PARIS – WASHINGTON: Comparative Timeline of Planning

PARIS – WASHINGTON: Comparative Timeline of Planning, Architecture and Transportation
Isabelle Gournay, Ph.D., University of Maryland – [email protected] - FINAL DRAFT - October 2014
References Paris
http://www.ratp.fr/fr/ratp/c_5114/patrimoine-vivant/ .
Texier, S., Paris contemporain. De Haussmann à nos jours, une capitale à l’ère des métropoles, Paris : Parigramme, 2005
Mathieu Flonneau, Pascal Geneste, Philippe Nivet et Émilie Willaert, Le Grand dessein parisien de Georges Pompidou, Paris, Somogy, janvier 2011,
Dominique Larroque, Michel Margairaz, Pierre Zembri, Paris et ses transports, XIXe-XXe siècles. Deux siècles de décisions pour la ville et sa région, Paris, Editions Recherches-Association pour
l'histoire des chemins de fer de France, 2002.
Association Sauvegarde Petite Ceinture (ASPCRF) http://www.petiteceinture.org/Les-principales-dates-de-l.html#outil_sommaire_5
http://www.iau-idf.fr/cartes/cartes-et-donnees-a-telecharger/donnees-a-telecharger.html
http://observatoiregrandparis.wordpress.com References Washington
Building the Washington Metro http:/chnm.gmu.edu/metro/
MARYLAND AT A GLANCE HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/chron/html/chron18.html
Jeremy Korr, Political Parameters: Finding a Route for the Capital Beltway, 1950-1964, Washington History, Vol. 19/20 (2007/2008), pp. 4-29 (JSTOR)
Gournay, Isabelle, “Washington, D.C.,” Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities, Edited by David Gordon, London: Routledge, 2005.
A Timeline of Washington DC History Matthew Gilmore, October 2007 http://www.h-net.org/~dclist/timeline1.html
http://greatergreaterwashington.org/
PARIS
DEMOGRAPHICS, HISTORY
PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
PARIS
TRANSPORTATION
1662
By royal
edict Blaise
Pascal
operates
carrosses à
cinq sols
along five
routes
(disbanded
in 1677)
Paris Population of c. 400 000 only second to
London
WASHINGTON, D.C.
TRANSPORTATION
WASHINGTON, D.C
DEMOGRAPHICS, HISTORY
PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
1667. St. Mary's City incorporated. First
Capital of Maryland
The College des Quatre Nations extends the
monumental corridor formed by the Seine River
1682
Louis XIV moves the seat of government to
Versailles, where the palace is bordered by an
artistocratic new town.
Colonnade du Louvre will become a proto-type for
the House Building on DC’s Capitol Hill
Williamsburg,
Capital of
Virginia
Plan
anticipates
L’Enfant’s
plan forDC
1695
Pont
Royal
funded
by Louis
XIV
Paris
Population c.
500.000
Network of
chateaux and
parks
erected in
forested
sections of
Ile de France
Maryland capital moved to Annapolis
Prince George's County erected from
Charles and Calvert counties
1721
1729
.
1748
1749
1752
First Courthouse at Upper Marlboro
completed (PG county)
Baltimore Town established by charter.
Frederick County formed from the
western part of Prince George's County.
Port City of Alexandria established /
exports tobacco to England
Port City of Georgetown established
1772
J-R Perronet, Pont de Neuilly (demol.1933)
Maryland State House, Annapolis, begub
The Royal Mint, one of Jefferson’s favorite bdgs.
1776
1782
1783
1784
1789
Victor Louis, Palais-Royal, 1780, arcaded
pedestrian enclave.
Farmers General
Walls with
Ledoux’s toll
gates. Paris
expanded from
1 337 to 3 370,36
km2
Thomas Jefferson in Paris until 1789
French Revolution
First elected mayor for Paris
Montgomery and Washington Counties
created from Frederick County
Returning from Yorktown Rochambeau's
troops camp at Beltsville (PG county)
"Federal Town" proposed in Continental
Congress
Maryland’s John Carroll becomes first
Catholic bishop in United States
1791
Pont de la
Concorde
completed (used
as precedent in
McMillan Report)
Population 18,00 Montgomery County ;
21,344 P.G. County ; 2,748 Alexandria
President Washington selects site at
confluence of Potomac and Eastern
Branch – includes Georgetown ceded by
Mont. Co.
Expressing relations between political
and physical networks, L’Enfant’s plan
launches modern capital city planning.
1792
1793
1794
1800
Paris population : 640 504
Louis XVI beheaded on Place de la Concorde
Paris mayorship suppressed until 1848
Rue de
Rivoli
planned
1801
1802
1807
D.C. population 14,003
Alexandria population : 4,971
First reliable census - Ile de France has 1.820.000
residents including 550.000 in Paris
Napoleon Bonaparte launches a campaign of
canal construction
1803
1804
White House begun - L’Enfant fired by
George Washington over conflict with
commissioners and land owners
U.S. Capitol Corner stone
Congress creates the counties of
Washington and Alexandria
Supreme Court moved to DC
Charter creating City of Washington
municipal government
Montgomery Co seat renamed Rockville
Pont des Arts first
metal bridge in
Paris
University of Maryland chartered at
Baltimore as the College of Medicine of
Maryland.
1810
Frenchman Hallet’s Proposal for the U.S.
Capitol
Population : 24,023 DC ; 8,552 Arlington
Co
1814
Riversdale Mansion
British troops burn Capitol, White House
1815
1817
1820
1821
Washington and Baltimore Turnpike (Rte1)
Population Paris 713 966[
American J. Vanderlyn’s panorama of Versailles
Recherches statistiques de la Ville de Paris first
published
1824
Passenger
steamboats
Bateaux-Omnibus
(Louvre to SaintCloud)
1828
Entreprise
Générale des
Omnibus – 10
lines estimated
2.5 million
passengers in five
months
1829
Washington painted by the
French Baronne de Neuville
Congress votes to keep Washington as
the nation's capital
Arrival of the first Steamboat
Executive Mansion [White House] rebuilt
Population D.C. : 33,039
Decline in profitable agriculture due to
over-planting, poor farming methods,
and westward migration of farm labor.
Lafayette’s
visit –
Square
facing the
White
House
named
after him
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
begun along Potomac River
(reached Cumberland 1850
B & O RRd's Carrollton
Viaduct near Baltimore ,
first masonry railroad
bridge in US
1830
Paris : 785 862 (1831)
1832
10 omnibus companies operate around 40 lines
1835
17’omnibus companies - 378 vehicles.
Grounds of the Château of Maisons subdivided by
Jacques Laffite – Benefitting from a RRd station in
1847, the town of Maisons-Laffite is subjected to
strict residential covenants
1837
Railroad between Paris and Le Pecq (western
suburbs) funded by banker Emile Péreire,
First passenger railroad line in France
American
tourists come in
ever greater
number,
enjoying strolling
in the
Luxembourg
Gardens
1840
Paris-Juvisy Railroad
Gare Montparnasse
gare d'Austerlitz
Paris population : 935 261 [1841]
-First Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O)
passenger train from Mt. Claire Station in
Baltimore to Ellicott City
-Ten four-horse omnibuses run daily from
Baltimore to Washington
-Gilbert Vanderwerken's Omnibuses from
Georgetown to the Navy Yard
First Streetcars in New York
First omnibus lines in Baltimore.
Baltimore and Washington Railroad fopened,
initiating the decline of canal traffic through
Georgetown and Washington
DC popul.
39,834
NeoClassical
Original
section of
the
Treasury
Building
Slave ships Alexandria
DC population 43,712
Michel Chevalier Histoire et description
des voies de communication aux ÉtatsUnis et des travaux qui en dépendent
illustrates the Georgetown A
1842- DC derided as the "city of
magnificent intentions" by Charles
Dickens
1845
Kérizouët project for a city railroad
1846
Paris-Pontoise and Paris-Sceaux Railroad
1847
Trains reach St.Germain-en-Laye
Fortifications (Enceinte de Thiers) completed
34 kms and 94 bastions
Gare du Nord
A monumental
gateway to
Central Paris
1844 Samuel F. B. Morse sends 1st telegraph
message from Washington, DC, to Baltimore.
Trains
From
Alexandria
Smithsonian Institution founded
Congress passes a law returning the city
of Alexandria and Alexandria County to
the state of Virginia.
1848
1849
Massive railroad construction injures historic
properties
Paris-Epernay RR
Gare de Strasbourg
gare de Lyon
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
Brief Mayorship of Paris Feb-March
Suppressed until 1870
Over 1 million residents in Paris
Station Opening in
Colombes
First section of Petite Ceinture opened
(originally for freight government funding)
Gare Montparnasse (dem.1960s)
A.Loubat experiments his "Chemin de fer
Américain" on Cours-la-Reine
ligne d'Auteuil (for passengers only)
first urban railroad in France (funded by the
Pereire brothers)
Haussmann named préfet de la Seine
Additions to
Palais du Louvre
begun
Cornerstone Washington Monument
(completed 1884)
Small industrial sites along
the railroad Muirkirk Iron
Works P.G. County
Orange &
Alexandria Roundhouse
erected 185
Population DC 51,867
Montgomery County 15,456
US Congress abolishes slave trade in DC
B&O RR Station opens at
New Jersey Ave & C St NW
Thomas U. Walter appointed architect of
the US Capitol, begins designing present
dome and House and Senate wings
French expatriate Alphonse Loubat improve
streetcar tracks on Manhattan’s Broadway,
St. Elizabeth's Hospital first federally run
psychiatric hospital in US (revitalization
plans pending)
Statue of Andrew Jackson dedicated in
Lafayette Square,1st equestrian statue .in
US
Bladensburg (PG county) incorporated.
Work begins on aqueduct to bring water
from Great Falls into Washington
1855
Compagnie Générale des Omnibus (CGO)
receives 30-year monopoly for Paris, promises
reaching out to outlying working class districts
“American railroad” from the Rueil RR station
to Port-Marly along the Seine river – used
mainly for Sunday outings
WORLD’S FAIR 29 acres - 5million visitors
B&O Railroad connects their New Jersey
Ave and C Street station with the north shore
of Long Bridge via Maryland Ave.
As funds run out, construction on
Washington Monument stops at 55 feet
Petite Ceinture rive droite
1856
CGO implements 25-line network
Metro pr oject by Brame and Eugène Flachat
1857
Streetcar connecting Sèvres to Versailles
1859
Ile de La cite
transformed to
create large
streets
1860
CGO has 503 omnibus and 6.700 horses
Paris/Le Pecq line extends to St Germain en
Laye
Smithsonian Institution Building
completed on Downing-designed Mall
Le Vésinet
Prototype of
the landscaped
railroad suburb
Alexandria and Washington Railroad
Le Vésinet ‘s Asile Imperial, state
of the art Nursing Home,
inaugurated by Napoleon III
Banker W. Corcoran starts
his “mini-Louvre”
(Renwick Gallery)
City limits
extended to
fortifications
Carts pulled
by goats near
the White
House
Maryland Agricultural College opened at
College Park, P.G. County near B&O RRd.
Construction begins on the Old Corcoran)
Gallery, which James Renwick bases on
the New Louvre
DC 75,080
Alexandria 12,652
1861
Haussmann
plans new
street network
Massive
destructions in
old districts
Paris population 1 696 141
First RRd crossing Potomac
1862
1864
1865
1867
1869
1870
Washington and Georgetown Railroad, DC’s
first streetcar company incorporated.
Georgetown becomes a major market center
Metropolitan Railroad streetcar Company
Army builds the first rail connection between
DC and the South parallel to Long Bridge
Civil War: confederate army in …
US Congress frees all slaves in DC
The wide straight street envisioned by Haussmann
are the perfect venue for streetcars
World’s Fair on the Champ de Mars 215 acres - 9
million visitors
Metropolitan Branch of B&O railroad
chartered
Georgetown Car Barn
(extent)
Capitol Dome completed
Brief Mayorship of Paris Sept.-June 1871
Suppressed until 1977
Noisiel
Saint-Denis, has more than 30 000 residents
Columbia Railway
Washington Canal closed and moved
underground, changing the Mall
The Highlands, a development along
Baltimore and Ohio RRd in PG County., is
advertised. The ambitious project stalled, to
be implemented with Cottage City in 815
DC population 131,700
City of Alexandria legally separated from
Arlington County which has 16,755
residents
Paris starts rebuiding its Central Market with
underground tracks …
Vote de la loi sur les chemins de fer d’interet
local
Petite Ceinture rive gauche
122 million travels vingt-cinq millions de
voyageurs par an, la gare Saint-Lazare pont
métallique en forme de « X
Long Bridge: planks
removed
Arlington National Cemetery founded
Gallaudet University founded to educate
deaf and hard of hearing students
DC residents granted suffrage
Development of Washington's park
system begins
Howard University granted charter from
Congress for higher education of African
Americans
Petite Ceinture completed 32 km
1871
Franco-Prussian War : some battlefields, including
Buzenval, are in the Paris suburbs
Viaduc d’Auteuil (demolished)
Territorial
Government
“Boss”Alexander
Shepherd vicePresident of
Board of Public
works
(appointed
governor 1873)
1873
Streetcar franchise to
CGO and two
companies for the
suburbs : Tramways
Sud and Tramways
Nord, which face
bankrupcy in 1884
.
1874
Tramways Nord - Courbevoie (Pont de Neuilly)
– Etoile
1875
Opening of the
Petite Ceinture
1876
First steam-powered streetcar connecting the
Montparnasse and
Austerlitz railroad stations
Grande Ceinture
railroad
(essentially
freight)
1877
Manet’s Gare SaintLazare
Paris 1 851 792
Villa, Le Vesinet
Model company
town of Noisielsur-Marne
erected by
Menier
chocolate
company
.
Claude Monet Gare Saint-Lazare series
Cable cars introduced in San Francisco by
inventor Andrew Hallidie
Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad, with 30 stops in Mont. Co
All stations designed by Ephraim Francis
Baldwin, creating brand identity
Metropolitan Railroad Street Cy operates
along Georgia Avenue to Silver Spring and
Connecticut Avenue
Central Market replaced with a modern
brick building, designed by German
immigrant Adolf Cluss
Rockville
Train Station
DC residents stripped of voting rights
Territorial government abolished. Three
temporary commissioners and a
subordinate military engineer are
appointed by the president.
US Capitol grounds, designed by F.L
Olmsted, completed
-Capitol, North O Street and South Washington Railway incorporated
Anacostia and Potomac River Railroad built
LeDroit Park
Built beyond
the boundaries
of L’Enfant’s
plan. Will
become an
elite AfricanAmerican
district
Pennsylvania Station, 6th & B Streets, N.W
built over Wash. City Canal
(West Building, National Gallery of Art)
Exhibited at the Centenial Exposition in
Philadelphia, Auguste Bartholdi’s fountain
installed at the foot of Capitol Hill
1878
Rueil-Marly line steam-operated
1880
World’s Fair 185 acres - 16 million visitors
Trocadero – triggers the opening of new streetcar
lines
Paris population 2 269 023
Congress approves …a municipal
corporation governed by three
presidentially appointed commissioners _
two civilian commissioners and a
commissioner from the Army corps of
engineers.
1881 President
James A.
Garfield
assassinated
while awaiting
a train at the
station.
Wilkes Tunnel, Alexandria
1887
Riversdale Park, modern RRd suburb, planned
on 475 acres. Its implementation is slow and
incomplete.
1888
First experimental electric trolley in
Washington 7th & NY Ave NW to 4th & T NE,
only months after Frank Sprague's successful
demonstrations in Richmond, Va.
DC
population
177,624
Subsequent
increase
favored by
the 1883
Civil Service
Act
First houses erected in Takoma Park
platted 1883 served by B&O
Metropolitan Branch
Catholic University of America, has its
own B&O station by 1890 (dem. c.1985)
Bridge project dedicated to U.S. Grant on
location of Arlington Memorial Bridge
1889
1890
New Saint-Lazare
station
Uninterrupted loop on
Petite Ceinture
Emile Zola’ s La Bête humaine
World’s Fair 228 acres - 32,350,000 visitors Eiffel
Tower
Paris population : 2 447 957
Bladensburg Md. ravine
used as dueling ground
- B&O Royal Blue Line provides stylish travel
from Washington to New York City.
-Rock Creek Railway starts operating, - Georgetown and Tennallytown Railway
operating along today’s Wisconsin Avenue
will reach Rockville in 1900
-Charlton [Berwyn] Heights residents fund
their own new B&O stop (dem.1962)
Population 230,392 DC ; 27,185 MontCo ; 26,080 PG
National Zoo moves from the Mall to Rock
Creek Park along Connecticut Ave.
Chevy Chase Land Cy erects two country
clubs and a small amusement park
1891
Funiculaire de Belleville
1892
1894
New northern
development
beyond the
L’Enfant Plan
do not
respect
original street
grid,
American Mary Cassatt
depicts
transport on Seine River
1895
-The national and city government argue over
the Métropolitain
-Gare Montparnasse shattered by steam engine
with deficient Westinghouse brakes.
-New terminus for Ligne de Sceaux built
underground at Luxembourg
1896
-Electric Streetcar in Versailles
-Bienvenüe’s metro project championed by City
of Paris pitted against French government’s
plan to extend existing railroads
First streetcar from Paris to suburbs
1897
1898
Waiting Room and Office, Rock Creek
Railway, Chevy Chase Lake, designed by
Paris-trained architect Lindley Johnson
E. Empain’s Compagnie Générale de Traction
franchisee selected by City of Paris creates
Compagnie du Chemin de fer Métropolitain de
Paris (CMP)
Facing the White
House, the
Lafayette
monument by
Falguière and
Mercié, is the
outcome of
FrancoAmerican
political entente
Downtown DC enjoys an
excellent ground transport
network,
Congress mandates that there should be no
overhead wires or power poles in Washington
city proper
Cairo Hotel built, prompting building
height limitation regulations by District
Commissioners
Washington becomes a cosmopolitan
“winter resort” for retired industrialists
turned congressmen
-First successful electric conduit operation
for streetcars in Washington -Overhead wires
permitted outside city limits
Berwyn Heights (PG County)
incorporated.
Georgetown and Tenleytown Railway
operating extended to Rockville
Trolley to Mount Rainier
First automobiles drive on city streets
Last Horsecar operation
Highway plan
Jefferson Building, Library of Congress
E. Flagg’s Corcoran Gallery expounds
Beaux-Arts principles of composition
1899
Gare de Lyon
New Harbor along the Seine at Ivry
1900
First metro line
opened Porte de
Vincennes to
Porte Maillot
1901
Metro carries 55
millions passengers
and boasts
entrances by Art
Nouveau master H.
Guimard
Automobile Club of Maryland.
1902
Streetcars criticized at Chambre des députés.
Removal of the railroad from the Mall is a key
element of McMillan Plan to “restore,
develop and supplement” L’Enfant’s vision
1903
-Metro Ligne Circulaire nord # 2 Porte
Dauphine to Bagnolet (elevated sections)
-Due to short-circuit, fire at Couronnes metro
Station - 84 deaths (largest accident in Paris
metro history)
1904
Gare d’Orleans for electric
trains
Paris Population
2 714 068
Greater Paris 4,7
millions
World’ Fair
WORLD’S FAIR
553 acres
50 million visitors
US pavilion modeled
after DC Capitol
Architect Eugene Hénard ‘s proposals for a Grande
Croisée through the Palais Royal and to host
blimps and stadium on Champ de Mars
DC population 278,718
Potomac dredging work leads to creation
of Potomac Park and Tidal Basin
Streetcars
connect
Chevy Chase
to Treasury
Dpt in 35
minutes,
leaving every
35 minutes
Maryland joins other southern states in
segregating public transportation
Townsend
House near
Dupnt
Circle
exhibits
strong
Parisian
flair
Poor blacks
live in
unsanitary
’alley
dwellings’
within view
of Capitol
Park system envisioned by the McMillan
Plan includes pedestrian pathways and
recreational automobile drives /
1905
Viaduc de Passy
(Pont de Bir
Hakeim)
L. Biette engineer
C-J Formigé
architect
Pdt Roosevelt’s inauguration along
Pennsylvania Avenue
1906
First bus line in Paris
Bus Montmartre-Saint-Germain des Prés
Line #6 Farmers General Wall 45 % elevated
Taft Bridge,
designed by
Paris-trained
architect
1907
Union Station
(designed
Burnham’s
Paris-trained
assistant)
Right wing for
President
1908
-Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric
Railway generates resort growth along the
Chesepake Bay
-Taxicabs make appearance in downtown DC
1909
Port-Aviation, Viry-Chatillon
-College Park airport
-National City Planning Congress meets in DC
-Senate and House Office Buildings
-Willis Carrier’s air-conditioning system
will transform life in the DC region
Frenchman P.Cret wins the competition
for the Pan-American Union (OAS) Bdg
Cars are manufactured in Hyattsville
along the railroad track
DC Winter resort
of millionaires
Paris architect
P.E. Sanson’s
palatial home
for Perry
Belmont near
Dupont Circle
1910
1911
1913
First line under
Great Flood of the Seine
the Seine River (A River
line Porte de
Versailles to N-D
de Lorette
operated by
Compagnie du
Nord-Sud) with
Cité metro station
Electric streetcar Paris to St-Germain-en-Laye
-End of horsedrawn omnibus
and streetcars
-Metro lines
encompass
More than 90 kms
Paris 2 888 110
Ile de France 5 335 595
DC population 331,069
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center
Reinforcement of height limitations to
protect the visual dominance of the
Capitol dome
Commission of Fine Arts, a design review
board approved by Congress created to
safeguard L’Enfant and McMillan plans
Airplane Expo at Grand
Palais
Paris-Jardin
subdivision of
chateau grounds
in Draveil”
Garden City
principles
Commission d’Extension yields
Bonnier’s proposal for new
parks around Paris
-Political rally in Hyattsville
-Congress authorizes the Rock Creek and
Potomac Parkway, from Mall to park
envisioned as early as 1867
1914
923 km streetcars
245 km buses
Taxi drivers
volunteer to
drive French
soldiers to the
Marne
battlefield
Construction begins on Lincoln Memorial
1916
streetcar reaching its peak [over 200 miles of
track, with almost 100 in the city.]
1st electric traffic signal in Cleveland
1917
Potomac
Yards north of
Alexandria
Population
swells with
war
workers.
temporary
buildings
along the
Mall
Washington Suburban Sanitary
Commission created to improve water
and sewer service in DC’s MD suburbs.
1918
1919
American army establish airbase in Orly
L. Jaussely wins Competition for Extension of Paris
Proposal includes American-style campus.
1920
Streetcars 1,200 kms 124 lines 3200 vehicles
1921
-Consolidation of six companies into private
Société des Transports en Commun de la
Région parisienne (STCRP) with Empain at the
helm
-Conseil General de la Seine wants to break
isolation of suburbs
-21000 taxis cabs in Paris
Cité Universi-taire A. Perret’s skyscraper
in 14th arrond.
project for La Defense
near Ligne de
Sceaux
1922
Under Mayor
Henri Sellier
Suresnes builds
substantial
affordable
housing
Paris 2 906 472
Demolition of fortifications : missed opportunity
for a greenbelt around Paris, erection of
affordable housing
Buses
line up in
front of
Clichy’s
city hall
56,000 automobiles
registered in Washington
Washington
Rapid Transit
Company bus
company
incorporated
DC 437,571 DC
Montgomery Co. 34,921
Prince George’s Co : 43,347
DC Zoning Commission established and
first zoning regulations created
National Capital Park Commission
organized
Tour buses
become a
familiar sight
Replica of Paul Dubois,’s Joan of Arc, a
gift from France, in Meridian Hill Park
1924
1925
Increase of private automobiles give rise to
traffic congestion
-25000 taxis cabs in Paris
1926
1927
Project for a new town in La Courneuve (M.
Auburtin and R. Dautry)
Le Corbusier,
Voisin Plan
for Central
Paris
Inspired by
Henry Ford,
Andre Citroen
Creates a
factory
compound
In Javel
Smaller buses.
792 millions metro riders
Flood-damaged C&O Canal ceases operating
Key Bridge is opened
20% of workers drive to work
10-story
Capital
Garage at
13th Street
and NY Ave.,
outcome of
increasing car
commute
National Capital Park and Planning
Commission organized {Congress lobbied
by the Washington Board of Trade to
centralize federal planning activities in
the District of Columbia
Maryland-National Capital Park and
Planning Commission formed for large
sections of Prince George's and
Montgomery counties
1928
Métropolitain features 112 Kms of lines
1929
Paris City Council votes elimination of stretcars
Comité supérieur de l’aménagement et de
l’organisation de la Région Parisienne
In L’Avenir de Paris, Albert Guérard proposes “a
government city, a ‘French Washington’ in the
suburbs
1931
Paris 2 891 020
Ile de France 6 705 746
400.000 automobiles ?
Colonial Exposition, accessible through extended
metro line 8
1932
Boulogne transformed by Morizet
Cite de la Butte-Rouge, Chatenay-Malabry
1933
Metro reaches beyond
city limits to Pont de
Sèvres, Vincennes Issy-lesMoulineaux
Construction begins on Federal Triangle
Glen Echo Amusement Park (1903-50), a
favorite streetcar destination
-More than 150,000 automobiles registered
in Washington, one for every three residents.
-Construction begins on private Washington
Airport Terminal next to Hoover Field (1926)
- Arlington Memorial Bridge outcome of
McMillan Plan opened
Supeme Court Building occupied
Ford Assembly plant in Alexandria (Albert
Kahn) dem.
George Washington Masonic National
Memorial opens in Alexandria
Consolidation of street railways managed by a
single company, Capital Transit
DC 486,869 DC
Montgomery Co 49,206 (+40.9% in 10
years)
PG county 60,095 (+38.6% in 10 years)
1934
Henri Prost, Plan d’Aménagement de la Région
Parisienne (parkway system) – concerns 656
municipalities - 35 km radius
Vanves Station opened
Petite Ceinture closed (except ligne d'Auteuil,
closed 1985).
Passenger transport on Seine terminated
1935
1936
Metro Line 11
Châtelet
Porte des Lilas.
Drancy-La
Muette too
disconnected
from public
transit to attract
tenants
1937
Two metro stations become anti-gas attack
shelters – 13.000 taxis cabs in Paris
-Ligne de Sceaux electrified
-Record number of metro passengers
-Last streetcar in Paris
1938
Last streetcar in suburbs
1939
Out of the 160 kms of metro lines, only 16 kms
are in the suburbs
Closing of a few exisiting stations
Greyhound Bus Terminal, New York Avenue
Ministries erected
in the vicinity of the Ecole Militaire
Delano and
Aldrich
(DC Post
Office
designers)
U.S. Embassy
near Place
de la
Concorde
Front Populaire
Paid vacations for workers
Chesapeake
Beach Railway and Washington, Baltimore
and Annapolis interurban cease operations
FHAinsured
garden
apartments
in suburban
locations
near bus
routes (for
Whites
only)
Falkland Chase, Silver
Spring
Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway completed
Le Bourget
Airport opens
in time for the
International
Exposition
Construction
begins on
Autoroute de
l’Ouest, inspired
by American
parkways
Streetcar lines converted to bus lines
- Georgetown’sCongressional designation
of as historic district triggers
gentrification and exile of a large Black
community.
NCPPC proceeds to scenic landscaping of
the Potomac River banks as
recommended by the McMillan
Commission including the national
highway to Mount Vernon,
Colonial Village, VA shopping Center
Greenbelt,
Federal model
town: men must
carpool to reach
downtown
offices
First parking
meters
Underpass
Below
Connecticut
Avenue
Movie
theater +
Shopping
Center, Silver
Spring, near
streetcar
transfer
point
Airplane factory Riversdale
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal opened as
national park
1940
First divided highway in Maryland (MD Route
2 from Annapolis to Baltimore).
Population 663,000 DC ; 83,912 (+70.5%
in 10 years) Mont. Co. ; 89,490 (+48.9%)
PG county ; 57,040, Arlington Co (114.3%)
1941
Federallyowned
National
Airport
Opens
Cape Cod house
Silver Spring
Baltimore
Wash.
Parkway
started for
defense
purposes
National
Naval
Medical
Center,
Bethesda
1942
CMP, qui a fusionné avec la STCRP, est chargée
de l’exploitation de l’ensemble des transports
collectifs dans la région parisienne.
1943
New Record number of metro passengers 1,32
billion metro travel as ground transportation
disappears and gas is in short supply
-Bobigny metro station is departure point for
German concentration camps
1944
-Germans occupy line # 11 using its deeply
entranched stations to manufacture weapons
-Metro closes Aug,16-Sept.11
Drancy-le-Muette
internment camp for
67,000 Jews
Suitland Parkway
1945
1946
1948
Gasoline rationing benefits
public transit, ridership
increasing more than 80%
With men at the front,
women operate streetcars
Silver Spring
train station
experiences
its busiest
years
Autoroutr Saint-Cloud/Orgeval (A13)
Metro network saturated
Régie Autonome des Transports Parisien
replaces CMP
8.500 taxis cabs in Paris
Paris population 2 725 374
-Congress passes the National Highway Act
Toward a network on Interstate Highways
-42% of all trips downtown by private car.
F.L Wright ‘s
Usonian, Falls Church
Pentagon completed on airport land
intended by NCPPC for parks
Census Bureau first occupant of Suitland
Federal Center in semi-rural central PG
County, as agencies more closely related
to the war mission need to expand
downtown.
World Bank and IMF created with seats in
Washington
NCPPC authorized to designate urban
renewal areas, adopt plans for them and
receive direct federal funding places DC
at the forefront of urban renewal.
Returning World War II veterans help
trigger DC’s suburban building boom.
College Park incorporated.
Montgomery Co. Junior College, MD’s 1st
Hecht’s, Silver Spring,
Mont. County first in MD to adopt a
council manager form government
1949
Transit offerings
- Metro: 166,2 kms /14 lines 270 stations
- Buses : Paris 38 lines 341 kms ; suburbs
74 lines and 609 kms.
- Ligne de Sceaux 20 kms with 18 stations ;
- Funiculaire at Montmartre
1950
Tourisme fluvial reprend
1952
April’s Fool photo of a flying bus on Place de la
Concorde published in press
Continuation of Carrefour Pleyel
1954
Cap for Parisian taxis placed at 12.500
1955
Paris Region 6
597 930
Atomic Energy
research Center
establised in
Saclay,
Design entrusted to A. Perret
nucleus for major science
campus
Sarcelles mass
housing begun
1955
1956
Plan d’amenagement et d’Organisation Generale
de la Regio Parisienne
Whitehurst Freeway
connects downtown
w/ Georgetown and
w/Key Briadge to
Virginia
NCPPC’s
Comprehensive Plan for
the National
Capital and Its
Environs.
favors
individual cars
over public
transit
DC 802,178
Mont. Co
340,928
(+107.4%)
Arlington Co
357,395 (84.1%
PG Co. 135,449,
(+137.5%)
NCPPC reorganized as the National Capital
Planning Commission (NCPC) Creation of
National Capital Regional Planning Council
(NCRPC).
Southwest DC rebuilt and gentrified for
slum clearance, “modern housing,”
waterfront redevelopment, freeway
construction and new federal office
buildings close to the Mall.
University of Maryland integrated, first
state university below Mason-Dixon Line
to do so.
Baltimore-Washington Parkway completed
Grassroots opposition to inner-city freeways
starts
Capital Transit Company has 750 buses and
450 streetcars /
Summer transit strike paralyzes city
Congress funds Mass Transportation Survey
-67% of all trips downtown by private car.
I-70 (north) connects Frederick and
Baltimore.
Typical suburban garden apartment
1957
1958
F. Pouillon’s 2635 units in Meudon-la-Forêt begun
Gare d’Orsay closed to traffic
1959
-Charles de
Gaulle elected
President
-EPAD created to
implement La
Defense
-ZUP regulations
instituted
Unesco Building opened (M
Breuer and al.)
-NATO headquarters
inaugurated at Porte
Dauphine
- Sarcelles shopping
plaza in its heydays.
1959
1960
-« Autoroute du Sud » opened along 34 kms
-Boulevard Périphérique opend from porte de
la Plaine porte d'Italie
1961
-Plan d’Aménagement et d’Organisation Générale
de la Région Parisienne (PADOG), limited growth
réalisation d’un Métro Express Régional
Institut d’aménagement et d’urbanisme de la
Région de Paris (IAURP) created
Model of Front de Seine highrise district approved
by Paris municipal council
-Law promoting industrial decentralization
Offical denomination : District of the Paris Region
Last Salon de
l’Automobile in the Grand Palais (begun 1901)
DC first major US city with a majority of
African-American residents (white flight to
suburbs)
Automobileoriented
consumer
culture
permeates
the suburbs,
including
Takoma Park
Fear of
NCPC and
NCRPC
conduct
$ 500,000
Mass
Transport.
Survey
Mass Transportation Plan « First serious
proposal » for rapid transit system (Bdg
WashM website)
Trolley Museum opens in Olney, MD
National
Capital
Transport. Act
creates NCTA,
which
prepares
rapid transit
plan.
Washington first large U.S. city with a
majority black population
-Pr. George’s Plaza, Hyattsville /Prince
George's Community College founded.
-New Inter-American Development Bank
selects DC as base
Woodrow
Wilson Bridge
spans
Potomac
River, easing
automobile
traffic.
NCPC Policies Plan
for the Year 2000:
European-style
“finger plan” :
radial corridors of
town centers
separated by
natural wedges
atomic
attacks is
major
incentive for
migration of
federal
employmen
t to the
suburbs.
Dulles International Airport
opens w/out projected
Monorail connectivity
Atomic Energy Commission , German-town
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
opened in Greenbelt.
DC Population declines for first time to
763,956
Arlington Co population 163,401
Wheaton Plaza Mont Co’s first regional
mall opened for business.
1961
Orly-Sud Airport opens
Work starts on RER A at Pont de Neuilly
Livre Vert de la Circulation
1962
Demolition of Guimard’s Bastille station
1963
-Opening of Interstate 70S (I-270)
Washington to Frederick, MD –
-Combined efforts of black and white civic
leaders help stop new bridges and cross-town
highways
Carrefour hypermarché Sainte Geneviève des Bois
Advent of a high-technology corridor
along 70S
Montgomery County allowed density
zoning, w/ variations in lots sizes, leading
to cluster planning
CIA moves to Langley- 8,000-home Levitt
community in Bowie, MD begun
Nearly a quarter century after
Paris, streetcars cease
operating
Roslyn skyline , Northern VA, where DC
height restrictions do not aply
Prince George’s Center, Hyattsville by
E.D Stone, (residential towers unbuilt)
1964
- Platforms extended on Line # 1 to accomodate
longer trains
-Metro’s first moving walkway at Chatelet
-First bus lane on Quai de la Megisserie
-First large underground parking leased by city
below Esplanade des Invalides
-Montmartre’s Place du Tertre pedestrianized
Ile de France 8 470 015
IAURP presents the
first Schema Directeur
(SDAU de la region
parisienne)
1965
-Underpass on Cours la Reine-Cours Albert Ier -
- Evry new town
-Central Market
moves to Rungis
-Levitt opens its
first French
community in Le
Mesnil-SaintDenis beyond
Versailles
Maine-Montparnasse
Capital Beltway
completed
Washington
Suburban
Transit
Commission
established
for P.G and
Montgomery
counties.
DC residents allowed to vote in
Presidential elections
Middle-class AfricanAmerican residents of DC
move to Maryland’s Prince
George’s County
Watergate
East
designed by
Italian Luigi
Morretti
1967
Voie Express Rive
Droite completed
1968
1969
1970
Rungis and Garonor gare
routiere
-Second section Boulevard
Peripherique Porte SaintOuen – Porte des Lilas
-A1 Highway Paris-Lille
Jean Renaudie,
Ivery-sur-Seine
-Redesigned Louvre Rivoli
station fulfills Culture
minister Andre Malraux’s
cultural showcase policy
-Strikes affect public
transport
-first section of
RER A opens
(continued to à
Auber 1971 - La
Défense to SaintGermain-en-Laye
section 1972)
Seine and Seine-et-Oise
replaced by six départements,
involving for each new
prefectures administrative
and judicial amenities
Kaufman &
Broad (KB
homes) opens its
first subdivision
in SaintQuentin-enYvelines
Discontent with Public
Transit expressed in the
Livre Noir des Transports
Parisiens
1971
Orly-Ouest Airport
APUR proposes a new bus system with
reserved lanes
Reseau RER interconnecte envisioned
Citroen ceases car production in Paris
1972
Demonstration of 5000 bike riders
against the Left Bank expressway project
Creteil’s “Cabbage “Towers
begun
Tours Gamma disfigure the
surroundings of the Gare de
Lyon
George Pompidou
New Towns of Cergy-Pontoise and Marne-la-Vallée
officially launched
Marcel
Breuer’s
Department of
Housing and
Urban
Developmt
President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed a
city council and a “mayor-commissioner,”
the African-American lawyer and housing
official Walter E. Washington.
WMATA approves a 98-mile regional system,
naming it Metro (bdg metro website)
hardly extend beyond the Beltway, focus on
servicing downtown office locations
Following the riots of April, 1968, DC officials
reroute the mid-City line … to encourage the
rebuilding of burned-out areas
Riots cause
devastation
in Central
D.C.
Tysons Corner Shopping Center, VA opened
nucleus of Edge City
New Town of Columbia,
Howard County, MD
attempts to address both
pedestrian and vehicular
needs
The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit
Authority is created through a compact
between the District of Columbia, Maryland
and Virginia
Cesar Pelli’s
COMSAT
Laboratorie
s, along the
I-270
corridor
Clarksburg,
Montg. Co.
DC population 756,510
Arlington Co 174,284
DC gains an elected non-voting delegate
to the US House of Representatives
Limited Home Rule President Johnson
appoints Walter E. Washington as mayorcommissioner of DC, changing threecommissioner system to a single
presidentially appointed commissioner
and an appointed nine-member council
1973
Boulevard
Périphérique
completed
1974
Terminal 1, Roissy-Charles de Gaulle airport
1975
New Montparnasse
Station and 59-story Tour
Montparnasse,
inaugurated
Last poinconneurs (ticket hole punchers)
Central section of Left Bank expressway
shelved
Carte Orange, entailing rse in bus ridership
2,5 million cars in Ile de France Region
1976
1977
Carte Orange pass
Official inception of RER
1978
1980
1981
1982
Circulaire Guichard vetoing grands ensembles
Intended for
buses, HOV-4
lanes opened
to car traffic
on I-395 in
Northern
Virginia
Home Rule DC Congress approves the
District of Columbia Self-Government and
Governmental Reorganization Act, P.L.
93-198, establishing an elected mayor
and a 13-member council
Pei, L’Enfant Plaza, 1960-73 with Dan
Kiley,
Valery Giscard d’Estaing French President New Ministère de l’environnement
Metro
Stations
under
construction
by Harry
Weese and
Assoc.
Graphic
Design by
Massimo
Vignelli
Walter Washington was elected Mayor
DC has its own municipal planning office
(in addition to NCPC)
2 299 830
Ile de France 9 878 565
Maryland Department of Transportation
(MDOT) agreed to pay the total operating
deficit for B&0 trains
The newly-elected Mayor Walter
Washington and first elected council take
office
SDAU RP
Official denomination: Region Ile-de-France with
Conseil General
Bicentennial
Union Station
transformed
into
Festival
Market Place
Jacques Chirac elected Mayor of Paris
First 4.6 miles of Washington Metro subway
opens
P
Passy Kennedy, Paris’ response to DC’s Watergate
Christian de
Portzamparc (Pritzker
Prize, 1994) and
Georgia Benamo, Les
Hautes Formes public
housing project, 13th
arr.
Orange Line opened to New Carrolton
IM Pei’s East Wing, National Gallery of Art
DC population 638,333
First section, Aerogare 2, Roissy
Women authorized to drive metro
Maya Lin’s Vietnam Memorial (
1983
-Nicolas Sarkozy, 28,
elected Mayor of
Neuilly-sur-Seine, one
of Paris’ richest suburbs
"MARC" (Maryland Area Rail Commuter)
service established using B&O tract
- Bofill’s Abraxas in
Marne-la-Vallée
completed (right)
1985
Cergy-SaintChristophe
Station
Banlieue 89 initiative
yields rehabbing of a
few grands ensembles
Castro – Senissof , La
Caravelle, Villeneuve
Saint-Georges
1986
Transport express régional (TER) launched
1988
Connection between RER B and C
with the creation
of St-Michel
station.
Gare d’Orsay reopens as a museum
Kevin Roche,
Bouygues
Headquarters
near Versailles
Cluny-La Sorbonne
reopened with decor by
painter Bazaine
1989
bateaux-bus operated by Bateaux Parisiens
1990
1991
1992
1993
1996
DC’s Office of Planning created:
submits Comprehensive Plan
for NCPC review of Federal interests
and to the City Council for approval.
Ronald Regan
Bdg
completed
over parking
lot, intended
as Federal
Triangle’s
Great Plaza
Opening of Grand
Louvre, by I.M. Pei,
Population Ile de France 10 660 554
Orlyval opened from Anthony to Orly
Module d’échange, Aérogare 2, Roissy
RER A jusqu'à Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy – Parcs
Disneyland -Line 1 extended to La Defense
alleviates RER A traffic
First new generation streetcar T 1Saint-Denis to
Bobigny
Trans-Val-de-Marne
Bike routes - A14 below La Defense opened
, DPZ, New
Urbanist
Master Plan
for
Kentlands,
Gaithersbur
g
EuroDisney
Resort (pres
Disneyland Paris)
Decrease in percentage of Federal
employment
Virginia Railway Express (VRE) commuter RR
commences service from Northern Virginia
1997
Tram Val-de-Seine
Gives rise to new district
in Bas-Meudon
1998
First new line since 1935 14 (Météor),
automated Madeleine to new national library
and redeveloped 13th arrondissement
1999
New passerelle de Solférino (M.Mimram)
2000
J.M. Othoniel’s Le
Kiosque des
Noctambules
entrance for
Palais Royal
metro
Edith Girard, Rue des
Vignoles, 20th ar.
Rue Balard (replacing
Citroen factories and
Hachette printing plant)
Railroad viaduct from
Bastille to Bois de
Vincennes transformed
into promenade w/
worshops/show-rooms
below
NPCP’s Extending the Legacy advises to
“eliminate obsolete freeways, bridges and
railroad tracks that fragment the city”
Townhomes on Capitol Hill
Hope VI mixed-income,
pedestrian-friendly project
replacing distressed public
housing
National (Reagan Airport)
15,000 taxis in
Paris
2001
gare RER de Serris-Montévrain – Val d'Europe
2002
Paris Plages / Right Bank expressway
transformed into summer beach
Carte Navigo
2004
2005
2006
Bertrand Delanoë elected Paris Mayor
Val d'Europe Shopping Mall
Area population 4.5 millions
National Center for Smart Growth UMd
World War II Memorial
Riots in working class suburbs involving the
burning of thousands of automobiles
Passerelle Simone-de-Beauvoir Dietmar
Feichtinger
4.3 millions automobile in Ile de France region
Green Line completed 103 miles planned in
1968 completed 600,000 metro riders daily;
500,000 bus riders
Lawrence Halprin’s Franklin Delano
Roosevelt Memorial
DC 572,059 , D.C. ranked twenty-first
among U.S. cities and accounted for less
than 12 per cent of the region’s total
population of nearly five million
New Convention center reflects trend
toward closing of original streets,
therefore further compromising the
integrity of L’Enfant’s Plan
2007
2008
-Petite Ceinture opened to pedestrians 16th arr
- Vélib’ program launched
-TGV trains at Gare de l’Est
Pei Cobb Freed
for Hines
Meudon Office
Campus, 2007
served by T2
Streetcar
(ULI Awards)
-New projects for streetcars K, H Streets
Benning Road
- InterCounty Connector ICC Maryland
Voguéo, 31-month experiment of boat rides
between gare d'Austerlitz Maisons-Alfort. with
regular transit pass
-Fairfax County Board of Supervisors
votes 40-year plan to urbanize Tysons
Corner around four stops of Silver Line
-National Harbor multi-use waterfront
development on the shores of the
Potomac River in Prince George's County,
near the Woodrow Wilson Bridge.
-BoltBus lowcost intercity bus from DC to
NYC
Sarcelles multi-cultural market
2009
Grand Pari(s) – Consultation Internationale with
multi-disciplinary teams and starchitects.
2010
Metro Line #1 fully automated
2011
-A 86 « super-périphérique » completed
-Metro line 8 extended by one station) to
implement a pôle de correspondance in
Créteil.
Autolib’ service with electric car
Paris population 2 249 975
Ile de France population 11 852 851
2012
-Secondary Concourse at Gare Saint-Lazare
opens shopping mall
ligne 12 dessert, le quartier de La Plaine SaintDenis (station Front Populaire).
T3 Streetcar on Boulevard des Marechaux
16 millions visitors at EuroDisney
2013
-Petite Ceinture opened to pedestrians 15th
arr.
-Metro line 4 to Mairie de Montrouge
Île-de-France 2030, program – Plans for 72
stations
2014
Autolib entails 2500 cars in 63 municipalities
Fort Totten station accident, killing 9 and
injuring 80
Capital Bikeshare
AlexandrIa 139,966 9.1%
,
Anne Hidalgo elected Paris Mayor
Bolt bus competes with Amtrak
Studies for FBI suburban relocation discussed