintain the balance.
Nail structure: nail matrix, lunula, nail bed, nail fold, nail plate, cuticle (skin).
The nail plate is usually of the thickness of 0.3-0.45 mm. The nails are usually of the
width of 1-1.7 cm. The length of nail plate amounts to 1-1.5 cm. The form and quality of nails
is inherited.
The nails reflect the total condition of the person’s health. The nail plate grows 0.1 mm
per day, 1 mm per week and 3-4 mm per month. The nails of toes are thicker, harder and
grow more slowly.
The scheme of nail anatomy is presented in Fig. 18.
the injured person should be given lots of water, tea, coffee, etc.
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Nail plate
Nail fold
Lunula
Epidermis
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Carpus connections: radial carpal joint, middle carpal joint, intercarpal joints, carpal and
metacarpal bone joint, carpal and thumb joint, intermetacarpal joints, metacarpal finger
joints, interphalangeal joints.
Metacarpal and phalanx bones of right carpus
Nail bed Phalange
carpal bonesright
Nail Dermis
matrix
Fig. 18. Nail structure (www.depiliacija.eu)
metacarpal bones
Structure of hand and foot
Carpus is a part of hand from the wrist – a palm with fingers. The carpus skeleton
consists of 27 bones. They are classified into carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges (see
phalanges
Fig. 19).
Carpal bones are short bones situated in two rows: proximal and distal. The prox-
proximal phalanx
medium phalanx
distal phalanx
base
phalax corpus
phalanx capita
imal row, starting from the thumb side, consists of scaphoid (navicular), the lunate, the
triquetrum and, slightly to the palm side, pisiform. The distal row consists of (in the same
sequence) trapezium (greater multiangular), the trapezoid (leser multiangular), the capitates, and the hamate bones.
Metacarpal bones. Five (I-V) small long metacarpal bones form the tough basis of the
Fig. 19. Anatomical composition of the hand (www.lt.wikipedia.org)
middle part – palm – of the hand. Their size and form are slightly different, however, they
all have 3 parts: basis ossis metacarpalis pollicis, corpus ossis metacarpalis pollicis and
caput ossis metacarpalis pollicis. The more massive base has the connections of joint sur-
Foot – a part of supporting extremity, which touches the ground. The foot is separated
faces between them and with the distal ossa carpi row, the capita ends with a joint arc, con-
from the remaining part of the extremity by the joint. The foot skeleton is composed of 7
nects with base phalange, whereas the corpus is slightly concaved to the carpus back side.
tarsal bones, 5 metatarsi bones and 14 foot phalanges. Same as in hand, the big toe is com-
Hand phalanx bones. The thumb is formed of two, whereas all other fingers – of three
phalanges. They are small long bones divided into proximal, medial and distal phalanges.
Phalanges are divided into three parts – base, corpus and capita.
There are 3 groups of muscles situated on the hand: hand thumb platform, small
finger platform and middle group. The carpal muscles are located in the palm side only. The
tendons of long finger muscles are located from both sides of the hand. From the external
side, the hand is covered with a mobile skin with sebaceous glands and rare hair, whereas
Tarsal bones: calcaneus, talus, os naviculare, os ilium, os cuneiforme (mediale, intermedium, laterale).
Ossa metatarsi belong to long bones. By forming the basis of the foot, they connect the
tarsus with toes. Each os metatarsi have a three-edged corpus and a capita with a basis.
Phalanges. Each toe, except for the big toe, is formed of three phalanges: proximal,
medial and distal. Each phalange has its own corpus and a capita with a basis.
the palm side of the hand contains no hair and sebaceous glands, however, contains many
There are 2 groups of foot muscles: upper muscles stretch the toes, the lower muscles
sweat glands. Furthermore, the palm side has the characteristic patterns of skin surface,
– bend them. Foot veins are the continuation of the calf veins. The foot skin and muscles are
which are inherited individually. This pattern contains drills, hills and lines.
innervated by the terminal radicles of the sciatic nerve.
The carpal joints connect the hand with a forearm and all carpal bones internally.
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posed of two phalanges, whereas the remaining toes – of 3.
The anatomic composition of the foot is presented in Annex 12.
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Preparation of work places for manicure and pedicure procedures
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which are exposed to high temperatures and do not change their properties during the
sterilisation.
The requirements applicable to the work place. The services of manicure and ped-
The manicure and pedicure tools are presented in Fig. 20.
icure are permitted only in specially fitted premises. The permit is necessary both for the
Requirements for tools and their care. The tools must be produced of stainless metal
performance of procedures and for work with certain tools. The premises should meet the
(e.g. steel), easy to transport, cleaned, inspected, sterilised and stored. Dry instruments
hygiene requirements. The working surfaces of furniture should be smooth, covered with a
should be kept in a well-ventilated room, dry and clean place. The instruments have a spe-
material resistant to moisture, cleansers and disinfection products. The pedicure and man-
cific purpose of use.
icure should be performed in a separate room.
Requirements for persons providing beauty services: manicurist’s and pedicurist’s
qualification certificate, personal hygiene passport, hygiene and first-aid administration
certificate, clean work clothing and footwear, observance of personal hygiene and disinfection rules.
Requirements for preparation of work place. The surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected with a product used for disinfection of surfaces (the surfaces of tables, trays on
which the instruments are placed; the tools should be cleaned, washed, disinfected and sterilised); the tools should be sterile for each client; before starting the work, the room should
be well ventilated, the electric equipment should be verified – their condition, grounding;
the manicure and pedicure means, products and tools should be placed in the working area
Tools, materials and products used for the manicure and pedicure procedures
Products necessary for manicure and hand skin care treatment procedures: disinfecting materials, antiseptics, first-aid cream or powder, products for nail skin care, softener of cuticles, products softening and reducing the growth of cuticles, cuticle softener and
nurturer, nail polishes-bases – the base of nail polish, leveller of nail riffles, upper layer of
nail polish and transparent polish, nail polish thinner, nail polish dryer, acetone, nail polish
remover, the product clarifying the colour of the nail plate, bleaching pencil, hand skin
cream or balm, moisturising masks, polishing cream.
Tools necessary for manicure procedure: nippers for cuticles, nipples for nails, scissors for cuticles, spoon, blade, hatchet, orange-tree stick, brushes for applying the nail polish,
file, polishing tool, brush from cleaning the dust, tweezers, basin/container for manicure,
plastic dispenser, corrector, nail art sets, drill, artificial finger, vacuum-cleaner for polishing
dusts, pads, cotton cushions, tissues, towels, stand for nail polish bottles.
Tools necessary for pedicure: pumice, clippers, wooden pins, nippers for cuticles, files,
stiff skin scraper, sponges for toes.
Products necessary for pedicure procedure: antiseptic, cuticle softening fluid, cream
and oil for nails, cream for feet, powder, scrubbing cream, masks.
Before starting the use of new instruments, they must be well-cleaned, lubricated and
sterilised in a special device – autoclave. Special oils are used to lubricate the instruments,
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Fig. 20. Manicure and pedicure tools (www.reactual.com)
Hand, feet skin and nail care
The products, which do not allow the moisture to evaporate and protect the skin from
ageing factors, sun, cold, bacteria, fungi, are recommended for the hand skin care. The
rubber gloves, protective creams are recommended for the protection of hands from chemical substances. Softening, nurturing and moisturising skin creams and masks are produced
for the hand skin care.
The most popular procedure for hands in beauty salons – paraffin mask, hand
massage.
Hand massage. The hand massage is recommended after the manicure procedure,
after hand skin softening baths, however, it can also be performed as a separate procedure.
The massage is not performed in case of nail and hand skin diseases. The position of the
massaged hand should be comfortable, the muscles should be relaxed. The hand massage
activates the bloodstream.
Hot paraffin procedures. The paraffin procedures moisturise the skin, improve the
bloodstream, metabolism, nutrition of tissues, reduces the inflammation and pain, stimulates the restoration of tissues, removes toxins and youthens.
The paraffin procedure for the hands. The hands of the client are disinfected, the
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hand skin is covered with thick cream, the hands are immersed into the heated paraffin
Warm therapeutic manicure. During this type of manicure, a warm cream or oil is
down to the wrist for 5 times, the hand is covered with a protective plastic bag and cotton
used for soaking the nails, which is heated up to 30 degrees in a special vessel and the cuti-
glove and kept for 15 minutes, the paraffin is removed and the moisturising cream is mas-
cles are not cut. Warm manicure is suitable when the nails are weak, dry, breaking and
saged into the skin.
when the cuticles around the nails are damaged.
Foot care. Special cosmetic tools are recommended for the foot skin. After washing
Japanese manicure. The procedure of Japanese manicure is classified into several
the feet, the skin should be covered with a nurturing cream or vegetal oil. If the skin is very
stages: advance diagnostics of nail condition, hand disinfection;, softening of cuticle and
stiff, a special cream is required, which is characterised by keratolytic impact. To reduce the
pushing back, nail strengthening with a special pasta and powder, nail polishing with rice
sweat, various deodorants, antiperspirants and creams can be used. The majority of cos-
blade, piece of calf skin and polishing and whitening with diamond dust, coverage of nail
metic products used for feet care eliminate the microbes and fungus. It is necessary to cut
with a base, special massage.
Children manicure. It is performed with very safe tools. A desired form is applied for
the nails properly – they should not be too short and with too rounded edges.
The exercises and massage are recommended for feet. The paraffin procedure for the
feet is performed in an analogous procedure as for the hands.
The paraffin mask for hands and feet is presented in Fig. 21-22.
the nail, the cuticles are covered with cuticle softener and the hands are immersed into
warm water. After pushing the cuticles back, the oil is applied and massaged. It is possible
to use a colourless polish.
Apparatus manicure. A special machine with replaceable heads is used for the performance of manicure. Each head performs certain functions. The manicure is performed
faster, the skin remains dry.
French manicure. The course of manicure – classical, only the nail painting is different. The aim is to create naturally looking nails with a purple base and a white edge of the
nail.
Men manicure. The procedure of men manicure is almost the same as in case of
women manicure. Only several differences exist: the file provides the nails with a round or
Fig. 21. Paraffin mask for hands (www.eurija.lt)
Fig. 22. Paraffin mask for feet (www.tulpe.lt)
Types of manicure and performance techniques
Types of manicure: classical, safe, SPA, warm therapeutic, Japanese, children, apparatus, men, French.
Classical manicure. It is a hand and nail care procedure composed of nail formation,
soaking and mechanical skin removal.
Safe manicure. When performing safe manicure, the cuticle is not cut but melted
with cuticle softener and removed with orange-tree stick instead. Safe manicure method is
simple, convenient, the traumas are avoided, however, it is less effective (especially in case
of large cuticles).
SPA manicure. A soothing, relaxing environment is a crucial part of SPA procedure. The
stages of SPA manicure are similar to the stages of classical manicure – only several addi-
men manicure. If the nails are not covered with nail paint, a polisher of 3 parts is used to
create a natural gloss. Before polishing, the nail is covered with oil.
Classical manicure performance technology: a desired form is provided to the nail
with a file; the skins around the nail are covered with cuticle softening emulsion, cream or
liquid; the hands are immersed into warm water; after taking out the hands, they are dried
(it is possible to take by one finger from the bath); the skins are pushed back with a dim
end of the orange-tree stick; the places under the nails are cleaned and the cuticles are cut
according to the need; a special oil is massaged into the skin; the massage cream is applied
and hand massage is performed; the oiliness of nails is removed after the massage; the
base layer of nail-polish is applied; the colour paint is applied; the upper nail-polish layer is
applied; when the nail-polish dries, the cuticle oil is applied on the nail.
Types of pedicure and performance techniques
tional procedures are used: the layer of impurities and dead cells is removed with a special
Types of pedicure: classical, SPA, apparatus (European).
scrubbing cream, the hands are immersed into special ether oils, the cuticles can be cut or
Classical pedicure. It is a foot skin and nail care procedure composed of foot soaking,
pushed back, the hand mask is applied, kept for 15-20 min and washed away, the cream is
massaged into the skin.
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angled shape, the nails are covered with transparent polish or special polish dedicated to
cuticle softening and mechanical cuticle removal.
Apparatus (European) pedicure. The principle of work – gradual work with variable
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heads, which carefully polish the blisters, stiffened cells and thickened skin. The main technological difference of this procedure – the water is not used. The cosmetic apparatus pedicure is performed in a dry environment, there is no risk in contracting fungal diseases. The
course of procedure: a special disinfectant and antibacterial liquid is sprayed on the patient’s
feet, the area planned to be ordered, is covered with a softening liquid, the artist performs
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11. Please describe the technology of performance of classical pedicure.
12. Please perform the classical manicure procedure.
13. Please perform the classical pedicure procedure.
the pedicure with an apparatus with special nozzles.
SPA pedicure. SPA pedicure is a non-invasive procedure. Blisters and rubbed areas are
covered with special means in advance and removed with pumice and scrubbers. Special
preparations and massage stimulate the bloodstream and remove the fatigue in the feet. SPA
pedicure – feet bath (it can be hydromassage-type), relaxing the legs and softening the skin;
the preparation of toe nails (provision of the shape, removal of cuticles), removal of stiffened
skin with pumice, feet mask and massage application.
Classical pedicure performance technology. The feet are sprayed with antiseptic,
2.4. NAIL DISORDERS AND DISEASES
Disorders and diseases of hand nails
Healthy nails are strong, smooth and with a rosy tinge. Metabolism disorders or illnesses result in the changes of nail structure and colour, the nails start to break and the
layers are formed.
soaked in warm water, dried; the nail polish is removed (if any); special clippers are used to
Nail herpes. It is an infectious disease caused by fungus. The symptoms include white
cut the nails; a special file or pumice is used to scrub the stiffened skin; the cuticles are soft-
spots that can be scrapped off, white or yellow stripes in the middle of the nail, damaged
ened and removed; if there are any blisters, they are also softened and removed; the nails
nail edges, thick and colourless damaged nail part, damaged nail hollow, unnaturally thin
are provided with a shape; the feet massage is performed, the nails are polished.
upper layer.
Involuted nails. It can be both on the hand fingers and feet toes. The nail grows into
1. What function is performed by the nails?
2. Please list and describe the parts of the nail.
3. Please list and describe the carpal bones.
4. Please list and describe the foot bones.
the skin indentation and can cause the infection. It can be caused by thin nail or if the overgrown nail is not eliminated in time.
Onycholysis. The weakening of the nail, which is usually related to the internal diseases, infections or use of certain medications.
Onicomicosis. The infection of nail channel (indentation) caused by fungi. When
progressing, it affects the plate, which becomes fragile, changes its colour – it becomes
non-transparent, whitish, brownish, yellowish or black, and eventually starts to detach
from the nail channel.
Relief or wavy nail edges. They are caused by uneven nail growing. It can be the con-
5. W
hat requirements are applied to the preparation of manicure/pedicure work
place?
sequence of traumas or diseases.
6. Please list and describe the main manicure and pedicure tools and products.
nail. Usually, it is resulted by illnesses, nail cell damage inside the nail or area of matrix.
7. Please list and describe hand and feet skin and nail care treatment procedures.
8. Please list and describe the types of manicure.
9. Please describe the technology of performance of classical manicure.
10.Please list and describe the types of pedicure.
Channels (deepening). The channels can extend throughout the entire length of the
White spots. They appear due to the disease and can be caused by the damage of nail
basis. When the nail grows, the spots disappear. These spots are usually called the leukonychia. Usually, it is the cosmetic problem and not the symptom of disease. They emerge
due to filled air gaps on the nail plate. The white spots can emerge after various traumas,
improper manicure, in case of zinc and vitamin A insufficiency in the organism.
Hypertrophy. Abnormal nail thickening.
Atrophy. The nail loses its gloss, becomes thin and sometimes disappears at all.
Pterygium. The cuticle grows onward and attaches to the nail basis. Cause – congenital
defects, dry skin, improper nail care.
160
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Bitten nails. It is a natural habit formed on the basis of nervousness and forcing the
people to bit their nails.
Pitted nails. The indentations similar to the pits of the tailor’s fingertip appear on the
nail plate. It can be the consequence of psoriasis or tuberculosis.
Yellow nails. It is a usual anomaly. The nails become yellow due to frequent nail polishing, lack of phosphorus in the organism, smoking.
Torn nail. The nail tears at the basis. It is caused by cuticle dryness, too strong cutting
or neglectful removal.
Nail-shell. Thin, white and flexible nail. The nail plate is detached from the nail hollow
and bent in the free end. It is caused by chronic diseases.
Blue nail. It is the result of poor blood circulation.
Nail with bruises. Dark, violet spots (almost brown or black) can appear on the nail.
They are usually caused by the damage and bleeding in the hollow. The clotted blood attaches
to the nail and grows together with it. A particular care should be given for this type of nail
and pressing should be avoided. The nail can detach from the nail hollow.
Wavy nails. The grooves or waves – vertical or horizontal. It is caused by internal reasons or improperly performed manicure.
Chipping, cracked nails. Vertical or horizontal cracks are visible on the free nail part.
The nails are breaking due to insufficiency of minerals, especially calcium, improper manicure, impact of chemical substances.
Nail layering. It manifests with irregular nail detachment. It is conditioned by various
factors – frequent presence in the water, dehydration, diets, stress, deficiency of vitamins A,
Fig. 23. Ingrowing nail (www.nailsathome03.wordpress.com)
Fig. 24. Nail fungus (www.sterishoe.com)
Feet skin fungus. It is usually felt between the fingers. The damaged skin becomes red,
starts to scale and can result in tearing or infection.
Blotches – the skin diseases caused by viruses. The centre of blotches situated on the
feet looks concaved and is surrounded with the edge of thick and stiffened skin. It can be
painful when walking.
1. Please list and describe the main skin diseases.
2. Please list and describe the main defects of feet skin.
B, C, D, E, calcium and minerals.
Toe nail disorders and diseases
2.5. THE MAIN SPECIALITY TERMS
Callus – a small yellowish funnel-shaped thickening of the size of pea with a hollow
The main body parts
centre and the tip penetrated into the skin.
Abrasion – a blister or small skin thickening formed due to constant rubbing, filled
with transparent liquid.
Ingrowing nail – the nail edge or the entire nail growing into and pressing the skin.
The ingrowing is most common for the toe nail. The sores appear around the ingrown edge,
a heavy swelling and inflammation can be caused. When pressing the damaged area, purulence is extracted, a pain is felt and it is difficult to walk (see Fig. 23).
Heel thickening – thickened stiff skin of feet that tend to split.
Sweating – undesired feet skin sweating due to disordered activity of feet sweat glands.
Nail fungus – white or yellow spots appearing on the nail, loss of gloss, thickening,
breakings and sometimes detaching from the nail bed. I and V toe nails are usually damaged
Speciality vocabulary: skeleton, bands, ligaments, joints, ball-and-socket joint, hinge
joint, muscles, tendons, head, brain, skull, forehead, chin, face, temples, brain case, cheeks,
cheekbones, mouth, necks, jaw-bones, lips, organs of special sense, neck, windpipe, trunk,
spinal column, thoracic cage, pelvic bones, collarbone, shoulder blades, spinal column,
spinal cord, breastbone, ribs, chest, belly, abdomen, nipples, breasts, teats, navel, lungs,
heart, stomach, liver, gall-bladder, kidneys, spleen, bowels, intestines, hip-bone, thigh-bone,
hip, waist, shoulders, shoulder blades, back, loins, upper extremity, upper arm, forearm,
hand, elbow, wrist, fingers thumb, axilla, thigh, knee-joint, ankle, lower leg, shank, calf,
foot, heel, sole, instep toes, patella, knee-cap, hollow of the knee. groin.
(see Fig. 24).
162
163
MODULE V
The main body massages terms
Body massage: back massage, massage therapy, methods of healing, muscular
structure, rubbing, somatic therapy, forearms, elbow, pressure, lymph, lymphatic, nervous
system, physical benefits, mental benefits, relaxes, general well-being, loosens, tight, relieves,
range of motion, chronic pain, blood pressure, heart rate, enhances, skin tone, strengthens,
immune system, tension headaches, concentration, therapist, training requirements,
essential oil, therapeutic qualities, lavender, calmness, aromatherapy, massage cream/
oil, apply on the skin, blend oil, hydrotherapy, infant massage, lymph drainage massage,
rhythmic strokes, toxins, boundaries, elastic fibers, slapping, shaking, mincing, therapeutic
massage, sports massage, classic massage, cosmetic massage, acupressure, non-contact
massage, dry facial massage, head/hand/feet massage, massage lines, fist, knuckles, slightly
raised, muscle squeezing, stretching, percussive strokes, kneading, rhythmic movements,
vibration, performed statically, stimulating.
Body treatments
Body treatments are skin care treatments for the whole body that clean, balance
and refresh your body’s skin to help it look its best. Treatments can target aging, dryness,
dullness, acne, and even damaging effects by the environment.
Benefits of body treatments: removes layer of dead skin cells, dirt and toxins from the
skin, can contour, tone and firm skin and reduce appearance of cellulite, aids in temporary
weight reduction through diuretic effect, relaxes muscles and relieves stress, encourages
proper circulation. Most body treatments range from 60 minutes to 90 minutes.
Nail structure
The matrix is the tissue which the nail protects, the part of the nail bed that rests
beneath the nail and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The lunula is the visible
part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. The nail bed is the
skin beneath the nail plate. It is made of two types of tissues: the deeper dermis and the
superficial epidermis.The nail sinus is where the nail root is inserted.The nail root is the part
of nail situated in the nail sinus, i.e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates
from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix. The nail plate is the actual nail, made
of translucent keratin protein. Several layers of dead, compacted cells cause the nail to be
strong but flexible. The free margin or distal edge is the anterior margin of the nail plate
corresponding to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. The eponychium is the small band
MODULE V
is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail.The paronychium is
the border tissue around the nail and paronychia is an infection in this area.
Technology of manicure
The first step in doing manicure is washing hands. If there are remnants of a previous
nail polish, use an orange stick (wrapped in cotton) soaked with nail polish remover and
clean the leftovers. After you have washed hands, dry them with a soft towel. Don‘t apply
any creams because this will prevent the polish from spreading equally on the nail surface.
Next comes nail cutting and shaping. This can be done with a pair of clippers or scissors first
and then use a file to shape it more precisely. Next, apply a softener to cuticles. Wait a couple
of minutes. After the softener has dried out, put the hands under hot water for a minute
or two and after that gently push the cuticles back. Don‘t cut the cuticles because this will
make them harder and puffy. Next, apply one layer of base coat, starting from the cuticles
and continuing towards the edges. Apply the polish in a similar way to the one described
for the base coat. Wait a couple of minutes for the polish to dry out. After the last layer of
polish has tried out, it is time for the top coat. Again, this is not mandatory but generally it is
much better to apply it because it gives a manicure a more finished look and makes it more
durable. The last step is to sanitize all your equipment.
Technology of pedicure
Wash the feet and clean toe nails. Generally washing feet is better to do in a bowl with
hot water, where you have poured some bath salt. If you keep the feet in salty water for 10
minutes, this will also soften toe nails and it will be easier for you to cut them and to give
them the desired shape. Next comes cutting and shaping. After you have cut and shaped toe
nails, you can place them for 10 more minutes in the salty water to soften them additionally.
However, don‘t keep feet too long in water because the skin will get wrinkled and it will be
more difficult for you to proceed with the polishing of the toe nails. Apply some cuticle oil
or cream to soften the cuticles. Wait for the oil or cream to dry and wash feet again. Dry
them with a towel. Then clean the nails with a cotton pad soaked in a nail polish remover. If
necessary, apply a hardener to toenails. Finally, start applying the base coat. Wait till it dries
out and then apply two layers of polish. And if you want to give the feet a finished look, you
can also remove any dead skin from the feet. When the feet are wet, removing dead skin is
easier. And after you are over with all of the procedures described above, apply some cream
to make your feet and nails even more delicate.
of epithelium that extends from the posterior nail wall onto the base of the nail. The nail wall
164
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MODULE V
1. Please create a Lithuanian-English glossary of the human body parts and organs.
2. Please describe and present body care or massage procedure.
MODULE V
CONSOLIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS THROUGH PRACTISE
Objective
03
3. Please create manicure and pedicure glossary in the English-Lithuanian language.
CONSOLIDATION OF THE ACQUIRED
VOCATIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
THROUGH VOLUNTEERING IN THE CREATIVE
INTEGRATED PROJECT
“THANK YOU FOR EVERYTHING”
4. Please describe and present a manicure and pedicure procedure.
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “THANK YOU FOR EVERYTHING”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills of module “Performance of Body Care
Treatment Procedures” is performed through volunteering and realising a creative project
“Thank You for Everything”. The works of volunteering and goodness campaigns are presented during the consolidation, where the students demonstrate their skills to associate
the competency to perform the body care treatment procedures with the professional values
and perform the reflection of experience and self-evaluation.
skills by volunteering in a creative project “Thank You for Everything”.
THE CONSOLIDATION OBJECTIVES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to familiarise with the course of realisation of a creative project “Thank You for Everything”;
to present the works of volunteering and goodness campaigns;
to discuss the appreciation as the target value;
by the student individually. Possible methods of activity include the individual or group
work in the class, independent work individually or in a group (with consultation in the
class). The form of presentation of the creative project is optional: in the form of paper, illustration, demonstration, composition, etc.
Practical task. The students receive a task to participate in the goodness campaign by
demonstrating the ability to associate the competency to perform the body care treatment
procedures with professional values. The aim of campaign is to perform the necessary body
care treatment procedures for the participants of campaign (determination of the type of
skin, skin diagnostics, selection and performance of scrubbing product and mask, performance of hygiene classical massage for separate body parts, selection and performance of
166
167
MODULE V
physiotherapy procedures for the body care, manicure and pedicure procedures, depilation).
The course of work is photographed, video-recorded and later reviewed, discussed and evaluated. The acquired experience, photographs and video-recorded material are systemised,
formalised and prepared by the students as a 10 min. presentation according to the selected
sub-topic (for example, “Determination of the Face Skin Type”, “Properly Selected Measures
MODULE V
Objective
04
for the Procedure”, “Possible Depilation Techniques”) by the selected method: a PowerPoint
presentation, demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, etc. During the presentation of a project, the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim
COMMUNIT Y PROJEC T “ LET ’ S RESPEC T OUR TE ACHER ”
of the creative project and target result, list the process of project presentation, indicate
the contribution of each group member (in case of work in a group), specify what kind of
acquired knowledge and skills were used in the project, specify the new experiences acquired
IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMMUNITY PROJECT
“LET’S RESPECT OUR TEACHER”, BY REVEALING THE
IMPORTANCE OF ASSOCIATION OF TRUST AND
CREATIVENESS VALUES FOR THE HARMONIOUS AND
MEANINGFUL LIFE AND WORK OF THE PERSON
THE AIM is to reveal the importance of personalisation of trust and creativeness values to the
harmonised and meaningful life and work of the person.
during the project. In order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective
self-control questions are provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the
1.
to carry out the speciality segment by associating the professional skills with trust and
creativeness values;
2. to carry out the creative tasks by emphasising the respectful attitude to the environment and
the person near you;
3. to discuss the values of respect towards the human life, family and environment by
accentuating the values of trust and creativeness, their importance in the personal and
professional activity.
2. involvement into social and volunteering activity;
THE RESULT – revealed importance of personalisation of trust and creativeness values on the
realised project in terms of value.
harmonious and meaningful life and work of person, filled individual education plan.
4. comprehensiveness of presentation of practical task.
TOPIC:
REALISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN THE
COMMUNITY PROJECT “LET’S RESPECT OUR TEACHER”
HOURS DEDICATED:
108
TEACHING/LEARNING TECHNIQUES AND METHODS:
summary of works, activities and

achievements of the first academic
year;
importance of trust and creativeness
values in the personal and
professional activity;
creative performance of the
speciality segment;
respect towards person’s life, family
lecture;
work in groups;
individual work;
review of video material, films and insights;
discussion;
questions-replies;
case analysis.
and environment.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
after summarisation of the works, activities and
achievements of the first academic year, it is necessary
to fill the individual education trajectory (in vocational,
general-cultural and value aspects).
168
Module teaching/learning material
(annexes).
self-control questions (in vocational, general-cultural and
value aspects).
169
MODULE V
MODULE V
BIBLIOGRAPHY
18. Manikiūr y pedikiūr v salone krasoti (Manicure and Pedicure in a Beauty Salon) (2006).
1. Anusevičienė O. V., Cibas P., Lilienė L. (2009). Žmogaus anatomija ir fiziologija (Human
Anatomy and Physiology). Kaunas: Kauno kolegija.
2. Balevičienė G., Maciulevičienė R. (2002). Odos ligų atlasas (Atlas of Dermal Diseases).
Vilnius.
3. Body treatments. Online access: http://sheerbalance.com/mind-body-section/spa/
spa-treatments-services/body-treatments/. Last viewed on 05.03.2013.
4. Buivis L. (2007). Apsauga nuo elektros (Electrical Safety). Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto
leidykla.
5. Cheminiai nudegimai (Chemical Burns). Online Access: <http://sveikata.su.lt/
pirmoji_pagalba/cheminiai_nudegimai.htm>. Las viewed on 12.03.2013.
PJPOL klassik. Moskva.
19. Manikiūro, pedikiūro, depiliacijos produktų aprašai (Description of Manicure, Pedicure
and Depilation Products). Online Access: http://www.nagavita.lt/index.php?s_id=2.
Last viewed on 13.03.2013.
20.Molienė L., Molis S. (2000). Žmogaus biologija ir sveikata (Human Biology and Health).
Kaunas: Šviesa.
21. Most Popular Types Of Massage. Online Access: http://altmedicine.about.com/od/
massage/a/massage_types.html. Last viewed on 2013 03 05.
22. Nail (Anatomy). Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Online Access: http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_(anatomy). Last viewed on 12.03.2013.
23. Obelenis V., Bagdonienė T., Mačionis A. ir kt. (2002). Darbo medicina (Occupational
6. Finkelšteinaitė J. (2008). Masažas (Massage). Avicena.
7. Gailevičius P., Obelenienė D.M. (1998). Odos ir venerinės ligos (Dermal and Venereal
Diseases). Leidybos centras.
8. Gorinienė G., Gorinaitė A. (2006). Fizioterapija ir kurortiniai veiksniai (Physiotherapy
and Recreational Factors). Kaunas: LKKA.
9. How to Do a Manicure. Online access: http://www.nail-care-tips.com/how-to-do-amanicure.php. Last viewed on 12.03.2013.
10. How to Do a Pedicure. Online access: http://www.nail-care-tips.com/how-to-do-apedicure.php. Last viewed on 12.03.2013.
11. Jakučiūnaitė-Kubertavičienė R. (2005). Piešimas kirpėjams ir kosmetikėms (Drawing
for Hairdressers and Cosmeticians). Darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba.
12. Jakučiūnaitė-Kubertavičienė R. (2006). Šukuosenų modeliavimas ir įvaizdžio kūrimas
(Hair Modelling and Creation of Image). Darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba.
13. Kaip apsisaugoti nuo šalčio (How to Protect Yourself from Cold). Online Access:
<http://www.sveikatossodas.lt/index.php?lang=1&sid=301&tid=868>. Last viewed
on 12.03.2013.
14. Kazlauskienė D. (2004). Medicinos mikrobiologija (Medical Microbiology). Vilniaus
kolegija.
Medicine). Kaunas: LIC “Už gyvybę”.
24.Pirmoji pagalba (First Aid). Online access: <www.tax.lt/uploads/8012-pirmoji_
pagalba_original.doc>. Last viewed on 12.03.2013.
25. Pirmoji pagalba nusideginus (First Aid in Case of Burning). Online access: <http://
www.sveikatossodas.lt/index.php?lang=1&sid=301&tid=382>.
Last
viewed
on
12.03.2013.
26.Pirmoji pagalba susižeidus (First Aid in Case of Emergency). Online access: <http://
www.esat.lt/sos_pagalba.php?lt=pirmoji_pagalba_susizeidus>. Last viewed on
12.03.2013.
27. Putramentienė A. (2003). Mikrobiologija, dezinfekcijos ir sterilizacijos pagrindai
(Microbiology, Disinfection and Sterilisation Basics). Kaunas: Kauno kolegija.
28. Some Massage Therapy Terms. Online access: http://www.unitedmassagetherapists.
com/massage-orange-county-terms.html. Last viewed on 05.03.2013.
29. Stropus R., Tamašauskas K. A., Paužienė N. (2005). Žmogaus anatomija (Human
Anatomy). Kaunas: Vitae litera.
30.Žigienė K. (2006). Reabilitacijos ir fizioterapijos pagrindai. (Rehabilitation and
Physiotherapy Basics). Kauno kolegija.
15. Keep Your Nails Healthy. Online access: http://www.nail-care-tips.com/keep-yournails-healthy-good-looking.php. Last viewed on 12.03.2013.
16. Krausas H. (2004). Fizioterapija namuose (Physiotherapy at Home). Vilnius: Avicena.
17. Lasinskaitė-Čerkašina
A.,
Pavilionis
A.,
Vaičiuvėnas
V.
(2003).
Medicinos
mikrobiologija ir virusologijos pagrindai (Medicine Microbiology and Virology Basics).
Kaunas: KMU leidykla.
170
171
MODULE V
GLOSSARY
Antiseptics – a minimisation of the number of microorganisms by treating the skin and
mucous membrane with special products (antiseptics).
Arthralgia – an articular pain raising due to the inflammation caused by arthritis in the
joint.
Electrical-safety (protection against electricity) – the entirety of technical, organisation
means and legal norms aimed at the protection of people against hazardous and harmful
electric current, electric field, electro-magnetic field, static electric impact, step voltage.
Electricity-related trauma – the disorder of anatomical relations of human body tissues
and organs caused by the significant external factors and accompanied by local and general
organism reaction.
Electrocoagulation – a treatment method, burning of the tissues with a constant or
alternating high-frequency electric flow.
Employee – a person employed by the employer, working in the work place assigned
by the employer under the basis of non-fixed and fixed employment contract as well as the
person, who acquired the status of public servant established by the laws and who works in
the state or municipal institution or establishment.
Employer – an owner of any type of company, its head, which was appointed, selected
or acquired the proxies by any other type of procedure according to the laws of respective companies (statutes, provisions, incorporation documents) to compose, amend and terminate the
employment contract on behalf of the company, to perform any other actions in realising the
MODULE V
Person authorised by the employer on the occupational safety matter – an employee to
whom the employer transferred part of his rights and duties on occupational safety matters.
Prophylaxis – the entirety of all means protecting from the diseases and the entirety of
cosmetic means and procedures.
Safe service – any service, which is provided according to the stipulated conditions and
without prejudice to the safety requirements established to the service in the legal acts. During
or after the provision of safe service, no risk is caused to human life or the risk caused to the
life and health does not exceed the permissible risk established in the legal acts.
Sterilisation – a destruction of microorganisms and their spores by physical and chemical means.
Synergents – interacting in the same direction, enhancing each other’s impact.
Therapy – a treatment by non-surgical methods.
Work conditions – the working environment, type of work, work and leisure time having
a direct influence on the employee’s well-being, employability, safety and health.
Work means – the machines, equipment, apparatuses, devices, tools, appliances and
other tools used in the work process.
Work place – a place, where the person works and must do the work agreed in the
employment contract or performs public administration functions.
Work related to the servicing of electric equipment – work, where those performing
the work are facing danger to be injured by electricity, electric field, electromagnetic field or
static electricity and to avoid this, it is necessary to apply the electric safety means stipulated
by the legal acts.
provisions of the occupational laws, as well as the farmer who concluded an employment con-
LIS T OF MODULE V ANNE XES
tract with at least one natural person. Where the employment contract is concluded between
the natural persons, the employer is the natural person.
Harmful factor – a risk factor in the work environment, which, acting on the health
of employee, could cause the disease or an occupational illness. Its long-term impact can be
life-threatening.
Homeostasis – the reactions aimed at supporting the stability of internal medium.
Myalgia – muscle pain.
Occupational illness - an acute or chronic health disorder of an employee caused by one
or more harmful or hazardous factors of the working environment recognised as the occupational illness in accordance with the established procedure.
172
Annex 1. Health and Safety Instruction of Hygiene Cosmetics Cosmetician No 94.
Annex 2. Directions of Massaging of Classical Massage Used for the Frontal Part.
Annex 3. Directions of Massaging of Classical Massage Used for Rear Part.
Annex 4. Methods and Impact of the Classical Massage.
Annex 5. Human Skeleton Scheme.
Annex 6. The Front View of Human Muscle System.
Annex 7. The Rear View of Human Muscular System.
Annex 8. Blood System Circles.
Annex 9. Lithuanian Hygiene Norma HN 117:2007 “Health Safety Requirements for
Beauty Services”.
Annex 10. Description of Production for Depilation from Spanish Company “Depileve”.
Annex 11. Workplace Hygiene Assessment Card.
Annex 12. Foot Anatomical Structure.
173
MODULE VI.
INTRODUCTION TO THE LABOUR MARKET
THE AIM is to reveal the peculiarities of the selected profession in the context of today’s labour
market, while supporting the importance of development of personal and professional value
attitudes; to cultivate the values while implementing the creative community-based project “The
Teacher of my Life”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
to get introduced to the prospects of the selected profession in the labour market;
to reveal the meaning of consistency between the personal and professional values;
to develop the ability of self-assessment of personal achievements;
to improve the personal communication skills through the effective presentation of the
personal achievements to the employer.
THE RESULT – the peculiarities of the selected profession in the context of today’s labour
market are revealed; the importance of development of personal and professional value attitudes
is supported.
MODULE VII.
PROVISION/SALE OF SERVICE
THE AIM – deepening of the existing vocational knowledge and skills in the provision or sale
of services.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
to deepen the existing vocational knowledge and skills through an attractive provision of
services;
to develop the skills and knowledge of the creative service sale/provision to the client and a
creative presentation of the service to the client;
to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills in the creative project “How Can
I Be Useful to Others?”;
to sell/provide services to the client in a qualitative manner by using the existing vocational
knowledge and skills;
to consolidate the acquired vocational knowledge and skills by realising a creative integrated
project “Getting Richer by Giving”;
to consolidate the value-related attitudes in the implementation of a community project “Let’s
Love our Teacher”.
THE RESULT – consolidated existing vocational knowledge and skills through a responsible
and qualitative sale and provision of the service.
NAME OF MODULE:
Introduction to the Labour Market
NAME OF MODULE:

prospects of the professional activities;
methods and options of job search;
order and rules for the workplace;
evaluation and self-assessment of the
achievements;
personal and professional values and their
importance in the vocational activity;
importance of volunteering for the
vocational activity (feedback of the 2nd
course);
METHODS:

lecture;
discussion;
practical work;
individual work;
work in groups;
watching and listening of video/audio material;
reflection;
presentation.
preparation for the Teacher’s Day.
modelling of an attractive presentation of
service to the client;
planning of the creative presentation of service
to the client by stipulating the variety of
possible forms and measures of presentation;
consolidation through activity (Objective No 1);
test/simulation of sale/provision of service to
the client;
consolidation through activity (Objective No 2);
community project “Let’s Love our Teacher”.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
METHODS:

lecture;
discussion;
practical work;
individual work;
work in groups;
simulation;
modelling;
reflection;
presentation.
the folder of competencies.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
the reference literature, as provided in the

training material.
field tasks;
presentation of the community-based project.
Annex of module VI Introduction to the Labour Market.
174
sale/provision of service and presentation of it
according to the given requirements.
literature (presented in the training material).

practical tasks;
presentation of community project.
175
MODULE VII.
Objective
01
MODULE VII.
DEEPENING OF THE EXISTING VOCATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS THROUGH AN
ATTRACTIVE PROVISION OF SERVICES
1.1. MODELLING OF AN ATTRACTIVE PRESENTATION OF SERVICE TO THE CLIENT
Provision of service
Unlike the goods, the services are intangible. They refer to the activity, which results
in a relation between the provider of service and the client. The distinctive feature of services
Fig. 1. Thematic make-up “Sunflower” (www.vladofomenko.com)
is that the use of services takes place at the same time as their provision. The participation
of client in the service provision process is of particular importance: during this process, the
skills of client to use the service are formed, the likelihood of satisfaction of the needs and
receipt of benefit increases as well as the satisfaction of the client.
Technology of performance of the thematic make-up “Sunflower” Determination of
skin type, selection of the products for skin cleaning, skin cleaning, application of cream,
It is important to share the information, knowledge and efforts necessary for the qual-
application of liquid powder base, distribution of compact powder on the face and neck skin
ity performance of service during its provision. It should be initiated by the service provider.
areas, dyeing of eyebrows with a pencil, creation of drawing contours, colouring of the area
By cooperating with the service provider, the client helps to evaluate the need for service, to
in the middle of the contour. After finishing the drawing, the fake eyelashes are glued, the
apply the form and presentation of service, to create all or part of services. Thus, the client
mascara is used for eyelashes, the eye contour line is drawn above them, the lips are delin-
could be considered as the general creator and partial employee contributing to the provi-
eated and a lipstick is used.
sion of service with his/her efforts. Active participation of the client allows the individual
The main make-up creation stages are provided in Figures 2-7.
customisation of the service to each client.
The creative business is based on the communication and cooperation, discussion and
work between the seller/provider of service and the consumer/client. Thus, the provision of
service requires not only the quality-based performance, but also an individual customisation/meeting to the needs of each client.
Particularities of a thematic make-up
Various materials and techniques are used for the thematic make-up, i.e., fake eyelashes, body art, sticking of details and accessories, etc. The ideas for the thematic make-up
are searched in various sources (magazines, online, etc.) or a personal imagination is
invoked.
A thematic make-up “Sunflower” is presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 2. Created drawing contours
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Fig. 3. Coloured area in the middle of a contour
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Technologies of eyelash extensions
Technologies of eyelash extensions include single, full and various lengths of eyelash extensions. The eyelashes are made of synthetic micro-polyester fibre or animal hair
(minks, martens, etc.).
Advantages of eyelash extensions include suitability for women of all ages; light-weightiness, softness, comfort and natural look; resistance to sunrays, water, sweat, tears, washing, swimming, sunbathing in solarium; mascara is only optional.
Technology of eyelash extensions. The upper eyelashes are separated from the lower
ones with a silicon pad or a special plaster. In the process of extension, a fake eyelash is
placed on the natural eyelash. From 60 and more units of eyelashes are placed on the eyelid
of each eye (it depends on the size and form of client eyes and wishes). The length of eyelashes (6-15 mm) and their density are subject to the client’s wish.
Fig. 4. The area inside the contour is coloured
with a different colour
Fig. 5. The openwork drawing is created on the
upper and lower eyelids
The example of eyelash extensions is provided in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Example of eyelash extensions (www.oksanabeautysalon.com)
Fig. 6. Artificial eyelashes and are glued and
eye-shadows are applied on the eyelids
Fig. 7. The result of make-up “Sunflower”
The examples of thematic make-ups are provided in Annex 1.
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Description of means and tools of “Perfect silk lashes”
Description of means and tools of “Perfect silk lashes” for eyelash extensions is provided in Annex 2.
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Theatrical make-up
Doing make-up for the group of characters “Animals”
Technique of doing make-up (aged face, change of face parts, creation of additional
Techniques of doing make-up for the group of characters “Animals” (mouse, rabbit,
details, wounds, “bruises”). Make-up (old Italian “grimo” – wrinkled) – a change of per-
spotted and white-faced dog, cat and tiger). The examples of make-ups for the group of
former’s face features in a theatre, as well as the means necessary for this procedure (spe-
characters “Animals” are presented in Fig. 10. When creating the make-up for “Animal” char-
cial dye, glue, wigs, artificial moustache, beards, nose, moles, details changing the form of
acters, it is recommended to use professional face and body paint and tools.
the face, etc.). Examples of doing make-ups are provided in Annex 9.
Fig. 9. Examples of doing make-ups for performers (www.15min.lt)
Fig. 10. Examples of make-ups for the group of characters “Animals” (www.svenciumiestas.lt)
Ageing. The ageing requires make-up and face paint. In order to obtain grey hair, the
hair is covered with talc powder. The technological process of ageing with “Laukrom” cosmetic products for doing make-ups is provided in Annex 3.
Changing of forms of face parts. The forms of face parts can be changed by highlighting and darkening certain areas. This includes the use of make-up, face paint or pencils. The
change of forms of face parts is provided in Annex 4.
Creation of additional parts, “bruises”, wounds, scars. Details of artificial face features can be bought in carnival clothing, theatrical tool shops or to do it yourself by using
the mass of plastic, liquid latex and glue. The technology of creation of additional parts is
provided in Annex 5.
The technology of creation of a bruised eye, wound, scar is provided in Annex 6.
Hair modelling. The technologies of natural hair modelling are provided in Annex 7.
Hairstyles of historical periods. A certain historical period requires the use of a respec-
Technique of make-up for “Cat” and “Tiger” characters is provided in Annex 10.
Technique of make-up for “Rabbit” and “Mouse” characters is provided in Annex 11.
Technique of make-up for “Spotted dog” character is provided in Annex 12.
Technique of make-up for “White-faced dog” character is provided in Annex 13.
Technique of make-up for “Horns” character is provided in Annex 14.
Doing make-ups for festive characters
Technique of doing make-ups for festive characters (witch, wizard, scull, ghost,
skeleton and monster). The examples of doing make-ups for adult festive characters are
presented in Fig. 11.
tive hairstyle. The hairstyles of certain historical periods are provided in Annex 8.
Production of fake facial hair. Fake facial hair (beard, moustache, whiskers, eyebrows)
should be created according to the specific dimensions. It is important to avoid discomfort
when performing certain movements (speaking, singing) and to look natural and spectacular. The description of process of production of moustaches is provided in Annex 9.
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“Erdesa”, “Make up for ever”, “Laukrom” cosmetic and make-up tools
Copies of catalogues of “Erdesa”, “Make up for ever”, “Laukrom” cosmetic and make-up
tools are provided in Annexes 19, 20 and 21.
Body painting with decorative cosmetic products
Techniques of body painting with decorative cosmetic products (point portrayal and
copying). Unlike tattoos, the body painting is temporary. Various ornaments are suitable for
the temporary decoration of the body.
When creating drawings, an excellent aspect is that it requires only few tools, whereas
the highest focus is on the intensity and abundance of colours.
The main products include powder, eye and lip contour pencils, eye-shadows, blusher,
Fig. 11. Make-up for adult festive characters (www.svenciumiestas.lt)
body and face paint, skin glitter, tissues, ear cleaning pins, Vaseline, calque, antiseptic
tissues.
Drawing methods. The main drawing methods include dotted portrayal and copying.
The examples of doing make-ups for children festive characters are presented in Fig. 12
The method of dot portrayal is provided in Annex 22.
The copying method is provided in Annex 23.
The main elements for body painting with decorative cosmetic products are provided
in Annex 24.
Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 provide more complex examples of face and body painting with decorative cosmetics.
Fig. 12. Make-up for children festive characters (www.svenciumiestas.lt)
Technique of make-up for “Magician” character is provided in Annex 15.
Technique of make-up for “Vampire” character is provided in Annex 16.
Technique of make-up for “Scull” character is provided in Annex 17.
Fig. 13. Example of face painting with decorative cosmetics (www.galleryhip.com)
Technique of make-up for “Ghost” character is provided in Annex 18.
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Fig. 14. Example of body painting with decorative cosmetics (www.favimages.com)
Body painting with cosmetic water-colour
Fig. 15. Examples of airbrush make-ups (www.airbrush.com)
Body painting with cosmetic water-colour. The body painting is now used as an artistic expression, a desire to single out and become famous. It can also convey the twists of
fantasy and fashion tendencies. The technique of body painting with water-colour is slightly
Technique of body painting by using airbrush. The technology of spraying of an
Egyptian motive on the body surface is presented in Fig. 16.
different from the painting with decorative cosmetics, because the lightness of technique
helps to obtain more diverse works of art and provide the work with exclusiveness.
Body painting on a belly of a pregnant woman. Pregnancy is the most extraordinary
time in a woman’s life. The belly painting provides an opportunity to record the moment
of this precious period. Various painting motives are possible. Although the paint washes
away, the memories can be captured by photos that will later bring many joyful memories.
The technique of body painting on a belly of a pregnant woman is provided in
Annex 25.
Body painting by using airbrush
Fig. 16. Technique of spraying of an Egyptian motive on the body (www.airbrush.com)
The painting is performed by spraying paint onto the skin by using airbrush and by
refusing sponges and brushes. The airbrush make-up is popular is movies, theatre and
show business. Airbrush make-up becomes increasingly more popular when working with
Technique of spraying of an Egyptian motive on the body: the plastic is glued on the
high-resolution video cameras, because the every-day make-up on the actor’s skin causes
back as a stencil; the gold-colour dye is sprayed around the stencil; the plastic is removed;
discomfort. Airbrush make-up is a practical, effective and clinically tested make-up. It can
the drawing is detailed; separate details are coloured.
last for 12-24 hours.
The make-up requires the products of different consistencies and ingredients: water-basis, polymer/water-basis, polymer SD40 and alcohol-basis, alcohol-basis, silicon-basis.
The stencils of body painting and temporary tattoos are made of flexible polyester and
are easy-to-stick. The stencils of body painting and temporary tattoos are provided in Annex
26.
The examples of make-up by using airbrush are presented in Fig. 15.
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1. What are the particularities of a thematic make-up?
2. What is the sequence of performance of a thematic make-up?
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Objective
02
3. Please perform and present a thematic make up.
4. Please model an attractive presentation of a thematic make-up to the client.
5. Please select the cosmetic means and tools for eyelash extensions, perform and
DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
OF CREATIVE SALE/PROVISION OF SERVICE TO
THE CLIENT AND CREATIVE PRESENTATION OF
SERVICE TO THE CLIENT
2.1. PLANNING OF THE CREATIVE PRESENTATION OF SERVICE TO THE CLIENT BY
STIPULATING THE VARIETY OF POSSIBLE FORMS AND MEASURES OF PRESENTATION
present the performed procedure.
Effect and use of AHA acids
6. Please model an attractive presentation of eyelash extensions to the client.
7. Please model an attractive presentation of make-up with special effects to the
client.
8. Please select the decorative cosmetic products, do the make-up for the client/
customer according to the selected theme and present the character’s make-up.
9. Please select the decorative cosmetic tools, do the make-up for the character from
the group “Animals” and make a presentation of the character’s make-up.
Alpha hydroxy acids – the chemical compounds found in nature. They are naturally
found in citrus fruits, apples, milk, grapes and sugarcanes. In view of their chemical composition, they have an equal central part, however, are different by the lengths of side carbon
chains. Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) participate in many metabolism processes of cells.
The most common alpha hydroxy acids used in cosmetics include mandelic acid
(AHR), glycol acid (AHR), gluconolactone (PHR), lactobionic acid (polyhydroxy bionic acid),
maltobionic acid.
Chemical peel, indications and contraindications
10.Please select the decorative cosmetic products, do the make-up for the selected
festive character and make a presentation of the character’s make-up.
11. Please model an attractive presentation of body painting to the client.
12. Please describe the techniques of body painting with decorative cosmetic means
(dotted portrayal and copying).
13. What are the advantages of body painting with cosmetic water-colour?
14. What are the advantages of body painting by using aerograph?
Chemical skin peel is a removal of the layer of dead epidermis cells by stimulating the
regeneration of a new healthy skin. This popular skin care method is applied for the removal
of cosmetic skin defects and to improve the general skin condition.
The chemical skin peel can be surface-active, medium-active and of deep and very
deep effect.
The glycolic acid has a triple effect: stimulates better skin moistening, removes the
cells of dead corneous layer, improves the synthesis of collagen and elastic fibre.
Indications of chemical skin peel. Acne rash (various types); melasma, lentigo; keratosis (actinic keratosis); post-inflammation condition, pregnancy and old-age hyper-pigmentation; skin ageing (photo and chrono ageing); deep wrinkles; skin porosity, oiliness;
15. Please select the decorative cosmetic means, create a sketch and draw on the body
and make a presentation of body art.
16. Please select the cosmetic water-colour, make a drawing on the body and make a
presentation of the body art.
17. Please create a sketch and prepare a stencil for the body art by using aerograph.
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seborrhoea (seborrhoea with comedonal acne; dry seborrhoea); for restoration of skin tonus;
couperosis, skin rash, erythema-telangiectasia rosacea; in individual cases: psoriasis, striae;
hypertrophic scars.
Contraindications of chemical skin peel. Pregnancy (in individual cases); oncologic
(cancerous) illnesses during the procedure; severe, non-compensated illnesses of internal organs; uncontrolled diabetes; weakening of the immune system due to AIDS, HIV or
use of medication suppressing the immune system; disorders of blood coagulation, use of
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medication reducing blood clotting (anticoagulants); allergy to glycolic acid or other AHAs
Possible factors after the procedure include facial skin swelling, rash, peeling of the
or BHAs; infection caused by herpes virus or any other origin and damage of skin solidity
upper layer; sting, irritation, burning, inconsiderable pain, feeling of tension; rash similar
(eczema, psoriasis, etc.) in the treatment area; colloidal (thriving) scars, pre-cancerous skin
to youth acne; flare of herpes for those having herpes simplex.
conditions and pigment formations of unspecified origin in the treatment area; the proce-
Recommended course of procedures. Before the performance of a procedure, a con-
dures performed earlier than a week before: facial mask, electrolysis, hair removal with
sultation is necessary, during which the core of procedure and the price are explained and
laser, wax, cream; hair dyeing, chemical hair styling, straightening; use of retinoid group
the client receives a recommendation in writing (an agreement is signed). The client must
preparations (must be terminated 7 days before the procedure).
use the products with the glycolic acid at home for 1-2 week before the first procedure and
between the procedures. In order to obtain a long-term result, it is necessary to perform 6-10
Instruction of chemical peel procedure by using the glycol acid
procedures every 7-10 days. Later, the procedures are performed every 1-2 months. 1-2 courses
with 6-10 procedures are recommended.
The procedure can be performed by a professional beautician, who has a certificate
Recommendations after the procedure. Avoidance of sun rays and use of photo-pro-
testifying the passing of the instruction on the technique and safety of the performance of
tective cream. No washing for 24 hours after the procedure and no touching of face are
chemical peel. The procedure includes the use of washer (10% and 15%), glycolic and alpha
recommended. The special cosmetic means and/or preparations assigned by the specialist
hydroxy acid solutions (25%, 35%, 50%, 70%), neutralisers, soothing cream, mask after the
should be used.
procedure, Vaseline, plastic vessel, pipette-dispenser, fan-shaped brush, cotton balls, cotton
View of the skin before and after the procedure is presented in Fig. 17.
tissues, latex gloves, disposable cap and peignoir, paper towels and sheets, ventilator, secondmeter, procedural chair, cooling packages.
Course of the procedure. The area of skin, where the procedure will be performed, is
washed with water by using the washer and gently dried; the client is covered with a disposable cap and peignoir; the client is seated to the procedural chair after it is covered with
a paper sheet; the skin area, where the procedure is planned to be performed, is isolated
with a paper towel; the specialist works with latex gloves and uses all necessary disposable
means; the skin is cleaned (repeatedly, if necessary) with a cotton ball soaked in the water
and skin cleanser and gently dried; Vaseline is applied on more sensitive areas of the skin
– under the eyes, deep wrinkles, small wounds or erosions, the solvent of glycolic acid of
necessary concentration is filled to the plastic vessel by using a pipette-dispenser; the fanshaped brush is used to coat the areas of the skin with glycolic acid solvent (when coating,
the aim is to make sure that the glycolic acid does not pass to the eyes, therefore they should
Fig. 17. View of the skin before and after the procedure (www.elegante.lt)
be closed); the ventilator and secondmeter are turned on, the remaining solvent of glycolic
acid is repeatedly coated by using the fan-shaped brush. The glycolic acid is kept on the skin
until the achievement of the desired result – rash. The changes of the skin and sensations
of the client are carefully monitored at the same time. When the desired result is achieved,
the entire skin surface is neutralised by using a neutraliser, where the acid was covered and
carefully washed with the tissues soaked in the water. The procedure is repeated for several
times until no acid is left on the skin surface. In case of any significant rash or epidermolysis, the cooling package is placed on the skin for 1-2 minutes; a thin layer of the soothing
cream is applied on dry clean skin, which is followed by the mask after procedure. After
washing the mask, the soothing cream with medium sun protection factor is used.
Effect, indications and contraindications of aromatherapy massage
Aromatherapy (relaxation) massage – a procedure harmonising the psycho-emotional condition by using natural ether oils that pass through the skin and airways and help
to restore the physical and spiritual harmony. The ether oils used for the massage remove
the anxiety and stress, improve the mood, activate the mental activity and concentration
and have a favourable effect on the digestion, heart and breathing functions. The temporary
stopping of electrophysiological process is occurring during the aromatherapy massage in
central and peripheral nervous system, therefore, the condition close to a healthy sleep and
meditation is achieved (see Fig. 18).
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Massage indications. Psychological stress, negative emotions, increased sensitivity,
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Effect, indications and contraindications of Thailand massage
stress, depression, hyperactivity, insomnia, headaches, physical fatigue, muscle stress,
depression, slackness, swelling, joint stagnation, weak tendons, ligaments, accumulation
Thailand (or Thai for short) massage is based on a theory that the invisible energetic
of toxins in the organism, disordered bloodstream, lymphatic flow, non-flexibility, cellulite,
lines, so-called meridians, are running through the human body and are stimulated during
overweight.
the massage. In this massage technique, a particular focus is on the improvement of the
Massage contraindications. Heart illnesses, high blood-pressure, bacterial or viral
elasticity of muscles, stimulation of the activity of internal organs and restoration of flexi-
infection, nausea or abdominal pain, strong pain in the back area, increased body tempera-
bility of joints. The Thailand massage helps to muscles to distribute the energy in the entire
ture, fever, open wound or skin infection, cancer, post-surgical healing or complications,
body properly. The Thailand massage is characterised by a slow pace and gentle movements,
epilepsy, severe asthma, severe varicose veins, progressing disorders of nervous system.
which almost completely remove the likelihood of traumas. The massage is performed by
the palms, hand thumbs, feet, elbows and knees (see Fig. 19).
Massage indications. Mental stress, chronic fatigue, depression, stress, insomnia,
exhaustion of vital powers, stress of muscles, stagnation, muscle and tendon pain, spine
and joint problems, non-flexibility, headaches, total organism and immunity weakness,
disorders of metabolism, accumulation of salts in the organism, disordered capillary bloodstream, lack of sexual energy, negative symptoms of early old-age.
Contraindications. Formation of spine ruptures, acute chronic disorders of spine or
nearby soft tissues, muscle traumas or inflammations, bone fractures or joint dislocation, fever, varicose veins, infectious skin diseases, intoxication due to narcotics or alco-
Fig. 18. Aromatherapy back massage (www.balancethebody.co.uk)
hol, cancer, cardiac or chronic diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, pregnancy or
menstruations.
Classification of ether oils
Ether oils are classified according to their effect on the organism:
soothing (lavender, balm mint, camomile, marjoram, tee-tree, rose-tree, valerian,
cranesbill, etc.). These ether oils reduce the blood pressure, sooth the central
nervous system, have a positive effect on the digestion tract, protect the skin from
inflammation, improve the tissue regeneration, kill the bacteria;
irritating (mustard, black pepper, cinnamon, paprika, ginger, laurel, rosemary and
other oils). They increase the blood pressure, improve the immunity, memory and
are suitable in case of insufficient bloodstream, general organism stimulation;
refreshing (these include – citrus fruits: orange-tree, citrus-tree, lemongrass,
grapefruits, mandarins, bergamot and coniferous, mint, eucalypt ether oils). They
refresh, kill bacteria, are used in case of cold and for disinfection of premises, etc.
Technology of performance of aromatherapy body massage
Description of aromatherapy massage is provided in Annex 27.
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Fig. 19. Thailand massage (www.healthandfitnesstravel.com)
Technology of performance of Thailand massage
Description of Thailand massage is provided in Annex 28.
Effect, indications and contraindications of hot stone massage
Hot stone massage is the strain of a classical massage therapy when the heated stones
are placed on a reflexogenous zones (see Fig. 20). The purpose of massage is to relax the
organism, to free the stress accumulated deep in the client’s body by the heat of stones and
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the massage movements. The massage is performed by using various sizes and forms of
Procedure indications. Slow bloodstream, accumulation of toxins, metabolism waste,
stones of the volcanic origin, which can be placed on the back and palms or pressed between
stress, fatigue, tension, depression, nervous system disorders, insomnia, muscle stress,
the toes.
inflammatory processes, pain, lack of energy, psychical and physical fatigue.
The effect of hot stones on the organism: positively influences the heart, bloodstream
Contraindications of procedure. Acute start of disease with high temperature or acute
and breathing system; normalises the arterial blood pressure; improves the central and
inflammation, nausea, vomiting, blood diseases, purulent processes, various fungous, infec-
peripheral blood-stream, lymphatic stream; the metabolism is improved; the toxins are
tious or unknown origin diseases of skin, nail, hairy part, active form of tuberculosis, psy-
removed faster; the cellulite symptoms are removed; the skin tonus, elasticity and water
chical diseases in the excitement condition, with changes in the psychological condition of
balance are restored; the central and vegetative nervous system activity is stimulated; the
the patient.
muscle pain is facilitated, the fatigue and stress are removed; the sleep is regulated and the
emotional excitement is facilitated.
Technology of performance of SPA anti-stress detoxicating procedure
Indications. Fatigue, physical and emotional stress, feeling of cold in the limbs, pain
1. Bathing in the Dead Sea salt basin. The desired amount of Dead Sea salt is poured
in the back and joint areas, post-traumatic pain, poor circulation, osteoarthritis or arthri-
into flowing warm water. When the salt is completely dissolved, the basin is filled
tis pain, symptoms of acute arthritis, accumulation of toxins in the organism, insomnia,
with water of 36oC. After 15-20 minutes, the client should wash with water without
stress, depression, cellulite.
using any soap.
Contraindications. Acute diseases, hypertonia, contagious skin diseases, rash, wounds,
recently performed surgery, recently underwent chemotherapy or radiation, increased risk
of blood clots, pregnancy. The stones should not be placed on scratches, bruises, infected
skin, wounds, tumours, ruptures or areas of recent bone fractures.
2. Body scrubbing with Dead Sea salt. The body is moistened with warm water, the
salt scrub is taken to the palm, mixed with small amount of water and applied on
the skin in rotating movements (see Fig. 21). The scrubbing eliminates the surface
layer of dead skin cells and activates dermal microcirculation processes. Then the
scrub should be washed off with warm water.
Fig. 20. Body massage with hot stones (www.blog.1massagestore.com)
Technology of performance of hot stone body massage
Description of performance of hot stone body massage is provided in Annex 29.
Fig. 21. Body scrub (www.purebalance.com.au)
3. Application of clay mask. A combination of materials of the clay mask enhances
the skin microcirculation, lymphatic flow, removes the excess of fluids and toxins
and improves the skin structure.
Effect, indications and contraindications of SPA anti-stress detoxicating procedure
SPA anti-stress detoxicating procedure is aimed at full relaxation and relief of stress.
Anti-stress detoxicating programme can be formed of various procedures, such as body
baths, body scrubbing, massage of various types of all or separate body parts, body wrapping,
body masks, application of cream on the body, use of various apparatuses.
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The clay mask is prepared in the following way: a desired amount of clay powder is
filled into a ceramic or glass vessel, warm water is added and mixed with a wooden blade or
fingers to achieve a solid mass.
The prepared clay is applied in a thick layer on the client’s body with hands or a special
wide brush, the polyethylene film is placed and the client is covered with a woollen tissue
(see Fig. 22). After 30-60 min, the mask is washed off with warm water.
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Technology of performance of SPA body modelling procedure
1. Body scrubbing with Dead Sea salt. The body is moistened with warm water, the
salt scrub is taken to the palm, mixed with small amount of water and applied on
the skin in rotating movements. The scrubbing eliminates the surface layer of dead
skin cells and activates dermal microcirculation processes. Then the scrub should
be washed off with warm water.
2. Body wrapping. Anti-cellulite gel is used for body wrapping, which contains cinnamon and nicotine acid to activate the catabolism of fats and improve the blood circulation. The effectiveness of gel depends on the balanced amount of high-concentration carbons having an intensive thermal regulation and fat-dissolving effect.
Fig. 22. Application of clay mask (www.cobblecreekretreat.blogspot.com)
4. Application of moisturising cream on the body. The dried skin is slightly massaged with a moisturising cream, which binds the moisture, increases the level of
skin moisture, activates the microcirculation and metabolism, restores skin harmony, activates its functions and ensures soft and firm skin.
The gel can be applied on various problematic body areas – waist, upper hand part,
stomach, thighs. The intensity of gel is classified according to the ageing of problem. The
medium strength gel is recommended for the start.
The gel is applied in a thin layer. Then the standing client is wrapped in a film gently
and not too strong. The wrapping starts from the left leg, then the right leg, stomach (almost
to the breast). The film is wrapped from the bottom to the top (see Fig. 23). The client is laid
on the bunk with a covered heated blanket. The heated blanket is covered on the client up to
Effect, indications and contraindications of SPA body modelling procedure
the neck (see Fig. 24).
SPA body modelling – a programme and procedures, during which the body is finished, the body dimensions are reduced and the fatty layer and cellulite and acted especially
effectively. Anti-stress detoxicating programme can be formed of various procedures, such
as body baths, body scrubbing, massage of various types of all or separate body parts, body
wrapping, body masks, application of cream and tea on the body, use of various apparatuses.
SPA body modelling procedures reduce the symptoms of cellulite, constant accumulation of fats, stiffen and tonus the loose skin, the structure of connective tissue, reduce the
symptoms of striae after diets or labour, enhances very weak connective tissue, reduces the
features of varicose veins and couperosis.
Procedure indications. Slow bloodstream of percutaneous layer, accumulation of
toxins, metabolism waste, accumulation of liquids in the tissues, slowed down metabolism
Fig. 23. Body wrapping
(www.luminouslooks.wordpress.com)
Fig. 24. Client’s covering with a heated blanket
(www.gigimbs.skincaretherapy.net)
processes, slowed down metabolism, overweight, cellulite.
Contraindications of procedure. Acute start of disease with high temperature or acute
inflammation, nausea, vomiting, blood diseases, purulent processes (irrespective of their
localisation), various fungous, infectious or unknown origin diseases of skin, nail, hairy part,
active form of tuberculosis, psychical diseases in the excitement condition with changes in
the psychological condition of the patient, pregnancy, breastfeeding, kidney insufficiency,
oncologic diseases, inflammations of internal organs, epilepsy, inflammation of veins,
increased and painful varices.
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3. Application of enti-cellulite cream on the body. After the wrapping procedure,
the anti-cellulite cream is gently applied on the body in the massaging movements, which stimulates natural skin detoxication and metabolism, enhances
the skin’s ability to regenerate, increases skin elasticity and tensility, reduces
tissue stress, tones, stiffens and smoothes the skin, reduces skin unevenness
due to cellulite and prevents from the emergence of new unevenness.
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1. What is the effect and use of AHAs?
2. Please list the indications and contraindications of chemical peel.
3. What are the requirements of procedure of chemical peel with glycol acid?
4. What effects are possible after chemical peel procedure?
5. What is recommended after chemical peel procedure?
6. Please make a presentation of procedure of chemical peel with glycolic acid (use
demonstration and presentation software “Power Point”).
7. Please describe the effect of aromatherapy massage on the organism.
8. What are the indications of aromatherapy massage?
present verbally).
19. Please describe the effect of hot stone massage on the organism.
20.What are the indications of hot stone massage?
21. What are the contraindications of hot stone massage?
22.Please perform the hot stone massage.
23.Please make a presentation of hot stone massage (please demonstrate and present
verbally).
24.Please compose the SPA anti-stress detoxicating procedure programme for the
client according to his/her needs.
9. What are the contraindications of aromatherapy massage?
25.What are SPA anti-stress detoxication procedure performance indications?
10.What is the classification of ether oils?
26.What are SPA anti-stress detoxication procedure performance contraindications?
11. Please perform the aromatherapy back massage.
27.Please describe SPA anti-stress detoxicating procedures (please demonstrate and
12. Please make a presentation of aromatherapy back massage (please demonstrate
and present verbally).
13. Please describe the effect of Thailand massage on the organism.
14. How the Thailand massage is performed?
15. What are the indications of Thailand massage?
16. What are the contraindications of Thailand massage?
17. Please perform the Thailand massage.
196
18. Please make a presentation of the Thailand massage (please demonstrate and
present verbally).
28.Please compose the SPA body modelling procedure programme for the client
according to his/her needs.
29.What are SPA body modelling procedure performance indications?
30.What are SPA body modelling procedure performance contraindications?
31. Please perform and present SPA body modelling procedure.
32.Please make a presentation of SPA body modelling procedure (please demonstrate
and present verbally).
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MODULE VII.
Objective
03
MODULE VII.
to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions are
CONSOLIDATION OF THE ACQUIRED VOCATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN THE CREATIVE
INTEGRATED PROJECT “HOW CAN I BE USEFUL TO
OTHERS?”
provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms of
value.
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “HOW CAN I BE USEFUL TO OTHERS?”
3. application of the principles of a job interview;
The consolidation of knowledge and skills of module “Sales / provision of services”
4. ability to plan, organize and implement the project;
is performed by communication and realising a creative project “How Can I be Useful to
others?”. The basic principles of communication during a job interview are presented during
the consolidation, the education of vocational values is integrated and project is implemented, where the students demonstrate their skills to associate the competency of “providing and selling services” with personal and vocational values, perform the reflection of
experience and self-evaluation.
skills by communication and realising a creative project “How Can I Be Useful to Others?”;
1. To summarise the consolidated knowledge and skills.
2. To familiarise with the course of implementation of creative project “How Can I Be Useful to
others?”.
3. To present the principles of a job interview.
4. To reason the diligence as the target value by enhancing cooperation.
5. To perform and evaluate the consolidation of competency.
Practical task of consolidation: Students receive a task to write and dramatize a job
interview. The dramatised job interview is filmed and the video-recording material is later
reviewed, analyzed and discussed in the context of the selected sub-topics. The acquired
experience and knowledge shall be systemised and prepared by students as a presentation of 10-15 min. in the context of the selected subtopic (e.g., “The most commonly asked
questions during the job interview“, “What should be avoided during the job interview?”,
“My positive qualities”), in a chosen method: it can be a PowerPoint presentation, demonstration of video-recording material, abstract, etc. During the presentation of a project, the
students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project and
target result, list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each group
member (in case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and skills
were used in the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project. In order
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MODULE VII.
Objective
04
MODULE VII.
SELLING/PROVISION OF A SERVICE TO THE CLIENT
IN A QUALITATIVE MANNER BY USING THE EXISTING
VOCATIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
Additional work means for the formation of gel, acrylic nails include nail cutters,
spoon, blade, hatchet, brush, tweezers, plastic dispenser, tampons, cotton pads, tissues, disinfecting product, antiseptics, acetones, nail polish remover, hand cream or balm, vacuum
cleaner of polishing dusts, nail polishing apparatuses.
Technology of gel nail extensions
4.1. TEST/SIMULATION OF SALE/PROVISION OF SERVICE TO THE CLIENT
Technology of gel nail extensions. the hands of a client and an employee are disinfected; the residues of old nail polish are removed with a cotton ball soaked in non-acetone
Nail extension technologies
nail polish remover; the nails and hands of a client are evaluated; the tips of nail extensions
Nail extensions – artificial extension of nails by using special nail extension mate-
are stuck to the natural nail; the nail with extension is covered with a modelling substance.
rials. A variety of different means – acryl, gel, porcelain, various fabrics for covering the
The description of gluing of nail extensions is provided in Annex 31.
nail (silk, fibreglass, etc.) – are used for the nail extensions. Based on the chemical compo-
The description of technology of extension, correction and removal of gel nails is pro-
sition, all these materials are attributed to one chemical family – acrylates. Acryls are also
vided in Annex 32.
used for fixing hair sprays, other nail products, because they create a durable, quick-drying,
Technology of formation and correction of acrylic nails
water-impermeable film.
The comparison of nail extension technologies is provided in Annex 30.
Work means necessary for nail extensions
They are as follows: degreasing liquid, glue, liquid, powder, SPA liquid for formation
of acrylic nails, primer, nail surface smoothing product, upper smoothing gel/acrylic/silk
nail layer, oil for cuticles, cuticle softener, cylindrical adhesive nail form, cleaning liquid for
gel nails, liquid to dissolve nail extensions, styptic powder, foam pads, nail forms, UV lamp,
adhesive nail tips, adhesive forms, brushes, files.
A variety of work means for nail extensions is presented in Fig. 25.
The acrylic nail extensions are made by using the forms. Both the acrylic and gel nails
can be modelled with forms. The nail forms are produced of paper and metal.
The description of the technology of extension and correction of acrylic nails is provided in Annex 33.
The materials used for the nail design
Design – a unique artistic nail modelling. The nail design can be flat when the nail
drawing completely meets the nail plane and three-dimensional when the nail is decorated with details embossed over the nail plate. The variety of creation of design depends on
the used means, client’s wishes and dominating fashion tendencies of that time. Various
means are used for the decoration of nails or the nails are sprayed with a special apparatus
– aerograph.
The means used for the nail design include Glossy dust, feathers, confetti, guipure,
leather, folium, stripes, gel pencils, colour gloss eyes, decorations of metal, bouillon, piercings. The 3-dimensional embossed design is possible.
Nail design technologies
Description of technology of design of pouring decorations into the gel in provided in
Annex 34.
Fig. 25. Work means for the nail (www.nagavita.lt)
Description of technology of nail design “Snake pattern” is provided in Annex 35.
Description of technology of nail design with colour gel is provided in Annex 36.
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Hair removal techniques
MODULE VII.
thinner. Disadvantages of depilation with wax: the depilation can be painful, the hair often
tends to grown into the skin, there is a high risk of infection.
The society and personal habits formed the personal needs and wishes regarding the
Depilation with sugar paste. The ingredients of sugar paste include sugar and water,
removal of unwanted or unnecessary hair. The task of professional beautician is to offer the
therefore the product is suitable even for the most sensitive skin. The used sugar paste is
best method of hair removal. There are two types of hair removal techniques, i.e. short-term
of body temperature, therefore, the epilation process becomes softer and more comfortable
and long-term.
and the possibility of skin irritation decreases. Depilation with sugar paste is different by the
fact that smaller hair is removed, which cannot be removed with other means. The sugar
Short-term hair removal methods:
paste is covered on the skin surface against the hair growth direction and removed with
Shaving. The hair is cut at the skin surface by using a sharp razor.
fingers according to the hair growth direction. This technique does not traumatise the hair
Plucking. The hair is grabbed with tweezers at the roots by stretching the skin and
follicle, skin, the hair does not break and the skin is protected from ingrown hairs.
pulled out in a quick movement.
The description of technology of bikini zone depilation is provided in Annex 37.
Chemical depilation. It includes various depilation creams, lotions or foam to destroy
Company “Depileve” offers products for professional depilation procedure, which is
the structure of hair protein. During the procedure, the hair is covered with cream and after
less irritating to the skin and removes the hair without causing any pain. The description of
some time is simply removed by cleaning the cream with a tissue or towel.
use, purpose and effect of “Depileve” cosmetic means is provided in Annex 38.
Rotational epilators. The rotating head of epilator does not cut, but remove the hair by
The description of technology of bikini zone depilation is provided in Annex 39.
pulling it with the roots.
Depilation with wax. The removal of hair is performed by covering the mass of hot
Indications and contraindications of depilation
wax on the skin, by pressing the paper stripe and tearing the wax together with a stripe in
a fast movement.
Depilation with sugar paste. Hair removal is performed by coating the sugar paste on
the skin surface against the hair growth direction and removing it with fingers according
to the hair growth direction.
Long-term hair removal methods:
Electroepilation (electrolysis, thermolysis, flash and blend methods).
Photoepilation. Photoepilators create a special source of light the energy of impulses
of which is absorbed by the melanin present in the hair follicle and it turns into heat. The
tissues heat up and the hair growth zone is damaged.
Laser epilation. The melanin in hair follicle absorbs the quantum energy of laser ray
and it transforms into thermal energy, which stops the growth of the hair follicle.
Technologies of removal of unwanted hair
Depilation with wax. The procedures of hair removal with wax remove the hair from
smaller and larger areas for a longer period of time. The hot mass of wax is covered on the
place, where a removal of unwanted hair is planned to be performed. A strip of paper or
material is impressed into this mass. When the mass of wax stiffens, it is torn together with
a stripe in a fast movement. The hair does not grow back from 4 to 6 weeks. Advantages of
depilation with wax: the hair is removed together with roots, therefore, the outgrown hair is
202
Indications of depilation – the procedure is possible in case of increased hairiness and
unsatisfying aesthetical view.
Contraindications of depilation – fever, acute conditions, intensive sun-bathing,
infectious skin diseases (rash, warts, herpes, etc.), wounds, varicose capillaries and veins.
Partial contraindications – pregnancy, immune diseases (HIV, rheumatism, etc.),
immunity weakness, IPL/laser and other light methods, bleeding, coagulation disorders,
diabetes, long-used medication.
Theatrical Make-up
One of the primary functions of theatrical make-up is to transform individuals into
someone or something completely different. This make-up can be used to both conceal and
reveal when helping actors go under their transformation. These techniques are often used
in big productions or when actors need to look nothing like their normal selves.
The Concealing. Both on stage and screen, one of the principal concealments make-up
artists perform on a regular basis is the removal of anything that is connected to real life
bodies that make an actor distract or stand out in a negative way, such as an unsightly
tattoo. By using concealers, foundation and even face powder a tattoo can become virtually
nonexistent with the right theatrical make-up application.
Basic tips for using theatrical cosmetics. Everything from false coloured contacts to
203
MODULE VII.
glitter and sprays are used to completely transform the face and hair into whatever it is the
actor is portraying. Although make-up techniques will vary depending on the character and
type of look required, the following tips can be used for most situations:
Foundation makeup is typically at least a shade darker than the natural
skintone, since stage lights can make the face look washed out.
Blend face makeup into the jaw line for the best effect.
Use a shade darker than the foundation to add contours to the face, and a shade
MODULE VII.
technique is known as ‚back-bubbling‘.
A single-action airbrush is generally considered easier to use because depressing the
trigger releases a fixed ratio of makeup to air. However, in order to achieve different levels of
coverage and detail the nozzle has to be changed between applications.
Airbrush makeup is applied by layering several passes of makeup. This allows the
artists to build upon previous layers to produce subtle changes. Stencils are commonly
used to assist the application of difficult areas. Stencils are also available for body-art and
temporary tattoos.
lighter than the foundation on areas you want to highlight.
Use warm tones of blush or rouge.
Always use powder to set the makeup.
Use eyeliner, eye shadow, and mascara to make the eyes stand out. Light eyeliner
and mascara may be needed for men; false lashes and heavier eye makeup may
be needed for females.
Body painting
Alpha hydroxy acids
Alpha hydroxy acids (AHA) are a class of chemical compounds that consist of a
carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon. They may be
either naturally occurring or synthetic. AHAs are well known for their use in the cosmetics
industry. They are often found in products claiming to reduce wrinkles or the signs of aging,
and improve the overall look and feel of the skin. They are also used as chemical peels
available in a dermatologist‘s office, beauty and health spas and home kits, which usually
Body painting, or sometimes bodypainting, is a form of body art. Unlike tattoo and
other forms of body art, body painting is temporary, painted onto the human skin, and lasts
for only several hours, or at most a couple of weeks.
Understanding skin structure and cutaneous aging is helpful to a discussion of the
topical action of AHAs. Human skin has two principal components, the avascular epidermis
Modern water-based face and body paints are made according to stringent guide-
and the underlying vascular dermis. Cutaneous aging, while having epidermal concomitants,
lines, meaning these are non-toxic, usually non-allergenic, and can easily be washed away.
seems to involve primarily the dermis and is caused by intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors.
Temporary staining may develop after use, but it will fade after normal washing. These are
AHAs are a group of organic carboxylic compounds. AHAs most commonly used in cos-
either applied with hands, paint brush, and synthetic sponges or natural sea sponge, or
metic applications are typically derived from food products including glycolic acid (from
alternatively with an airbrush.
sugar cane), lactic acid (from sour milk), malic acid (from apples), citric acid (from citrus
Airbrush makeup is makeup sprayed onto the skin using an airbrush instead of being
fruits) and tartaric acid (from grape wine). For any topical compound to be effective, includ-
applied with sponges, brushes, fingers, or other methods. It is popular in film, theater, and
ing AHA, it must penetrate into the skin where it can act on living cells. Bioavailability is an
sunless tanning. Airbrushing for makeup utilizes a freehand technique to apply makeup
important factor in a compound‘s ability to penetrate the top layer of the skin. Glycolic acid,
while manipulating aspects such as distance and PSI strength (air pressure) to produce cer-
having the smallest molecular size, is the AHA with greatest bioavailability and penetrates
tain effects and coverage. Airbrush makeup artists will either use a circular motion or for-
the skin most easily; this largely accounts for the popularity of this product in cosmetic
ward-back motion with the airgun when applying foundation. Both dual-action and sin-
applications.
gle-action airbrushes can be used for airbrushing makeup and require slightly different
techniques.
A dual-action airbrush allows the user to control airflow by depressing the trigger with
the index finger and drawing it backwards. This draws air from the compressor. The further
204
contain a lower concentration of around 4%.
Epidermal effect. AHAs have a profound effect on keratinization, which is clinically
detectable by the formation of a new stratum corneum. It appears that AHAs modulate this
formation through diminished cellular cohesion between corneocytes at the lowest levels of
the stratum corneum.
the trigger is depressed, the more makeup is released. The advantage to using a dual-action
Dermal effect. AHAs with greater bioavailability appear to have deeper dermal effects.
airbrush is that one can use the air as a guide before allowing makeup to pass through the
Glycolic acid, lactic acid and citric acid, on topical application to photodamaged skin, have
nozzle. Air is also used to dry the makeup after application. Makeup is also mixed in the
been shown to produce increased amounts of mucopolysaccharides and collagen and
cup by allowing a small amount of air to flow into it, thereby mixing two pigments. This
increased skin thickness without detectable inflammation, as monitored by skin biopsies.
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MODULE VII.
Types of massage
MODULE VII.
and continuing towards the edges. Apply the polish in a similar way to the one described
for the base coat. Wait a couple of minutes for the polish to dry out. After the last layer of
Aromatherapy Massageis massage therapy with the addition of one or more scented
polish has tried out, it is time for the top coat. Again, this is not mandatory but generally it is
plant oils called essential oils to address specific needs. The massage therapist can select
much better to apply it because it gives a manicure a more finished look and makes it more
oils that are relaxing, energizing, stress-reducing, balancing, etc. One of the most common
durable. The last step is to sanitize all your equipment.
essential oils used in aromatherapy massage is lavender.
Hot Stone Massage. Heated, smooth stones are placed on certain points on the body to
Bikini waxing
warm and loosen tight muscles and balance energy centers in the body. Hot stone massage
is good for people who have muscle tension but prefer lighter massage.
Bikini waxing is the epilation of pubic hair in and around the pubic region, commonly
Deep Tissue Massage targets the deeper layers of muscle and connective tissue. The
by women, by the use of wax. With certain styles of women‘s swimwear, pubic hair may
massage therapist uses slower strokes or friction techniques across the grain of the muscle.
become visible around the crotch area of a swimsuit. Visible pubic hair is widely culturally
Massage is used for chronically tight or painful muscles, repetitive strain, postural prob-
disapproved of and considered to be embarrassing, and so is at times removed. However,
lems, or recovery from injury.
some people also remove pubic hair that is not exposed, for aesthetic, personal hygiene, cul-
Thai Massage aligns the energies of the body using gentle pressure on specific points.
tural, fashion or other reasons.
Thai massage also includes compressions and stretches. Thai massage is more energizing
Pubic hair can be removed in a number of ways, including waxing, shaving, sugaring
than other forms of massage. It is also reduces stress and improves flexibility and range of
or using chemical depilatory creams. Hair that is not removed may be trimmed. While the
motion.
practice is mainly associated with women, men at times also remove pubic hair.
Body treatments
Body treatments are skin care treatments for the whole body that clean, balance and
refresh your body’s skin tohelp it look its best. Treatments can target aging, dryness, dullness, acne, and even damaging effects by the environment.
Benefits of body treatments: removes layer of dead skin cells, dirt and toxins from the
skin, can contour, tone and firm skin and reduce appearance of cellulite, aids in temporary
weight reduction through diuretic effect, relaxes muscles and relieves stress, encourages
proper circulation. Most body treatments range from 60 minutes to 90 minutes.
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nail extensions?
2. What is the technology of gel nail extensions?
3. What is the technology of acrylic nail extensions?
4. Please perform the gel nails extension procedure and consult the client.
Technology of nail design
5. Please perform the acrylic nails extension procedure and consult the client.
The first step in doing manicure is washing hands. If there are remnants of a previous
nail polish, use an orange stick (wrapped in cotton) soaked with nail polish remover and
clean the leftovers. After you have washed hands, dry them with a soft towel. Don‘t apply
any creams because this will prevent the polish from spreading equally on the nail surface.
Next comes nail cutting and shaping. This can be done with a pair of clippers or scissors first
and then use a file to shape it more precisely. Next, apply a softener to cuticles. Wait a couple
of minutes. After the softener has dried out, put the hands under hot water for a minute
or two and after that gently push the cuticles back. Don‘t cut the cuticles because this will
6. Please describe the concept of nail design.
7. Please list the materials used for the nail design.
8. Please list and describe the nail design technologies.
9. Please perform the nail design according to the selected technology and consult
the client.
make them harder and puffy. Next, apply one layer of base coat, starting from the cuticles
206
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MODULE VII.
10.Please list and describe the methods of short-term hair removal.
11. Please list and describe the methods of long-term hair removal.
MODULE VII.
Objective
05
12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wax depilation?
13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of depilation with sugar paste?
14. Please list the indications and contraindications of depilation.
15. Please perform the depilation with hot wax and consult the client.
16. Please perform the depilation with sugar paste and consult the client.
TO CONSOLIDATE THE ACQUIRED VOCATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS BY REALISING THE
CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT
“GETTING RICHER BY GIVING”
THE CREATIVE INTEGRATED PROJECT “GETTING RICHER BY GIVING”
The consolidation of knowledge and skills of module “Sales / provision of services”
is performed by volunteering and realising a creative project “Getting Richer by Giving?”.
The basic principles of volunteering and goodness campaigns are presented during the consolidation, the education of vocational and personnel values is integrated and project is
implemented, where the students demonstrate their skills to associate the competency of
17. Please present the theatrical make-up.
18. Please present the body art by using the airbrush technology.
“providing and selling services” with personal and vocational values, perform the reflection
of experience and self-evaluation.
19. Please present the chemical peeling procedure.
skills by volunteering and realising the creative project “Getting Richer by Giving”.
20.Please present the technology of massage.
21. Please present the technology of nail art.
22.Please present the technology of bikini waxing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To summarise the consolidated knowledge and skills.
To familiarise with the course of realisation of a creative project “Getting Richer by Giving”.
To present volunteering and goodness campaigns actions.
To reason the service as the target value.
To perform and evaluate the consolidation of competency.
Practical task of consolidation: Students have the task of organizing a goodness campaign in selected child care home, nursing home, kindergarten or another institution. The
aim of goodness campaign is to provide services of environment and premises care according to customer needs. The goodness campaign is photographed, video-recorded and later
reviewed, discussed and evaluated. The acquired experience, photos, video material shall
be systemised, formatted and prepared by students as a presentation of 1015 min. in the
context of selected subtopic (e.g., “Offering my services to child care homes” Offering my services to nursing homes”), in a chosen method: It can be a PowerPoint presentation, demonstration of photographs, video-recording material, etc. During the presentation of a project,
the students shall argument the selection of a subtopic, list the aim of the creative project
and target result, list the process of project presentation, indicate the contribution of each
group member (in case of work in a group), specify what kind of acquired knowledge and
208
209
MODULE VII.
skills were used in the project, specify the new experiences acquired during the project. In
order to help the students to educate the value attitudes, the reflective self-control questions
are provided during the presentation allowing the rethinking of the realised project in terms
of value.
MODULE VII.
Objective
06
TO CULTIVATE THE VALUES WHILE
IMPLEMENTING THE CREATIVE COMMUNITYBASED PROJECT “LET’S LOVE OUR TEACHER”
COMMUNIT Y PROJEC T “ LET ’ S LOVE OUR TE ACHER ”
2. integration into the social volunteering activities;
4. cooperation with colleagues.
THE AIM is to consolidate the vocational knowledge and skills of the 3rd half-year by reasoning
the importance of values of love and responsibility to the quality provision of the services.
1.
To reason the importance of values of love and responsibility to the quality provision of the
services.
2. To reveal citizenship as perceived responsibility and active participation in the society.
3. To perform goodness campaigns, by highlighting the expression of charity and social
responsibility.
RESULTS – consolidated vocational knowledge and skills of the 3rd half-year by associating the
values of love and responsibility with the quality provision of the service.
TOPIC:
REALISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN THE
COMMUNITY PROJECT “LET’S LOVE OUR TEACHER
importance of love and responsibility for the
quality provision of the service;
personal responsibility: assuming
responsibility for own actions;
concept and expression of social
responsibility;
citizenship as the assumption of
responsibility for ourselves and our country.
HOURS DEDICATED:
108
METHODS:

lecture;
work in groups;
individual work;
discussion;
goodness campaigns;
case analysis.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
Upon summarising the activities and achievements
of the 3rd half-year, to fill in the individual education
trajectory (in professional, general cultural and
value aspects).
210
Module teaching/learning material (annexes).
self-control questions (in vocation, general cultural
and value aspects)
211
MODULE VII.
MODULE VII.
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Study Book). Vilnius: Ciklonas, 2009.
33. Vasiliauskienė S. Kosmetologijos užrašai: mokomoji knyga (Cosmetology Notes: a
Study Book). Klaipėda: Klaipėdos kolegija, 2004.
15. Hayes S. Papuoškite kūną nuostabiais piešiniais (Decorate a Body with Wonderful
Drawings). Vilnius: Naujoji Rosma, 2004.
16. Jakučiūnaitė-Kubertavičienė R. Piešimas kirpėjams ir kosmetikėms (Drawing for
Hairdressers and Beauticians). Darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba, 2005.
17. Jakučiūnaitė-Kubertavičienė R. Šukuosenų modeliavimas ir įvaizdžio kūrimas
(Hairstyle Modelling and Creation of Image). Darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba, 2006.
18. Jonaitis A. Spalvotyra (Colour Science). Kaunas: Terra Publica, 2009.
19. Karmenbeauty. Manikiūrininko užrašai. Nagų priauginimas. (Notes of a Manicurists.
Nail Extensions).
212
213
MODULE VII.
MODULE VII.
GLOSSARY
Acrylates – acrylic acid salts and esters.
Adhesive forms – “C” form cut allows easy leaning to the nail plate. Provides strong
basis for the formation of acrylic/gel nails.
Aromatherapy – a use of ether oils for the therapeutic and beautifying aims.
Body modelling – a programme and procedures during which the body is beautified, the body dimensions are reduced and the fatty layer and cellulite are acted especially
effectively.
Body stiffening – a procedure during which the skin is protected from loosening, its
tonus is improved and metabolic waste is removed.
Bullion – multi-colour fine grains.
Catabolism – a part of metabolism process taking place in live cells during which the
nutrients passing to the organism are divided into more simple substances – metabolites.
Cellulite – a change of human skin, manifesting by the accumulations of fat in the
percutaneous layer.
Cleaning gel nail liquid – used for cleaning the upper adhesive gel layer and is suitable
for the removal of gel mass residues from the brush bristle.
Confetti – small pieces of colour foil, used as single or in combination with other nail
decoration accessories.
Depilation – a temporary removal of hair without removing the hair follicle.
Design in three-dimensional space or embossed design. This effect is obtained when
a part made of acryl/gel mass arises over the nail plate. The nail is then covered with a
transparent polish.
Detoxication – a process contradictory to intoxication, during which the toxins are
eliminated from the organism.
Electroepilation – a removal of unwanted hair by using an electric impulse.
Epilation – a removal of the hair with removal of hair follicle.
Foam pads – used for the formation of gel nails for various purposes.
Folium – fine folium pieces immersed into thick nail polish layer and fitted to the nail
by using special glue.
Glossy dust – used for the creation of festive design or to emphasise the picture drawn
on the nail.
Liquid dissolving the nail extensions – dissolves all types of nail extensions: acryl,
silk, gel, nail extension tips and glue.
Liquid for formation of acrylic nails – saturated with this liquid, the brush will attract
the powder as if a magnet; the UV protection ensures that the colour of acrylic nails will not
change, the liquid for acrylic nails will allow the nail to be more elastic and more resistant
Lymphatic drainage – a method which allows the pushing of fats from fatty tissue to
lymph and, thus, facilitate their removal from the organism.
Massage – a systemic or free pressing of soft body parts, stretching, tweaking, vibration and other physical actions performed by hands or devices in order to get a positive
impact on the organism or its parts.
Meridians – the energy channels used to circulate the vital power used in the traditional Chinese medicine.
Nail polishing apparatuses – electric rasps used for quick and quality management,
finishing of natural and fake nails. Nail processing tools (mills) used to polish and finish the
nail, which facilitate the work, because the use of rasps is no longer necessary. By changing
different nozzles, it is possible to perform various nail polishing and processing functions.
Photoepilation – a process of hair removal with intensive pulse light (IPL).
Polishing dust vacuum cleaner – used for vacuuming the dust generated during the
nail filing procedure. It can be used as a pillow for the hands when performing the manicure
procedure.
Powder for formation of acrylic nails – one of several soft powder shades can be used
for the formation of nails. The powder will provide the nails with strength and elasticity.
Primer – enhances a cohesion of the acrylic mass and natural nail and helps to avoid
the bouncing of acrylic mass from the nail and prepare the nails for covering with acrylic
mass.
Reflexogenous zone – an area of receptive surface of the sensory organ the irritation
of which causes a certain unconditional reflex.
Rehabilitation – a revival, restoration of working efficiency, treatment after accidents
or traumas.
SPA – abbreviation of 3 Latin sayings - “sanitas per aqua”, “sanus per aqua” or “solus per
aqua” – all meaning the health through water.
SPA liquid for the formation of acrylic nails – an ideal product for all those, who are
sensitive to strong smells.
Spoon – used during the extension of nails, when the cuticles are grown on the nail
and it is impossible to perform manicure.
Styptic powder – stops the bleeding quickly and hygienically.
The upper levelling gel/acryl/silk nail layer – provides long-term gloss for artificially
formed nails.
Tips of nail extensions – made of ABS plastic with a wider gluing area. Straight classical forms suitable for nearly every client.
UV lamp – suitable for work with various means used for the formation of gel nails
and UV upper nail polish layers.
to breaking and splitting.
214
215
MODULE VII.
VII MODULIS. PASLAUGOS PARDAVIMAS / TEIKIMAS
MODULE VIII.
PLANNING OF EMPLOYMENT
LIS T OF MODULE VII ANNE XES
Annex 1. “Power Point” presentation “Competition make-ups of make-up artists”.
Annex 2. Description of “Perfect silk lashes” products and tools for eyelash extensions.
Annex 3. Ageing technological process with “Laukrom” cosmetic means.
Annex 4. Change of forms of face parts.
Annex 5. Bruised eye, wound, scar creation technology.
THE AIM is to check and consolidate the acquired vocational and general competencies in the
actual working environment.
Annex 6. “Cat” and “Tiger” make-up technique.
1.
Annex 7. Character “Rabbit” or “Mouse” make-up technique.
2.
Annex 8. Character “Spotted dog” make-up technique.
Annex 9. Character “Scull” make-up technique.
3.
4.
Annex 10. Character “Ghost” make-up technique.
5.
Annex 11. Description of “Erdesa” decorative cosmetic products.
Annex 12. Description of “Make up for ever” decorative cosmetic products.
to test the acquired professional and general competencies in the actual working environment
(place of practice);
to receive a feedback on the expression of professional and general competencies in the actual
working environment;
to reflect individual practical activity and its results by evaluating the quality of own work;
to develop the career planning competencies by analysing the activity, structure, rules of
internal procedure and employment possibilities in the place of practice (company);
to reflect individual practical activity and its results by evaluating the quality of own work.
THE RESULT – checked and consolidated acquired vocational and general competencies in the
actual working environment.
Annex 13. Description of “Laukrom” cosmetic products for make-up.
Annex 14. Description of performance of aromatherapy massage.
Annex 15. Description of performance of Thai body massage.
Annex 16. Description of performance of hot stone massage.
NAME OF MODULE:
Annex 17. Description of technology of extension, correction and removal of gel nails.
Annex 18. Description of technology of extension and correction of acrylic nails.
Annex 19. Description of technology of design of pouring decorations into the gel.
Annex 20. Description of technology of nail design with colour gel.
Annex 21. Description of bikini zone depilation with hot wax.
testing of the acquired vocational and
general competencies in the actual working
environment (place of practice);
Annex 22. Use, purpose and effect of “Depileve” cosmetic products.
adaptation of different forms for the provision
Annex 23. Description of bikini depilation with sugar paste.
development of career planning competencies:
Annex 24. Use, ingredients and effect of “Epiladerm” cosmetic products.
of feedback;
preparation and improvement of personal
career documents;
development of career planning competencies:
analysis of the labour market tendencies and
employment possibilities;
practical aspects of adaptation of career
planning competencies: job search practice; job
interview (simulations, etc.).
216
Planning of Employment
METHODS:

consultation;
practical work;
individual work;
role play;
reflection;
presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
presentation of a personal extended CV (with
supplements) for the planned work place.
procedure of evaluation of competencies;
literature (presented in the training material).
practical tasks;
evaluation and self-assessment tables.
217
MODULE VIII.
MODULE VIII.
TA SK S OF MODULE “ PL ANNING OF EMPLOYMENT ”
AND THEIR E VALUATION CRITERIA
COMPETENCIES
IMPROVED
THROUGH
STUDYING THE
MODULE
1.
Doing of
various types
of make-ups.
TASKS OF
MODULES
Doing of
various types
of make-ups.
DESCRIPTION OF TASK
Finding of cosmetician’s
job position, greeting
and preparation of
client for the make-up
procedure.
Doing of make-up.
TASK EVALUATION
CRITERIA
Described technologies
COMPETENCIES
IMPROVED
THROUGH
STUDYING THE
MODULE
TASKS OF
MODULES
5. Performance
of hair
removal
procedures.
Performance
of hair
removal
procedures.
of doing of various
types of make-ups.
Performed corrections
3. Performance
of classical
hygiene
massages of
the face and
separate body
parts.
Finding of beautician’s
job position, greeting
of client and selection
of proper skin care
procedure.
Described technologies
of skin care procedures.
Properly selected
cosmetic means.
Greeting of client and
Performed hair removal
means and equipment
for hair removal
procedure.
procedures for various
body parts.
necessary for hair
removal procedure.
Performance of hair
removal procedure.
6. Performance
of hygiene
manicure
and pedicure.
Performance
of hygiene
manicure
and pedicure.
Preparation of work
Properly selected means
Greeting of client
Performance of hygiene
place for manicure and
pedicure.
and preparation for
pedicure and manicure
procedure.
Performance of face
skin care procedure.
for manicure and
pedicure procedures.
manicure and pedicure.
Selection of means for
Performance
of hygienic
cosmetic face
massage.
Preparation of
cosmetician’s work
place.
preparation for beauty
procedure.
manicure and pedicure
procedure.
Properly selected
Performance of
massage means.
manicure and pedicure.
Performed classical
hygienic face massage.
7.
Selection of means
necessary for massage
procedure.
Preparation
of a customer
servicing
plan.
Evaluation
of the
effectiveness
of cosmetic
procedure.
Performance of hygienic
cosmetic face massage.
4. Performance
of classical
hygiene
massages of
the face and
separate body
parts.
Properly selected
work place for the
performance of hair
removal procedures.
Selection of means
of the shapes of
separate parts of the
face.
make-ups.
Performance
of face
skin care
procedure.
TASK EVALUATION
CRITERIA
Preparation of
preparation for hair
removal procedure.
Done various types of
2. Performance
of
mechanical
hygienic skin
cleaning,
scrubbing,
application of
mask.
DESCRIPTION OF TASK
Performance
of classical
hygiene
massage
of separate
body parts.
Preparation of
work place for the
performance of massage.
preparation for beauty
procedure.
Selection of means
necessary for massage
procedure.
Performance of the
classical hygiene body
massage of separate
body parts.
Finding out of the course
of performed cosmetic
procedures.
Evaluation of the impact
of performed cosmetic
procedures.
of cosmetic procedure
by using monitoring,
survey and
conversations.
Composed plan of
Corrected plan of
individual cosmetic
services
Finding out and
Properly and carefully
individual cosmetic
services.
Properly selected
Evaluated effectiveness
massage means.
Performed classical
hygiene massage of
separate body parts.
8.
Improvement of
communication
and cooperation
skills in the
institution or
organisation.
Data analysis
skills.
Preparation
of
description of
prenticeship
work place.
description of
particularity of
apprenticeship work
place according to the
submitted form.
prepared description
of apprenticeship work
place.
Preparation for the
performance of tasks of
module “Introduction to
Labour Market”.
Annex: The form of description of apprenticeship work place.
218
219
VII MODULIS. PASLAUGOS PARDAVIMAS / TEIKIMAS
IX THE FINAL MODULE
THE AIM is to assess the acquired vocational and general competencies and to provide for
further course of professional activities.
1. to discuss the vocational knowledge and skills acquired during two years of training;
2. to highlight the values that are needed to provide high-quality services;
3. to reveal the importance of beliefs and creative values for a person’s sustainable and
meaningful life and work, while implementing the community-based project “Respect the
Teacher”.
THE RESULT – the acquired vocational and general competencies are assessed.
NAME OF MODULE:
The Final Module
The basic vocational knowledge and skills;
The values that are needed to provide highquality services;
The importance of beliefs and creative values
for a person’s sustainable and meaningful
life and work. Implementation of the
community-based project “Respect the
Teacher”.
METHODS:

Consultation;
Practical work;
Individual work;
Role play;
Reflection;
Presentation.
MODULE FINAL TASK:
the final thesis – project “I have studied in order
to…”
procedure on assessment of competencies.
Reflection questions;
Presentation of the community-based project.
Annex: Module IX. The Final Module. Requirements for the final thesis – project “I have
studied in order to…”
220
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