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UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE
STUDIES PHD/M.PHIL THESES & DISSERTATION
ABSTRACTS 1970 TO 2012
ACCOUNTING
UL-003-ACC-08
AJIBOLADE SOLABOMI OMOBOLA
THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS ON MANUFACTURING
SECTOR PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA.
Ph.D Accounting (2008)
There has been much debate on whether or not, management accounting systems (MAS) designs
offered as improvements to the traditional MAS provide companies with competitive advantage and
better performance. MA literature based on the contingency theory has suggested that a fit between
identified factors in the organisation’s task environment and their MAS designs would bring about
enhanced performance. Alternative literature from the institutional theory perspective has suggested that
MAS designs are adopted not necessarily for efficiency reasons but for symbolic and ceremonial reasons.
Explanations consistent with the institutional theory perspective have been offered for the adoption of
organisational practices, including accounting systems in the developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. The
accounting systems are suggested to be adopted as a sign of modernisation, not necessarily minding
whether these systems fit local circumstances. This implies that the type of MAS designs adopted may
not impact on the performance of enterprises in such countries.
This study, aimed at providing information to help address the lingering problem of poor performance of
the manufacturing sector in Nigeria, sought to find out whether relationships exist between the MAS
designs, factors in the companies’ environment and their performance. A model of the functioning of
MAS was proposed which incorporated both institutional and technical variables as major influences on
the designs of MAS adopted by the Nigerian manufacturing companies and proposed a link between the
MAS and companies’ performance. The model was tested by means of empirical data collected through a
questionnaire survey of managers of one hundred and forty-four selected Nigerian manufacturing
companies. Statistical tools including frequencies, percentages, means, t-tests, correlations, simple
regression and hierarchical/moderated regression analyses were used.
The results of the descriptive statistics showed that the MAS designs, measured using an index of
sophistication, in the majority of the sampled companies were low in sophistication, 63.20% belonging to
the category of traditional MAS design and 3.47% were described as rudimentary. The results of the ttests, correlations and simple regressions provided support for the expectation that both institutional and
technical variables contribute to explaining MAS designs in the companies. The hierarchical regression
however indicated that the technical variables had higher explanatory power. The findings from the
moderated regression analysis also provided support for the proposition that improved MAS design will
lead to higher performance when the designs are tailored to the level of the technical variables of
technological complexity and environmental uncertainty facing the companies. Nigerian manufacturing
companies were encouraged to seek better information for improving their performance by increasing
the level of sophistication in their MAS designs. Designers must however, consider the level of
environmental uncertainty and technological complexity in making a choice of design.
This study has made significant contribution to literature by providing empirical evidence of the
relationship between companies’ performance and sophistication in MAS designs, evidence which hitherto
had been sparse in literature especially from the developing countries. It has also provided evidence
suggesting that management accounting systems in developing countries respond in ways similar to
evidence provided in literature of the functioning of these systems in the developed countries.
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ADULT EDUCATION
UL-004-ADE-82
GEORGE MARY MARTHA (MRS.)
"AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF A HOME ECONOMICS PROGRAMME ON UNDERPRIVILEGED WOMEN IN LAGOS."
Ph.D Adult Education (1982) 301pp.
The need to provide educational
opportunities for underprivileged women to enable them play
significant roles in the society has been articulated throughout Nigeria and indeed the world especially
since 1975 (Gayfer, 1980). Few programmes however exist towards this goal and the women hardly
participate in them. What factors have been responsible for this low level of participation? Are the
reasons ascribable to the nature of the women themselves, or to how the programmes are operated or
to a combination of these?
This research however is not so much to answer these questions but to evaluate the effect of a
particular adult education programme, spearheaded by the researcher, on the lives of women in some
suburban areas in the Lagos metropolis. The three-years participatory research programme by the
researcher provides a model geared towards helping underprivileged women in urban slum areas to fulfil
their educational needs so that they can better utilise and improve their income-generating skills as well
as develop better understanding of their potentialities for improving their general well-being in the
society.
The subjects of the study comprised 115 women in Ajegunle, 35 in Olodi Apapa, 50 in Amukoko,
and 37 in Maroko, all in Lagos Metropolis. Initial information about the participants and their
communities was obtained from data collected through observations, interviews, questionnaire, and also
information collected during learning activities.
The curriculum originally designed by the researcher through the pre-programme survey of needs
was discussed with the participants and applied to each of the four groups of women. The results
recorded at the end of the programme indicated that positive changes had been effected in their lives.
The study indicated that participation has to be one of the key elements in an educational strategy
oriented towards basic needs, not only on the part of the officials, but also of the community. Curriculum
development should take into account local differences.
The focus of all development services, education, health care, nutrition, family living and planning,
and vocational training must be directed towards improving women's earning power, increasing their
productivity and making economic activity less burdensome.
UL-005-ADE-82
IHEJIRIKA JOHN CHINEDU
THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE INCIDENCE OF DROPOUTS IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS
IN RIVERS STATE FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT IN ADULT EDUCATION
PH.D Adult Education (1982) 200pp.
This ex-post facto study investigated the nature of the incidence of dropouts in secondary schools
in Rivers State with the view to determining the sort of curriculum that should be developed for the
youngsters who later enter the province of adult education.
Twenty secondary schools approved for the West African School Certificate Examinations were
selected by the stratified random technique to include rural and urban schools in the state. Both the
sample (400 out of 686 dropouts) and the control subjects of same number were randomly selected from
the schools' 1976 intake. In addition, 20 principals and 97 teachers participated in the study.
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Following review of the literature, five hypotheses were generated to direct collection of data and
the principal instruments used were: questionnaires, interviews and analyses of relevant school records.
In addition to analysis of variance, the data thus collected were tested by means of t-test and chi-square.
The study revealed among other things that:
(1)
More dropouts occur in rural secondary schools than in secondary schools located in urban
centres.
(2)
The parents of dropouts are mostly illiterates and semi-literates, and are largely selfemployed.
(3)
Dropping out is no monopoly of students of any particular ordinal position in the family,
however, more students from large families drop out than students from small-sized families.
(4)
Contrary to popular view, single-sex secondary schools particularly all female secondary
schools have higher dropout rate than co-educational and all male secondary schools. In all, more
female students drop out in the higher classes ( 3 - 5) while the male students dominate the scene in the
lower classes.
(5)
Dropouts have low perception of education, prefer Arts and Commercial subjects to
mathematics and science related subjects, and perform better in activities that require physical prowess
than in pure academic undertakings.
(6)
Dropouts particularly those in rural areas have slim idea about activities that come under the
umbrella of adult education. However they are desirous to participate in non-formal opportunities to
improve their qualifications or acquire new skills needed by employers of labour.
An analysis of above findings reveals that a client-centred or employment-oriented curriculum
where the welfare of the youngsters will be central in selection of subject-matter is imperative. Such a
curriculum must:
(1)
be tailored towards satisfaction of needs - physiological, social, ego-integrative, emotional,
economic as well as educational;
(2)
embody opportunities for practical, vocational and technical experiences to compensate for
the dropouts' lack of academic orientation;
(3)
be made relevant to real life situations particularly to the realities of the society; and
(4)
be devoid of any semblance of rigidity, there should be opportunity for interdisciplinary
'crossing of carpet.'
The following non-formal opportunities can be adapted and utilized to meet the aspirations of
secondary school dropouts: Job Corps centres, rural technology workshops, Agricultural Extension
services, Farm settlement schemes, and remedial evening classes. Most importantly, the curriculum of
adult education programmes should be properly developed in association with the curriculum of the
formal school system so that one complements the other, and when a student becomes mal-adjusted in
the latter, he merely transfers to the former. Under such an arrangement, the main change in his status
will be from a youth to an adult. His educational programme may be modified or entirely different, but it
will be continuing.
Recommendations to contend the incidence of dropouts in secondary schools include, inter-alia,
government take-over of all remedial evening classes; compulsory functional literacy and encouragement
of an adult education service in every state to take care of the psycho-social problems facing 'academic
casualties.'
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UL-006-ADE-84
ASIEDU KOBINA
THE INDIGENOUS MECHANICAL APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM IN THE LAGOS METROPOLIS: A
STUDY OF THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES AND LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS OF
INFORMAL SKILL TRAINING.
The indigenous mechanical workshop is perhaps the most virile form of informal business set-up in
West Africa. Its basic function is the repair of vehicles, and as transportation expands, so does the
demand for the mechanic. Indigenous mechanics can be found in almost every street in Lagos, and their
occupation attracts more young boys than any other single occupation in the informal sector. Yet, to
date, the training these workshops provide is rudimentary and need therefore to be improved. Before
any meaningful suggestions for improvement can be made, we need a thorough understanding of the
procedures they adopt in instructing their wards, and the level of efficiency obtained by the training they
impart.
This study investigated the approaches adopted by fifty mechanics in imparting their skills to their
apprentices, and also measured the levels those apprentices had acquired at various stages of their
training. Two hundred apprentices were tested using a Mechanics' Skill Test developed by the
researcher, and their scores correlated with such variables as their educational background, and that of
their masters, their ages, their school experience, their level of commitment, the size of the workshop
and the volume of work at the workshop. The scores of the terminal group were also compared with
those of apprentices trained in modern-sector workshops. The instructional procedures were closely
observed personally by the researcher at five of the fifty workshops.
The study found that junior apprentices hardly had any instructional contact with their masters, and were
taught mainly by senior apprentices. Their learning in the first year was confined to mastering the social
work environment, rather than the learning of technical skills. Learning at the workshop was promoted
largely through observation and trial and error, with very little theoretical component. The study found
that a sizeable number of apprentices entered training with very little understanding of what to expect,
and therefore with little commitment to the training. Apprentices were drawn mostly from pupils who
were more interested in manipulative subjects than in liberal subjects. Six years of schooling for both the
master and the apprentice was found to be necessary for effective learning at the workshop, and
learning was best promoted where workshops were collectively sited.
The training received at the modern-sector workshop was found to be superior to that received at
the indigenous workshop, and the study therefore made certain suggestions for improving upon the
latter, including the establishment of counselling services in schools, the registration and resettlement of
mechanics, the indenturing of apprentices, an extension programme to supplement workshop training
with theoretical tuition and the organisation of seminars for master mechanics on instructional
techniques and business management. It was also recommended that apprenticeship comes after the
completion of the Junior Secondary School, that apprentices be made to leave training only after passing
the Grade III Trade Test, and that those who so desire must be admitted into formal trade schools. It
was recommended that all State Ministries establish Technical Education Divisions to manage the
industrial extension programme, and that each district or local government unit have a Vocational
Training Board to take charge of the placement of young school leavers and the supervision of their
training.
The study also found that some features of the apprenticeship system, such as its curriculum, level
of supervision, and its cost, are gradually approximating to those of the formal system of technical
training and were becoming slowly institutionalised. The researcher thus concluded that the two systems
were gradually becoming indistinguishable, and can play supplementary roles to each other. He therefore
suggested various ways by which the apprenticeship system could provide useful out-of-school practical
experiences for students in technical schools, and those by which these schools could also enhance the
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theoretical content of apprenticeship training. In the end, the researcher recommended, each of these
two systems of training should be seen as mutually dependent upon each other, rather than as parallel,
shadow, competing systems of technical education.
UL-007-ADE-85
UGWOEGBU, IFEANYI THEODORE
CORRELATES OF PERSISTENCE IN TERTIARY DISTANCE EDUCATION: THE CASE OF
CORRESPONDENCE AND OPEN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS.
M.PHIL Adult Education (1985) 164pp.
This study investigated the correlates of persistence in tertiary distance education in one of the
institutions that offer programmes through correspondence. It sought those factors that make
correspondence students to persist as well as those that impede against persistence. The research was
to test to what extent demographic and environmental factors act on the level of persistence of
correspondence students.
Four hypotheses were developed and tested. The study involved a group of two hundred
participants in the Correspondence and Open Studies Institute of University if Lagos. Among this number
150 were those registered in the programme in 1982 and were still on the programme at the time of the
study in 1985, and 50 who as a result of some factors could not continue with the programme. The
simple random sample method was applied in selecting the 150 students who were registered with
COSIT while the other 50 were selected from record from COSIT office.
The main instrument that was used in the data collection was the questionnaire.
The
questionnaire was made up of 30 items and was divided into sections. Section A tried to find out the
background of the students. Section B the academic background while Section C investigated the
economic status of the individuals. Section D tried to find out why the students persisted while Section E
found out causes of frustration.
The questionnaire was delivered by hand to the current students of COSIT and four days given to
them before the researcher collected them back. The dropouts had the questionnaire posted to them by
May 1984 and were given three months to return them. The last group that sent their own back did so
by September 1984. The Significance of the correlation between related variables and persistence was
tested through the use of the Pearson Product Moment correlation co-efficient, chi-square, and kruskal
Wallis Test.
The analysis of the result of the study was made based on the four hypotheses. The study
revealed that the rate of persistence was higher among the younger students than the elder ones. It also
found that the less responsibilities a person had, the higher was possibility for such a person to persist.
It was noted that married students were more likely to persist than unmarried students, that male
students did not persisted more than female students and that entry qualification played an important
role in persistence, with those having higher entry qualification played an important role in persistence,
with those having higher entry qualifications more likely to persist. It was also found that the type of
course a student was offering exerted great influence on the level of persistence of the students. It was
revealed that students in undergraduate science programmes persisted less than those on Business
Administration. Also found out was that the students employed in private organisations were more likely
to dropout than those in government organisations. One factor which led to dropouts among students
was finance, since correspondence students did not receive scholarship or busary from the government
or any other organisations.
A series of suggestions were made in the study. It was suggested that:
(a) Private companies should allow their workers registered with COSIT to attend the long vacation
programmes with pay.
(b) the government awards scholarship and busary to COSIT students
(c) when a student successfully completes his course, this should be reflected immediately to his salary.
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UL-008-ADE-87
TUMUL NZEY
THE TRAINING OF ADULT EDUCATORS IN ANGLOPHONE AND FRANCOPHONE AFRICA: A
STUDY
The purpose of this study was to compare the programmes available in Anglophone and
Francophone Africa for the training of adult educators. Ghana and Nigeria were selected as
representative Anglophone Countries, and Zaire and the Congo were chosen from among Francophone
Countries.
The study focussed on the following aspects of the training of Adult Educators:
The major policies underlying the training of adult educators in the selected countries.
__
The roles assigned to formal and non-formal structures of training in these countries and the
influence of the formal educational systems and colonial legacies in each individual country on the
modalities of training in adult education in these countries.
__
The levels of adult education workers catered for by the various training programmes available
in these countries.
__
The resources available for the training of adult educators in the selected countries, the
strengths and weaknesses of the training programmes available in each of the countries.
The models of training conceived as most desirable for the training of adult educators in Africa.
Twenty-three adult education institutions and 30 professional and degree training programmes
were identified and analysed in the study. Sixty-three degree students, 13 heads of providing
institutions and 92 trainers responded to the various questionnaires administered to them. The
documentary search focussed on an examination of syllabuses, course description, reports and records of
training. The trends in the two sets of countries were analysed in terms of the underlying factors that
have shaped them. The major characteristics of the aims, content, sponsorship and methods of the
programmes were described and evaluated in terms of each country stated policies and objectives.
The study found that except in Nigeria, there are no comprehensive policies regulating the training
of adult educators in the selected countries of Africa, and that the nature of training programmes is
predominantly affected more by historical circumstances than by the structure of the formal educational
systems. The study also showed that Anglophone trainees usually have had no field experience while
their Francophone counterparts are drawn from the field. Also the training programmes in the
Francophone countries are practical-oriented, while in the Anglophone countries they are disciplinecentred. It was discovered that most students offering adult education come into the field with a great
deal of scepticism and ambivalence, and that the general public is yet to understand what adult
education encompasses.
Adult education staff in anglophone universities are working towards the establishment of adult
education as a discipline and there is a great deal of commitment to teaching and research. However, in
the Civil Service, officials manning the various adult education units in the ministries were found to have
little commitment to adult education, and most of them had no exposure to the field.
Based on the findings, a number of suggestions were made for effective training of adult educators
in Africa. Among these was that the providing institutions in Anglophone countries must base their
programmes on task-performance analysis, while training institutions in the Francophone countries must
incorporate more theoretical aspects into their training. There is need to admit more students with field
work experience into the departments of adult education as there is also need for universities in
Francophone Africa to develop programmes in adult education. African governments must recognize
training in the teaching of adults as an integral and necessary component of the overall training of
6
instructors in their respective countries. Parallely, African governments should employ more trained adult
educators in the ministries responsible for the promotion of adult education. It is imperative for the
African Association for Literacy and Adult Education to establish a Centre for Research and Training in
adult education in order to encourage, among other things, a cross-national collaboration in the field of
adult education.
UL-009-ADE-88
ADEWALE ADELERE OLUGBENGA
A STUDY OF ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION OF AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION AMONG PEASANT
FARMERS IN LAGOS AND OGUN STATES OF NIGERIA
Ph.D. Adult Education (1988) 257pp.
Agricultural development is contigent upon the dissemination of useful and utilizable research
findings to farmers in the form and language that can be easily understood and internalized by them.
Nigeria, like many other developing countries of the world, is faced with a number of problems of
modernizing agriculture. Many recommended agricultural practices and innovations lack relevance to
farmers' needs and problems. Sustained growth in agriculture leading to improved living conditions of
the rural peasantry does not reside principally in the supply of a battery of technological inputs, such as
improved seeds, fertilizers, pest and disease control measures to farmers, and market information but
foremost in pursuing a deliberate rural educational and developmental policy that is capable of improving
the living conditions of the rural peasantry.
In the first and second Republic, various agricultural modernization schemes were pursued by
various governments, but the end result was very disappointing. The country, to say the least, has not
been able to feed its citizens, hence mass importation of food items prevailed till late 1984. Though
farming still remains the second important source of our revenue generation, the methods and technique
of farming remain basically crude and primitive.
The traditional farming practices have persisted over time, mostly because the peasants are
predominantly illiterate. To modernize agriculture, certain variables must co-operate and work in concert
with the deliberate intervention programmes of the government.
This study examined among other things what combination of factors best predisposed rural
peasant farmers to adopting recommended agricultural innovations. The study further examined critically
inhibitors and accelerators of diffusion and adoption of agricultural processes.
This study tested the following seven hypotheses:
(i)
that illiterate and literate farmers will equally adopt recommended agricultural practices;
(ii)
that age has no significant relationship with the adoption of recommended agricultural
innovations;
(iii)
earlier adopters will not utilize more information sources that are in close contact with the
origin of new ideas than later adopters;
(iv)
that late and early adopters will discontinue recommended practices at the same time;
(v)
communication factor will not largely influence farmers predisposition to adopting
recommended agricultural practices;
(vi)
that professional training of the VAES will not significantly affect their attitude and perception,
and
(vii)
that situational / locational factor will not affect adoption behaviour of farmers significantly.
Questionnaire instruments were developed and administered to three hundred and fifty (350)
farmers and one hundred village extensioners respectively. Of these numbers, 250 and 100 respectively
were returned. One hundred and fifty and seventy five questionnaires were usable in each group.
7
The data were analysed using the SPSS discriminant analysis computer programme. Results
showed that education, age, communication factor, contact with origin of scientific technology and
situational/locational factors were significant or critical factors that influenced the adoption-behaviour of
peasants. Professional training of the VAES coupled with their cultural background greatly influenced
their perception of the extension work.
Illiteracy was also found to be a critical inhibitor of diffusing and adoption of complex agricultural
innovations.
To improve the rate of adoption of useful innovations among rural peasants, Extension Education
Programmes were urged:
(i)
to adopt holistic or integrated development strategies through mass participation of their
clientele;
(ii)
to provide forms of educational other than agricultural education that aim at better life of the
rural people, and
(iii)
to establish more efficient input delivery system and encourage the participation of the
clientele-farmers in the planning of their own learning programmes.
Concluding, this study advocated the establishment of more Agricultural Training Institutes for
Extension workers. It recommended that greater attention should be paid to methodological issues of
diffusing ideas, innovations and new technologies among rural peasants.
UL-010-ADE-88
IBEH ANTHONY EMEKA
A SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF TEACHING STYLES AND
LEARNING IN ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN THE LAGOS METROPOLIS.
The study investigated the extent to which a behavioural theory based on Getzels and Cuba's
socio-psychological model of teaching style could help us understand what goes on in adult education
programmes in the Lagos metropolis. In this connection, the study sought to find out whether
instructional environments designed for adult learners were based on nomothetic dimension of activity,
idiographic dimension of activity, or transactional dimension of teaching.
In addition, the study investigated the considerations of factors that went into the selection of
various styles of teaching employed by the instructors. The study made use of the ex-post facto research
design. A total of two hundred instructors and five hundred students were selected through various
sampling procedures (stratified, systematic and random sampling) from four types of adult education
programmes that purely typify classroom instructional process. In all, forty adult education centres
comprising vocational, GCE remedial/continuing education, adult literacy and management/manpower
development types of programmes were used for the study.
The main instrument for the collection of data was the questionnaire. There were two sets of
questionnaire (Instructor Questionnaire and Student Questionnaire) which respectively sought the
instructors' and students; perception in the four types of adult education programmes studied. Data
analysis involved descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square analysis, analysis of variance and multiple
regression analysis.
Based on the analysis of the data, the study revealed among other things that:
(1)
There were significant relationships between instructor's age and experience and the three
dimension of teaching style namely nomothetic, idiographic, and transactional teaching styles.
(2)
There was no relationship between instructors sex and any of the three dimensions of teaching
styles.
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(3)
Instructor's age, sex, marital status, religion, experience in formal education, and experience in
formal education programmes when taken together could effectively predict instructor's transactional
teaching style for management/manpower development instructors.
(4)
Out of the six instructor characteristics used for prediction, only age, marital status and
experience in adult education programmes of management/manpower development instructors made the
most significant contribution to the prediction of transactional teaching style.
(5)
The type of teaching an instructor employed was significantly influenced by the motives he had
for teaching, the objectives he sets out to achieve, and his perception of the learner's needs.
(6)
Preference for nomothetic dimension of teaching style was not significantly different in the four
adult education programmes studied.
(7)
Preference for idiographic and transactional teaching styles was significantly different across
the four adult education programmes.
An analysis of the findings in this study revealed that the determination of appropriate
instructional environment or teaching behaviour in any adult education programme was largely
influenced by the instructor's level of education, experience, age, professional training, socio-cultural
milieu of the teaching-learning situation, the needs of the learner and the objectives and motives the
instructor has for teaching.
In the light of the above and the findings of this study, it was suggested that a regular evaluation
of the classroom procedures and activities of adult education programmes should be undertaken with a
view to monitoring: (1) the academic and professional competence of the instructors of all categories of
adult education programme, (2) the kind of interaction that goes on in the classrooms, and (3) the
strategies for teaching the adults as contrasted to the teaching of children.
To this end, courses on general adult education and in particular, special courses on the
procedures and methods of adult teaching should be provided not only to the officials of the ministry
charged with supervision, but also to those instructors who had no previous knowledge of the teaching
of adults.
UL-011-ADE-88
OYESOLA OLADUNNI MARGARET
ADULT EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: AN ANALYTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adult education is conceived as any activity that seeks to bring about improvements in the
perceptual, intellectual, attitudinal and physical outlook of any adult and makes him or her function more
effectively, economically, politically and socially.
The role of adult education is to help people acquire the knowledge and skills which are necessary
for improvement of their living standards and to be concerned actively with the economic and social
development of their community.
The lack of awareness of the existing literature, fewness and lack of reading materials on some
aspects of adult education in Nigeria are identified as part of the problems of adult education
development in Nigeria. Some of the weaknesses of the Nigerian educational system, which can be
remedied through adult education, are listed. This includes, provisions for (1) the drop-outs from
schools, (2) those who finished the primary school education and there are not enough secondary
schools for them, (3) those who cannot find job, and so on.
The study set out to investigate the specific areas in which there are adequate and/or inadequate
sources of literature on adult education in Nigeria. Some published bibliographies with similar
characteristics like this work were reviewed.
The method employed in carrying out this study includes (1) Visits to libraries to identify books,
journals, and other materials relevant to this study and to physically handle them. (2) Interviews and
discussions with some adult educators, planners, practitioners and theoreticians of adult education in
Nigeria.
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As a means of awareness and finding list, a systematic bibliography of the existing literatures on
adult education in Nigeria was compiled from the data collected during this study. Books and journal
articles are listed under various subject headings. Theses and dissertations, reports, official publications
and conference papers on adult education in Nigeria are listed as "Miscellaneous Publications.'
In the discussions about the findings of this study, it is revealed that it is impossible to have
enough literature on any given subject, and that the more books learners are exposed to, the better.
This study reveals that aspects of adult education in Nigeria that are well covered include,
Community development, literacy education, Design of programmes, Workers and Vocational education.
Those that are inadequately covered are philosophy, sociology of adult education, History of adult
education, Lifelong education, Correspondence education, Rural and extension education. Other aspects
of adult education that are really lacking and need urgent attention are: Methods of programme design,
Psychology, Research in adult education, Mass media, Visual aids, face to face approach and supporting
institutions to adult education.
Index to the items listed is provided. It is suggested that researchers and adult educators are
encouraged to publish more books and journal articles in the areas not adequately covered on adult
education in Nigeria. Other areas should not be neglected since there is need to up-date information
from time to time.
UL-012-ADE-90
BIAO IDOWU
EFFECT OF SELF-CONCEPT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELECTED
ADULT REMEDIAL CLASSES IN LAGOS STATE
The present work tried principally to provide answers to the following questions:1.
Can learners' self-concept be raised through positive reinforcement of their ego?
2.
Would learners with raised self-concept perform significantly better at written examinations
than learners whose self-concept has not been raised?
3.
Would male learners with raised self-concept perform significantly better at written
examinations than female learners whose self-concept has been raised?
4.
Would younger learners with raised self-concept perform significantly better at written
examinations than older learners whose self-concept have been raised?
Before answering these questions, it was retained that a person's self-concept is made up of four
aspects namely, the social aspect, the emotional aspect, the physical aspect and the academic aspect.
Since the search in the literature revealed that valid self-concept instruments have so far eluded
researchers in the domain of self-concept, and since it was found that the Nigeria adult education
literature shows a grave lack of information on the self-concept of adult learners and on the methods for
measuring the adult learner's self-concept, an inventory called the Learner's Self-concept Inventory was
constructed for the purpose of carrying out this study. This inventory which was developed with the help
of three psychologists (one of whom is in the field of adult education) had its construction guided by four
major theories derived from the literature that discusses the measurement of the phenomenon known as
self-concept.
These theories were that:
1.
Self-concept is a reflexive phenomenon.
2.
Self-concept operates mainly indirectly.
10
3.
The concept of self is best elicited through the generation of a semantic field appropriate for
the population to be studied.
4.
A multi-scaled self-concept instrument elicits most meaningfully and most validly a
respondent's concept of self.
After the development of the Learner's Self-concept Inventory, this study moved into manipulating
subjects' self-concept levels by positively reinforcing their ego.
Three major findings emerged from the study. It was found that:
1.
Learners' self-concept can indeed be raised through positive reinforcement of their ego.
2.
Learners with raised self-concept performed significantly better at written examinations than
learners whose self-concept was not raised.
3.
Male learners did not show a significantly higher self-concept or academic performance than
female learners.
Finally, two theoretical implications of the findings of the present study are that:
1.
There exists a positive relationship between high academic self-concept and high academic
performance.
2.
There exists a positive relationship between high social self-concept and high academic
performance.
UL-013-ADE-90
CHUKWUNEKE FELICIA OBIAGELI (MRS.)
PREPARATION FOR, AND ADJUSTMENT DURING RETIREMENT: A STUDY OF RETIRED
PERSONS IN LAGOS STATE.
This study set out to investigate the effect of preparation for retirement on the degree of
satisfaction with which retired people adjust to retirement life.
The survey method is used. The population consists of all retired persons residing in the urban
and sub-urban areas of Lagos State as at 31st March, 1988. Four hundred and fifty-eight (458) retired
persons receiving their pensions in seven (five urban; two sub-urban) pensions paying centres in Lagos
State between April and August, 1988 participated in the study. A questionnaire which collected data on
the biography of respondents, degree of social integration, preparation and degree of adjustment was
used for gathering data. Percentages, chi-square test of significance and Multiple Regression Analysis
were used to analyse the data collected.
The result indicate that poor income during retirement, limited number of social activities and
inadequate preparation hamper satisfactory adjustment to retirement.
The researcher recommends actions that would lessen economic dependence on the extended
family unit, improve the level of income available to the retiree in retirement, aid in the creative
utilisation of free time and improve the level of awareness of retirement matters among the government,
employers of labour and retiring workers.
1.
The recommendations include:
Benefits, wages and price levels should be indexed against inflationary effects.
11
2.
Employers should be persuaded to design jobs and arrange work places which take account of the
situation of the elderly and provide flexible hours and part-time arrangements for those elderly
persons who wish to work beyond mandatory retirement age.
3.
Recreational centres, clubs and gymnasiums for the elderly should be built at strategic places.
4.
The retired persons should be encouraged to participate in community development
programmes.
5.
Government should provide some working guidelines in the form of policy decisions to direct
the design by adult educators of programmes for pre-retirement education.
6.
The Nigerian adult educators should use the mass media and other media in the community,
such as occupational groups to raise the level of people's awareness of the need for retirement
education.
7.
A cabinet - level office for solely the affairs of the elderly should be created to aid in planning,
monitoring and delivering service programmes for the elderly.
8.
The Department of Ageing in the Ministry of Social Development, Youth, Sports and Culture
should be manned by gerontologists, adult educators, geriatrists and social scientists to direct research in
medical, social and educational gerontology.
UL-014-ADE-90
EKWUNIFE SUNDAY CHUKWUNEDU NELSON
THE ORGANISATIONAL SUPPORT FOR MANAGEMENT EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE
NIGERIAN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ENTERPRISES.
The need for effective management of both the public and private enterprises in Nigeria has been
felt ever since the country attained independence. The rapid pace of industrialisation that followed
independence, the Nigerianisation of the public service, and the retardation of management performance
in both the public and private sectors, the failure of most state and federal corporations, as well as
efforts to indigenise the economy as stipulated by the indigesation decree, and the proliferation of new
technologies: all called for a pool of professionally competent managers.
The purpose of this research work therefore, was to find out the extent to which Nigerian private
and public enterprises had been willing to train and educate their management staff. The objective
therefore was to identify the constraints that these organisations faced, with regard to the training of
their management staff, to identify the characteristics of organisations that found it difficult to provide
training and to recommend measures that would enable them train more of their management staff.
To achieve the above objective, 200 organisations were selected from a list of companies and
organisations, which was provided by the Nigerian Employers Consultative Association (NECA), through
systematic random sampling procedures. The sample was made up of 47 government parastatals or
corporations and 153 private companies and organisations established in all parts of the country. A
questionnaire was administered to the Chief Executives and Training Managers of the 200 organisations,
as well as 200 randomly sampled individuals in the management cadre of these organisations. The 200
randomly sampled individuals in the management cadre of these organisations, must have attended or
participated in one training programme or the other. The field work which spanned over a period of six
months also involved oral interviews and discussions with some of these three categories of personnel,
as well as examination of in-plant, on-the-job, training programmes and observation of training sessions.
12
The data obtained from the field were analysed basically through the application of statistical tools
such as chi-square test of differences between categories and the analysis of variance.
Major findings include the following: On the whole, most Nigerian organisations have accepted
management education and training as a central philosophy on which to base their well-being and
progress. They were found to show adequate support for the training of management personnel on
fairly regular basis. On the average, the manager in each of the organisations studied, underwent
training at least once in every two and a half years.
Most Nigerian organisations gave priority to the training of production and marketing management
staff, and the benefit of management training primarily in terms of increased productivity and
profitability. Yet the literature suggested that the areas of managerial deficiency in Nigeria were
essentially financial control, delegation of responsibilities, industrial relations and participative
management. They were given rather low premium as managerial goals, by most of the organisations
studied.
Other findings include the facts that organisations situated in urban areas trained their
management staff more often and regularly than those established in rural areas. In the training
schemes of most of the corporations, the junior management and supervisory staff seemed to be
neglected.
Some recommendations were made based on the findings of the study. Emphasis on management
education and training must be placed equally on all aspects of management functions. Higher
institutions in the country must begin to develop specific courses leading to advanced degrees in
research and Development to fill the crucial gap in management competencies in the country. There is
need to take the problems of transfer of learning by ex-trainees seriously. Chief executives of Nigerian
organisations must consider institutional management training as important as in-plant or on-the-job
training.
The institutional management training is the source for new ideas for growth. A good measure of
concessions must be granted small organisations and those situated in rural areas, to encourage them to
train their management staff.
It can be concluded that although the concept of management education and training has now
gained firm ground in the country, its practice needs to be improved if its potentials is to be fully realised
for economic growth. The benefits of management training are still viewed in narrow and parochial terms
rather than as a process contributing towards the overall development of the economy. Institutional
forms of training are still looked upon with suspicion, and the management functions, seem to be
neglected. These are the most critical problems facing management education practice in the country; in
this regard there must be a change of attitude by the decision-makers, and recommendation be made
and implemented if management training is to contribute effectively towards national development.
UL-015-ADE-90
NJOWUSI VERONICA
PATTERNS OF UTILISATION OF DEVELOPMENT-ORIENTED RADIO PROGRAMMES IN
SELECTED NIGERIAN COMMUNITIES
The main objective of this study was to investigate the different ways in which adults in Nigeria
utilised radio for learning modern ideas. To this end, a random sample of six hundred adults, who owned
or had access to radio sets was carried out. The geographical representation from which the selection
was made were Ogun, Niger and Anambra states. Three urban and three rural communities, each with
100 respondents were selected. With the use of a questionnaire, they were asked to indicate how often
they listened to radio, what types of programmes they listened to (news, sports, entertainment or
13
development-oriented). The mode of presentation they preferred most, the adequacy of the programmes
to their development needs, which of the programmes they would want to be increased (in duration or
frequency), whether they had any suggestions for programmes' improvement, and an assessment of the
type of relationship that presently exist between radio stations and their audiences.
In addition, producers of programmes were interviewed on the programme planning format, time
allocation to programmes, what considerations influence programme making and feedback responses.
The data analysis-involved the use of Mann-Whitney U test, factor analysis, chi-square test,
Pearson product moment correlation and the correlation matrix.
The findings revealed, among other things, that the air time allocated to development-oriented
programmes was inadequate; that the radio stations placed more emphasis on entertainment, news and
music than on development-oriented programmes; that people in urban areas preferred political and
economic programmes while those in rural areas preferred agriculture and health; and that radio
listeners in the southern part of the country preferred drama while those in the north preferred talks
show and interviews.
Other findings show that Director of programmes and government officials often influenced much
of the selection of radio development-oriented programmes with only a little consideration for the needs
of the communities in which they operated. Also the study showed that most respondents listen to
development programmes individually rather than in organised groups.
An appraisal of these findings showed that though radio had a potential for teaching modern ideas
to both literate and illiterate respondents, this potential had not been maximally tapped largely because a
great number of the respondents have not inculcated a sustained radio learning habit. For radio
therefore to be effective in disseminating modern ideas, it is the observation of this researcher, based on
the findings in this study, that development-oriented programmes should be packaged in less formal
formats, audience surveys should be frequently carried out, audience participation encouraged and radio
listening groups established.
UL-016-ADE-90
NZENERI IHEANYICHUKWU SAMUEL
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF ADULT POST-LITERACY EDUCATION IN IMO AND
LAGOS STATES OF NIGERIA.
All educational elements demand both human and material resources to accomplish their set
objectives. Educational resources are scarce relative to demand for them, thus educational systems are
facing critical resources problems. Based on this topical problem of education. Bell (1960: 139) aptly
stated that 'one obvious huddle is lack of fund for education; ironically adult education of all educational
elements faces the greatest huddle.'
The expansion of formal and non-formal (adult) education programmes is accompanied by a
growing demand for public and private resources. The scarcity of these resources induce many people to
continue 'demanding greater accountability of the public education sector because education can no
longer afford luxuries, it must have proof of cost-effectiveness' (Kielt and Spiutzer 1977:42).
Commenting on the above educational problem, Kasl and Anderson (1983:12) stated that this situation
requires method for comparing the cost-effectiveness of different types of educational sponsoring
organisations such that programme managers and administrators will use appropriate guidelines for
establishing financial policy within the organizations.
Some other scholars observed that since educational expenditure continued to increase
dramatically programme outcomes do not appear to be rising (Geske 1979, Mohammed et al 1988).
Adult literacy education programmes in Nigeria are not free from the above problems. Adult literacy field
workers in Nigeria stress the point that most of their programme centres have serious financial and
14
wastage problems. Adult post-literacy education programmes in the public and private sectors in Nigeria
may be facing these problems in similar or in different dimensions.
The adult post-literacy education programmes in the public and private sectors which are facing
constrained resources and wastage in the form of high dropout and collapse rates lead one to question
the effectiveness of such programmes. Cost effectiveness analysis is a tool that assists programme
managers and administrators choose among alternatives, on the basis of least counts and greatest
effectiveness (Geske 1979: 453.) It is also a technique for comparing programmes and may be used to
assess similar programmes for different student population (Carpenter and Haggart 1970:26).
This study is concerned with cost-effectiveness of adult post-literacy education in the Imo and
Lagos public and private sectors of Nigeria. Cost-effectiveness indicators are inputs and outputs of adult
post literacy education.
The input variables are all the tangible and quantifiable resources used in the programme; these
are measured in monetary terms (cost); while the outcomes (performance) are measured by students'
performance scores (Geske 1979; Rossi et al 1979). Other output indicators are the rates of dropout,
collapse, success/failure and completer rates.
This research study tries to investigate the adult post-literacy dropout, collapse, completer and
performance score rates as well as the unit cost for training an adult and the cost-effectiveness ratios of
the public and private sector programmes. This study therefore compares the rate of the above
indicators in the public with those of the private sectors. Some other factors which influence the
programmes inputs and outputs, such as the participants' characteristics are analysed.
This study tested these hypotheses:1.
The dropout rate of students in the public and private sectors of adult post-literacy education
will be identical.
2.
There will be no significant difference in the collapse/mortality rate between adult post-literacy
education centres in the public and private sectors.
3.
There is no significant difference in the unit cost of training an adult in both the public and
private sector programmes.
4.
The measured performance indicators in the public and private sector programmes will show
no significant difference.
5.
There are no significant differences in the cost-effectiveness ratios between the public and
private sector programmes.
The above hypotheses were analysed or tested with data collected from the field. The instruments
used for data collection include two sets of questionnaire, interview schedule; documents and records as
well as direct observation of programme centres. Thirty-four programme centres, involving twenty-three
public and eleven private centres were sampled for this study. From these centres seven hundred and
sixteen students, thirty-four instructors and six supervisors were sampled to provide information needed
for data analysis and hypotheses testing.
It is found from the results that there existed significant differences in the students dropout rates
and in the programme centres collapse rates between the public and private sector programmes. We,
therefore, infer that the public sector programmes have higher wastage (collapse and dropout) indicators
than the private sectors. Test of significance does not show significant difference in the unit cost of
training an adult between the public and private sectors.
The performance scores of students in the programme's three compulsory subjects are found to
show significant differences between the public and private sectors. The cost-effectiveness ratios of
these two sets of programmes did not show any significant difference. This perhaps implies that resource
utilization in both the public and private sector programmes is not efficient.
Generally we deduce that since the private sector programmes show lower wastage rates, higher
performance score rates and no significant differences in the mean annual cost of training an adult, than
15
the public sector programmes, the private sector programmes can be said to be more cost-effective than
the public sector programmes.
It is worthy to recommend that the adult post literacy education and other education managers
and policy-makers should identify the lapses in the public programme sectors which promote higher
dropout and collapse rates as well as the factors that minimize students performance. Efforts must be
made to encourage accountability of educational resources especially among public programme
participants.
The programme participants should be motivated by paying their instructor regularly and by
providing readings, instructional and recreational facilities. Problem candidates especially the old adults
and those with family problems should be given extra help to promote their interest and continued
participation in the programme. Restriction of programme expansion is a necessity where resources are
inadequate to maintain new programme centres.
UL-017-ADE-91
MUSA BWALSOM MICHAEL
THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION ON RURAL FARMERS IN
GONGOLA STATE
Principally, the purpose of undertaking a study of a sample of 400 subsistence cultivators of guinea
corn (Sorghum in three of the five farming zones identified by the Gongola Agricultural Development
Programme (GADP) in Gongola State, with a sample of 4 Local Government Areas (LGAs): Numan, Song,
Yola and Zing were:
1.
to evaluate the extent to which farmers are responsive to the farming innovations being
introduced to them;
2.
to evaluate the extent to which inputs into subsistence farming are adequate; and
3.
to identify reasons for farmers' adoption or non-adoption of the recommended practices.
The study used the user-focused (farmers') perspective for examining the effects of agricultural
extension education on subsistence farmers in Gongola State. Some theoretical questions guided the
study, and from the theoretical question derived from the literature on adoption of modern
recommended practice, six tentative hypotheses were advanced that:
1.
Length of exposure to agricultural extension education will not influence the practice of
subsistence farming among farmers in the State.
2.
Farm-yield expectation among farmers with improved agricultural technology will not be
significantly high than those of traditional farmers.
3.
Attendance at farming demonstration sessions will not bring about abandonment of traditional
farming practices.
4.
Subsistence farmers' adoption of modern agricultural practices is not dependent upon their
form of relationship with the Agricultural Extension Agent.
5.
Adoption of modern farming practices is not influenced by farmers' membership of Agricultural
Co-operative Societies.
6.
Services rendered by Agricultural Extension Agent to subsistence farmers will fall below the
expectations of the farmers.
On the basis of the empirical data collected, the results were analysed through the use of the X2,
which was the major analytical tool; means and percentages were also used, together with the t-test to
evaluate rate of adoption in the use of the widely-used inputs or machinery among the respondents. The
correlational test of relationships were carried out through the phi-coefficient (ro) and the contingency
co-efficient (C).
16
The analysis of the data led to the rejection of all the tentative hypotheses. It was found that
adoption of modern farming practices among subsistence farmers had a relationship with:
(i)
Exposure to agricultural extension programmes;
(i)
yield expectation from improved agricultural technology;
(ii)
participation in farming demonstrations organized by Agricultural Extension Agents;
(iii)
the form of relationship that existed between the farmers and the Agricultural Extension
Agents;
(iv)
Subsistence farmers' membership in Agricultural Co-operative Societies; and
(v)
the roles expectation that farmers had of all the services being performed by the Agricultural
Extension Agents.
On the basis of the findings, the following recommendations were put forward:
(i)
that the Gongola Agricultural Development Programme (GADP) adopt a comprehensive
integrated approach in its functions so that other components of development fields (Adult Education,
Rural Development, Agricultural Co-operatives, Health Education, Home Economics, Community
Education and so on) would be involved in its programme;
(ii)
that the sale of farm inputs to farmers be highly subsidized so that the farmers can afford
them;
(iii)
that the training of more extension agents especially female Agricultural Extension Agents be
undertaken;
(iv)
that farmers be exposed more effectively and adequately to organized agricultural extension
education through:
farming.
frequent visits by Agricultural Extension Agents;
promotion of more cordial relationships between the extension educators and the farmers;
educating farmers in the effective use of pesticides, fungicides, weedicides, and so on;
appropriate training of extension educators in adult psychology, adult sociology, and so on;
agricultural co-operative which fosters the stimulation and sustenance of group approaches in
UL-018-ADE-92
AGBIONU OKEKE EDWIN
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL
MODES OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE LAGOS METROPOLIS
Vocational education constitutes a vital segment of an educational system through which any
society can improve the productive activities of its workers, reduce unemployment and stimulate
technology development. Vocational education attracts the attention of education policy makers,
development planners and manpower developers. In the field of adult education, vocational education
of workers is an issue of prime importance. By virtue of this a lot of both private and public resources are
being invested in vocational education programmes.
In Nigeria in particular, the new National Policy on Education has increased emphasis on vocational
education in the formal school system. This has increased the government expenditure on formal
education, yet the facilities for providing vocational education in the formal school system are woefully
inadequate. To a suggestion that non-formal alternatives should be introduced into the formal settings
of vocational education, counter arguments have been raised that in the long run such arrangement will
17
not be cost-affective. There is therefore, the need to find out the mode of vocational educational in
which investments are more cost-effective.
This study is concerned with cost-effectiveness measures in the formal and non-formal systems of
vocational education. The study investigated the circumstances of training vocational workers in the two
modes of vocational education. It looked at the cost of training of a group of workers, trained in formal
vocational institutions and their earnings from employment and compared these variables with the
similar variables that prevail in the training of their counterparts who went through apprenticeship
system and other non-formal schemes of vocational education. It also investigated and compared the
job-performance effectiveness of the two groups of workers, the training techniques as well as skill
acquisition in the two modes of vocational education through the current trainees. These variables
constitute measures of cost-effectiveness the level of which the study sought to determine in the two
modes of vocational education.
The study tested nine null hypotheses which were formulated on the following variables:
(1)
(2)
The levels of cost of the two modes of vocational education.
The earnings of the workers trained in the two modes of vocational education.
(3)
The ratio of earnings to cost for the two groups of workers.
(4)
The association between the level of cost of vocational education and the length of vocational
training programme.
(5)
The association between choice of programmes, based on cost, and the economic status of the
parents.
(6)
The job-effectiveness of the two groups of workers.
(7)
The skills achievement of the current trainees in the two modes of vocational education.
(8)
The involvement of rigid and flexible situations that may influence opportunity costs in the
methods of training in the two modes of vocational education.
(9)
The level of cost-effectiveness in the two modes of vocational education.
The data from which the hypotheses were tested were collected from the field through the
questionnaires and interviews. Data were also collected from the secondary sources that include records
and documents. The primary sources of data for this study consists of responses of three hundred
vocational workers, one hundred current trainees and one hundred supervisors of the vocational worker,
all in the Lagos Metropolis.
The data collected were analysed using normal distribution statistical variate 'z' to test for the
difference of two means in the levels of variables in the two groups and chi-Square 'X2' to test for the
association between variables. Measures of central tendency such as range, mean and percentages were
used for descriptive purposes.
The study found that investment on non-formal vocational education programmes are more costeffective than investments on formal vocational education programmes. Cost-effectiveness in this case
refers to efficiency in costs coupled with the effectiveness of the programme.
The study found that while non-formal vocational educational education programmes are less
costly than the formal vocational education programmes, almost the same quantity of returns accrues to
investments on both formal and non-formal vocational education. This implies higher cost-efficiency for
non-formal vocational education. It was also found that the workers trained in non-formal vocational
education system perform their jobs more effectively than the workers trained in the formal vocational
education system. This also implies that non-formal vocational education programmes are more
effective than the formal vocational education programmes.
18
The study recommends measures for improving both formal and non-formal vocational education
systems. For the formal vocational education system, it is recommended that: the curricula should make
for more practical work similar to the real practice on the job: teachers to be kept abreast of
development in their fields; training techniques to be more flexible and improvisation emphasized to
reduce cost, and finally the selection of prospective trainees to be based on vocational aptitude given a
minimum level of academic qualification.
For the non-formal education system, it is recommended that: the level of pre-apprenticeship
general education should be increased while length of the apprenticeship period should be reduced; the
supply of a non-formal vocational education programmes to be recognized, for workers to be
remunerated according to productivity and not according to certificates, and finally, non-formal and
formal education programmes should be seen as complementary settings of sound vocational education
system rather than parallel arrangements that can operate independent of one another.
UL-019-ADE-92
FASHOLA OLUFUNMILAYO WINIFRED (MRS)
VALUE SYSTEMS OF PARENTS AND THEIR TEENAGE CHILDREN: IMPLICATIONS FOR FAMILY
LIFE EDUCATION IN LAGOS.
M.Phil Adult Education (1992) 131pp.
One of the problems confronting modern society is the incidence of alienation between parents and
their children. In traditional times, when families were the sole socialising agents, a greater cohesion
revealed between the attitudes of member of the different generations.
In more recent times, when children are exposed to school, teachers, peers, and significant others,
a greater dichotomy between their value system usually results, with often serious implications for social
stability.
This study was carried out to estimate the relationship between teenagers and their parental
generation. As a pure scientific study, its findings are expected first and foremost to increase the
knowledge of Adult Educators, social workers and parents about the problem and secondly to suggest
ways by which they could mediate between parents and their children so as to avoid bigger generational
conflict developing into uncontrollable proportions.
Two hundred teenagers were randomly selected and questionnaire administered on them and one
of their parents in each case. The questionnaire largely consisted of position statements to which
respondents were to react by showing the extent of their agreement or disagreement with the position
stated.
The Kruskal Wallis and other statistical tests were applied to estimate the extent of conformity or
disagreement pertaining to issues related to - Training and Upbringing, Differences in value systems held
by members of the two generations, with parent hanging on to the values and morals with which they
are familiar and which served as the basis of their upbringing while their children are real products of a
scientific age, seeking experimentation, individual achievement and autonomy. The parents' generation
conflicts with the youth's generation with regard to basic fundamental norms and value systems.
Attempt to enforce such outmoded value systems has often led to conflicts between parents and
their teenage children as both of them are caught in the transitional world which is from a traditional
culture into a more urbanised, scientific age. The objective of the study also was to investigate the
values which parents and teenagers hold, to identify the areas where there are differences in the outlook
of parent and their teenage children, examine the consequences of these differences in term of these
differences in term of the possibility of generating conflicts in the relationship between parents and their
children and suggest forms of educational intervention that can help reduce tension.
UL-020-ADE-92
JEGEDE OLASUPO IYIOLA
19
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED LITERACY AND PREVENTIVE HEALTH-CARE
EDUCATION PROGRAMME IN THE IMOTA AREA OF LAGOS STATE.
Ph.D Adult Education (1992) 291 pp.
The present work has tried to provide answers to the following questions:i.
What factors motivate people to participate in literacy programmes?
ii.
How can the consciousness of rural dwellers be raised, especially regarding causes and
prevention of diseases and the importance of healthy living through the application of literacy education,
so that rural dwellers can take initiatives to improve their health conditions?
iii.
What role or roles does participation play in the introduction of innovative ideas among rural
dwellers?
iv.
Can literacy be used as a tool for inculcating desirable values and attitudes on healthy living in
rural illiterate
communities?
v.
Can relatively permanent consciousness regarding causes and prevention of diseases and the
importance of healthy living be achieved through dialogue and conscientization?
vi.
Can a post-literacy programme for neo-literates significantly increase their application of
acquired skills to real-life situations?
vii.
Can a post-literacy programme for neo-literates make a significant contribution towards
improving their Quality of life?
viii.
Can a post-literacy programme for neo-literates make a significant contribution towards the
achievement of permanent literacy?
From the questions, ten hypotheses were formulated and tested.
The work was modelled after three theoretical constructs:
1.
Paulo Feire's conscientization and the Paulo Freire method of adult literacy education.
2.
The concept of participatory research;
3.
The concept of primary health care.
A search in the literature led to the adoption of some definitions. Conscientization was defined as the
process of raising the level of awareness of a group of people for the purpose of helping them to realise
their full potentials.
Participatory research was defined as a process of mobilizing the rural communities for fundamental
structural transformation of society and the improvement of the lives of the people involved.
For primary health care, the definition adopted at the Alma Ata, as quoted by Ransom-Kuti (1989) was
adopted.
The testing of the hypotheses was based on the development and dry-out of a six-month basic literacy
programme and a post-literacy programme, involving both an experimental group and a control group.
To gather data for testing the hypotheses formulated, five different types of instruments were used.
These included three sets of Questionnaire, one interview schedule, a monthly register a monthly report
and test papers. As a participatory research, the members of the experimental group were involved in
all he stages of the work.
To analyse the data obtained, simple percentages, the chi-square and the t-test statistics were
used.
Analyses of the data obtained gave the following findings in answer to the research questions and
as a result of the testing of the hypotheses:
20
i.
Continuous motivation of participants is necessary for the success of a literacy programme.
ii.
Level of awareness of Nigeria's rural dwellers, on health matters, is still very low, leading to
superstitions and fatalistic attitudes.
iii.
For the efforts toward primary health care to achieve appreciable success, especially in the
rural areas, there is the need to double efforts and adopt an integrated and an interdisciplinary approach
through the use of Paulo Freire's literacy and conscientization approach.
iv.
Lack of understanding (which can be rid of through participation), on the part of rural dwellers,
accounts for their lack of acceptance of innovative ideas.
v.
Literacy (especially Paulo Freire method) is a tool for the inculcation of desirable values and
attitudes on healthy living in rural illiterate communities.
vi.
Significant drop-out reduction and improved level of attendance and general performance in a
literacy programme can be achieved through the adoption of Freirean literacy method than through
traditional methods.
vii.
Participation in a post-literacy programme - especially as part of a total and continuous
development process - can significantly enhance the participants' application of their acquired skills to
real-life situations, their quest for more knowledge and their involvement in socio-economic, cultural and
day-to-day activities.
Recommendations:
The following recommendations were made:1.
All development workers must appreciate the value of humanistic approaches to all development
drives; perceive the relationship between primary health care and other development indices and, realize
the importance of the need to use educational programmes to aid their efforts.
2.
Primary health care programmes should involve active participation of people concerned and
should be integrated with other development programmes, with strong emphasis on inter-agency cooperation.
3.
Adult education practitioners should intensify research involving practical application of extant
theoretical constructs' and cooperative with other development agencies.
4.
Conscientization and Freire's Literacy method should be applied to mass-oriented programmes
and extended to post-literacy programmes.
5.
Conscientization should be looked at from the broader perspective of total development of man
and not just in the oppressed-oppressor situation only.
6.
Post-literacy programmes should always be planned as a necessary follow-up to basic literacy;
should be viewed from the perspective and total education package and not just production of reading
materials and, should be automatic for basic literacy graduates.
UL-021-ADE-93
ETIM UDO IME (MRS)
THE IMPACT OF A NON-FORMAL FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION PROGRAMME ON THE
RESPONSIVENESS OF WOMEN TO FAMILY PLANNING IN AKWA IBOM STATE.
21
This study describes some of the obstacles to the use of effective contraception in Nigeria. It tries
to find out how people can be informed about, and helped to have, the appropriate number of children
that they want and at the time that they want them. An examination of the part which family planning
services play, and could play, in the achievement of the goal of having appropriate sizes of families is the
focus of the study.
The need for the study was the fact that over-population in any country has the potential of
hampering development in all its aspects. i.e., at the individual, community and national levels. There is,
therefore, a need to check population over-growth; one way of doing this is the use of modern family
planning methods. To do this, it is necessary to ascertain the extent of "Knowledge of, Attitude to, and
Practice of (KAP), modern family planning in a society.
Thus is a case study of the KAP of modern family planning among the women of the Akwa Ibom
State of Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of all women of child-bearing age while the
sample (made up of one thousand, six hundred women) was drawn from two urban areas, two semiurban areas and four rural area from each of four Local Government Areas randomly chosen for the
study. The sample was divided into two equal parts to form the Treatment and Control groups.
The instruments used for data collection included a questionnaire, a structured oral interview
schedule and practical observations. A curriculum on family planning education and related matters was
developed and used for teaching family planning matters to the women in the Treatment group on a
three-month programme. At the end of the programme, the impact of the programme on the women
was assessed by the administration on the participants of a post-programme questionnaire and personal
interviews. Seven hypotheses and seven research questions were propounded to guide the study.
The data collected were subjected to univariate analysis through contingency tables to show
relationships and values in percentages and averages through bivariate and multivariate inferential
analyses by use of the chi-square (X2) for the establishment of associations between variables. The
testing of the seven hypotheses of the study yielded the following findings:
[1]
there is no significant relationship between the type of community (urban, semi-urban or rural)
and the adoption rates of family planning methods;
[2]
there is a significant relationship between the educational level of the recipients and the rate
of adoption of family measures;
[3]
there is a significant relationship between the level of income of participants and their
willingness to adopt family planning innovations;
[4]
there is no significant relationship between the ages of participants and their willingness to
adopt the innovations introduced to them;
[5]
there is a significant relationship between the occupations of participants and their willingness
to adopt the measures introduced to them;
[6]
there is no significant relationship between the religions of participants and their adoption
rates of family planning measures;
[7]
there is a significant relationship between exposure to a training programme on family
planning and the adoption rates of family planning measures.
Various recommendations emanated from the study on strategies for effective dissemination of
ideas on family planning and on getting individuals to adopt family planning measures. These include the
use of volunteers, doctors and nurses and other medical personnel, entertainers such as musicians and
artists, traditional and religious leaders, town criers, local experts, mass media, posters, handbills and
billboards, Non-Governmental organizations and private employers, to enlighten people on family
22
planning. The study recommended that men should be actively involved in family planning, and that
there should be a modification of peoples' values towards family planning and related matters.
UL-022-ADE-93
ONYEOZU MARTIN AUGUSTINE
A STUDY OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE RIVERS
STATE OF NIGERIA.
The fact of rural life in Nigeria today is that traditional rulers are no longer the only leaders in most
of our communities.
New forms of leadership have emerged in the past few decades in Nigeria as in other countries.
Modernization and a rapid wave of social and economic changes, coupled with the inability of traditional
rulers to adjust quickly enough to keep pace with these changes, have led to the emergence of new
leadership structures in the communities.
In all, four leadership models can be identified in a given Nigerian Community These are the
Traditional Ruler, Internal Elite, The External Elite and the Government Agents. The failure hitherto, of
authors in the field to recognise or acknowledge the presence of these other leadership models in the
community (apart from the traditional rulers) has led to errorneous conclusions about causes of failure of
Community Development efforts in such communities.
The study examined the extent to which leaders in the communities wield influence on Community
Developments efforts in eight Local Government Areas of Rivers State of Nigeria. It went further to
measure and compare the performance level (influence rate) of each of the models at the different
stages of accomplishment of selected community development projects in the area.
The different stages were Initiation, Planning and Execution.
The aim was to determine which of the leadership structures performed best at each stage of the
project, in order to be able to channel appropriate community resources to specific targets, to avoid
duplication or waste.
The data generated was analysed and the result of the data analysis shows that there was a
correlation between leadership influence and goal achievement in Community Development efforts.
Following this finding, the general influence rate of the different leadership structures was ranked. The
picture in order of performance stood as follows:
The Internal Elite
The Traditional Ruler
The Government Agent and
The External Elite
The various leadership models were later taken in pairs and their influence rates compared at each
of the 3 stages of project accomplishment. Some of the findings are as follows:
1.
The Traditional Ruler ranked higher than the External Elite in the Initiation stage.
2.
The Government Agent ranked higher than the External Elite in the planning stage.
3.
The performances of the Internal Elite and the External Elite cadres were at par in the
Execution Stage.
The implications of these findings for Community Development were also examined. Based on
these implications, some recommendations were made, including the following:
23
1.
That government should spell out specific roles of the various leadership cadres in the
implementation of self-help development projects, as this will minimize clash of interest and an overlap.
2. There should be a deliberate programme of community Education to sensitize local leaders to
take their roles seriously.
3. Government should encourage local leadership to justify itself and its own method of organising
the masses to achieve set objectives.
4. To ensure successful completion of development projects, matters concerning positional
authority, custody of funds and materials as well as records and consultation should be left to Traditional
rulers, while headship of implementation committees, communication and information dissemination as
well as special task force should be handled by the Internal Elite cadre.
5.
Finally, there is a strong need for further research on leadership participation in self-help, to find
out other ways that leaders can contribute to development efforts apart from merely influencing and
galvanizing people for action.
UL-023-ADE-95
EBO ADELEKE EMMANUEL
THE EFFECT OF THE ARMED FORCES RE-SETTLEMENT TRAINING ON THE POST-SERVICE
OCCUPATIONS OF EX-SERVICEMEN
This study was an attempt to investigate whether the discharging soldiers who undergo the
resettlement courses offered at the Nigerian Armed Forces Resettlement Centres, are able to secure
appropriate civilian employment. In addition, an attempt was made to ascertain if they are able to apply
themselves usefully to the civilian life they are re-entering. The following questions among others were
asked to address this central problem.
1.
Are the discharging soldiers who have had the benefit of the resettlement training able to secure
civilian employment readily.
2.
Are these discharging soldiers able to secure civilian jobs that are related to the skills they
acquired in the resettlement courses?
3.
Are these discharging soldiers able to settle down to their civilian, social and economic
environment?
The value of this study lies in the fact that participation in the resettlement training should facilitate extrainees in obtaining civilian or self-employment. It should also ensure that the ex-trainees are actually
utilising the skills they acquired during their course of training at the resettlement centres. In addition it
should also ensure that the ex-trainees are settling down and adjusting to their social and economic
civilian environment, properly and profitably.
The data employed in the study were collected from Lagos State. A large number of ex-trainees
from various states of Nigeria have either migrated to or remained in Lagos. The reason for this is
presumably because the state is both an industrial and agrarian area. The ex-trainees had hoped that
their chances of obtaining employment are brighter in Lagos area than any other areas of the country. A
sample of 200 ex-trainees were randomly selected from a population of 1000 ex-trainees.
This represented 20% of the population.
24
1.
The results of the study indicated that: Participation in the resettlement training facilitated extrainees in obtaining civilian employment. 66.8% of them reacted positively to the question whether the
training assisted or did not assist them in securing civilian employment.
2.
The resettlement training influenced ex-trainees in making the right choice of after-training
vocations. 93.7% of them said they did not experience much difficulties in making the choice of vocation
relevant to their pre-discharge resettlement training. 72.6% were not prone to changing jobs. This
further confirms that they had made the right choice of vocations in the first instance.
3.
Ex-trainees are actually utilizing the skills they acquired during their course of training at the
resettlement centres. Their pre-service skills also enhance their resettlement efforts. Only 22% said they
are not utilising the skills acquired.
4.
Extrainees claimed that they have adjusted easily to their social and economic civilian
environment. This finding contradicts the observations and assumptions of the researcher that exparticipants are prone to anti-social behaviours and misdemeanours.
5.
Ex-trainees are actually experiencing some difficulties in settling down to civil life. The two
most important of these difficulties are lack of capital to start off any meaningful business, and lack of
suitable living accommodation where to settle their families.
On the strength of the above findings the following recommendations were made:
1.
General and specific objectives must be more clearly stated and incorporated in the
programme which the trainees and the trainers alike can digest and understand.
2.
The department of counselling in Nigerian Armed Forces Resettlement Centre (NAFRC) should
be manned by trained counsellors.
3.
Continuous assessment of the programme should be embarked upon. The training must be so
structured that certification on completion of the programme should have civil equivalents.
4.
Publicity, conscious, deliberate and intensive selling of the multifarious benefits of the
programme to both retiring soldiers and the private sector of the economy must be vigorously pursued.
5.
A definite government policy should be directed towards ensuring that ex-soldiers obtain
suitable accommodation. This should be part of the resettlement programme that should motivate
participants and arouse enthusiasm in the programme.
6.
Resettlement training scheme should be extended to all other sectors of the economy such as
the civilian and para-military organisations.
UL-024-ADE-95
OBASHORO AYEDUN OLUWAYEMISI
AN EVALUATION OF FRENCH LANGUAGE PROGRAMMES FOR ADULTS IN PRIVATE
INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the provision of French Language study programmes for
adults in Nigeria as regards:
1.
Entry requirements into programmes and educational qualifications of students;
25
2.
Objectives for which programme were established and courses taught;
3.
The availability and adequacy of teaching methods and materials;
4.
The suitability of adult learning environments;
5.
The professional qualifications, experiences and attitudes of teachers.
The central problem was to investigate the extent to which objectives, content, methodology, human
and material resources and other inputs were adequate. Some theoretical issues guided the study.
These were derived from related studies in French Language teaching, aims of teaching and learning
French, content, teaching methods and teaching or instructional aids. From these, six null hypotheses
were advanced:
1.
The students' educational qualifications would bear no relationship to the learner perceived
success of programmes.
2.
There would be no significant relationship between level of provision of recognised language
and adult learning facilities (language laboratory and other forms of audio-visual materials) and the
learner perceived success of programmes.
3.
Teachers' years of teaching experience would not be significantly related to the number of
teaching methods used.
4.
There would be no significant relationship between the availability of suitable adult learning
conditions (effective ventilation, suitable seats and adequate lighting) and the learner perceived success
of programmes.
5.
Teachers' characteristics would bear no significant relationship to the learner perceived success
of programmes.
6.
Teacher-student communication and interaction level will not be significantly high.
The population of the study embraced all the students, teachers and Directors of Studies in all the
French Language Programme Centres in Nigeria. 628 students, 32 teachers, and six Directors of studies
made up to the sample. The Centres were selected on the basis of a cluster random sampling carried
out, while the subjects were selected through the proportional sampling technique. The locations of the
centres were Enugu, Ibadan and Lagos.
The main instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. Three sets of questionnaires were
administered on students, teachers and Directors of Studies. Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories
was also used as an observation schedule on the teachers from six Centres. The data collected were
analysed through simple percentages, the chi-square and the T-test as analytical tools.
Analysis of the data obtained gave the following findings in answer to the research questions and
from the testing of the hypotheses. It was found that learner perceived success of programmes had a
significant relationship with:
1.
Adequacy of radio cassettes, video tapes and films on the French Language;
2.
Availability and suitability of adult learning conditions, such as ventilation, seats and lighting;
3.
Teachers' encouragement of students, teachers' courteous treatment of students, teachers'
knowledge of the subject-matter and teachers' motivation of students.
26
On the other hand, it was found that there was no significant relationship between learner
perceived success of programmes and:1.
Students' educational qualifications; and
2.
Adequacy of the language laboratory and films on French culture.
3.
Also, teachers' years of teaching experience was not significantly related to the number of
teaching methods which they employed.
On the basis of the findings, the following recommendations were made:1.
All teachers who teach language to adults should undergo continuing orientation courses in
Seminars, Workshops and Conferences.
Issues of study at such courses should include the methods of teaching language to adults, handicaps of
adults in learning and language learning.
2.
Teachers of adults should be exposed to adult psychology and adult sociology. Through
training, would-be teachers of adults would be exposed to the problems of adult learners.
3.
Trainers of teachers of adults should make teachers of adults conscious of the fact that
language learning can be made more effective as a result of:a.
The use of adult-oriented methods of teaching;
b.
Effective participation of learners in the learning activity;
c.
A cordial inter-personal relationship between the educators and the learners; and
d.
Meeting of learners' needs.
4.
Language learning centres should be equipped with modern and adequate resources for
teaching French to adults, Language laboratories should be provided. Current periodicals, books, video
films and radio cassettes should be amply available. Excursion to French cultural events and to
Francophone countries should be encouraged and where possible, made integral to the course.
5.
Provision should be made for adults learning French in the non-formal setting to use the
Language Village being currently provided for French Language learners in the formal setting.
UL-025-ADE-96
NWAGU ROSEMARY EBERE (MRS)
THE LEVEL OF ADOPTION OF SANITATION AND WATER PURIFICATION COMPONENTS OF
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IN LAGOS STATE.
Ph. D Adult Education (1996) 274pp.
Rural communities in Nigeria and indeed in most developing countries are breeding grounds for
diseases. This has been accounted for by the object poverty and neglect most of these communities live
in. Genuine enlightment efforts have been mounted but their successes have been limited owing to
various factors ranging from inappropriate communication methods to negative attitudes of target
populations towards change.
27
Still a certain level of awareness has been created hence this study set out to study the actual level
at which this has been translated into adoption behaviour.
The following findings were made in the study:
1.
A significant positive correlation was established between traditional beliefs and awareness of
modern sanitation and water purification practices thus indicating at 5% level of test that high level of
traditionalism has a negative influence on awareness.
2
There was a significant difference in the behaviour of respondents whose awareness for
modern health practices is high and their counterparts who are traditonalists by orientation and
behaviour.
3.
The measurement of attitude change in rural dweller respondents showed that the insignificant
change there was, was coerced rather than internalised.
4
A significant difference was found in the level of awareness of modern sanitation and water
purification habits of literate and non-literate persons.
5
No significant difference was, however, found between literate and non-literate rural dweller
respondents in their adoption of modern sanitation and water purification practices.
6.
The positive attitude of VHMs tended to increase the probability of internalization.
7.
Preferred communication methods of teaching rural dwellers did not produce the same learning
outcome.
These findings were used in a follow-up qualitative research using the Focus Group Discussion
Technique. The findings resulting from the research corroborated the already established findings and
provided reasons for the stance of the target group. Among the reasons given are lack of access to
material resources (poverty) and inavailability of good drinking water.
Among the recommendations made was a suggestion that the introduction of change in rural
communities must be made participatory in order for them to be effective.
UL-026-ADE-96
ONABAJO SUNDAY OLUFEMI
THE IMPACT OF RADIO AND TELEVISION RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES ON THE
PEOPLE OF BADAGRY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE.
There are a lot of misconceptions about the effects of mass media, on the rural population. More
often than not, the same yardstick has been applied, for both urban and rural dwellers, when information
is passed to them. There is also the misconception that once this information is passed, it will elicit the
required responses.
These fallacies of mass media effect, are derived from the hypodermic needle effect, of early mass
communicators, who saw the mass media, as a stimulus response situation. Although government in its
quest for rural development has encouraged the establishment of Community Development Associations
and has tried to involve them, to some extent on development issues, however rural development is still
being conceptualized in terms of acquisition of physical structure, like schools, post offices, rural roads
etc. Government has still not addressed the minds of the rural people, that is, the development of self.
28
There is little rural development content in media messages, beamed to the rural dwellers. Those
development messages transmitted, through the electronic media have no imput from the rural dwellers,
hence the distancing effect exhibited to the messages. Do rural development programmes through radio
and television have any impact on the people and how can rural development be properly effected,
through well co-ordinated development - oriented programmes? These are the questions, this study
attempted to answer.
The following hypotheses were proposed and tested?
[1]
The mode of presentation of rural development programmes to the people and their responses
would not be influenced by media deployment through radio and television.
[2]
The use of either radio or television to transmit information on development, will make no
difference to the people of Badagry area.
[3]
No preference will be shown to the electronic media, as against other media of information in
transmitting development - oriented messages.
[4]
Conditioned exposure to radio and television programmes, such as family planning, modern
agricultural practice, and health care will make no difference, on the rural people's understanding of
these programme.
[5]
Local leaders will not influence the rural dwellers response, to development - oriented
messages, on the electronic media.
[6]
The rural people will show no preference, to any electronic medium channel, for transmitting
information about development to them.
[7]
media.
Sex will have no influence on performance test, after conditioned exposure to the electronic
[8]
Discontinuation of Conditioned exposure, for a year, will not lead to a significant loss of
knowledge, by the rural people.
[9]
Radio and television programme packaging, is not influenced by the electronic media personnel,
but by the rural people.
Six hundred respondents were drawn from six villages in the Badagry local government area of
Lagos State. So also were ninety local leaders identified. Sixty electronic media personnel were selected
from NTA Ikeja, Radio Lagos and Lagos Television, whose principal coverage area is Lagos State.
Through the appropriate use of two study designs which included:
(1)
(2)
The ex-post facto design and
the experimental research design, the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.
All the data collected were subjected to the Z - test, student t and analysis of Variance statistical
analyses and the study came out, with the following findings.
[1]
Radio was discovered, to be a potent medium of communication, by the rural people, because
it is relatively cheaper to acquire. Radio is easily adaptable to many languages.
[2]
If the problem of access to television sets is resolved, then television as a medium of
communicating development - oriented messages, will be preferred by the rural population.
[3]
Local leaders play a vital role in assimilation of new ideas aimed at rural development.
[4]
The Channel of communication used, for rural development programmes, is a very important
factor, for the imbibing of change.
[5]
The Electronic media for now, should be used for development - oriented messages, to the
rural people.
29
[6]
The mode of presentation of development messages, will aid rural development.
UL-027-ADE-96
POPOOLA TIMOTHY OLUSOLA
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL LEVELS AND VOCATIONAL COMPETENCE
AMONG SELECTED APPRENTICES.
This study sets out to investigate whether formal educational levels have an impact on vocational
competence in apprenticeship training in some trades in Ogun, Osun and Oyo States of Nigeria. The
study examines whether any of such impact varies from trade to trade. These trades are classified into
four categories - building and construction trades, metalworking trades, printing trades, and fashionoriented trades. In essence, the study examines the transferability of skills acquired through formal
education to other areas of learning, in this case, vocational training.
Various subjects are included in the school curriculum on the basis of their utility and wide
applicability to the situations of an individual's life in the society. Subjects are taught in the primary and
secondary schools on the assumption that children will use the acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes
after completing their formal education to solve problems of life such as the ones encountered in
vocational training. Therefore, the importance of testing transferability of learning from one sub-system
of lifelong education to another sub-system cannot be over-emphasized.
The study is a significant step forward in making lifelong education a reality in Nigeria. It is a
positive step towards implementing the Federal Republic of Nigeria's (1981) National Policy on Education
which states that at any stage of the formal education process after the initial education, an individual
will be able to choose between his full-time studies, combing work with study, to embarking on full-time
employment without excluding the prospect of resuming studies later on.
Analysis of data at .05 level of significance showed the following findings in relation to the
hypotheses tested:
1.
Educational levels have significant relationships with the vocational competence and technical
skills of apprentices. However, educational levels have no significant relationship with interpersonal
relationship skills of apprentices.
2.
The relationship between educational level and vocational competence of apprentices vary
according to trades.
3.
Non-completers and successful completers of educational programmes vary in their vocational
competence during apprenticeship training.
4.
Technical skills and interpersonal relationship skills do not vary with each other according to
the educational levels of apprentices though they vary according to apprentices' trades.
5.
The varied lengths of time spent in apprenticeship after the first year have no significant
relationship with vocational competence of apprentices.
6.
After the age of sixteen years, age has no significant relationship with the vocational
competence of apprentices.
The findings of this study imply that governments should make education available, affordable and
compulsory for all children in the country up to the end of the junior secondary school level or till a child
has attained the age of sixteen. The study shows that leaving school before the end of junior secondary
school or the age of sixteen to start vocational endeavour is neither profitable nor economical for the
individuals, their families or the nation.
30
Also, functional literacy programmes should be provided for apprentices and artisans who have
never had the advantage of formal education; functional and remedial education should be provided for
apprentices who left formal school system prematurely; further education should be provided for
different categories of completers of formal education system among apprentices and artisans in order to
improve their knowledge and skills which the study has established to have positive relationship with
vocational competence.
Also, even though the relationship between educational levels and vocational competence is
statistically significant, for a real practical application, there is a need for more vertical articulation and
horizontal integration of these two sub-systems of lifelong education so that they can serve jointly as an
effective tool for national economic and social development.
UL-028-ADE-97
ADESANYA LAWRENCE OLUBIYI
THE INDIVIDUALISED INSTRUCTION: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE
IMPACT OF MASTERY BASED INSTRUCTION ON ADULT LEARNERS IN A DISTANCE
EDUCATION PROGRAMME.
Ph.D. Adult Education (1997) 191pp.
Except for the few studies carried out at Athanasca University, Canada, very little effort had been
made by educational researchers to investigate the impact of mastery-based instruction (MBI) in distance
education. Despite the fact that distance education and MBI share similarities such as individualization of
instruction, separation of learner from instructor, self-assessment tests, use of clear objectives in
instruction and occasional meetings; many educational researchers are showing very little interest in the
MBI approach. Whereas many empirical findings from studies dealing with the comparison of MBI and
non-mastery approaches in the formal educational setting have been widely reported in the literature,
there have been no such reports for distance education. Most of these available reports are in favour of
the MBI approach while others indicate mixed results. This situation has therefore left the question about
the impact of MBI in distance education in NIgeria unanswered.
In an attempt to provide such answers, this study first examined the methods used in distance
educational institutions in Nigeria with a view to ascertaining their conformity with the modern
technology of distance education. The study investigated the impact of MBI approach when used in a
distance learning setting in Nigeria. Also, the study looked into the relationship between length of
instructional period and level of achievement in a distance education programme employing the MBI
approach.
The study involved comparisons which spanned two academic years and were carried out under
controlled conditions with balanced, experimental design involving randomly selected 850 students of the
University of Lagos Corresponds and Open Studies Institute (COSIT) and the National Teacher’s
Institute (NTI).
The instruments developed and used for collecting data for this study included structured interviews
with students and instructors, a pretest, an MBI programme on Educational Technology, diagnostic tests,
a post-test and a questionnaire for the subjective rating of the MBI programme. The data collected were
analysed with the use of percentages for the score ranges and means, analysis of variance for the
determining distribution between length of instructional period and level of achievement.
Results indicated a significant superiority for MBI application in distance education. While a significant
relationship was found between length of instructional period and level of achievement, the results
established that as the length of instruction increase the level of achievement, also increase. However, it
was discovered that this was not the case with all the participating subjects since there were a few
exceptions.
Some conclusions were made in the study that :
31
(1) the use of the MBI approach brought about learning improvement for the experimental groups as
compared with the non mastery group,
(2)
Sex did not affect the effectiveness of the
almost equally improved their learning achievement .
(3
mastery approach as both men and women
the longer the period used for instruction, the better the level of achievement of the learners,
(4)
most distance learners preferred the mastery approach to learning than the non-mastery
methods, and
(5)
the effectiveness demonstrated in this study by the application of the MBI approach could not
be divorced from its potential strengths of individual pacing, formative testing, remedial instruction and
immediate feedback on progress.
Recommendations:
The report included suggestions on the use of MBI in formal institutions and distance educational
institutions. It also recommended investigations into the systematic development of appropriate learning
materials and longitudinal studies covering several academic years in order to investigate further the
impact of the MBI approach on learning.
UL-029-ADE-97
OKE GANIYU GODONU
THE CONTRIBUTION OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTES IN LAGOS STATE TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL MANPOWER IN NIGERIA.
This study investigated the extent to which a sample of the Vocational Training Institutes (VTIs) in
Lagos State are contributing to the development of technical manpower in Nigeria. This involved:1.
Assessing:
(a) the adequacy of training inputs. (notably, facilities and staffing);
(b) the scope of programmes offered;
(c) methods used to enhance good
standards in training programmes;
(d) quality of training imparted;
(e) outputs of trained manpower
and
(f) employment prospects of graduates of the VTIs;
II.
identifying factors influencing training efficiency, programme participation and continuing
learning in the institutes.
Four different types of instruments were developed, try-tested and used. These included
three sets of questionnaire and one structured interview. The subjects included 60 training managers
sample, 351 trainees sample and 234 continuing learners sample.
Statistical tools used were (1) the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, (2) Professor
Spearman Brown's rank difference statistics, (3) t-ratio, (4) t-Test, (5) the Chi-Squared test of
association, (6) the two-way classification analysis of variance, (7) simple percentages and (8) means.
Statistical evidence from the analysis of the relevant data obtained and test of the seven major
hypotheses that were postulated in the study showed the following major findings:-
32
1.
The number of class/special rooms provided by the institutes and the number of teachers
employed were adequate for the existing student populations in training.
2.
The VTIs produced a total output of 5,698 trained personnel during the current training year.
The middle-level technical manpower accounted for the largest (0ver 70.0 per cent) of the total output.
3.
Most of the 25 programmes offered in the institutes were generalised forms of programmes
aimed at producing broadly trained technical personnel.
4.
The VTIs sought to enhance good standards in their programmes through the use of
examinations and involvement of outsiders in a wide range of their activities.
5.
The VTIs placed greater emphasis on the development of practical skills than on cognitive skills
at both the craft and middle levels of programmes offered.
6.
As high as 72.0 per cent of the total population of the immediate past graduates of the VTIs
were gainfully employed. However, a significant population of the secretaries trained during the same
period were not gainfully employed.
7.
With the interplay of two or more variables, certain institutes were more efficient than others.
For instance, institutes that had small numbers of class/special rooms and targeted their programmes at
certain large groups were more efficient than their counterparts having large numbers of class/special
rooms but whose programmes were not directed at any large groups of clientele.
8.
school.
Most school-leavers tended to enrol for vocational training late, that is, after 5 years of leaving
9.
Participants in the institutes' continuing vocational training programmes differed significantly in
their motives for continuing learning.
10.
Finally, there was a high correlation between the level of motivation of continuing learners and
the extent to which they frequently engaged in continuing learning.
Among the recommendations were the suggestions that:1.
Government should harmonise the programmes offered in the VTIs and the nation's formal
technological institutions into a comprehensive system of higher technological education for the
production of the large pool of middle-level technical manpower in short supply in Nigeria.
2.
Employers of the broadly trained graduates of the VTIs should provide on-the-job training to
enable those so widely trained to perform specialised functions.
3.
Proprietors of inefficient institutes, who probably admitted students once in a year and ran
single streams, should admit on a more frequent basis and run multiple streams.
4.
Finally, government should step up career guidance and counselling services in schools to
reduce the time that young school-leavers waste after graduation fantasizing about vocations.
UL-030-ADE-98
OLADAPO CECILIA OLUBUNMI (MRS.)
33
WOMEN'S LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION IN LITERACY PROGRAMMES IN LAGOS STATE: A
PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS
This study investigated the participation rate of women in literacy activities in Lagos State with
special emphasis on how their psycho-socio-cultural situation influence their decisions to participate or
not to participate. The sample for the study was taken from all the fifteen Local Government Areas of
Lagos State. However, four hundred and fifty (450) women were randomly selected for the study out of
the total of 1,344 participants which constituted the population of the study. The major purposes of
visiting all the Local Government Areas in Lagos State were to:1. find out the extent to which women were participating in literacy programmes;
2. find out the response rate of the women participants to the instructions in the programme;
3. determine the factors working against women's decision to participate in literacy programmes;
4. measure the psycho-socio-cultural constraints affecting women's participation in literacy
programmes; and
5. evaluate the relevance of the contents of the programmes to the psycho-socio-cultural needs of the
female participants.
Basically, three theories guided the study, and the views of authors on psychology as well as
sociology of adults were also employed.
Also, eight null hypotheses were advanced; they were:
1.
Women's inter-personal relationship with others will not influence their level of participation in
literacy activities.
2.
Women who are conscientized and sensitized in social activities like political and religious
programmes will not participate in literacy programmes more regularly than their counterparts who are
not.
3.
Women who believe that the instructions received from literacy programmes are related to their
day-to-day activities will not participate more regularly in literacy programmes than their counterparts
who do not have the same belief.
4.
Women who desire to be able to read, write and sign their names will not participate more
regularly in literacy programmes than their counterparts who desire social status or ability to participate
in politics.
5.
Physical and emotional separation of nursing mothers from their children will no
influence their level of participation in literacy programmes.
6.
Women whose family members are supportive of the programme will not participate more
regularly in literacy programmes than those whose family members are not.
7.
Women whose friends are supportive of their participation will not participate more regularly in
literacy activities than those in the reverse situation.
8.
Women whose social activities are numerous will not participate more regularly in Literacy
activities than those whose social activities are few.
The results of the empirical data collected were analysed using X2; this analytical tool served as
the major tool that was used for analysing the data collected from the study. However, means and
percentage analytical tools were also used. Also, co-efficient of contingency analytical tool was used to
measure the direction of the relationship among the variables.
Thus, the analysis of the data using all these analytical tools led to the rejection of seven of the
eight null hypotheses. The results established the fact that women's participation in literacy activities has
a relationship with:1.
Cordial relationship among participant.
2.
Social awareness of the participants in social activities;
3.
Content of the literacy programmes;
34
4.
Physical and emotional life of nursing mothers and their children;
5.
The needs of the participants;
6.
Supports and encouragement from members of the family of the participants;
7.
Support and encouragement from friends; of the participants and their level of involvement in
social activities.
Flowing from the outcome of the study, the following recommendations were made:1. The three tiers of Government (Federal, State and Local Government) should endeavour to utilize
the media for the campaign. This will enable them to get to the grassroots women since the present
house-to-house method of campaign is ineffective in making the bulk of the illiterate women aware of
the programme:- therefore radio and television should be involved in the campaign.
2.
Government should design programme that would and motivate the illiterate women to learn.
This type of programme should involve the cultural and religious organizations to which most of these
women belong. This will help our women to better understand their culture and religion.
3.
Functional literacy should be more encouraged. This will motivate the women since it will make
them more useful to themselves.
4.
Also government should monitor the programme and see that most of the participants proceed
to post-literacy level. At present, very small percentage of the participants in literacy activities proceed to
post-literacy level. Government through the media campaign should spell out the importance of postliteracy programme and encourage women to participate in it.
UL-031-ADE-98
EGBUWOKU EMILY ENIWO (MRS)
THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONALITY TRAITS EMPLOYMENT FACTORS AND LEISURE
EDUCATION ON LEISURE BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN THE LAGOS AREA OF NIGERIA .
Ph.D Adult Education 1998 151pp.
This study set out to investigate the influence of personality traits and employment factors on leisure
activities, that is, it wanted to examine the relative difference between personality types and
employment groups in their participation in leisure activities. It further wanted to determine the effect of
low level and high level participation in leisure activities on people's lives. Another area of interest to the
investigator was the influence of exposure to leisure education on the leisure behaviour of adults in the
Lagos area of Nigeria. This study was motivated by the apparent neglect of leisure activities in the lives
of people in the Lagos area. The work would probe into not only the factors responsible for this neglect
but also find out what could be done to improve the consciousness of the people. It is generally agreed
that wisely chosen and well-planned leisure activities could make a difference between living well or not.
Ten hypotheses were posited and tested. One thousand respondents were involved in both the
first and the second parts of the study. Among the major findings of the study are the following:
Personality traits influenced participation in leisure activities with the introverted personality
type showing preference for aesthetic leisure activities while the extraverted personality type showing
preference for socially and culturally-oriented leisure activities;
there was a significant relationship between income and participation in socially and culturally
oriented leisure activities;
35
there was no significant difference between the introverted personality type and the extraverted
personality type in the level of participation in leisure activities;
there was a significant relationship between the amount of free-time at the disposal of an
individual and his level of participation in leisure activities;
high level participation in leisure activities was found to have influence on good physical health
and high concentration while low level participation resulted to weakness and stress;
leisure education was found to have influence on the level of participation in leisure activities as
well as on the type of leisure activities participated in.
The implications of this study for adult education are that:
adult education should promote leisure awareness and participation in people. It can be used to
emphasize the dangers of not utilizing leisure time properly, for example, the dangers of obesity and
stress resulting from poor leisure behaviour. Adult education institutions could incorporate health clinics
which operate well planned leisure activities for all ages, sexes, personality types, socio-economic groups
and educational backgrounds at affordable prices;
adult education should constitute a pressure group to make government formulate a sound
policy on leisure education for different groups and to institutionalize leisure education. A policy
statement should go with political will and adequate budgetary allocation for leisure education.
UL-032-ADE-99
ABAKPORO JOY EBERE
THE IMPACT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING AIDS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADULT
EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN THE LAGOS AREA.
Adults are voluntary learners and they define themselves largely by their experience. They place a great
premium on values which they have built up over the years and not on external reward or gratification
such as scores or grades.
Adult years, however are years of creeping obsolescence in work, in play, in understanding of self,
and in understanding of the world. Adults, all the same can learn. Learning is a lifelong process.
Thorndike (1978:50) reported for the first time his findings that the ability to learn declined only very
slowly and very slightly after age twenty. Until that moment adult educators had based their whole work
on blind faith in difficult opposition to the prevailing belief that “you can’t teach an old dog new tricks”.
But now their faith had become vindicated. Irving Large, Thorndike's colleague, revealed that what
declined in adults was the speed of learning, not intellectual power.
Adult Education, on the other hand is described as a set of organized activities carried on by a wide
variety of institutions for a specific objectives (Cropley, 1977:35). In this sense, it encompasses all
organized classes, study groups, lecture series, planned reading, programmes, guided discussions,
conferences, institutes, workshop and correspondence courses, staff development, manpower
development and other development education.
The education industry that has the task of fitting every human component into a state of selfsufficiency and happiness within the society in which he/she finds himself or herself (Gana, 1980:52-55).
Is this true for the adult learner, who struggles to learn and survive amidst economic depression, social
insecurity and political upheaval? This study therefore, concerned with how to achieve effective teaching
and learning for the adult learners, particularly with regard to the use of instructional aids.
Murshell (1994:28) reported in his study in effective teaching and learning that:
36
Successful teaching is the teaching that brings about effective learning, the decisive question is not what
methods or procedures are employed. All such consideration may be important but none of them is
ultimate, for they have to do with means, not ends. The ultimate criterion for success in teaching is
result with the application of teaching and learning aids.
Eisele and Eisele (1990:19) define teaching and learning aids as:
...... media born of the communications revolution which can stimulate learning and for instructional
purposes which cannot themselves instruct .... in terms of objectives.
Next, the research clustered all the centre into:
1. Petroleum, energy and mineral sector.
2. Industrial and manufacturing sector.
3. Banking and financial sector.
4. Insurance and monitoring sector.
5. Management sector.
6. Administrative sector and,
7. Continuing education sector.
From these sectors, a systematic sampling technique was used to select a target population of
seven, one centre from each sector. They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
6.
7.
Chevron Training School, Lekki Lagos.
Industrial Training Fund, Ojota, Lagos.
Union Bank Training School, Sabo-Yaba, Lagos.
Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation Satelite Town, Ojo Lagos.
Centre for Management Development (CMD) Shangisha, Ikeja, Lagos.
Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON) Tape, Badagry, Lagos.
Lagos Business School (LBS) Victoria Island.
The population of the study comprised all directors of studies, all instructors and all learners in all
Adult Education centres in the Lagos area. Considering the wide variety and large numbers of these
centres the general population was a very large one which was very difficult to estimate.
A sample of 630 learners, 30 instructors and seven directors of studies were selected through the
use of systematic sampling technique.
These study techniques were used, they are:
1. The Ex-post factor or causal comparative
research design and
2. The Quasi-experimental research design
The Ex-post factor design was used to determine the cause-effect relationship of:
i.
The level of awareness of the respondents about instructional aids in their centres
ii.
The level of application of instructional aids in their centres and
iii.
The effectiveness of the teaching aids.
Quasi-Experimental Design was also adopted since it would not have been possible for an experimenter
to assign subjects randomly to groups and disrupt schedule of lectures or re-organize classes in order to
accommodate the experimenter’s study.
The experimental design format is shown on
37
table 2.
Table 2: The experimental design format
Group
A
A1
A2
Pretest Treatment
Y1
X
Y1
X1
Y1
X1
Post Test
Y2
Y2
Y2
The
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
instruments for the collection of data were the following:
Structured interview
Pretest
Post test
Questionnaire
Kanes Direct Particulation Observation
Schedule
6.
Flanders interaction Analysis Categories
(F.I.A.C.)
7.
Multiple choice questions.
The questionnaires were in three sections
Section A Biodata
Section B Knowledge of teaching aids
Section C Usefulness of teaching aids
The items in the questionnaire were subjected to the split-half technique for reliability test and a
correlation level of 0.96 was obtained. This was further transformed to an appropriate estimating using
the spearman Brown prophecy
Formular rtt = 2 r t
1+rt
to obtain 0.98 reliability
the kuder - Richardson formular 21
rxx = KQx2-x(K-x)
Qx2 (K-1)
was used to test for reliability of other instruments used in the study.
The validation of instruments was ensured by the expert checking and cross-checking by the researchers
supervisor and colleagues.
Seven hypotheses were posted through a critical study of Edgar Dales “cone of experience” Gagne’s
perception theory, Hos ladder of experience and learning experience.
The data were subjected to:
1.
Univariate Descriptive Analysis: this was used to find out the quantities of variables and
responses.
2.
Z - and t-test were used to test relationship
where mean scores were involved.
38
3.
The chi-square was used since the data from the ex-post factor come in nominal ratio and it
determines the relationship of instructional materials to the effectiveness of Adult Education
programmes.
4.
The correlation co-efficient was used to determine the degree of association in the contingency
table
For:
Ho1, Zcal
Ho1 is rejected. To support the finding the correction coefficient C = 0.180 for pretest and C = 0.204
for post test at to this finding other result are shown on table 3.
TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED
FROM HYPOTHESES ANALYSIS
Hypotheses
Ho2
Ho3
Xc2
15.89
Xt
d/f
oc
Result
16.92
09
0.05
Not significant
Ho2 accepted
0.575
12
0.05
Not significant
Ho1 accepted
0.106
21.204 32.204
Contigency
coeffi
-cient
Ho4
27.49
16.25
12
0.05
Not significant
Ho4 rejected
0.200
Ho5
14.8
16.92
09
0.05
Not significant
Ho5 accepted
0.612
Ho6
23.49
16.25
09
0.05
Not significant
Ho6 accepted
0.199
Ho7
7.6
16.92
06
0.05
Not significant
Ho7 accepted
0.158
For the F.I.A.C test, the result was that tc > tt hence result rejected.
Findings, Discussion, Summary and Recommendations
The researcher investigated the physical facilities including storage, availability of materials and
equipment’s financial issues, skills of facilitators, perception of learners attitude to the use of audio-visual
materials in their centres and found out that the learners, instructors and the directors were aware of the
value and relevance of audio-visual material in their centres. The basic problems of lack of adequate and
sufficient training in the handling of materials, equipment’s and financial constraints in procuring
39
sufficient and modern aids, militate against the application of audio visual aids and other teaching
materials. The researcher also found out that 80% of the instructors have not undergone any course
specifically for the training of adult.
Also, the researcher found that learners from the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON)
are mostly civil servants, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) attract Clientele from industries and
manufacturing sector of the Nation. Centre for Management Development and Lagos Business School
have their clientele form all spheres of life while Union Bank, Chevron, Nigeria Deposit Insurance
Corporation train only their employees.
It has also been demonstrated from the result of the hypotheses posted in this study that the
application of relevant instructional materials must be a sine-qua-non of instruction and learning and
must be adopted by instructors of adults in order to nurture the adult to the majority of a state of selfsufficiency and independence learning and self actualisation.
The government and proprietors of such centres should provide sufficient fund for the procurement
of relevant teaching and learning aids and the tariff and import duties on these modern instructional aids
such as projectors, computers fax machines etc. be reduced or completely removed. The National
Electric Power (NEP) Plc must be commercialized for proper generation and distribution of power for
uninterrupted power supply for operating the machines.
Lastly a model of system approach to instructions and curriculum development (a modification of
Akanbi's 1981) model was preferred.
UL-033-ADE-01
OWORU ADETOLA OLUTADE
THE IMPACT OF UNIFIED AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
EXTENSION
ON
PEASANT
FARMERS
This study focused on the impact of Unified Agricultural Extension on peasant farmer's productivity
in Ogun State, Nigeria. Specifically, it examined (i) the effect of the appropriate use of improved farming
inputs on farm yield level, (ii) the effects of the appropriate use of improved post-harvest technologies
on the quantity and quality of farm products generated and (iii) the food production capacity levels, the
farm yield levels, the income earning levels, the socio-economic levels and the standard of living of
peasant farmers, respectively, before and after contact with Unified Agricultural Extension Services. It
was conducted in all the four OGADEP zones of Abeokuta, Ijebu-Ode, Ikenne and Ilaro.
The study employed the user-focused (farmers') perspective. It advanced and tested eight null
hypotheses. The research design was the descriptive survey (sample survey), with the universe of 1,800
peasant farmers, 200 villages and 20 local governments. Three sample categories were involved - the
local government area, the village and the peasant farmers samples, with sample sizes of eight, 40 and
400 respectively.
The Local Government Areas sample was drawn by the simple random sampling technique, using
the lottery approach and sampling with replacement method. The village sample was drawn by using the
simple random sampling technique, with the aid of a table of random numbers. The peasant farmers
sample was drawn by the proportionate, stratified random sampling technique with the aid of a table of
random numbers.
The structured questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. This is the Peasant
Farmers' Questionnaire (PFQ). The PFQ was validated both at the pre-pilot and pilot stages for internal
consistency. The split-half method was used to test the reliability of the Peasant Farmers' Questionnaire
(PFQ), the reliability coefficient of which was +0.99, after its attenuation with Spearman-Brown prophecy
formula. Questionnaires were administered to 400 peasant farmers between March 6 and April 7, 1998.
All the questionnaires were retrieved and were useable.
Data were analysed by descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, the mean and
standard deviation. The Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Pearson r, was used to test the extent
40
of relationship, if any, between pairs of variables. The directional two-tailed t-test statistics was used to
ascertain if differences between two means are significant at a selected probability level of 0.05 and df of
398. The non-directional Chi-square (X2) statistics was used to determine the level of significance of
differences at 0.05 alpha level and df of 3. The analysis of data culminated in the rejection of all the
eight null hypotheses and the acceptance of all the corresponding alternative hypotheses.
It was found that (i) the appropriate use of improved farming inputs was strongly and positively
related to the increase in the level of farm yield, (ii) the appropriate use of improved post-harvest
technologies was strongly and positively related to the sustained quantity and the improved quality of
farm products generated, and (iii) there were significant differences in the food production capacity
levels, farm yield levels, income earning levels, socio-economic levels and the standards of living of
peasant farmers of Ogun State, respectively, before and after contact with Unified Agricultural Extension
Services, in favour of improved food production capacity, farm yield, income earning, socio-economic
level and standard of living of peasant farmers, after contact with Unified Agricultural Extension Services.
Appropriate recommendations were made in respect of farm inputs, stable markets, government's
pricing of food, adequacy of farm credit and rural road network.
UL-034-ADE-02
FASHOLA WINIFRED OLUFUNMILAYO (MRS)
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL EDUCATION ON THE
VALUE SYSTEM OF ADULTS AND THE YOUTH IN LAGOS STATE
The study investigated the value systems of adults and the youth in the Nigerian society with a
view to identifying the areas of conflict between the two groups and proposing ways of resolving these
conflicts.
The rationale for the study was that many societal problems emanated from lack of understanding
between adults and the youth. Thus, the study examined the extent to which Katz’s theory of social
change has become a major issue in the generational differences between adults and the youth.
Therefore, its findings were expected, first and foremost, to increase parents’, social workers’ and adult
educators’ knowledge of the factors of conflict between adults and the youth and, to suggest ways by
which mediation could be facilitated in problems between adults and the youth. In this way, conflict
between adults and youth could be prevented from developing into uncontrollable proportions.
The sample comprised 1,000 respondents (500 adults and 500 youth) who were selected by the
random and purposive approaches from urban, rural and “mixed” (urban and rural) areas of Lagos State.
Two strongly structured researcher-constructed questionnaires (Adult’s and Youths Value Systems
Questionnaire (AYVSQ), were administered on the respondents. The questionnaires largely consisted of
position statements to which respondents were to react by showing the extent of their agreement or
disagreement with the positions stated.
The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Chi-Square (X2) and pairwise t-test statistics were used to
verify whether significant differences existed between the value perceptions of the Nigerian youth, and
the adults; conflicts between generational units’ values in the Nigerian society, the role of generational
conflict in social deviance among the Nigerian youth, and the necessity for the raising of awareness
among Nigerian adults about the personality of the youth since Adult Education has a significant role in
remedying social deviance among the youth.
On the basis of analysis of the data, the following were the major findings of the study:
(1)
Significant differences exist between the value perceptions of youth and adults in Lagos State.
(2)
There is incongruence in the values of adults and youths in Lagos State.
(3)
Generational conflicts play no significant role in social deviance among the youth in Lagos State.
(4)
There is a necessity for raising awareness among the adults of Lagos State about the
personality of youths.
41
(5)
Adult Education has a significant role to play in remedying generational conflicts among the
youth and adults in Lagos State.
(6)
Adult Education has a significant role in remedying social deviance among youths in Lagos.
On the basis of the findings, the following recommendations emanated from the study on
strategies for reducing outmoded value systems that have often generated value conflicts between the
adults and youth:1.
According to Hypothesis 1, significant differences exist between the value perceptions of adults
and the youth. What is needed here to reduce conflict between these generations on account of these
differences in education. So, all relevant organs (such as the mass media) should be conscious of this
need and offer programmes for promoting the needed education and information.
Various forms of motivation and moral education channels, including talks, debate, indigenous
programmes (such as folk media and local drama and tales) should be employed in instructing the youth
about values.
2.
According to Hypothesis 2, significant conflicts exist between adults’ and the youth’s
generational unit values in the Nigerian society. Therefore, opportunities should be provided for adults
and the youth to have honest interaction. Such opportunities could be arranged by churches, mosques,
families and community associations.
3.
Hypothesis 3, shows that generational conflicts play no role in social deviance among Nigerian
youth. Therefore, social deviance should be seen as a problem demanding independent attempts from all
organs and institutions that have responsibility for moulding character and engineering social harmony.
4.
Hypothesis 4, indicates that there is a necessity for the raising of awareness among Nigerian
adults concerning the personality of the youth. Here, again, as in Recommendation 1, education and
general information are required for engendering the required awareness on the part of the adults. The
mass media, social clubs, relevant Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) and similar establishments
should have an important role to play in his matter.
5.
According to Hypothesis 5, Adult Education plays a significant role in remedying general
conflicts between the youth and adults and also in remedying social deviance among the youth. This
finding makes it pertinent to continue to expand provisions for Adult Education at various levels of
education and in various spheres.
Adult Education establishments (especially in universities) should offer learning programmes and
counselling services directed at helping adults in general and parents and educational personnel in
particular to understand the value orientations of the youth.
UL-035-ADE-02
IKWUAKO CHINYERE NORA
THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTS OF INFORMATION EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
(IEC) STRATEGIES ON YOUNG ADULTS’ REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PRACTICES IN LAGOS
STATE
Success in addressing young adults’ reproductive health issues in the 21st century will be one of
the keys to sustainable development. This study focuses attention on measures for improving the sexual
and reproductive health of young adults in the following areas:(a)
providing reproductive health education on sexuality for young adults, including information on
sexuality, responsible sexual behaviour and on reproduction and their implications for population issues
in the society;
(b)
encouraging parental involvement and the involvement of other elders of the society (such as
teachers), peer groups, among others, in sexual health issues in order to reach out adequately to young
people, and
42
(c)
highlighting the need for young adults to use health facilities as a right through providing them
with information necessary for informed consent.
The first step in carrying out the study was to conduct a pilot study to test the validity and reliability of
the instruments.
For the study, 1,200 adolescents (young adults) in two tertiary institutions (596 males and 593 females)
with a mean age of 21.68 years, were selected through the stratified random sampling technique for the
study. The sample was divided into two groups, i.e, Control (made up of 400 subjects) and Experimental
(made up of 760 subjects).
The major instrument for data collection was pre-test and post-test administration on all the subjects,
divided into Control and Experimental groups of the Reproductive Health Questionnaire (RHQ). The
procedure entailed the conducting of a seven-session training programmes on the aspects of
reproductive health education mentioned earlier on. Using the Experimental Research Design, the
purpose of the pre-test was to assess the subjects’ knowledge and practice of reproductive health in
their tertiary institutions.
The materials for the training programme for the Experimental group was contained in seven major
instruments, namely, Socio-economic Factors in the Subjects’ Home and Environmental Questionnaire
(SES), Reproductive Health Knowledge Inventory (RHKI), AIDS/STDs Awareness Questionnaire (AAQ),
Level of Patronage of Reproductive Health Centre Questionnaire (LPRHCQ), Personal Reproductive Health
Practices Questionnaire (PRHPQ), Awareness of Negative Reproductive Health Practices Questionnaire
(ANRHPA), Influence of Lecturers, Parents, Peer-groups and Mass-media Questionnaire (ILPPMQ) and
lesson notes. The information obtained from the pre-test and post-test administration of the
Reproductive Health Questionnaire (RHQ) provided the data for the study.
Both descriptive analysis involving the use of percentages, mean and mean differences (md) and
inferential statistics, such as the Analysis of Co- Variance (ANCOVA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA),
Multiplication Classification Analysis (MCA), Regression Analysis R, Independent T-Test, and the ChiSquare (X2 ) were used in analysing the collected data. Where the results were statistically significant at
0.05 level of significance, Post-hoc Comparison, using Scheffe’s tests, were carried out to determine the
areas of differences.
All the seven null hypotheses tested, were rejected and their corresponding alternative hypotheses
were accepted. The research findings indicated that the Experimental groups performed better than the
Control groups in knowledge gains and attitude change. The findings therefore were suggestive of the
fact that reproductive health education has the potential of promoting positive reproductive health
practices and healthy living in the areas studied.
The major findings emerging from the test of the seven hypotheses are:(1)
That education influence young adults’ knowledge and practice of reproductive health matters
(see hypotheses 1 and 2).
(2)
Hypothesis three and hypothesis four show a difference between young male and female adults
receptivity to reproductive health information and use of reproductive health facilities with the female
tending to be more receptive to that information and the male to the use of the facilities more than the
female.
(3)
It has also been noted from hypothesis five and partly from hypothesis six that attitudes to
reproductive health matters are a function of awareness.
(4)
It has also been seen that peers, teachers, parents and similar persons who impart knowledge
on the lives of young adults produce significant influences on reproductive health behaviour.
(5)
Also, as the socio-economic status of young adults tends to influence their reproductive health
behaviour as hypothesis seven depicts. On the basis of the above findings, some salient
recommendations were made.
43
UL-036-ADE-02
NENE MARCELLA NGBEMERE
STUDY OF WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT POTENTIALS IN ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN
LAGOS STATE.
This study was carried out to determine the empowerment potentials, in Adult Education
Programmes at the economic; psychological, social, cultural and political levels. It is also the purpose of
the study to examine the contents of women’s Adult Education Programmes to find out whether such
programmes cover the basic needs of women regarding hygiene, health care, family planning, economic
and agricultural activities. The study tried to determine the exact Educational programmes that account
for the strongest association with women’s empowerment.
A total of 732 women were selected from vocational Adult Education centres in Lagos State, and
one hundred level students of the University of Lagos (Faculty of Education). They were divided into
groups one and two.
Instruments
A questionnaire, facilities inventory schedule and practical observation were the instruments used
to collect data. The questionnaire was used to solicit information on the participants’ bio-data,
programme contents, possession and control of assets and participation in development projects. The
facilities inventory schedule was used to access the suitability of their study environment while the
practical observation schedule was used to obtain information about funding of the subjects’ programme
and also to compare the women education centres run by Government and those run by private
proprietors in terms of quality of teaching and equipment. The Analysis of covariance and the chi-square
statistics were used in testing the seven hypotheses that were raised for this study. Parameters tested
included their:- Economic empowerment level, Psychological empowerment level, Social empowerment
level, Cultural empowerment and Political empowerment levels. It also tested the contents of the
programmes and the level of empowerment of the educational programmes: The results of the data
analysed showed that: Participation in women’s Adult Education Programmes enhanced women’s
economic, psychological, social, cultural and political empowerment more than the non-vocational
programmes (P<0.05); the contents of women’s Adult Education Programmes did significantly meet their
basic needs regarding hygiene, health care, family planning and economic except for agriculture activities
(P=0.05); there was a significant relationship in level of empowerment among these who attended
Vocational Adult Education programmes and those who did not (P<0.05).
The following conclusions were drawn from the study:(a)
Participation in women’s Adult Education programmes enhances their empowerment in various
fields;
(b)
Participation also helps women to meet their basic needs regarding hygiene, health care,
family planning and economic and agricultural activities;
(c)
Men need to be educated also through Adult Education programmes in order to curb some
obnoxious cultural practices that marginalize women.
UL-037-ADE-02
OROGBU MARY-ANN IFEYINWA (MRS)
PSYCHO-SOCIAL FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE.
Ph.D Adult Education (2002)
Community development is considered successful and effective if it is able to bring about change in
the living conditions of the citizens. Nigeria, like many other developing countries, is passing through the
process of modernisation and to be fully modernised, the people must be aware of what to do to help
themselves and their communities.
44
Lagos, as a former capital, receives an influx of people from different parts of the country and from
different parts of the world and provision of amenities for these people is necessary. Most of them reside
in the urban areas of Lagos State. There is a need, therefore, for continuing development.
The study examined the psycho-social factors that can bring about effective community
development in Lagos State. The aim was to determine critically, factors which affect community
development
Seven null hypotheses were postulated and tested:
i.
The people’s level of awareness about community development projects going on around them
will not significantly affect their participation in community development.
ii.
The leadership hierarchies ( in both the traditional leadership and community leaders)
have no significant influence on successful
implementation of
community development
projects in Lagos State.
iii.
The gender of community development leadership will not significantly affect the people’s
response to community development in Lagos State.
iv.
The socio-economic status of the people of Lagos State will not significantly affect their
responses to community development.
v.
There will be significant difference between the interest shown by the youths and that shown
by the adults in their response to community development
vi.
The religious persuasions of different people of Lagos State will not significantly affect their
participation in community development.
vii.
The kind of media used for mobilising the people; for example the electronic media, such as
radio and television, and the print media, such as the newspapers, and other media with not bring about
significant differences in their participation in community development.
A questionnaire instrument was administered on three hundred and sixty-four respondents from the
community development associations and another set of forty on the forty community development
agents and apex secretaries used in the study, selected from the twenty local government areas of the
State.
The data generated was analysed and the results of the data analysis showed that:
1.
The people’s level of awareness about community development projects going on around them
significantly affects their participation in community development.
2.
Leadership hierarchies significantly affect
successful implementation of community
development projects in Lagos State.
3.
The gender of community development leadership does not significantly affect people’s
participation in community development in Lagos State.
4.
Socio-economic status of the people of Lagos State significantly affects their response to
community development.
5.
There is no significant difference between the interest shown by the youth and that shown by
the adults in community development.
6.
The people’s religious persuasions do not affect their participation in community development.
7.
The use of the electronic, the print, and other media for mobilising the people for community
development significantly affect their participation in community development.
The findings had some implications and on the basis of these implications, some recommendation
were made.
i.
There is a need for education and enlightenment. Emphasis should be on the upgrading of staff
through various means of adult education, such as induction courses, in-services training, on-the-job
training, graduate training and workshop. These officers will then be in a position to teach and enlighten
the people on the usefulness of community development
45
ii.
There is a need for mobilisation media to be recorganised in such a way that there will be easy
flow of information between the government at all levels and the people through communication links
with the people.
iii.
The leaders, both the traditional and community leaders, should find a method of getting more
wealthy members of the community involved in decision-making, so that they will be willing to participate
in community development by contributing either in cash or material since it may not be possible for
them to take part physically.
iv.
Community development associations should be increased in number and community leaders
should embark on more enlightenment campaigns to sensitize the people to, and make them aware of
their obligations in the communities where they live.
v.
Finally, the members of the communities, including the leaders, should be encouraged by both
the Federal, State and Local Governments through financial assistance to embark on new projects. Many
communities find it difficult to support themselves financially.
UL-038-ADE-03
AFONJA, ADEOLA FUNMILOLA
PSYCHO-SOCIAL PREDICTORS FOR
WORKERS’ PARTICIPATION IN PROFESSIONAL CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN
LAGOS STATE.
This study investigated the extent to which the psychological and social characteristics of
workers can help in predicting the participation of workers in professional continuing education
programmes in Lagos State. For this purpose, the study sought to find out, first and foremost, the
reasons for workers participation in continuing education programmes.
In addition, the study investigated how some motivational factors influence participation in
professional continuing education programmes. The study made use of the Survey Research Design. A
total of six hundred and thirty participants involved in ten professional programmes were selected
through various sampling procedures (simple random and stratified sampling techniques) from seventyfive continuing education centres/institutions used for the study.
The main instrument for the collection of data was the questionnaire and the unstructured
interview. The questionnaire was of two types. The first type was tagged the Psycho-social Education
Questionnaire (PSPQ) and the second type was an adaptation of Boshier’s Motivation for Workers’
Education Participation Scale (MWEPS) which was modified to suit this culture and environment. For data
analyses, the descriptive statistics, the t- test and chi-square (X2) were used at 0.05 alpha level of
significance.
On the basis of the analysis of the data, the study revealed, among other findings, that:i.
Workers participate in professional continuing education programmes in Lagos State for professional
advancement; escape/stimulation; social relationships; external expectation, and cognitive interest.
ii. There is a significant relationship between social interactions or relationship of workers and
participation in professional continuing education programmes.
iii. The personal goals and aspirations of workers influence their participation in professional continuing
education programmes.
iv. There is no significant difference between those workers with introverted personality and
extroverted personality in their participation in professional continuing education programmes in Lagos
State.
46
v. There are significant gender differences in the motivational factors of escape/stimulation and
external expectations. On the other hand, there are no significant gender differences in the motivational
factors of social interactions or relationships, professional advancement and cognitive interest for
workers’ participation in professional continuing education programmes.
In the light of the findings of this study, it was recommended that a division of the adult education be
established to check on a regular basis the activities of centres providing adult education programmes.
These checks should include examination of the type of programme and the suitability and capability of a
centre to offer such a programme for adult learners. Also, a need diagnosis of clientele must always be
carried out, in order to ascertain that the learning experiences provided conform to the needs of the
learners.
UL-039-ADE-03
ALAO, FADHILULLAH OLADIMEJI
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR EDUCATION AND SELF-HELP
PROGRAMMES ON RURAL FARM COOPERATORS IN OYO AND OSUN STATES OF NIGERIA.
The concern of the study is to examine the footprint/extent to which the International Foundation
for Education and Self-help (IFESH) has reduced illiteracy, improved socio-economic conditions and
raised the performance of participants in community development and self-activities in Oyo and Osun
States.
The main purpose is to appraise the resources committed to the programme with regard to literacy
skills attainment, adoption of health-care principles and self-sufficient in food production, among other
goals.
In order to ascertain the extent to which these goals had been attained, a sample of 768 subjects,
comprising 64 facilitators and 704 beneficiaries were selected for investigation. They were drawn from
64 programme centres covering the different areas of the states. Three tools (a questionnaire, an
interview schedule and observation) were used to collect data. Data collected were treated with
descriptive and chi-square statistics to interpret and summarize respondents’ scores relating to the
biodata, the research questions and the hypotheses generated.
The major findings were as follows:
(a)
The adoption of health-care principles was very significantly related to becoming literate.
(b)
Adoption of integrated agricultural techniques did significantly influenced self-sufficiency in
food production.
(c)
The level of success in group income-generating schemes did significantly influence
cooperators’ establishment of business ventures.
(d)
Participation of cooperators in community development and self-help projects significantly
affected attainment of personal goals and generate self-renewal building of the new literates.
On the basis of these, some recommendations were offered for retaining and extending the
programme to other states and increasing the cooperators’ socio-economic productivity.
UL-040-ADE-03
OJUOLA, MURAINA AJANI OLAWALE
COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH LANGUAGE NEEDS OF ADULTS LEARNERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT.
47
The central problem of this study was to adapt established principles for designing curricula in the
English Language for instructing adults, and propose an adequate curriculum in Communicative English
for adults. The population of the study comprised adults of all categories and occupational levels in all
organizations (public and private) whose functions embraced communication in any form. These included
teachers (in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions) who write lectures for class sessions and paper
for presentation and publication, and students (in remedial classes such as pre-degree programmes,
undergraduates and postgraduates in the university) and other classes of adults like mangers,
secretaries, mass communication practitioners, salesman, politicians, preachers, and indeed, all users of
the English Language. These essentially consisted an infinite population. Two samples were used for the
study. The first sample sought data for the purpose of ascertaining adults’ needs in the practical use of
the English Language. For this, 600 subjects were randomly chosen from an infinite number of adults of
various categories, occupational levels and social positions. The second sample sought post-design data.
These respondents evaluated the specimen curriculum designed from data obtained from the first
sample. These consisted of 50 subjects who responded to a Curriculum Evaluation Questionnaire (CEQ).
Also, as part of the evaluation, three English language experts vetted the specimen curriculum. The
location of the study was Lagos State. The instruments used for the study were the questionnaire and
the interview schedule. The study was in two parts. The first questionnaire which the researcher called
Curriculum Design Questionnaire (CDQ) anticipated adults’ needs of practical use of the English
Language, while the second questionnaire called Curriculum Evaluation Questionnaire (CEQ) was used to
validate the curriculum designed. The data collected were analyzed through simple percentages and by
the use of the chi-square for testing the hypotheses. Analysis of the data obtained gave the following
findings.
1.
There was a significant relationship between categories of adults and their needs for use
of the English language.
2.
There was a significant relationship between categories of adults and the English
language skills required for their functions.
3.
The was a significant relationship between categories of adults and the platforms (or
organizational arrangements) needed for effective teaching of the English language.
4.
There was a significant relationship between categories of adults and the teaching
methods needed for effective teaching of the English language.
5.
There was a significant relationship between categories of adults and their attitudes to
practical use of the English language.
On the basis of the findings, the following recommendations were made;
1.
An appropriate curriculum in Communicative English for adults needs to be formulated by
any organization offering a course, long or short in this project.
2.
The curriculum should provide a broad range of skills that will enable learners to fulfill the
requirement for variety of positions offered in an open market. Such requirements should focus attention
not only on professional careers, but also on the ability to communicate effectively in everyday activities.
3.
The curriculum should take care of adults’ special and routine purposes for use of the English
Language.
4.
Appropriate learning platforms should be created for adults’ learning of effective
Communicative English.
5.
Appropriate methodology should be applied to teach effective communication to adults.
UL-041-ADE-06
ESSIEN, ROSEMARY ENE
AN EVALUATION OF THE PROVISION FOR ADULT EDUCATION IN THE NATIONAL POLICY ON
EDUCATION AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION.
48
The study set out to evaluate the adequacy of the provision for Adult Education in the National
Policy on Education (1977, revised 1981, 1998) and the extent of its implementation in order to identify
areas of deficiencies with a view to making suggestions for improving the policy in both dimensions. The
expost-facto survey research design was used. The study locations were Akwa Ibom, Kano and Lagos
states of Nigeria. These states were purposely selected for the study on the bases of their long-standing
active involvement and experience in Adult Education practice. A sample of 800 respondents was used in
the study. The sample comprised all the Adult Education administrators, numbering 155, and 645
facilitators of Adult Education randomly selected from the three states studied. Seven hypotheses were
formulated to guide the study. The main instrument for data collection was the Adult Education Policy
Performance Assessment Questionnaire (AEPPAQ) which was administered were also carried out to
collect general information on Adult Education operation in the states studied. Both descriptive and
inferential statistics and the t-test were used in testing the hypotheses. The results of the analyses show
that the objectives stated for Adult Education (X2 cal 9.15 > X2 crit. 3.84), as well as the types of Adult
Education recognized in the Policy are adequate (X2 cal 26.87 > X2 crit 3.84). However, much as the
structure for implementing the provisions have been established and are functioning, inadequate
funding, poor performance of roles assigned to the Federal, State and Local Government in the Policy,
and low involvement of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Adult Education, have impeded the
full realization of the objectives set for Adult Education in the Policy. The study reveals that only two
types of Adult Education, namely, Literacy Education and Civic Education are adequately provided for in
practice.
(Their calculated X2 value were greater than the table value). The demands for
Remedial/Completer’s Education, Continuing Education, Vocational Education, Aesthetic and Cultural
Education are yet to be met. On the basis of the results, it is recommended that more facilities and
budgetary allocation should be provided to enhance the implementation of the Policy. Also, the scope of
Adult Education covered in the Policy needs to be broadened to cover such additional areas as Women
Empowerment Education and Consumer Education among others. It is further recommended that the
three tiers assigned to them in the Policy and that NGOs should be encouraged to how greater interest in
Adult Education matters.
UL-042-ADE-07
IWELUMOR, PATRICIA ONYELO
TEENAGE-MOTHERING AND EDUCATIONAL REHABILITY: AN APPRAISAL OF UNMARRIED
TEENAGE MOTHERS’ PARTICIPATION IN CONTINUING EDUCATION CENTERS IN LAGOS
STATE.
This study was primarily aimed at investigating the social, economic and psychological problems
of unmarried teenage mothers and factors that will influence unmarried teenage mothers’ re-entry into
continuing education programmes in Lagos State. It is equally important to note that social and
psychological problems in this study refer to the problems associated with self-esteem, family and peer
relationships encountered by the unmarried teenage mothers. Also investigated were the economic
problems suffered by the unmarried teenage mothers during and after the pregnancy.
A total number of 600 unmarried teenage mothers who were undergoing training in Post-Primary
Continuing Education Centres in six Local Education Districts in Lagos State formed the sample size of
this study.
The Respondents’ Survey Questionnaire (RSQ) and Teen-mothers’ Adjustmental Strategies
Questionnaire (TASQ). The Respondents’ Survey Questionnaire has a thirty-five item questionnaire and
the teen-mothers’ adjustment questionnaire is a twenty-item questionnaire designed by the researcher.
The study is a quasi-descriptive research design and also a quasi experimental pre-test and post-test
control group design.
Six hypotheses were formulated for the study. Hypothesis one was tested using 2-way Analysis of
Variance, the source of the result is not significant. In testing hypothesis 2, 4 and 5, One-way Analysis
49
of Variance (ANOVA) was employed. Hypotheses 2, 4 and 5 also have protected t – test. This is because
the sources of the results are significant. Chi-square was used to analyze hypothesis 3. Finally,
hypothesis 6 was tested using Analysis of Co-variance technique (ANCOVA).
Results indicated that –
1.
Unmarried teenage mothers who attended rehabilitation counselling at continuing education
centres in Lagos State recorded a remarkable improvement in their attitude to adjustmental coping
strategies.
2.
The unmarried teenage mothers’ level of awareness about the importance of rehabilitation
courses in continuing education centres significantly influenced their participating in continuing education
programmes.
3.
Rehabilitation courses given in continuing education centres in Lagos State significantly
influenced unmarried teenage mothers’ social, economic and psychological well-being.
4.
Availability of alternative child fostering practices influenced unmarried teenage mothers’
enrolment and participation in continuing education programme.
5.
Financial constraints influenced unmarried teenage mothers’ decision to enrol in continuing
6.
Various educational programmes available in continuing education centres will not
significantly influenced unmarried teenage mothers’ participation in continuing education centres after
weaning their babies.
Sequel to above findings, suggestions for further studies were made. The results have very
important implications for adult education and also for guidance and counselling. The findings will serve
as a guide to the rehabilitation of unmarried teenage mothers who dropped out of the formal school
system due to unwanted pregnancy.
The findings will also serve as an effective counselling intervention for adolescent girls in continuing
education centres.
Rehabilitation counselling is a face to face interaction between the research and the identified
unmarried teenage mothers. This will assist the unmarried teenage mothers. This will assist the
unmarried teenage mothers in making personal decision to adjust and live effective life, through
acquisition of skill in areas of their interest, thereby making them self-reliant and independent.
The findings will help to reduce the rate of unmarried teenage pregnancy and also alleviate the
social, economic and psychological problem of unmarried teenage mothers.
It will equally serve as an innovation in formal school system and continuing education centres in
Lagos State and provide new directions for adult education and the practice in guidance and counselling
services.
UL-043-ADE-08
ANYIKWA EGBIOCH BLESSING
THE EFFECT OF LITERACY APPROACHES ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF MIGRANT
FISHERMEN IN LAGOS STATE.
This study investigated the effect of literacy approaches on the socio-economic life of migrant fishermen
in Lagos State. It examined the extent to which some identified approaches would promote literacy
acquisition among the Migrant Fishermen, and how their personal variables like sex, age, marital status
and level of education influenced their literacy acquisition. A total number of one hundred and sixty
fishermen were selected from Badagry, Ibeju-Lekki, Epe and Amuwo-Odofin Local Government Areas of
Lagos State to as sample of the study. The data collected were analysed and tested at 0.05 level of
significance.
50
The results of the findings indicated that competency based approach recorded the highest improvement
in literacy among other approaches adopted. Also, the approaches had a remarkable effect on socioeconomic life of the fishermen considering the variables for the social status placement e.g. Income,
fishing techniques etc. On the bases of the findings, the following recommendations were made, among
others:
That suitable literacy approaches such as the Competency-Based Approach should be used to meet the
need of adult learner (fishermen).
Government should support the literacy education for fishermen by providing funds, necessary materials
and equipment to all literacy centers in Nigeria.
Again, adequate publicity and literacy campaign should be made especially on the value of being literate
regardless of the age or status of the participants.
UL-044-ADE-08
EMENE PERPETUA IHEOMA
THE INFLUENCE OF HIV/AIDS AWARENESS PROGRAMMES ON THE PERCEPTION, ATTITUDE
AND BEHAVIOUR OF URBAN AND RURAL DWELLERS IN SELECTED STATES IN NIGERIA
The focus of this study was to ascertain whether the knowledge about HIV/AIDS has influenced the
perception, attitude and behaviour of urban and rural dwellers in selected states in Nigeria. The study
was limited to only six local government areas from the three selected states. The study involved men
and women within the ages of 15 and 49 years. The design employed in carrying out this study was the
descriptive survey design. A total of one thousand, two hundred respondents were used as the sample in
this study. They were made up of two hundred respondents from each local government area studied.
The respondents were selected using multi-stage sampling technique.
The instrument employed for gathering data was the questionnaire, HIV/AIDS Information, Knowledge,
Beliefs and Misconceptions, perception, Attitude and Behaviour Change questionnaire (HAIKBPABCQ).
This instrument was developed by the researcher and validated by the supervisors and experts from
other departments. A pilot study was carried out before the main study and was used to test the
reliability of the research instruments.
A total of one thousand, two hundred copies of questionnaire were administered to the selected
respondents. The data collected were used to develop a frequency distribution table for analysis. The
description statistics of simple percentage, mean, standard deviation and bar chart were used in
presenting the data collected. The inferential statistics of t-test, chi-square and Two-Way Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) were employed in testing all stated hypotheses at 0.05 confidence level.
In the case of The Two-way Analysis of Variance, the Fisher’s Least Square method (LSD) was used in
determining the significance of the difference between the pair of means in respect to attitude and
perception as influenced by knowledge about HIV/AIDS.
A conceptual mode was developed to ascertain whether urban and rural dwellers are propelled by similar
factors to change their health and sexual behaviour. The model was tested and was redesigned to reflect
the finding of the test.
The findings obtained from the study are as follows:
The mass media constituted the main source of information and knowledge about HIV/AIDS in
urban and rural areas.
There was a significant difference between the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS in urban and
rural areas.
Except for beliefs and misconceptions, knowledge about HIV/AIDS has significantly influenced
the perception, attitude and behaviour of urban and rural dwellers.
51
There was no significant difference between the influence of knowledge about HIV/AIDS on the
beliefs and misconceptions held by urban and rural dwellers.
There was a significant difference between the influence of knowledge about HIV/AIDS on the
perception of urban and rural dwellers.
There was a significant difference between the influence of knowledge about HIV/AIDS on the
attitude of urban and rural dwellers.
There was no significant difference between the influence of knowledge about HIV/AIDS on the
behaviour of urban and rural dwellers.
There was no significant difference between the factors that propelled urban and rural dwellers
to change their health and sexual behaviour.
The following recommendations were made:
•
It was recommended that in addition to the mass media, personal and interpersonal channels,
such as opinion leaders, religious and cultural leaders, models, school teachers, parents and celebrities
should be used to disseminate HIV/AIDS messages and that HIV/AIDS messages should be incorporated
into both the formal and non-formal school programmes.
•
Efforts should be made to ensure that HIV/AIDS information is available to all and sundry
irrespective of region of residence.
•
The problem of massive and widespread misconception and erroneous beliefs about the etiology
of HIV/AIDS should be properly addressed through the provision of factual information to all.
UL-045-ADE-08
IKE IFEYINWA GRACE
PSYCHO-SOCIOECONOMIC CORELLATES OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN NONGOVRENMENTAL ORGANISATIONS NON-FORMALEDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN LAGOS
STATE.
The study examined the psycho-socioeconomic factors that motivate women’s participation in NGO’s
non-formal education programmes in Lagos state of Nigeria. In view of this, the study identified the
various non-formal education programmes organized by NGOs in which women participate in Lagos State
as well as the psychological, social and economic factors which motivated the women to participate in
such programmes.
In addition, the study investigated the demographic characteristics of women participating in the nonformal education programmes. It also ascertained the extent to which women of differing, income levels
differ in their reasons for becoming economically empowered through participating in the non-formal
education programmes. The descriptive survey research design was used in this study.
A total of 600 women participants in the various NGOs non-formal education programmes were
proportionately selected using a combination of simple and stratified sampling techniques from the 77
randomly selected accredited centres.
The main data collecting instruments in the study, were the questionnaire and the proforma. The
questionnaire, was titled “Women Participants Questionnaire (WPQ) while the proforma was designed for
the programme providers to elicit information on the number of participants enrolled in each programme
in each centre. Frequency tables and percentages were used for the bio-data of respondents while
analysis of variance and independent t-test statistical methods were used to analyse the hypotheses.
The study revealed among others that:
i.
Women who participate in NGOs’ non-formal education programmes in Lagos state do so for
combination of psychological, social and economic reasons.
ii.
Some non-formal education programmes of the NGOs in Lagos State were more attractive to
certain groups of women than others.
52
iii.
Economic factors exerted greater influence on the participation of women in the non-formal
iv.
Participation of women with differing marital status was significantly influenced by social
factors.
v.
Socio-economic factors would not hinder women’s participation in non-formal education
programmes.
The following recommendations were made.
i. Non-governmental organisations should be motivated and encouraged to penetrate the rural areas
where majority of women reside.
ii. Women education units, NGOs and government should create avenues through which women can
be informed about facts and opportunities of non-formal education programmes. Both traditional and
modern media of communication should be employed in enlightenment programmes to educate women
on their role in national productivity and nation building to enable them cope with development
problems.
iii. NGO providers and facilitators of non-formal education programmes should incorporate acquisition
of skills that will make beneficiaries of such programmes relevant and functional. This is to enable
women develop skills that can be easily and immediately put into use.
iv. NGOs’ representatives should be trained through agencies of non-formal education to enable them
keep abreast of recent innovations and methodology for effective and meaningful teaching and learning.
v. All hands must be on deck to ensure a successful promotion of the economic and social status of
women through non-formal education programmes. Women should be educated on the need to be
involved in non-formal education programmes as their participation and successful completion of the
programmes will enable them become self-reliant, economic independent, improve their social status and
enable them develop self-confidence required to plan and organize for change.
UL-046-ADE-08
OSIFESO GRACE TITILAYO
THE EFEECTS OF HOME ECONOMICS EDUCATION ON HOME MANAGEMENT SKILLS OF
WOMEN HOMEMAKERS IN LAGOS STATE.
The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relative effects of home management education on
women homemakers’ involvement in family resource management, decision-making in the home, family
goal-setting. Family clothing and morals management. The study was carried out in four local education
districts (LEDs) out of six LEDs in Lagos state.
The study employed quasi-experimental, using pre-test, post-test control group involving two hundred
women home-makers with an average age of 41 years and who have had up to 11 to 15 years marital
experience with a minimum qualification of West African school certificate.
Five hypotheses were formulated for the study. The hypotheses tested the efficacy of the home
management education on involvements of women homemakers in family resources management,
decision-making in the home, family goal-setting. Family clothing and moral management.
The two instruments used to generate relevant Data for his study were:
(i) Women Homemakers Home management Issues Questionnaire (WHHMIQ)
(ii) Women homemakers involvement in home management Questionnaire (WHIHMQ)
The validation and reliability of the instrument were done before their administration to the participants.
Both descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used to analyze the data generated.
53
Result of data analysis revealed that:
(i) Home management education using focus group discussion method had significant effect on women
homemakers involvement in family morals, time and money resources management.
(ii) Home management education using the focus group discussion method had no significant effect on
women homemakers involvement in family goal setting and decision making in the home.
(iii) Over seventy per cent of the women home makers had only home training as their source of home
management knowledge.
(iv) Educational qualifications of the women home makers did not influence their better performance in
family moral management.
(v) About eighty-six per cent of the women home makers have not read home economics text books
containing Home management content;
(vi)
Care of children and relatives posed a great challenge for women home makers from all ethnic
groups in Nigeria;
(vii) The family virtues mostly upheld among women from the two major ethnic groups that were largely
represented in the study were self affirmation in face of personal differences, loyalty, cooperation and
sharing of responsibilities; and
(viii) Virtues which were not seriously upheld were love and honesty.
Results on hypothesis also revealed that:
(i) Women home makers who received treatment and those who did not differ significantly in time,
money family goal setting and family morals management.
(ii) Women home makers who received treatment and those who did not, do not differ in their decisionmaking and family clothing management.
Based on the findings of the study, certain recommendations were made and suggestions for further
studies stated
UL-047-ADE-08
OTOBO-ABDULLAHI OVUODO ROSEMARY
THE EFEECT OF PSYCHO-SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF
ADULT LEARNERS IN SOME LAGOS STATE CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMMES.
The study was to investigate the effects of psycho-social characteristics on academic performance of
adult learners who participated in adult continuing education in Lagos State. These learners enroll in the
programme since they have not had the opportunity of attending formal school system. Among other
reasons, adult learners engaged in the programme to enable them obtain the West African school
certificate examination/General certificate examination qualifications.
The study examined the effect of introversion-extroversion of adult learners on academic performance. It
investigated the relationship between level of self-esteem of adult learners and their academic
performance. Furthermore, participation in various social activities may have effects on their learning
outcome.
The study employed the descriptive survey research design. A total of four hundred and eighty adult
learners were randomly selected population from twenty four (24) continuing education centers in four
selected local government arrears of Lagos State.
Four instruments were used to collect data for the study. These are
(i) Index self-esteem (ISE)
(ii) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
(iii) Achievement Test (AT)
54
(iv) Adult Learners Characteristics Questionnaire (ALCQ)
The data obtained with these instruments were analyzed using ANOVA and multiple regression statistics
where necessary. In all, four null hypotheses were tested statistically at 0.05 level of significance.
The study revealed among others that:
(i)
Different levels of self-esteem of adult learners were not seen as a contributory factor to
academic performance.
(ii)
Introversion of adult learners contributed significantly to their performance while
extroversion did not.
(iii)
The social factors such as obligation to family members, interaction with friends/peers,
membership of clubs/societies religious activities and academic performance of adult learners are not
related significantly.
This study therefore recommends among others the following:
(i)
Curriculum developers, policy makers and facilitators of adult continuing education
programmes in Lagos State should give priority to the needs of the adult learners. If such needs are met,
they are likely to enhance the academic performance of adult learners.
(ii)
The programme organizers, planners should make most adult continuing education
programmes to be voluntary. The more they could be persuaded to attend voluntarily, the more likely
they will bring with them the right feeling and attitude to the programme, this in turn, will enhance
academic performance of adult learners.
(iii)
The adult facilitators should make efforts to provide friendly, trusting and
(iv)
reassuring environment, which may build-up self esteem of adult learners.
(v)
Adult learners should be involved in the several phases of the programming cycle, they
are concerned with not only learning a particular subject, but with learning how to accept and discharge
responsibility and how to work with others.
(vi)
Organizers of the programme should ensure that adult continuing education programmes
must be adjusted to the nature of each learner. The central concern of all education is the learner and
the effect of the educational process is measured by its changes in him.
(vii)
The government should ensure that all continuing education centers in Lagos State
should have vocational units while existing ones should be well equipped to cater for improved academic
skills of adult learners.
(viii)
There is a need for government to organize seminars, workshops and lectures for
facilitators in adult continuing education programmes. This will enable them to increase their knowledge
in current issues affecting adult learners.
UL-048-ADE-09
BANKOLE ANUOLUWAPO AYODELE
MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION CENTRES IN OGUN STATE,
NIGERIA
55
This study investigated the management effectiveness of continuing education centres in Ogun state.
Basically, it focused on ascertaining the level of effectiveness of the coordinators of continuing education
centres in managing learners’ time, instruction process, human and material resources and its influence
on learners’ academic performance. In pursuance of the aim of the study, five research questions were
raised and five hypotheses formulated and tested in the course of the study. The research questions
include:
1. How does the learner perceive their teachers’ effectiveness in managing their time and instruction?
2. Does the gender of centre coordinators/teachers have any significant influence on their
management effectiveness of learners’ time, instruction, human and material resources?
3. Does the educational qualification of centre coordinators have any significant influence on their
management effectiveness of learners’ time, instruction, human and material resources?
4. How effective are centre coordinators with differing levels of education and experience in managing
learners’ time, instruction, human and material resources?
5. Is there any difference in the coordinators management effectiveness of learners’ time, instruction,
human and material resources across the various centres?
and the hypotheses are;
Ho1. There is no significant difference in the learners’ perceptions of teachers’ management effectiveness
of time and instructio
Ho2. The gender of centre coordinators/teachers will not significantly influence their management
effectiveness of learners’ time, instruction process, human and material resources.
Ho3. Academic qualifications of centre coordinators will not significantly influence their management
effectiveness of learners’ time, instruction process, human and material resources.
Ho4. The centre co-ordinators with varying levels of education and experience will not differ significantly
in their management effectiveness of learners’ time, instruction, human and material resources.
Ho5. There is no significant difference in the management effectiveness of learners’ time, human and
material resources in the different centres.
Data for the study were obtained from a total sample size of 817 respondents comprising of coordinators
of continuing education centres and participants in Ogun state. Through the use of a questionnaire, the
study employed the survey research design utilizing the ‘expost facto’ approval to explore the issue.
The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and independent t test. The descriptive and independent t - test were used for the data obtained through research
questions while, analysis of variance was used for testing the hypotheses. All hypotheses were tested at
0.05 level of significance
The analysis of data obtained revealed among other things, that:
•
The centre coordinators differ in their level of management effectiveness of learner’s time,
instructional process, human and material resources.
•
The educational level of centre coordinators influence their management effectiveness of learner’s
time, instructional process, human and material resources.
•
The gender of centre coordinators does not significantly influence their management effectiveness
of learner’s time, instructional process, human and material resources.
•
The level of management effectiveness of learner’s time, instructional process, human and material
resources influence the level of academic performance of learners.
•
The learners differ in their perception of teacher’s management effectiveness of learner’s time,
instructional process, human and material resources.
On the basis of the findings, it was recommended that a proper periodic monitoring of continuing
education centres should be carried out to ensure effective management. In addition, qualified personnel
should be employed in the continuing education centres, while regular training and re-training
programme should be provided for those employed as teachers in the centres.
UL-049-ADE-09
IGBOKWE GRACE NZUBECHUKWU
56
AN EVALUATION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS OF
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION IN LAGOS STATE
The study ascertained the extent to which Non-Governmental Organizations’ culture influence on staff
quality (i.e., commitment and motivation) as well as to determine the contributions of NGOs culture and
effective programme delivery and achievement of non-formal education goals. The study was limited to
sixty non-governmental organizations involved in non-formal education delivery in Lagos State, with the
management and staff of these organizations serving as respondents. The beneficiaries of the nonformal education programme served as respondents. Stakeholders in non-formal education were also
used as respondents. The research design employed in the study was a combination of Ex post facto and
survey research designs. The ex post-facto research design was adopted because the phenomenon in
question (that is non-formal education intervention programmes) has taken place before the study was
undertaken. The survey research design was considered suitable due to its power to help ascertain the
interrelationships among NGO’s culture, staff quality programme delivery and achievement of non-formal
education goals. A total of four hundred and sixty subjects were used as sample in the study. They were
made up of 60 management staff, 120 field staff, 120 beneficiaries and 160 stakeholders from 20 Local
Government Areas of Lagos State. They were selected using different sampling techniques such as
simple random, equal sample size, systematic and purposive sampling technique. The instrument used in
gathering the data is the questionnaire: four major sets of questionnaire were developed by the
researcher. These are: management of NGOs questionnaire (MANGOQUEST), NGOs staff Questionnaire
(NGOSTAQUEST), NGOs Non-formal education Beneficiaries Questionnaire (NGONFEBQUEST), NGOs
Non-formal Education Stakeholders Questionnaire (NGONFESTAKQUEST). A pilot study was carried out
before the main study and was used to test the reliability of the research instruments. Reliability
coefficients of 0.99, 0.99, 0.88 and 0.95 were obtained for MANGOQUEST, NGOSTAQUEST,
NGONFESTAKQUEST and NGONFEBQUEST respectively. A total of four hundred and sixty copies of the
questionnaire were administered to the selected subjects. The data collected were used to develop a
frequency distribution table for analysis. The descriptive statistics of simple percentage was used in
presenting the data collected. The operational statistics of Regression Analysis and the t-test were
employed in testing all stated hypotheses at 0.05 confidence level. A conceptual model was developed to
ascertain factors that contributed to staff quality and achievement of non-formal education goals. The
model was tested and redesigned to reflect the outcome of the study. The findings obtained in the study
are summarized below. From the analysis of data, it was revealed that NGOs’ strong culture greatly
influenced staff quality (commitment and motivation). Likewise, NGOs’ strong culture and staff quality
facilitated effective delivery of non-formal education programmes. Cumulatively, NGOs’ strong culture
and staff quality made the acquisition of vocational skills, development of health and psycho-social
behaviour and promotion of political participation possible. It was discovered from the study that there is
no correlation between personality trait, family, societal values and NGOs staff quality.. Lack of financial
and human resources constituted major limitations to NGOs’ contributions to the achievement of nonformal education goals. Women education and empowerment programmes (health, literacy and
vocational education) provided by NGOs had positive influence on the behaviours of the beneficiaries.
Specifically, it has led to the development of behaviours (psycho-social, promotion of political
participation, and development of health behaviour) among the recipients. However, the study found out
that the socio-economic level of the beneficiaries was unaffected by the non-formal education
programmes. The vocational education programmes delivered by NGOs contributed to acquisition of
vocational skills, but there was no significant effect on the promotion of political participation level of the
beneficiaries. Similarly, the health education programmes provided by NGOs made positive significant
changes in the health behaviour and awareness level of the beneficiaries, but there was no significant
effect on the psycho-social behaviour of recipients of the programmes. The literacy education
programme provided by NGOs in the study made positive significant changes in the development of
psycho-social, health behaviour, and increase in socio-economic level of the beneficiaries but not in
literacy skills.
57
UL-050-ADE-09
SANWO OLUBANKE FOLAKE
AN EVALUATION OF THE ORGANISATION EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE
AGENCIES FOR ADULT AND NON-FORMAL EDUCATION IN NIGERIA.
This study was primarily aimed at assessing the organisational effectiveness of the National and State
Agencies for Mass Literacy Adult and Non-formal education in Nigeria which have been established to
bridge the access, cost and quality gap that existed in the Nigerian educational sector. The study
examined the extent to which some identified organisational / management variables have determined
the level with which these agencies have been performing towards achieving their organisational goals.
The study employed the ex-post-facto survey research design. A total of two hundred and sixty elements
formed the sample sise of this study. This include twenty (20) senior staff of the National Commission for
Mass Literacy, Adult and Non-Formal Education, Sixty (60) Senior staff from six state agencies (one from
each geo-political sone of Nigeria); one hundred and forty-four (144) local government adult education
officers from thirty-six (36) local government areas and thirty-six (36) principal officers of nongovernmental organisations. Five instruments were used for data collection. These include: National
Commission Staff Questionnaire (NATQUEST), State Agencies Questionnaire 1 (STAQUEST 1), State
Agencies/NGO Questionnaire 2 (STAQUEST 2), Local Government/NGO Questionnaire (LOCQUEST), and
Programme Assessment Rating Tool (PART) The data obtained were analysed using Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and T-test. In all, eight null hypotheses were tested (all tests were carried out at 0.05 level of
significance) The results of the study indicated that the National Commission and State Agencies did not
differ significantly in their effectiveness in terms of programme results and accountability and that there
was no significant difference in ‘State Agencies’ strategic planning effectiveness ratings. It also showed
that except for the inverse relationship between strategic planning and programme management
effectiveness variables, all other pair-wise relationships among the organisational effectiveness variables
of the National Commission showed positive correlation, and that there are positive correlations between
the organisational effectiveness variables of the State Agencies, except for those between strategic
planning programme result/accountability and programme management with inverse correlation. There
was no significant difference in the effectiveness of State Agencies in terms of their programme
management rating; also there were significant differences in the ratings of different stakeholders on the
effectiveness of the National Commission in the discharge of its duties. The results further revealed
significant differences in the ratings of different stakeholders on the effectiveness of the State Agencies,
and that there was no significant difference in the level of adaptation to change between the staff of
State Agencies and the National Commission.
UL-051-ADE-09
TUNDE-ADEFOWOKAN KEMI
AN EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF PRISON EDUCATION IN NIGERIA.
The study evaluated prison education in Lagos State, examining the factors , appropriateness and
adequacy of the curricula with regard to motivating the inmates to learn the use of appropriate methods,
adequacy of learning and teaching materials, effects of funding on the advancement of prison education
goals and the types of prison education available, and proposed measures for making the prison
education system in Lagos State more goal-oriented.
The study population consisted of inmates, welfare officers, supervisors and instructors in the prison in
Lagos State. Prison records revealed that the total population of inmates was four thousand, four
hundred and twenty-one(4421) and that of officials, seven hundred and fifty.
58
In all, six hundred and fifty-four (654) inmates and officials were selected using the stratified sampling
techniques. Subjects were those who had spent at least two years in jail and had not less than three
years more to stay in prison to complete their terms and were attending at least one of the prison
educational programmes. With this sampling criterion, two samples of four hundred and fifty (450)
officials and two hundred and four (204) were selected for the study, using the tables of random
numbers.
Seven hypotheses were tested and the results show that : Types of prison education in the State wre
found to satisfy learning interests of the inmates (X2 =44.194, p≤ 0.05) and that officials’ relationship
with inmates has influence on inmates learning (X2 = 281.284, p≤ 0.05).Also, curricula of prison
education in Lagos State prisons was found to make positive impact on the needs of prisoners (X2
=41.967, p≤ 0.05) while no significant relationship was found between methods of teaching and
inmates’ perception of teaching requirements for learning effectiveness (X2 =100.706, p≤ 0.05)
Quality of teaching and learning materials were found not to significantly affect the success of the prison
education programme (X2 =6.737, p >0.05) while inmates were being motivated to learn through the
stated policy on education (X2 =41.623, p≤ 0.05) 0.05).Moreover, funding of education was found to be
inadequate to impact sufficiently on the achievement of prison education objectives and measures
applied to remedy the defects and limitations of prison education seemed not to have significant effect
on the achievement of projected goals and objectives of prison education ( r = 0.07, p> 0.05).
The findings of this research work suggest that the inmates tend to experience some strain in their
lifestyle after release from prison owing to inadequacies in the rehabilitation programme.
ANATOMY
UL-052-ANA-87
FAGBOHUN FUNSHO CHARLES (DR)
HISTOMORPHOMETRY OF THE OVARY IN PREPUBERTAL
MONOSODIUM L-GLUTAMATE IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD.
M.Phil. Anatomy (1987) 72pp.
RATS
TREATED
WITH
Treatment of neonate rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been reported to cause severe
destruction of the perikarya in the hypothalamic arcuate nuclei and results in severe neuroendocrine
disorders and metabolic abnormalities. The endocrinopathies of the MSG - treated animals are expressed
by delayed puberty, irregular estrus cycles, stunted growth, drastically atrophied pituitary gland, reduced
uterine weight, hypogonadism and the ovaries appear underestimated as the serum oestradiol-17p levels
were depressed.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of neonata MSG treatment on the
histology of the ovaries in early juvenile (15-day-old), late juvenile (23-day-old) and peripubertal (35day-old) rats, with respect to morphometry. Neonatal female rats were injected subcutaneously with
aqueous solution of MSG (4mg/gm body weight) or with physiological saline (0.1cc/10gm body weight)
on Day 0). The rats were weighted and the left ovaries were rapidly removed at decapitation on day 15,
23 and 35 of life, weighed and fixed in Bouin's solution. The ovaries were removed from the fixative after
48 hours washed in several changes of phosphate buffered saline (PH 7.4) and embedded in paraplast.
Mophometric analyses were performed on 5 micrometer thick sections, using the light microscope. The
results were compared between treatment groups in each of the ages studied, using independent twotailed student's t-test, with P less than 0.05 considered significant. Finally the results of the three age
groups were compared.
Administration of MSG resulted in 1) reductions of the body and ovarian weight 2) lower volume
density of the follicular antrum, lower number of preantral and antral follicles, lower number of follicles
59
with multiple layers of granulosa cells and the lower numbers of the larger follicles in 15-day-old rats 3).
No significant effect on the ovaries of 23-day-old rats as shown by the similar number of follicles in both
treatment groups attaining to the various class sizes, and the number of granulosa cell layers
surrounding the follicles. Although the number of follicles attaining to the antral stage was depressed in
MSG rats, the volume density of the antrum did not show any difference, 4), no drastic difference in the
histology of the ovaries in 35-day-old rats in both treatment groups as shown by the similar number of
follicles attaining the larger sizes of 'ovulatable follicles'.
The result suggests that 1) body and ovarian weight reductions in the MSG-treated rats are already
apparent by the fifteenth day of life, 2) follicular development, recruitment and maturation is retarded in
the MSG-treated rats at 15 days old, 3) follicular recruitment pattern is essentially similar in both
treatment groups at 23 days of life, 4) ovarian follicular population and follicular development was not
significantly affected by prior administration of MSG in 35-day-old rats, 5) comparisons of follicular
recruitment and progression of follicles through developmental stages in prepubertal rats neonatally
treated with MSG indicates that there is a 'catch-up' growth from about 23 day of life, 6) MSG may not
exert a direct toxic effect on the ovary.
UL-053-ANA-87
OKANLAWON OLUGBENGA ABAYOMI
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF CHLOROQUINE AND HYDROCORTISONE ON
RAT FOETAL LUNG MATURATION.
M.Phil Anatomy (1987) 59pp.
Experiments were undertaken to provide a novel approach to the study of chloroquine and
surfactant release. Lullmann-Rauch (1979) had shown that the repeated administration of a number of
cationic amphophilic drugs to animals and humans led to the appearance of abnormal inclusion bodies in
many tissues of the body, e.g. Lungs, Liver, Kidneys, Adrenals. When examined with the electron
microscope, the drug-induced inclusions appeared lamellated in nature (Lullmann-Rauch, 1979) and were
rich in phospholipids (Matsuzawa and Hostetler, 1980). Ultrastructural evidence indicated that these
drug-induced inclusions were similar to the lamellar bodies of Type II pneumocytes which are the
storage sites of intracellular surfactant.
A controversy therefore exists as to whether these "abnormal" lamellar bodies in the lungs are
capable of producing surfactant like "true" lamellar bodies in normal appearing alveolar type II
pneumocytes.
The present study was undertaken to investigate whether chloroquine administration to pregnant
rats would affect surfactant production in the foetuses in preparation for extrauterine life. The degree of
alveolarisation of the foetal lung would serve as an indirect assessments of the availability of active
surfactant in the alveolar lumen.
Using morphometric methods, it was shown that in the lungs of foetuses from the chloroquinetreated dams, the conducting airways (i.e. bronchioles) occupies a relatively large portion of the lung
volume, and the saccules were smaller in size than the controls. The number of saccules per unit area
were similar in both chloroquine-treated and control groups, but the number of` saccules per unit
volume which reflects air space size was significantly greater in the chloroquine-treated than in the
control group. Concurrent administration of hydrocortisone at the concentration used (25mg/kg) b. wt.)
appeared to reverse the effect of chloroquine to a limited extent. Also when the dams were allowed to
undergo the process of labour, histological examination did not reveal any differences.
1.
These results suggest that chloroquine
reduces the volume of saccular space;
1.
increases the number of saccules per unit volume of the lung;
2.
reduces the saccular expansion which takes place immediately preterm.
It is suggested that chloroquine interferes with the release of surfactant into the saccular space, thus
reducing the quantity of functional surfactant in the alveolus.
60
UL-054-ANA-91
OKANLAWON OLUGBENGA ABAYOMI
HISTOQUANTITATIVES STUDIES ON THE ALTERATION IN TESTICULAR MORPHOLOGY
INDUCED BY CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF CHLOROQUINE
Ph.D Anatomy (1991) 191pp.
Chloroquine has been reported to affect male reproductive capacity. As these reports have been
very elusive in both qualitative and quantitative determination of reproductive toxicities, experiments
were undertaken to develop a model which could be used to study these effects and efforts made to
design a battery of tests for efficient evaluation of the effect of reproductive toxins on testicular
morphology.
To relate morphometric estimates from tissue section to function, simpler, assumption free, and
more efficient stereological methods were applied.
The experimental groups consisting of mature male Sprague-Dawley rats (185 - 200g) were
injected with either 10mg or 40mg chloroquine/kg. Body weight/day, 5 days a week for 16 weeks.
The results showed that the administration of chloroquine resulted in degenerating Leydig cells,
deposition of cellular debris and extensive networks of fibrillar material in the interstitium. The
seminiferous tubules in the 10mg chloroquine group showed to detectable morphologic changes from
control; while some tubules in the 40mg group showed degenerating spermatocytes, and spermatids.
Morphometric measurements disclosed that chloroquine reduced both the total surface area and
the volume-weighed mean seminiferous tubular volume. Notwithstanding, there was a striking shift in
epithelial cell height to higher values with increasing dose of chloroquine. This parallels a similar increase
in the total number of spermatocytes.
Although a reduction occurred in the prostate gland weight, no parallel reduction was evident in
the combined seminal vesicle plus coagulating gland weight.
To determine if chloroquine affects fertility, male rats on chloroquine injection protocol were mated
with untreated proestrous female rats. These female rats showed a dose dependent decrease in the
number of litters sited. The result suggest that:
Chloroquine exerts an inhibitory effect on spermatogenesis, evident by:
(a)
A decrease in total tubular surface area and
(b)
A decrease volume-weighed mean tubular volume of seminiferous tubules.
(c)
Impairs the function of the Ledying cells resulting in a decrease in weight in androgen
dependent tissues.
UL-055-ANA-94
APOLLONIUS OLUKUNMI ALLEN
HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN ORAL STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH
CARIOGENIC PROCESS IN THE RAT.
Experiments were undertaken to develop a model which could be used to investigate the effect of
various local environmental factors, dietary components from various food groups such as carbohydrates,
proteins and minerals on the macroscopic and microscopic changes involved in the initiation and
progression of dental carries and also to quantitate the changes in dental carries and oral tissue
structures using stereological methods.
61
The experimental groups consisting of weaner Sprague Dawley rats (80 - 100g) were innoculated
with a mixture of 0.2 mls of oral bacteria Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli
casei). They were fed with cariogenic diet and various Nigerian foodstuffs, 5 days a week for a maximum
of 24 weeks for each experiment. Four hundred and eighty maxillary and mandibular teeth were
examined; a total of 2,400 teeth were examined and scored for caries using modified Keys Method
(Keyes, 1958).
The results showed that the etiology of dental carries in multifactorial which includes microbial,
dietary and host factor, it is not sufficient that the three etiological factors be present in the right
proportions, but also they must have enough virulence or degree of intensity to induce the dental caries.
To determine the effect of maternal nutrition on caries susceptibility of the rats born of adequately
nourished and malnourished mothers, it was found that the incidence and severity of dental caries
between offsprings of adequately nourished and malnourished mothers were highly statistically
significantly different (p < 0.001). Low birth weight was also observed in offsprings of malnourished
mothers.
Stereological methods were used to quantitate morphological changes in the salivary glands of rats
placed on cariogenic diet (sugar), cassava and control rats fed normal laboratory chow. Quantitative
differences were observed between rats placed on cassava and sugar/control rats. Histological
(qualitative) differences were also observed between these groups of experimental rats and controls.
Experiments were also carried out to determine whether in the created model, aqueous extracts of
the Nigeria chewing sticks can inhibit the caries process. It was found that there is significant reduction
in the incidence and severity of dental caries in the group treated with aqueous extracts of Serindeia
warneckei. The results of this study showed that aqueous extracts of S. warneckei inhibited the caries
process in Sprague Dawley rat.
UL-056-ANA-05
AKINBO, SUNDAY RUFUS
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS DURING
TRACTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC PAIN.
Ph.D Anatomy (2005)
Background & Objectives: Results from past studies have provided evidence that cervical traction is
of benefit in the treatment of neck pain, but there is no consensus among clinicians regarding the
amount of traction weight to be employed during treatment that will reduce the side effects (vertigo,
nausea, mild headache, blurred vision and migraine) associated with this modality, if not properly
administered.
The study was designed to investigate the cardiovascular responses and side effects associated with
three different cervical traction weights [7.5% total body weight (TBW), 10% TBW and 15% TBW] and
to establish the ideal cervical traction weight with minimal side effects and with optimal/highest
therapeutic efficacy. This study was carried out in order to establish a safe and efficacious policy in
cervical traction therapy.
Methods: Nine hundred and forty seven (947) adults subjects (432 Men and 515 Women) with five
hundred and forty one (541) of them patients with cervical spondylosis and four hundred and six (406)
normal subjects (control) participated in the study. The cervical spondylosis subjects were patients with
radiological and clinical features of spondylosis while the normal subjects are those that were screened
and confirmed to be medically fit for the study.
At the end of the screening exercise, 105 patients and 120 normal subjects (a total of 225 subjects)
met the criteria for the study. Sixty of the normal subjects were assigned for the pilot study while the
other sixty were for the main study. One hundred and sixty five (165) subjects (105 patients and 60
normal volunteers) participated in the main study. All prospective subjects were fully briefed of the
experimental procedures before they volunteered to participate by singing an informed consent.
62
The main study was implemented in two stages; the investigative (Experiment One) and
therapeutic (Experiment Two) stages successively.
Experiment ONE: The experiment investigated the cardiovascular responses, and side effects associated
with the different cervical traction weights. One hundred and twenty (120) subjects participated, with 60
patients and 60 normal volunteers (control). The 120 subjects were assigned into 3 Groups; A = 7.5%
TBW, b = 10% TBW and C = 15% TBW with 40 subjects (20 patients and 20 normal subjects) in each
group. Cardiovascular variables [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate
(HR), rate pressure product (RPP), PR interval and QRS complex] in baseline (at rest) and at the end of
5, 10 and 15 minutes following traction application were evaluated and recorded. Data were analysed
using descriptive and inferential statistics of t-test and ANOVA.
Experiment TWO: The study assessed the therapeutic efficacy of the three different cervical traction
weights. Forty five (45) patients were recruited into this study and were divided into 3 groups of 15
patients in each group. Group D1 = Treated with 7.5% TBW traction, thermal therapy (TT) and
therapeutic exercise (TE); Group D2 = Treated with 10% TBW traction, TT and TE; Group D3 = Treated
with 15% TBW traction, TT and TE. Pain intensity and cervical ROM were assessed Pre and Post
treatment and subjected to statistical analysis using Kruskal Wallis test and Wilcoxon test for pain and
ANOVA and t-test for neck ROM.
Results:
Experiment One: ANOVA revealed no significant difference at P < 0.05 for the 7.5% in the SBP DBP and
RPP in both patients (A1) and normal subjects (A2) groups. Significant difference existed for the SBP,
DBP and RPP in the 10% groups except for the DBP in the normal subject group (B2). A significant
difference existed for the 15% groups (C1 & C2) for the SBP, DBP and the RPP.
The heart rate was relatively stable (not significantly) throughout the traction periods in the three
traction groups, also the traction effects were not statistically significant in terms of the selected ECG
variables, that is, the QRS complex and PR interval.
This finding indicates that the cardiac muscles contractility was not adversely affected by any of the
traction weights during treatment. Thirty subjects (20 patients and 10 normal subjects) experienced
different side effects due to the application of the traction. This study also showed age is a significant
factor in cervical traction therapy as younger subjects recorded less side effects compared with the older
ones.
Results from Experiment Two revealed that the three traction weights therapy resulted in pain relief
and enhances better neck flexibility. But from the mean ranks, the group that was treated with the 10%
TBW traction had the least mean rank, lowest pain rating and better neck mobility post treatment; hence
10% traction offered better therapeutic result compared with the 7.5% and 15% TBW tractions.
Conclusion: This study revealed that cardiovascular alterations do occur in patients and normal subjects
during the application of cervical traction using 7.5%, 10% and 15% TBW traction weights. It also
established scientifically the 10% TBW cervical traction as the ideal weight with minimal side effects and
with optimal/highest therapeutic efficacy.
UL-057-ANA-06
AKPANTAH, AMABE OTOABASI
ANTIFERTILITY POTENTIAL OF GARCINIA KOLA SEED IN MALE SPRAGUE - DAWLEY RATS.
The testis is the major organ of male reproductive system. It is prone to damage by chemicals or
phytochemicals. The antifertility potential of Garcinia kola (G. kola) seed on the male reproductive
system was studied. Adult male Sprague - Dawley (S-D) rats weighing 120 - 150g, about 8 - 10 weeks
old and prepubertal rats weighing 40-45g (4-5 weeks old) were used for the study. Animals were
63
divided into four major experimental groups. The experimental group had 7 sub groups consisting of
seven rats each which received a single dose of Garcinia kola extract, 100mg/kg or 500mg/kg weight
(kgw) by lavage six times a week for 2-16 weeks. The control groups received distilled water of
equivalent amount for the same period of treatment. A reversal group (RV) was left for eight weeks
after cessation of treatment. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed the day after the
last dose using chloroform anesthesia. Blood was collected and the male reproductive organs were
dissected out, weighed, crushed for enzyme study while some pars were preserved in Bouin’s fluid and
later processed histologically for stining with Haematoxylin and Eosin staining methods. Parameters
assessed were histology of testis, prostate gland, seminal vesicle and epididymis. Sperm count/motility,
hormonal assay for testosterone (T2), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinising hormone LH)
were carried out using a standard quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbet assay (ELISA) method.
Fertility test for control and treated rats was also carried out. The antioxidant effect of the extract was
also investigated in alcohol induced testicular stress. Experimental animals received the following
treatments: (i) 2g/kgw of 40% ethanol only, (ii) ethanol concurrently with 100mg/kg extract, (iii) ethanol
concurrently with 500mg/kg extract, (iv) 100mg/kg extract only, (v) 500mg/kg extract only, (vi) ethanol
first for 8 weeks followed up with 100mg/kg extract for another 8 weeks, (vii) ethanol first for 8 weeks
followed with 500mg/kg extract for another 8 weeks, (viii) the control group received distilled water in
place of the extract. Treatment in this group lasted for eight weeks. Malondialdehyde assay (lipid
peroxidation) and Catalase activity were assessed.
Results shows that G. kola at the administered dose has a duration dependent degenerative effect
on testicular histology (cytoarchitecture of the testis) as shown by increased spaces observed within the
spermatogonial cells after sixteen weeks of treatment with extract, 100mg/kg weight and eight weeks of
treatment with 500mg/kgw. A significant increase in peripheral testosterone levels after eight weeks of
treatment with low dose was observed. LH concentration decreased with increasing duration of
treatment in matured rats. Serum FSH levels was increased in prepubertal treated rat from 12th week of
treatment while in other groups it was not significantly affected by the treatment. A dose dependent
reducing effect on sperm count was observed. G. kola did not adversely affect the weight of the male
reproductive organs and did not hinder fertility of treated male rats. The observed effects were
reversible. In the alcohol induced group it was observed that G. kola extract, did not protect the testis of
S-D rats from the effect of alcohol as shown by the increased lipid peroxidation in the groups which
received alcohol only and alcohol concurrently with G. kola seed extract.
UL-58-ANA-06
DURU FRANCIS IKECHUCKWU OGUERI
THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN EVALUATING TESTICULAR STRUCTURE OF SPRAGUEDAWLEY RATS.
It is known that in aerobic organisms, production of reactive oxygen species is approximately
balanced by antioxidant defence systems. An imbalance in favour of the oxidants causes oxidative
stress, leading to lipid peroxidation. Because testicular membranes and the spermatozoa tail section are
rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, it is reasonable to consider that lipid peroxidation contributed to the
testicular injury and dysfunction that occur in pinealectomy and blindness and in some testicular
pathological states. Experiments were therefore undertaken to investigate testicular lipid peroxidation in
pinealectomy, blindness and in potentially oxidative stress inducing conditions like testicular torsion,
cryptorchidism and vasectomy. Ethanol was used as a testicular toxicant to investigation how the testis
responds to oxidative stress in blind and normal rats. The effects of melatonin, a broad spectrum free
radical scavenger and antioxidant was also investigated. Bilateral optic enucleation, pinealectomy alone,
and pinealectomy with meltonin supplementation, significantly decreased testicular weight (p < 0.05).
Bilateral optic enucleation and pinealectomy with melatonin supplementation also significantly decreased
64
testiscular malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05), whereas pinealectomy alone caused an increased in
testicular MDA.
Sperm count and motility showed a significant decrease in bilaterally optic enucleated,
pinealectomized, and melatonin supplemented pinealectomized rats (p < 0.05). The sperm count and
motility were significantly decreased in the bilaterally than in the unilaterally optic enucleated rats (p <
0.05). Sperm count and motility were significantly decreased in the bilaterally blinded than in the
unilaterally blinded ethanol treated rats, but the bilaterally blinded ethanol treated rats had significantly
decreased MDA compared to the unilaterally blinded ethanol treated rats (p < 0.05). There is no
significant difference in MDA levels between intact ethanol treated, the unilaterally blinded ethanol
treated, and the sham pinealectomized ethanol treated rats. The pinealectomized ethanol treated rats
had significantly higher MDA than all other groups (p < 0.01). The MDA level is significantly higher in
the torted than in the control testis in all groups, with the levels increasing with the duration of torsion.
Also, the MDA in the torted testis was significantly higher than the levels in the contralateral non-torted
testis in all groups (p < 0.05). Detortion significantly increases the MDA level only if the initial torsion
was for less than 3 hours. Melatonin did not significantly affect the MDA level in the torted testis if
administered before torsion, but significantly reduced the level if administered before detorsion. In the
experiment to investigate for evidence of ischaemic preconditioning in the testis, a significant increase in
testicular MDA appeared after more than 15 minutes of 7200 torsion. There was a significant decrease
in MDA in the testes initially torted for 30, 45 and 60 minutes, but no significant difference in the MDA
between the control and the group torted for 15 minutes (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference
between testiscular MDA levels at initial torsion and subsequent levels following retorsion after, 2, 4 and
6 weeks if melatonin was administered at initial torsion (p < 0.05). Left testicular weight was
significantly less in the cryptorchid than other groups, testicular MDA was significantly higher in the
cryptorchid and melatonin treated group than in the control (p < 0.05). The melatonin treated group
also had MDA significantly less than in the cryptorchid only group. The serum testosterone and semen
parameters were significantly less in the cryptorchid than control, but the sperm count and motility were
significantly higher in the melatonin treated than the cryptorchid only rats (p < 0.05). There is no
significant difference between MDA in intact pre-pubertal and adult rat testes. Ligation of the vas
deferens caused significantly higher increase in MDA in the pre-pubertal rats than in the adult rats at
each of the three points of ligation. In both pre-pubertal and adults rats, the MDA level was least when
only the cranial end of the divided vas was ligated. Melatonin administration significantly decreased the
MDA levels in all groups (p < 0.05). The diameter of the obstractuted right testis and the mean
seminiferous tubular diameter (MSTD) was significantly higher when the ligation was applied between
the epididymis and the upper pole of the testis than the other groups in pre-pubertal rats ( p < 0.05).
There was a significant correlation between the diameter of the testis and MSTD in both pre-pubertal
and adult rats.
Conclusion: Pinealectomy increases testicular oxidation while blindness decreases it. Bilateral but not
unilateral blindness increases the resistance of the testis to ethanol induced damage whereas
pinealectomy enhances it. Ischaemia-reperfusion of the testis caused increased lipid peroxidation in both
the torted and intact contralateral testis. The reperfusion component of the damaged is significant and
is abolished by melatonin if administered before reperfusion. The testis exhibits a short lived ischaemic
pre-conditioning.
Cryptorchidism induced lipid peroxidation in the cryptorchid and contralateral
descended testis and melatonin is effective in reducing cryptorchidism induced testicular injury.
Vasectomy caused increased lipid peroxidation in the testis with alteration in testicular structure which is
inhibited by melatonin.
UL-059-ANA-06
OSINUBI, ADEWALE ADEPOJU ABRAHAM
QUININE-INDUCED CYTOARCHITECTURAL AND MORPHOMETRIC ALTERATIONS IN THE
TESTES OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS.
65
The overall objective of this research work was to determine (using stereological parameters) the
morphological responses of the testes of Sprague-Dawley rats to (QU) QU.
Three hundred and thirty eight adult (10 to 12 weeks old) male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180-200g
were used for the experiments, which were in two phases (190 rats for each phase). The two phases of
the experiments were the same; the second one (separated from the first by one year) being a repetition
of the first to ascertain the reproducibility of the findings. In each phase, 190 rats were randomly
divided into 19 groups of rats each. The rats were acutely and chronically treated with QU. Recovery
from the toxic effects of QU was assessed fro 12 weeks after the administration of QU was discontinued.
The modulating effects of testosterone (TT), ascorbic acid (AA) and alpha tocopherol (AT) were also
assessed. The animals were variously sacrificed between week 1 and 20.
Sperm motility and concentration were estimated in the epididymal fluid, in accordance with the
World Health Organization standards.
Testicular tissues were processed for
histological examination under light microscopy.
Stereological parameters estimated included: diameter and cross-sectional area of the seminiferous
tubules; volume density and absolute volume of the seminiferous epithelium, testicular interstitium and
seminiferous tubular lumen; number of profiles per unit area and numerical density of seminiferous
tubules.
Serum TT, in addition to testicular TT, malondialdehyde (MDA) and AA concentrations were
estimated.
The results of this experimental animal study showed that there was degeneration of the
seminiferous tubules following short-term administration of QU at a daily dose of 30 mg/kg weight for 7
days. In addition, there was destruction of the seminiferous epithelium and testicular interstitium of rats
treated chronically with 10mg/kg/day of QU.
There was a continuous decrease in: mean testicular volume; diameter and cross-sectional area of
seminiferous tubules; volume density and absolute volume of the seminiferous epithelium; and absolute
volume of testicular interstitium of rats administered QU only for 8 weeks. These parameters still
remained at approximately the same levels 12 weeks after cessation of QU administration, with no
evidence of substantial recovery. In contrast, Qu administration produced a concomitant increase in the
mean number of profiles of seminiferous tubules per unit area and numerical density of seminiferous
tubules.
There was a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in both the sperm count (25.1 + 2.5 v 1561 + 6.9 x
106/mL) and motility (5.0 + 1.5 v 99.0 ± 1.0%) of the rats treated with QU only when compared with
the values obtained for the negative control rats. The mean sperm count and motility of the rats that
had QU plus TT and QU plus AA, were within normal range, while there was a significant reduction in
mean sperm count of rats administered QU plus AT compared to the control animals. Both serum and
testicular concentrations of TT were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in rats administered QU only when
compared with the rats treated with distilled water. Co-treatment of QU with TT, AA or AT significantly
(p < 0.001) prevented a reduction in both serum and testicular levels of TT. There was a significant (p <
0.001) elevation of MDA levels in the supernatants of testicular homogenates of rats treated with QU
only and QU plus AT compared with those of the distilled water-treated control group and those treated
with either a combination of QU and AA or QU and TT.
Though the mechanism of this damage is not completely clear, the disruption in both the TT and
anti-oxidant status of the testis are most probable as QU-treated rats had significantly lower serum and
testicular TT as well as elevated testicular MDA levels compared to their control counterparts.
Co-administration of either TT, AA or AT with QU is capable of attenuating the cytotoxic of QU on
the testis.
UL-060-ANA-08
KUSEMIJU TAIWO OLABISI
CONTRACEPTIVE AND MORPHOMETRIC EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CAR ICA
PAPAYA BARK ON MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS.
66
The overall aim of this research is to examine if the bark extract of Carica papaya would serve as a male
contraceptive agent by determining the morphological responce of the testes of Sprague- Dawley rats
using histological and stereological parameters.
Methodology: 60 adult (6 – 8 weeks old ) male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this experiment
which was conducted in 3 ( three ) groups of 4 weeks, 8 weeks and the reversal groups. In each group,
rats were subdivided into another group of three. Group 1 served as the control group, while groups 11
and 111 were fed with low (50mg/ml/day) and high (100mg/ml/day) doses of the extract respectively.
Histological assessment and stereological measurements were taken for both 4 weeks and 8 weeks
groups at the end of the experiment while the reversibility effect was also assessed after 8 weeks
reversal period.
Tissues were processed for histological examination under light microscopy,immunological assay and
stereological analysis. Stereological parameters estimated includes : Tubular diameter, cross sectional
area of seminiferous tubules , volume density,number of profiles per unit area, absolute volume of
seminiferous tubules and testicular intersticium, numerical density, length density and star volume of the
seminiferous tubules.
There was also degeneration of the seminiferous tubules following a short time administration of the
extract at a dose of 50mg/ml/day and a destruction of the tubules and testicular intersticium following a
long time administration of the extract at a dose of 100mg/ml/day.
There were dose and duration dependent antifertility effect which were reflected in the histological
changes within the testes. There was some deleterious effects of the extract on the accessory
reproductive organs . These effects were also found to be dose and duration dependent.The effects were
minimal in the low dose group for 4 and 8 weeks than in the high dose group, hence reversibility was
possible for the low dose group. These results suggests to us that Carica papaya bark extract could serve
as an antifertility agent when given at a lower dose.
UL-061-ANA-09
IBEABUCHI NWACHUKWU MIKE
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SOMATOTYPES OF NIGERIAN ADOLESCENT
SCHOOL CHILDREN IN URBAN LAGOS.
Limited information is available about the physical status, the body composition and body build of urbandwelling adolescent Nigerian children. In this cross-sectional study, the effect of socioeconomic
background on the physical status, body composition and the body build of somatotypes, in adolescent
male and female Nigerian school children, as determined by the Heath-Carter anthropometric method,
was investigated.
A total of 10 anthropometric measurements were taken from 3498 males and females, aged 10 -16
years, selected from 8 secondary schools (4 private and 4 public) in 5 local governments of urban Lagos
State using a multi-stage systematic random sampling method. The protocols used for measurement
were those recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK).
The socioeconomic background of each subject was classified on the basis of attendance at either feepaying private or non fee-paying public school. Physical status was estimated using height and weight
while body composition was assessed using the Body Mass Index (BMI) and HeightWeight Ratio (HWR).
The somatotypes were estimated using stature, body mass, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and medial
calf skinfolds, arm and calf maximum circumferences, including humerus and femurs breadths.[ the
measurements were then combined in the appropriate algorithms to derive the stature-for-age
distribution, weight-for-age distribution, BMI-for-age, and the HWR-for-age. Furthermore endomorphy,
mesomorphy and Ectomorphy ratings of each subject were estimated according to the Heath-Carter
anthropometric somatotype method. Data was collated and analyzed for descriptive statistics and other
67
statistical procedures using the SPSS statistical software. The alpha value for the test of significance was
set at p < 0.05. Comparison of mean differences between age-matched and gender-matched subjects
attending the compared school-types was made using the student’s t-test. Median values were then
compared with international reference values.
The results were presented as tables and somatocharts according to age, gender and school-type. The
results showed that there were significant differences in the mean stature-for-age and weight-for-age but
there were inconsistent results for BMI-for-age. The height-weight ratio (HWR) or the reciprocal of the
ponderal index (RPI) data showed greater consistency than the BMI in describing the proportionality
relationship between height and weight among all the sample groups. The data showed less variability
when school types were compared. When these mean values were compared with reference
somatocharts and tables, there were significant differences in the mean somatotypes and the dominant
categories for each age group, as well as the distribution of somatotypes within and between the
different socioeconomic groups. Somatotypes variabilities were wider between same school types with
age in all age groups with public school boys and girls being less endomorphic than their private school
counterparts. Public school boys showed minimal endomorphy suggesting that obese subject were rare
Public school girls showed greater ectomorphy in their age groups and lagged behind their private school
counterparts in endomorphy by at least 2 years on the average (p < 0.05).
The results indicate that the patterns of growth and body build characteristics of private and public school
children are significantly different at certain age groups. The result also suggests that the differences may
not be genetic but influenced by the lifestyle and other undisclosed environmental factors. A follow-up
comparative study with other urban communities would be beneficial at this stage. Also, comparison with
data from other parts of the world may ascertain the morphologic uniqueness of the adolescent
population.
UL-062-ANA-09
OREMOSU ADEMOLA AYODELE
FERTILITY ENHANCING POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS STEM EXTRACT OF CISSUS POPULNEA ON
THE CRYPTORCHID TESTES OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS.
Cryptorchidism is the commonest congential cause of male infertility. Male infertility is on the increase in
Nigeria and current available modalities of treatment are not easily accessible but also expensive. The
fertility enhancing potential of aqueous extract of the stem of Cissus populnea on the cryptorchid testes
and the morphological detailing was the overall objective of this research work.
One hundred and eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into twelve groups of fifteen rats each.
The animals went through operative procedures to create unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism . Adult
male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered cryptorchid by suturing the testis to the anterior abdominal
wall. The animals were divided into twelve main experimental groups. The rats were made unilaterally
and bilaterally cryptorchid, and aqueous extracts of the stem at 60mg/kg b.w and 100mg/kg b.w were
administered. A delayed administration group was given the extract after 8 weeks of cryptorchidy. Others
recieved ascorbic acid at a dose of 140mg/kg b.w. and intraperitoneal testosterone at 0.05mg/kg b.w. as
well as co administration of ascorbic acid and Cissus populnea.
At the end of the experiments the animals were sacrificed using ketamine anaesthesia. Blood was
collected for hormonal studies with assays carried out for testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and
leutinizing hormone. The testes of the rats were removed at necropsy and weighed. A part of the testes
was removed for the malondialdehyde assay while the rest was preserved in Bouin’s fluid for histological
studies using haematoxylin and Eosin staining method. The cauda epididymis was used for the
determination of semen parameters. Fertility tests were also carried out using female Sprague-Dawley
rats.
68
Results showed that cryptorchidism produced testicular degenerative changes of the histology of the
testes with severe changes occuring in the bilateral undescended testes. The aqueous extract of Cissus
populnea at doses of 60mg/kg b.w. and 100mg/kg b.w. significantly ameliorated the changes seen on
histology in the cryptorchid state. The significant decrease (p˃0.05) in sperm count and motility in the
unilateral cryptorchid testes and the contralateral descended testes was ameliorateed by the
administration of Cissus populnea. Control values of sperm count and motility were175 ±6.0 x 106/ml and
80± 4.5% respectively. There was marked decrease in both sperm count and motility in both the
unilateral cryptorchid (23 ±2.3 x106/ml; 22 ±2.0%) and bilateral cryptorchid rats (22 ±2.5x106/ml;
5.5±1.0%). After administration of 60mg/kg and 100mg/kg b.w of the extract to unilateral cryptorchid
rats the values of sperm count and motility were 164±5.80and 77±4.60; 168 ±7.00 and 85 ±4.00
respectively.
Similarly significant decreases were recorded in the levels of malondialdehyde measured in rats
administered the extract, ascorbic acid and the co administration of the extract and ascorbic acid in
relation to the high levels associated with unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidy suggestive of antioxidant
effects of the extract.
Though saponin was the active substance detected in the phytochemical analysis of this plant, the
administration of the extract of this plant has the potential of enhacing fertility in early administration in
the cryptorchid testes.
UL-063-ANA-09
AZU ONYEMAECHI OKPARA
THE EFFECT OF K IGELIA AFR ICANA FRUIT EXTRACT ON CISPLATIN-INDUCED TESTICULAR
DAMAGE IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS.
This experiment is designed to investigate the effects of Kigelia africana fruit extract (KAFE) on cisplatininduced testicular damage in Sprague-Dawley rats.
280 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200 + 20 g were used for the experiments which were run in
replicates of 140 rats per set for the purpose of reproducibility of results. The experiments were
categorised into short term (28 days) and long term durations (56 days). Mature and ripe fruit of Kigelia
africana were obtained and screened phytochemically for the active components.
KAFE was administered in sub-lethal doses of 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight of rats orally while
cisplatin was given intraperitoneally (i.p) at a dose of
10 mg/kg. Control animals received an
equivalent amount of normal saline. KAFE was administered alone; as prophylaxis; as adjunct and posttreatment to cisplatin injection. All the animals were sacrificed at the end of each phase by i.p injection of
ketamine. Each phase of the experiment was divided into ten groups of five rats per group. Acute toxicity
studies were carried out to determine the LD50 of KAFE.
Seminal parameters of sperm count and motility were estimated in epididymal fluid according to World
Health Organisation protocols.
Testicular tissue was processed for histological analysis using Olympus® light microscope, the assay for
catalase activity, malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were determined. Morphometric and stereologic
parameters estimated included testicular weight/volume (TW/TV), seminiferous tubular (ST) diameter,
cross-sectional area, number of profiles of ST per unit area and numerical density of ST.
Serum testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone were also estimated.
Qualitative histological assessment of the testes showed no deleterious changes following treatment with
KAFE alone or as pre-treatment to cisplatin at both durations. Adjunct treatment of KAFE and cisplatin
resulted in focal depletion in spermatogenic cells in some of the ST especially at a dose of 500 mg/kg.
Focal vacuolar changes were also observed in the ST of rats post-treated with KAFE at the long term
duration. Cisplatin treatment negatively affected the histoarchitecture of the ST causing massive loss of
spermatogenic cells, sloughing, degeneration and consequent seminiferous tubular atrophy.
69
There was significant reduction in testicular weight and volume (p<0.001), ST diameter (p<0.001) and
cross-sectional area (p<0.001) following cisplatin treatment which improved following administration of
KAFE alone and as prophylaxis at both durations. There was also significant increase in body weight
(p<0.001, 0.01), serum testosterone (p<0.001), FSH (p<0.001) at both durations respectively. LH
however was significantly increased at the long term phase by KAFE alone (p<0.001).
KAFE alone and as pre-treatment also showed a non-dose dependent elevation in serum catalase activity
(p<0.001), decline in MDA (p<0.001) and up-regulation of GSH (p<0.001) respectively. Both co-treatment
and post-treatment with KAFE and cisplatin did not fully ameliorate the derangement in these parameters.
Cisplatin mechanism of action is believed to be free radical mediated. KAFE effectively improved catalase
activity, lowered MDA and up-regulated GSH in the experiment. These suggest that the cytoprotection
against cisplatin-mediated testicular damage is via an antioxidant modulatory pathway. Also, the increased
TT levels mirrored by complementary increase in BW and TW possibly support an androgen-stimulating
effect of KAF
UL-064-ANA-09
MBAKA GODWIN OYEBUEKE
HISTOMOPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC
RABBITS TREATED WITH SPHENOCENTR UM JOLLYANUM MENISPERMACEAE (PIERRE).
The aim was to investigate the effect of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) extract on alloxan-induced diabetic
and hyperglycaemic rabbits. The prophylactic effect and the hypoglycaemic activity of SJ extracts were
equally evaluated. Other biochemical parameters evaluated included lipid profile. The acute and chronic
toxicity tests were also conducted to ascertain the plant’s toxicity level.
In diabetic study, alloxan diabetic rabbits were treated with graded doses of SJ at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg
for the root and leaf extracts and 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg for the seed extract or 10 mg/kg of
glibenclamide. Blood was collected at days 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 and analyzed. The effects of the
extract on oral glucose loaded rabbits were also evaluated. In prophylactic study, animals received oral
treatment as follows: group A and B received only distilled water; group C, glibenclamide (10 mg/kg);
group D, root extract (100 mg/kg); group E, leaf extract (100 mg/kg); group F, seed extract (600 mg/kg).
A week later (day 0), basal glycaemia was determined followed by alloxan challenge (170mg/kg). Blood
collection and analysis was described in diabetic study. The hypoglycaemic activity was assessed on
normoglycaemic rabbit that received extract at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg for the root and leaf and 300, 600
and 1200 mg/kg for the seed and estimated at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h.
In alloxan diabetic rabbits, a dose dependent decrease in glucose levels occurred following oral
administration of the root, leaf and seed extracts. The decrease which became significant (p < 0.05) from
day 3 continued to the last day of treatment (day 15). Post treatment assessment showed further
decrease in glycaemia which suggested that the surviving beta cells sustained the activity of insulin
production. The root extract exhibited significantly higher activity than the leaf and seed extract. It equally
showed higher activity than glibenclamide. Furthermore, the three extracts showed effective glycaemic
control in glucose-induced hyperglycaemic rabbits by significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing the peak blood
glucose concentration and the area under oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) curve. In a prophylactic
study, animals received the extracts (root, leaf and seed) treatment before being challenged with alloxan.
They exhibited initial responsiveness to alloxan administration with a slight increase in glycaemic levels
which peaked at day 3 of treatment. Thereafter, the blood glucose level decreased and returned to
baseline glycaemia at day 9 which suggested that the extract provided effective protection against alloxan
diabetogenic activity. The hypoglycaemic activity of SJ extract was evaluated with normal rabbits. In the
leaf and seed extract treatments, a marginal decrease in glycaemia occurred at all the doses used.
70
However, with the root extract treatment, no appreciable decrease occurred at 100 and 250mg/kg but at
500mg/kg, there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glycaemia.
The derangement in lipid profile that occurred was a major precipitate of diabetes activity. The dislipidemia
was significantly ameliorated by the extracts with the root extract exhibiting a marked reduction in
cholesterol levels to a degree that was comparable to that of glibenclamide. The leaf and the seed extracts
also exerted an appreciable decrease in a dose dependant manner. The extracts equally showed a marked
dose dependent effect on triglyceride levels. The severe depletion in high density lipoprotein (HDL)
particles that occurred following the diabetic effect recovered significantly in the course of the extract
treatment.
In toxicity rating, the oral acute toxicity study demonstrated a high safety margin for the three extracts
because the animals tolerated up to 9.5, 11.5 and 12.0g/kg for the root, leaf and seed extract respectively.
According to FAO/WHO, if at 2g/kg oral dose, no death occurred, it is sufficient to assume the substance to
be non-toxic. The three extracts exerted a significant (p < 0.05) increase in red blood cells (RBC) and
haemoglobin (Hb) levels which suggested that they may have haematinic activity. In chronic toxicity
studies, plasma analysis showed no significant (p < 0.05) difference in Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST)
and Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) levels in extract treated animals compared to the untreated, thus
implying that the extracts were virtually non-toxic.
In conclusion, SJ demonstrated effective glycaemic control and showed to protect against alloxan
diabetogenic activity. The root exhibited hypoglycaemic effect that was comparable to the standard drug
used.
UL-065-ANA-09
YAMA OSHIOZOKHAI EBOETSE
CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECT OF METHANOLIC SEED EXTRACT OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA ON
MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS.
The research work investigated the possible antifertility effect of the methanolic seed extract of Momordica
charantia (Mc). The morphological changes following administration of the extract on testes of Sprague-
Dawley rats (SD-rats) were assessed using stereological parameters, hormonal assay and measurement of
testicular ‘stress indicators.’
Methodology: 670 adult male SD-rats weighing 162±52 g were used for the study, which was carried out
in two phases of 40 weeks. There were 335 adult male rats used in each phase. The two phases of the
experiments were the same; the second one separated from the first by a time span of 4 weeks. In each
phase, the male SD-rats were randomly divided into 6 main groups (A – F) and 36 sub-groups comprising 5-10
experimental rats. The animals were treated orally for short, intermediate and long term durations with Mc
seed extract at dose of 50 mg/100g body weight. The recovery effect was assessed at the end of 8 weeks of
administration to check for its reversibility. This was done 8 weekly until the 40th week. The prophylactic,
modulating and post-exposure therapeutic effects of Testosterone, Vitamins C and E on effect of the
extract were assessed. The animals were weighed weekly and sacrificed at the end of various durations
between weeks 2 and 40. The harvested testes were processed for histological examination under light
microscopy and subjected to stereological analysis. Stereological parameters estimated include: Tubular
diameter, cross sectional area of seminiferous tubules, number of profiles per unit area, length density and
numerical density of the seminiferous tubules. Supernatants from homogenized testes were biochemically
analyzed for testicular ‘stress indicators’ such as Malondialdehyde and Ascorbic acid concentrations. Semen
quality estimated in the caudal epididymal fluid, in accordance with the World Health Organization standards.
The hormones assayed include; Serum Testosterone, Gonadotrophins and Prolactin from blood samples
obtained from left ventricular puncture at necropsy.
71
Histological sections showed a continuum of distortion and a diminished seminiferous tubular epithelium, the
spermatogenic series and stroma were also diminished with increased duration of extract administration.
Semen quality and Testicular morphometry were significantly affected in rats grouped in the suppression
phase fed the extract only; for the count, various percentage sperm count targets were achieved when
compared to negative control rats and classified into five: Azoospermia, 40% < 1 million (0.1 - 0.9 million)
and < 3 million (1 - 2.9 million), 20% >3million<50 million 16.7% and Non Responsive (> 50 million) 3.3%
and the morphometry, revealed a statistically reduced (p < 0.05) testicular weight and volume. The mean
sperm count and motility of the rats that had Mc plus antioxidants, Testosterone and both combined, were
within normal range, while there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in mean sperm count of rats
administered Mc after a prophylactic dose of antioxidants, and hormonal replacement compared to control
animals. The serum concentration of Testosterone was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in rats administered
extract only, though an initial spike was observed. Serum concentrations of gonadotrophins were also reduced,
however prolactin levels were elevated. Co-treatment of the extract with Testosterone, Vitamins C and E
significantly (p < 0.05) prevented these hormonal changes. Testicular ‘stress indicators’ showed a significantly
elevated malondialdehyde (p < 0.05) and reduced Ascorbic acid (p < 0.001) levels in the supernatants of
testicular homogenates of rats treated with Mc only.
Conclusion: These results suggest that the methanolic seed extract of Mc demonstrated antifertility effect
when given at an oral dose of 50 mg/100g body weight. Though the mechanism of action is not completely
clear, the disruption in both the hormonal milieu and anti-oxidant status of testis are most probable as Mc treated rats had significantly lower serum gonadotropins and Testosterone levels while decreasing
testicular Ascorbic acid as well as elevating testicular malondialdehyde levels when compared to control.
ARTS AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES EDUCATION
(FORMERLY CURRICULUM STUDIES)
UL-066 -CUS-80
OSISANYA OLUWALE DORCAS
REGISTER IN ORAL DISCOURCE: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY IN FIRST AND SECOND
LANGUAGE SITUATIONS.
Ph.D Curriculm Studies (1980) 352pp.
-
In first-language and second-language acquisition, the training of oracy skills before literacy skills
ensures a natural, efficient learning process. The development of oracy skills should embrace the formal
and informal varieties of English.
The present study attempts to identify clusters of stylistic features of Register in Oral Discourse by
native-English students on the one hand and second-language speakers of English on the other hand.
It discovers that native English students in small group discourse acts use features of informal,
casual, familiar, personal conversation such as: casual beginnings, repetitions, dialoguing with
interruptions and turn-interchange, a higher frequency of initimacy signals contracted forms of modal
auxillaries, verbs-to-be prepacked forms of agreement, verbal fillers, phrasal verbs and active voice of
verbs.
It also discovers that Nigerian students of English in small-group discourse acts use features of
formal, distant, impersonal conversion such as: formal beginnings, monologuing, rigid turn-taking,
passive voice of verbs and a lower frequency of intimacy signals, contracted forms of modal auxillaries,
verbs-to-be, pre-packed forms of agreement, verbal fillers and phrasal verbs.
It explains, as far as possible, factors which contribute to the contrastive features found. It
proposes acceptable goals of second language conversation and communicative competence.
It recommends two types of training - remediation for second-language non-beginners and
process-model curriculum for beginners - in the use of Register in Oral Discourse.
72
In order to ascertain the efficacy of the two types of training, it carries out a trial of the
effectiveness of remediation on adult second-language speakers of English.
It finds that a well-programmed instruction - with goals and objectives behaviourally stated,
socially desirable and teachable, with learning experiences well-selected, sequenced, organised,
integrated, meaningfully and pleasurably presented - can increase highly the frequency of occurrence of
most of the features of informal, casual, personal, familiar language in the conversation of secondlanguage speakers of English.
UL-067-CUS-80
MHENE GOSIE SILAS AUGUSTINE
THE SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIAL STUDIES FOR NIGERIAN
SCHOOLS: A PRECEDENT FOR THE NEWLY CREATED STATE OF ZIMBABWE.
Ph.D Curriculum Studies (1980) 172pp.
In Nigeria, Social Studies was fist taught as a school subject since 1958, and therefore the efforts
to develop the subject are still in progress. The first effort is to distinguish and establish Social Studies as
a vital school subject.
The more important area still under development are the objectives, the contents, and the
methods of teaching social studies. The development of these areas is done through the help of Nigerian
Social Studies Association (NSSA), the Nigerian Education Research Council (NERC), and the African
Social Studies Programme (ASSP). These bodies organize seminars, and conferences to familiarize the
educators with the pressing new needs, and they propose new lines for developments. The dissemination
of ideas and new information from these associations is channeled through the State to the individual
Schools.
One of the areas under consideration is the training of teachers to teach social studies. The
Colleges and Universities are busy training the new teachers to meet the school demands.
The older teachers need to be assisted to change from the teaching of history, geography and
economics as separate subjects in the schools. The refresher courses and seminars are arranged for the
old teachers by NERC. The seminars are given at state and at regional levels according to the needed
and the availability of the resources.
NSSA, NERC, and ASSP are encouraging the teachers and educators to write the textbooks to be
used in the teaching of Social Studies. In addition to the writing of textbooks, the teachers are
encouraged to develop their own teaching aids in order to emphasis the local nature of the subject.
So far, little evaluation of social studies has taken place in Nigeria, especially at the National level.
Beside the individual school's assessment based on the performances of the students, some groups in
Nigerian have said that social studies requires specially trained teachers for its successful
implementation.
The processes used in the development of social studies curriculum came via NSSA, and NERC,
and ASSP, which organized Conferences for orientation and for bringing the new ideas and issues to the
notice of the teachers and educators. Through the same bodies, workshops are chosen to plan and
design new curricula, and to innovate the old ones. The efforts and contribution to the subject of social
studies are co-ordinated by the three different bodies. The dissemination of new ideas and any other
information pertaining to social studies is done by the associations, through the States, down to the
individual schools.
In Nigeria, three approaches of subject organisation are being followed for Social Studies. These
are the Concentric circle model, the Issue of Topic oriented model, and the Spiral model. These are used
either separately or concurrently in the teaching of Social Studies. Of recent, the Inquiry Approach is
being encouraged here in Nigeria as well as other independent African States to adopt this approach in
their schools.
While there has been little or no evaluation of the Social Studies programme in Nigerian at the
national level, the National Teachers Education Curriculum Workshop has been entrusted to evaluate,
73
and effect innovations and changes to any aspect of the Social Studies programme. The workshop
recommends for seminars and conference to NERC., which is the main sponsoring body if any need
arises.
What Contribution would the Study Make?
This research study, has discovered that the Social Studies programme in Nigeria is quite relevant
and suitable for Zimbabwe. The differences in the implementation of the programme would only occur in
areas where emphasis should be laid. Particular needs and particular times and circumstances will always
call for a shift in emphasis whether in Nigeria or in Zimbabwe. The objectives, the contents and the
methods of teaching Social Studies in Nigeria should be adopted by Zimbabwe without much hesitation.
Both the objectives and the methods can only be slightly modified to meet particular needs and
particular circumstances.
The approaches to societal problems should be made differently because Zimbabwe is smaller in
size and population than Nigeria. Also the resources of each country which will be used in solving the
problems are different. Hence the approaches given to similar problems should be made different also.
For many years Zimbabwe has followed examples from Britain or the United States of America,
which to me are far different from Zimbabwe than Nigeria. Therefore feel that Zimbabwe could learn a
lot from the Nigerian experiences without emphasising the differences found in the social, and political
outlook of each country.
I therefore need to emphasise the importance and the relevance of the 15 suggestions and the 10
recommendations 1 have proposed more for Zimbabwe than for Nigeria in Chapter Five of my Thesis.
UL-068-CUS-81
ADEYOYIN ADEBOLA FELICIA
THE DYNAMICS OF TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES AT THE GRADE TWO TEACHERS' COLLEGE
LEVEL IN LAGOS STATE.
The purpose of this study was to invetigate and identify the various factors capable of enhancing
dynamism in the teaching of social studies at the Grade Two College level in Lagos State. The study was
justified from theoretical and practical points of view in extending the frontier of knowledge in classrom
interaction and in influencing curriculum planning and development in social studies.
The descriptive research design was employed. Selection of a research population was based on
the four types of programmes offered by the Grade two Teacher's Colleges in Lagos state. Participating
staff and students, drawn from all the colleges, were randomly selected to include all four categories.
Within the thirty-six classrooms selected, there were 1,312 students, thirty-six teachers and twenty
educational administrators.
The major instruments used were the Classroom Interaction Observational Analysis Instrument,
Social Studies Teaching Questionnaire, Actualizations of Intentions in Teaching, Pre-Test and Post-Test
and the Observer Rating form.
The statistical technique employed for the analysis was the analysis of variance to determine the
differences between and amongst the various conceptulization scores. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients,
t-tests and F-tests were used to determine the relationship between and amongst these scores.
Analysis of research data resulted in the following findings based on the five hypotheses tested.
This study found surprisingly that students conceptualize social studies more as an amalgam of subjects
than as citizenship education or a discipline. That students conceptualize teaching more as interaction
between the knower and the ignorant than as interaction involving three elements. Teachers and
administrators, on the contrary, held more appropriate conceptions of social studies as citizenship
education, ecological studies, skill development, and of teaching as triadic processes.
This study identified six major factors capable of enhancing dynamism in teaching social studies as:
(1) the variety of conceptions of social studies held (2) the conceptions of teaching held and how close
74
to the triadic process the conceptions are, (3) the variety of method of teaching social studies employed,
(4) the various notions of social studies objectives tied, (5) the awareness of specific objectives to reflect
the effects and nature of social studies and (6) patterns of interactions portraying the ability to actualize
stated intentions in teaching.
These factors influence dynamic classroom interactions as follows:
(1)
The greater the conceptions of social studies held, the closer to the triadic processes the
conceptions of teaching held, the more varied the objectives and methods of social studies identified and
actualized, the greater the classroom interaction.
(2)
The greater the teachers ability to identify and achieve specific objectives which reflect the
affect of social studies, the closer the actualization of intentions to reflect the nature of social studies, the
greater the classroom interaction.
The following recommendations considered essential to enhance dynamism in the teaching of
social studies were made.
(1)
Emphasis and development of the appropriate conceptions of social studies.
(2)
A re-examination of the curricula, the philosophy behind social studies and the teacher's
schemes of work;
(3)
Exposures of teachers and students to the factors which influence dynamic classroom
interactions;
(4)
Integrating the knowledge from social studies education which focuses on the totality of
human nature into the educational foundations, cultural and creative art, health and physical education
and science classes to reflect the dynamism in social studies.
(5)
Finally, it is recommended that teachers be exposed to a system of analyzing the teaching
process to create and propagate teaching as involving the teacher, the learner and the subject matter
shared between them.
UL-069 -CUS-81
OLADEPO MURANA OMOTAYO
SOCIAL STUDIES OFFERING BY THE ADVANCED TEACHERS' COLLEGES OF NIGERIA: A
STUDY OF INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IN EDUCATION.
Ph.D Curriculun Studies (1981) 191pp.
In both the United States of America and the United Kingdom, Social Studies emerged towards the
turn of the century in response to the problems created by industrialisation. Faced with similar prospects,
Nigeria introduced Social Studies into the Curricula of her educational institutions in the early 1970s. Up
till now, However, the objectives, content and methods of the subject have not been clearly defined in
the Nigerian context, and the extent of its diffusion down the educational system not assessed.
This study therefore sought to find out the opinions of 26 lecturers of Social Studies at 20
Advanced Teachers' Colleges (ATCs) with a view to finding out their opinions with regard to the
objectives, content, instructional techniques, methods of evaluation and adequacy of teaching facilities
and equipment. It made attempts to measure the degree of differences existing between their views, on
the one hand, and compared those views with the opinions of 5 experts of Social Studies in the
Universities and 100 students in the ATCs to measure the success of the diffusion process. The opinions
solicited with the help of a 5 - part questionnaire were subjected to the Harris, Friedman, Man-Whitney,
Wilcoxon and Krushal-Wallis tests to find the level of acceptance of the various items stated and the
extent of differences existing between the various opinions expressed.
The study found an alarming paucity of qualified lecturers of Social Studies in the country. Out of
the 26 lecturers, only 7 were qualified to teach at the ATC level, five of whom were expatriates.
Lecturers and students at the ATCs alike considered Social Studies objectives largely to be the
inculcation of citizenship, but rejected reflective inquiry as an objective. They similarly found content
75
areas dealing with cultural values and democracy most appropriate. Social studies experts were different
from lecturers and students of ATCs regarding Social Studies objectives and the content. This shows a
major evidence for ineffectual diffusion in this innovation process down the line of the education system.
Students reported the instructional methods that they found suitable to be chiefly fields trips and
small group discussions. Case studies, team teaching and projects were considered unsuitable methods
in Nigerian context. The essay was reported to be the most appropriate method of evaluation, although
checklists and multiple-choice questioning were favoured also. Both the lecturers and the experts
regarded field trips as the most effective method of teaching and learning in Social Studies. They next
favoured brainstorming. The finding suggested that teacher's observation could be introduced as an
evaluation device and that this needed be approached with great caution.
Facilities to aid effective learning and teaching in Social Studies were lacking in nearly all the
Advanced Teachers' Training Colleges. Film/Slide projectors, film-strips, transparencies and archival
findings - all of which should aid Social Studies learning and teaching were unavailable to students and
their lecturers.
The study offers recommendations for an effective diffusion in Social Studies. First there is the
need for the experts themselves to reach a consensus for the objectives and content of Social Studies.
Secondly, if students are to develop that independence of thought and reflection which social studies
sets out to encourage, it is vital that books and other facilities on the subject are made available so that
the students can have access to diverse views of thought and different approaches to problem-solving,
which are the hall-marks of Social Studies. Thirdly, there is the need for increasing the production of
well-trained specialist lecturers in the field of Social Studies and the Nigerian Univerities must therefore
expand their Social Studies offerings.
UL-070 -CUS-83
AKANDE OKE MICHAEL
THE IMPACT OF MODERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT ON GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION IN
NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
"A geography educational gap" between the universities and the secondary schools had been
alleged (Brook, 1969; Ola, 1978). It was assumed that the "conceptual revolution" that predominates
geography education at the tertiary level of our educational system has not taken root in our secondary
schools. The new geography thought otherwise labelled "conceptual revolution" (Davis, 1972) is
characterised by increased use of ideas; about space, that can be applied generally. The need for such
new geographical ideas being generated in the Universities to have a trickle-down effect on the
secondary schools has been emphasized (Ojo, 1978).
This study therefore investigated the extent to which the new geographical concepts and practices
affect geography education in the secondary schools. The "geography teachers" use of the new
geographic knowledge in five major contexts were examined. The context include: statement of lesson
objectives; approaches to geography lesson delivery; evaluation of geography lessons; students
responses to evaluation questions, and the literatue in use.
The rationale for the study is that whereas the function of secondary school geography as
preparatory for living is important, the same education in geography is also preparatory to university
geography. That being the case, both levels of educaton should be interrelated and interdependent.
Besides, where secondary school education is terminal for a student, the quality of secondary school
geography already received by him considerably determines the extent to which he can cope with
geography problems and utilize or appreciate geographical opportunities. Also the study was intended to
shed some light on the needed innovations in secondary school geography curriculum.
A panel survey design defind by Labovtz and Hagedorn (1971: 62) as "repeated observations on
the same sample over a period of time" was adopted for the study. The target population consisted of all
geography lessons delivered in Nigerian secondary schools. A multi-stage, stratified random sampling
technique was used to randomly select ten secondary schools from five randomly selected states of
Nigeria namely; Plateau, Lagos, Ondo, Kano and Kwara. A preliminary investigation was conducted in
76
ten states of the federation to assess geography teachers awareness of the new trends in geography
education. The result of the Pilot study showed that four categories or types of geography teachers are
in the Nigerian secondary schools namely: Non-graduate Untrained Teachers (NUT); Non-graduate
Trained Teachers (NTT), Graduate Untrained Teacher (GUT); and Graduate Trained Teachers (GTT).
Also, in the pilot study, more than ninety eight per cent of the geography teachers indicated "conceptual
revolution" as the main feature of modern geographic knowledge.
The Geography lesson observation schedule (GLOS) for intensive geography lesson observation
was administered periodically and repeatedly for about nine months. 256 separate geography lessons
were observed. Chi-square (X2) analysis; analysis of proportion, and percentages were the main
inferential and descriptive statistical techniques used to analyse data collected.
It was discovered that the four categories of geography teachers differed significantly in their
formulation of geography lesson objectives and in their geography teaching approaches. However not
significant difference, in presentation of current ideas in geography was found between all trained
geography teachers and all untrained geography teachers put together. Also it was discovered that
students' participation in lessons differed significantly in regional geography lessons; systematic
geography lessons and conceptual geography lessons. It was also found that there was a relatively
higher proportion of lower order cognitive evaluation questions over the higher order cognitive evaluation
questions used by all geography teachers to evaluate geography learning.
However, the hypothesis that "the proportion of the students' lower order cognitive responses to
both lower order and higher order cognitive evaluation questions would not be less than 0.5 was
accepted. It was discovered that about forty one per cent of the 256 geography lessons observed were
conceptually-based meaning that approaches to geography teaching and the content of secondary school
geography are gradually being modernised. However, it was found that variables like lesson objectives;
evaluation of geography lessons; students responses to evaluation questions; fieldwork activities and
textbooks did not reflect the new changes that have started to affect both the teaching and content of
secondary school geography.
The study highlights the need to revise the present secondary school geography syllabus. It also
accentuates the need to review very critically the present mode of evaluating students learning in
geography especially in examinations conducted by the West African Examinations Council.
UL-071 -CUS-83
LAWAL O. OLUFUNKE (MRS)
SCHOOL CERTIFICATE LITERATURE IN NIGERIA: A STUDY IN CONTENT ANALYSIS AND
CLASSROOM INTERACTION.
The shortcomings in students' performances in the literature examination at the West African
School Certificate level have been found to be underlined by teaching deficiencies. These deficiencies
could, in turn, be remedied by certain basic strategies for teaching. The study has postulated that a
combination of Stylistic Analysis and Literary Criticism be adopted as a frame of reference for developing
teaching plans for literature. It is also believed that if the teachers were to conduct their lessons in
conformity with the study's two-dimensional system of lesson interaction, some of the shortcomings in
literature lessons would be rectified.
Literary criticism and stylistic analysis are two major approaches to the study of literature which
have applied well formulated theories to the description, analysis, interpretation and evaluation of literary
works. They have basic principles and strategies for these two approaches, a checklist of criteria for
analysis and intrepretation of literary materials was derived and applied to a selection from the school
certificate syllabus.
Teacher's rating of past examination questions has justified the approach through literary criticism
and stylistic analysis. Teachers value questions which require candidates to give "an account", while
77
giving an account successfully requires ability to analyse and make a personal interpretation of a
passage. These same teachers are less favourably disposed towards descriptive questions.
Also evolving from a synthesis of Literary Criticism and Stylistic Analysis is the two-dimensional
system of verbal analysis that incorporates the Logical Characteristics of Lessons and the Substantive
Characteristics of Lessons. The first dimension is concerned with the level of intellectual knowledge
taught to students, while the second focuses the aspects of the literary material that are of interest to
the teacher as expressed by him verbally.
Content validity for this instrument was evidenced in the shortcoming highlighted in its application
to thirty six literature lessons taught in four classrooms. For example, the instrument has revealed quite
vividly the following shortcomings:
1.
Lack of structural organisation of lesson in literature.
2.
The preponderance of extra-textual artistic quality.
3.
The total neglect of language and its linguistic implications for the analysis and interpretation
of the literary material.
4.
The low proportion of analytic and interpretive questions compared with comprehension
questions.
5.
The teaching of important events and episodes in isolation from the other aspects of the text;
consequently, the literary material was taught as a collection of disparate elements and not as a literary
piece.
6.
Lack of variation in teaching strategy from one type of literature to another.
7.
Lack of integration of the students' personal experience and knowledge of the world within the
lesson.
8.
The paucity of helpful teaching aids in the literature lesson.
The instrument was also tested for reliability. The reliability figure of 0.95 was obtained from the
Scott Co-efficient.
However, the checklist of criteria which was derived from Literary Criticism and Stylistic Analysis is
only valid for persons who are well trained in their study of literature.
Two major claims for this study then are, first, the checklist with its extensive illustrations, and,
second, the two-dimensional instrument for observing literature lessons. All the categories for coding
utterances are based on those aspects of the text to which the literature teacher must direct close
attention.
Finally, it is hoped that future work will shed more light on the efficacy of the two approaches
described here above in
a.
Improving teacher classroom performances and
b.
Improving initial preparation and
training of pre-service teachers.
UL-072 -CUS-88
ADEKOYA ADEMOLU OLUSOLA
DESIGNING TRADITIONAL RELIGION PROGRAMME FOR OGUN STATE SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOLS.
M. Phil. Curriculum Studies (1988) 265pp.
The need for the integration of Yoruba Traditional religion in the senior secondary school
curriculum cannot be over emphasized. The present study is an attempt to stimulate the moral affective
development of senior secondary school students. An innovative curriculum programme in Yoruba
Traditional Religion was developed using Goldsman's theory of faith development and age of readiness
for religious education. Highlights of different units in the programme as well as the rationale for the
inclusion of each topic are presented in this report.
78
Try out test for the programme was conducted with class IV Bible/Islamic Religious Knowledge
students. The experimental group (g1) was taught some selected topics while the control group (g2) was
not taught traditional religion.
Evaluation of the programme was through pre-test, post-test, Discussions, Interview and Attitude
questionnaire which were administered to students, teachers, parents and school administrators. Content
validity Evaluation Report Sheets were issued to experts in traditional religion.
Hitherto no curriculum programme on Yoruba Traditional religion exists in our schools.
Results indicated positive responses from all categories of subjects. Two statistical tests used were,
t-test and correlation - Co-efficient. The results indicated:
(i)
no significant difference in the traditional pre-test scores between the subjects from rural and
urban areas;
(ii)
significant difference in the achievement of the experimental and control groups in Yoruba
Traditional Religion post test'
(iii)
significant difference in the students performance in Yoruba Traditional Religion pre-test and
post test;
(iv)
significant difference in the achievement of students from rural and urban areas in Yoruba
Traditional Religion post-test;
(v)
no relationship between the students' attitude toward Yoruba Traditional Religion and their
achievement;
(vi)
no significant differences between female and male students in their attitude towards the
teaching of Yoruba Traditional Religion;
(vii)
no significant difference between the parents' and teachers' perception of Yoruba Traditional
Religion;
(viii)
no significant difference in the attitude of parents from rural and urban areas towards the
(ix)
no significant difference between parents and school administrators' attitude towards the the
(x)
no significant differences between the muslim and christian students in their attitudes towards
the teaching of Yoruba Traditional Religion.
The reports of all the expert favoured the content of the programme.
The implications of these findings for teachers, curriculum developers, school administrators were
indicated.
UL-073-CUS-88
AYUK EGBE MARTHA
PATTERNS OF CLASSROOM LANGUAGE OF ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON SECONDARY SCHOOL
TEACHERS OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
This study attempts to identify, analyze and describe the classroom oral discourse of trained ESL
teachers and their students on the one hand, and that of untrained ESL teachers and the students they
teach on the other hand. It was hypothesized that there will be no significant difference in the classroom
oral performance of trained and untrained teachers of English as a second language in the first three
forms of Anglophone Cameroon secondary schools. But the results of this investigation show that trained
teachers and their students controlled a higher level of English proficiency in classroom discourse and
employed a wider range of structural patterns than untrained teachers and their students respectively.
A total of 32 ESL teachers, 18 trained and 14 untrained, were observed in 11 schools in the South
West Province over a period of three months, during which 76 lessons were tape recorded. The 18
79
trained teachers were drawn, six each from Forms one, Two and Three, while the 14 untrained ESL
teachers were drawn from Forms one Two and Three in the ratio 5: 6: 3 respectively.
Cameroon's multilingual setting which necessitated her adoption of a national English-French
bilingual language policy constitutes the sociolinguistic background for this study. The acquisition of
English as a second language in co-official status with French in the Educational system of a country with
more than 285 indigenous languages presents serius problems for language pedagogy research. The
study has therefore provided an update on review of research literature in classroom language in
general, and English as a second language process studies in particular. The picture that emerges is one
where in there has been a shift in focus from technique to process with the teacher's classroom talk
input as a crucial variable for learning to occur. The comparison undertaken of the ESL classroom
discourse of trained and untrained teachers, with teachers featuring as the vital source of the linguistic
input reflects this current concern of research in classroom learning teaching processes.
The main aims of the investigation that have, to a large extent, influenced the research design and
orientation adopted here are summarized as:1.
identification, analyses and description of the range and frequency of occurrence of basic
English structural patterns.
2.
identification and description of each of the structural patterns found in the 64 lessons that
constitute the language corpora;
3.
examination of the effect of course book material, teaching technique and organizational
procedure on students' use of the identified patterns of English structure; and
4.
identification and the assessment of the influence of course book material, presentation
techniques and organization of learning groups on interaction patterns in the same language sample.
The research methodology adopted consisted of (1) questionnaire elicitation of teachers'
performance in classroom ESL activities and students' attitudes to these activities; (2) administration of
students' achievement tests in listening comprehension skills and (3) tape recording of 76 actual english
lessons for the analysis of classroom discourse. Results obtained from the analysis of students' attitude
to English language activities, using the t-tests statistical techniques indicated the following trends:
(1) Untrained teachers' students performed just as well as their counterparts taught by trained
teachers in the Likert-format attitude scale; (2) one kind of English classroom activity does not seems to
generate more positive students' attitude to English language learning than another; (3) professional
training has no influence on the formation of positive attitude in students toward English language
activities. Similarly, the most important findings from the analysis of teachers' performance in the
language activities surveyed are: (1) untrained teachers performed just as highly as their trained
colleagues in the 6 dimensional activities sampled; (2) lowest mean scores were obtained by trained and
untrained teachers in functional/learning resources activities; (3) professional training does not emerge
as a determining factor of teachers' performance in the six activity domains of language. Students'
achievement tests I and II were subejcted to the analysis of covariance (ANOVA) test and the following
results were yielded: (1) students taught by trained teachers performed significantly better than
untrained teachers' students' in the tests; (2) the teacher characteristic of professional certification
seemed to be a good discriminator of students' achievement gains.
The analyses of classroom discourse were based on teachers and students' use of six basic English
structural patterns, and four sentence types and their functions (i.e. their illocutionary force). The four
sentence types are the passive, the declarative, the interrogative, and the imperative whose functions
range from statements, assertions, directives, instructions, questions etc. the six basic English structural
patterns are:
1.
NPV (intransitive)
2.
NP1 V (transitive) NP2 (X)
3.
NP1 V (transitive) NP2 (X)
4.
NP1 V (transitive) NP2 NP3
5.
NP V (linking (X)
6.
EXPLETIVE BE NP
80
The detailed analysis of the 64 lessons recorded, employing Lobans' (1963) method of analysis
yielded significant results. Summations of the frequency of occurrence of each of the patterns and
sentence types were obtained and t-tests procedures were employed to facilitate a comparison of
subjects' means. Consequently, the global evidence on teachers' and students' use of spoken discourse
during ESL lessons indicated the following trends:
1.
Trained teachers and their students produced more utterances of the structural patterns
1,2,3,4,5 and 6 types than untrained teachers and their students.
2.
Although overall figures showed that trained teachers and their students were superior to
untrained teachers and their students they teach in use of sentence pattern 4, untrained teachers'
students used more utterance of this pattern than trained teachers' students.
3.
Considerably fewer utterances of pattern 5 type were employed by teachers and students in
both groups.
4.
A significant difference was found between trained teachers and their students' use of structural
pattern 1, and untrained teachers and their students' use.
5.
Except for the use of type 1 pattern, the differences between trained teachers and their
students and untrained teachers and their students in the use of five remaining structural patterns were
not significant.
6.
Trained teachers who employed more interrogative, declarative and imperative sentence types,
interacted more during lessons than their untrained counterparts.
7.
Trained teachers and their students interacted more during ESL lessons than untrained teachers
and the students they teach.
In the light of these findings, it was
concluded that trained teachers and their students were
more fluent language users while employing a wider range of structural pattersn than untrained teachers
and their students. Furthermore, course book material, the teacher's instructional technique and
organization of teaching were all found to influence the amount and quality of discourse generated by
teachers and students during ESL lessons, which tended to be restricted. Finally, implications for teacher
training programmes in preparation of ESL teachers in Cameroon and for further research are outlined
and recommendations suggested. The most important of these is that this particular study draws
attention to the need for further micro-research investigations of the relationships between English
grammar, the structure of lesson's discourse and the effective strategies as well as the methodology of
ESL classroom learning and teaching processes. Thus, given the communicative potentials of basic
structural patterns and sentence types such as declarative, interrogative, imperative and declarative
classroom discourse, the results of such studies should be incorporated into the ESL programme for
trainee teachers. There is no gain saying that such input data from teacher's and students' language use
during ESL lessons should provide the framework for evaluation and writing of ESL course books,
considering their overriding effect on classroom language acquisition.
UL-074-CUS-88
IKEGULU BENE OKWY (MRS)
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CLOZE PROCEDURE AND TWO OTHER METHODS OF
MEASURING READABILITY IN ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE.
81
Most cloze testing research has centred on the traditional model of deleting every - 5th word,
providing blanks of standard length, and accepting only exact word replacements in scoring (E5-V). In
the present study, eight cloze formats were compared for their ability to generate differing rates of
response accuracy as well as their estimated concurrent validity and reliability. These formats were
derived by combining levels of three independent variables: deletion strategy (Every 5th versus Total
Random), blank condition (Standard versus Cued), and Scoring model (Verbatim versus Synonymic).
Results obtained from the analysis of cloze test performance of 400 form three students drawn from
eight school Management Committee zones of Lagos State revealed a generally increased performance
across the every - 5th, Cued and Synonymic format (Es + S). When used with different ability ranges
(Skilled and less-skilled readers), the Every 5th, Cued and Synonymic format also generated a superior
performance over others by generating mean scores most similar to the accepted reading competence
levels of the subjects.
When compared with two other measures of readability, the Multiple-Choice Comprehension tests
and Fry's Readability formula, a high positive correlation was recorded between this eclectic cloze
procedure formats, and indeed almost all the other alternatives and multiple choice-tests. The E5 + S
format also compared favourably with the reading levels assigned to the texts and materials for the
study by generating scores which placed most of the subjects at both the independent and instructional
levels of the reading passages.
Results confirm and extend the findings of earlier studies that investigated cloze alternatives to a
second language situation. Psychometric and psycholinguistic advantages of the alternative cloze from
are discussed.
UL-075-CUS-88
OSANYIN F. AJIKE (MRS)
THE USE OF SOCIO-DRAMATIC PLAY TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING VERBAL AND NUMERICAL
PROBLEMS IN NURSERY SCHOOLS.
The Nigerian parents assessment of the effectiveness of pre-school education centres around the
speed and the extent to which their pre-school children master the academic skills. This inappropriate
index of academic success has resulted in the predominance of drills and memorisation as the
commonest feature of the pre-school classes. Play, which is one of the best methods though which the
pre-school age children learn, has been relegated to a state of recess or total abandonment in the
nursery schools.
Most Nigerian pre-school teachers are not aware of the effective ways of maximising children's
learning through play. They are not aware that in a child's play situation, the child abstracts the
significant elements of his environment and organises them in meaningful order, that the spontaneous
expression of thought and feeling of the child in this play situation is an educational activity.
This study was therefore designed to examine whether the use of socio-dramatic play technique
will improve the verbal and numerical problem-solving abilities of Nigerian Nursery School children. Its
purpose was to determine the instructional value of play for children of varying background using their
knowledge of situations, people and places in solving problems. It was also aimed at identifying one of
the ways through which nursery school teachers can meaningfully utilize pupil's relevant exepriences in
problem-solving.
For the study, 10 pre-primary schools were randomly selected from Lagos state pre-primary
schools list. From these, a total of 630 pre-primary school children and 20 teachers were selected for the
study. Questionnaire, observation schedule and achievement test were the three tools used to collect
data. A pre-test-post-test research design was used in the study. Analysis of covariance and t-test were
used on the scores obtained.
The findings of the study showed significant differences in the verbal and numerical problemsolving performance of pupils taught by the technique of socio-dramatic play and those taught by the
82
conventional teaching method. The study made it clear that the very nature of socio-dramatic play which
included the ability of pupils to immitate roles, persist in role imitation, make belief in action and
situations and also communicate with others, is capable of generating pupils' interest in learning.
The implications of the study in the areas of teacher education, training strategy, curricula tool,
early child-hood curriculum and the child's continued learning are highlighted.
UL-076-CUS-89
YUSUF, 'UMMU'LKHAYR OMOLABAKE IDOWU
AN EVALUATION OF THE JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ISLAMIC STUDIES CURRICULUM
IMPLEMENTATION IN LAGOS STATE
There is the need to examine the implementation of the JSS Islamic Studies Curriculum.
This is because the realization of the objectives of the curriculum depends largely on the
effectiveness of its implementation. This study investigated the attitude of teachers and students towards
the objectives and topics of the curriculum. It also looked into the constraints facing the successful
implementation of this programme as well as the frequency of use of the recommended and nonrecommended instructional strategies by the Islamic studies teachers in Lagos state secondary schools.
Four research instruments were used in this study; namely:
(i)
A questionnaire on students' Attitude towards the JSS Islamic curriculum.
(ii)
A questionnaire on Aspects of JSS Islamic studies curriculum (for teachers).
Each of the questionnaires was divided into four sections. Section 1 investigated the attitude of subjects
towards th objectives of the curriculum, Section II looked into their relative assessment of the
comprehensiveness of the curriculum, section III focused on the implementation constraints while
section IV was to ascertain the frequency of use of different instructional strategies by the Islamic
studies teachers. The instruments were validated and the reliability tests showed high co-efficient of
reliability (0.971 and 0.830 repectively).
(iii)
An interview schedule and
(iv)
The classroom observation schedule.
The results of the Kruskal and Wallies statistical test used indicated;
(i)
Significant difference between the attitude of male and female towards the learning
importance of some of the objectives and topics of the JSS Islamic curriculum.
(ii)
no significant difference between the attitude of male and female students towards the
comprehensiveness of the JSS Islamic studies curriculum.
(iii)
no significant difference between the opinions of male and female students about the
implementation constraints of the JSS Islamic studies curriculum.
(iv)
no significant difference between the attitude of male and female students towards the
frequency of use of certain instructional strategies by their Islamic studies teachers.
(v)
no significant difference in the attitude of teachers of Islamic studies towards the teaching
importance of some of the objectives and topics of the curriculum irrespective of their level of academic
qualifications.
(vi)
significant difference in the attitude of the Islamic studies teachers towards the
comprehensiveness of the curriculum irrespective of their level of academic qualifications.
(vii)
no significant difference between the opinions of Islamic studies teachers with higher
qualifications and those with lower qualifications about the implementation constraints of the curriculum.
(viii)
no significant difference in the attitude of the Islamic studies teachers towards the use of
instructional strategies irrespective of their level of academic qualifications.
83
Some of the major findings were that all the objectives of the curriculum were generally rated as
worthwhile and laudable. However, the inadequacy of the number of teachers available for the Islamic
studies curriculum and lack of supportive measures from the government were two of the major
constraints in the implementation of the curriculum in Lagos State.
It has, therefore, been suggested that more Islamic studies teachers should be trained and posted
to secondary schools by the state government. Moreover fund should be allocated to purchase relevant
instructional materials for effective teaching and learning of Islamic studies. Likewise, Arabic should be
introduced into the schools for a more meaningful learning of Islamic studies.
The implications of these findings for teachers, curriculum developers parents and government
were indicated.
UL-077-CUS-90
OPARA C. CAROL (MRS.)
AN EVALUATIVE STUDY OF HUMANISTIC VALUES EDUCATION THROUGH AFRICAN
LITERATURE IN FRENCH IN SOME SELECTED COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the existing curriculum in African Literature in French in
Colleges of Education in Nigerian with regard to the:
(i)
expected major objective for which the subject was established and
(ii)
the coverage of the content and the appropriateness of the existing methodologies for
teaching literature as a humanistic experience in Colleges of Education in Nigeria.
The central problem was the extent to which the curriculum inculcated humanistic values in students of
African Literature in Fernch which would enable them to appreciate the universal nature of man in terms
of given social/cultural stimuli and the corresponding responses.
The theoretical framework centred on a critical review of related studies under the following:
(a) Literature;
(b) Curriculum;
(c) Evaluation;
(d) Humanistic values.
Five research questions were generated, namely:1.
Is the teaching of any of the three aspects - prose, drama, and poetry of African Literature in
French neglected and if so, is the neglect crucial in the attainment of the objectives of inculcating
humanistic values in the students?
2.
Is the ability of promote humanistic values through the teaching of the subject dependent on
the availability of adequate teaching resources in the individual Colleges of Education?
3.
Is the availability of trained, qualified and experienced teachers crucial in the attainment of
the objective of the course?
4.
Is the ability of the students of Literature in French in the Colleges of Education to discern
universal humanistic values through African Literature in French dependent on the students' pre-entry
qualification?
5.
What is the relationship between students' acquisition of humanistic values through African
Literature in French and the methods employed in the teaching and evaluation of the programme?
84
The methodology of the study employed the "illuminative Curriculum Evaluation Approach, the
approach to curriculum evaluation which require the soliciting of value judgement of teachers and
students on the programme. The use of this approach was based on successful use of the illuminative
theory on related studies such as those by Bill Gibby (1978), Stenhouse (1975), Cronback (1963), Eisner
(1969) and Lawton (1978).
The population of the study embraced all the teachers and students of French in the thirty one
Colleges of Education that offer French in the country. Three hundred and one students and fifty-six
teachers from sixteen of those colleges made up the sample. The colleges were selected on the basis of
cluster random sampling while the subjects were also randomly selected using multi-stage sampling after
clustering the samples together.
The main instrument for data collection was the questionnare which was administered to both
teachers and students.
The construction of the questionnaire owed much to standardised scales and instruments like the
Likert Scale (W.H. Fitts, 1965), Self, Appraisal Inventory (Tuckman, 1975), California Test of Personality
(Tuckman, 1975). The questionnaire was validated by applying item analysis tests of undimensionality
and discriminability, consensus by colleagues, lecturers and supervisor.
Data was also collected through library research involving content analysis of research bulletins,
journals and books on related works and studies.
A pilot study was carried out to validate the questionnaire. This necessiated a revision of the
questionnaire for the student.
In testing between the dependent and the independent variables, for the main study, two basic
steps were involved - the ranking of the colleges according to their success in inculcating humanistic
values and the compilation of the average index of value for each college. These procedures allowed the
colleges to be categorised into three - those inculcating them to an averagely high degree and those
inculcating them to a low degree. The major finding from this categorisation was that the colleges were
just barely able to inculcate humanistic values in students with a mean index of 0.681 for all the Colleges
of Education. Marked differences were noticed among the individual colleges in their ability to promote
humanistic values with four (25%) of them attaining satisfactory results, five (31.2%) average results
and seven (43.7%) poor results. The analysis of these differences involved the testing of the relationship
between the dependent and the independent variables using the following statistical measures. The
relationship between aspects of the curriculum emphasised and the inculcation of humanistic values was
tested using the Analysis of variance.
The relationship between the availability of teaching resources and the promotion of humanistic
values was tested using the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient.
The relationships between the promotion of humanistic values and academic qualification and
experience of teachers, students' pre-entry qualification and teaching and evaluation methods were
tested using the chi-square test.
The major results were as follows:1. Most of the colleges taught only prose and neglected drama and poetry. This significantly affected
the ability to inculcate humanistic values. The colleges where such values were satisfactorily inculcated
were those in which drama, at least was also emphasised. Poetry was hardly touched in all the Colleges
of Education.
2. The ability of each college to inculcate humanistic values through the teaching of African Literature
in French was found to be significantly related to the availability of teaching resources with those
colleges with adequate resources rating highly in the amount of humanistic values inculcated in students.
3. No significant relationship was found between the teachers' academic qualifications teaching
experience; and their ability to inculcate humanistic values in their students. However, professionally
85
trained teachers among them were found to be positively promoting the required values more than the
non-professionally trained ones.
4. The relationship between the individual students' pre-entry qualification and their ability to acquire
humanistic values through the study of African Literature in French was found to be significant. Students
who were able to discern humanistic values through the study of the subject came from colleges which
insisted on at least a credit in French at the 'O' level examination as a pre-requisite for coming on the
course.
5. No significant differences were found among the colleges in terms of the methods used. The lecture
method was the method often used. However, the relationship between the type of evolutional strategies
used was found to be significant. Those students who gained most came from colleges where
conventional evaluation techniques, such as terminal end-of-year examinations were used.
The analysis of data proved that the noble objective of promoting an understanding of the
universal aspirations and cultural values through African Literature in French is quite attainable. Teachers
must therefore be aware of this objective for it is on them that the ultimate implementation of the
curriculum rests.
It does seem from the study that the need to train teachers to teach the course in schools was not
matched with adequate preparation. The Colleges as it appeared did not have adequate resources and
the teachers in these Colleges of Education also appeared not to have had professional training
themselves. These shortcomings affect the extent to which the objective was achieved in the Colleges of
Education.
These findings suggest that any new curriculum must be introduced with careful thought to such
relevant issues as the people to admit, the specialised training for the teachers, the resources required
as well as the evaluational strategies required.
With regard to the implementation and improvement of the African Literature in French curriculum
in the Colleges of Educaton, the following recommendations were made:
1. The teachers of the course must undergo re-orientation programmes through seminars, workshops
and conferences where they can re-examine such issues as the standardisation of the curriculum, the
use of experimental projects and other field-work techniques of instruction, etc.
2. Each of the Colleges must have at least three teachers of French so that each can specialise in
either prose, poetry or drama respectively.
3. The colleges should be equipped with adequate resources for teaching African Literature in French.
Such should include recorded cassettes, tapes, language laboratories, facilities for pictures and film
viewing, journals in French as well as supplementary reading materials.
4. Students admitted to read African Literature in French must have at least a credit at the 'O' level
G.C.E. examination. Where this is difficult to achieve, a pre-entry remedial course in French should be
established and this should provide opportunities of attachment to institutions in Francophone countries
so that the students can acquire adequate oral ability in the language and also cultivate sufficient
interest in the French language.
5. Seminars and workshops should be organised for teachers of the programme to thoroughly
understand how to achieve the best results through the use of the continuous assessment form of
evaluation, since the results of the study indicate that continuous assessment is not being successfully
utilized in the Colleges of Education. The implication of the study involved an analysis of the theoretical
and empirical aspects of the curriculum with a view to highlighting the expected central objective of the
programme and appraising the instructional processes used.
It also identified problem areas in implementation and prescribed constructive strategies for
curriculum improvement with a view to producing disciplined minds for our multi-value society. In
addition, it has opened more avenues for further research.
86
UL-078-CUS-90
OSUNKIYESI AINA OMOLOLA (MISS)
THE EFFECT OF LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION ON MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT FORMATION
AMONG FORM II STUDENTS.
The performance of secondary school students in mathematics is generally poor. This poor
performance has affected students'
attitude to the subject. One of the factors identified as
determinants of students' poor performance is inability to comprehend English and Mathematical
language. Studies carried out have revealed that a high correlation exists between language and
mathematics.
English language is the medium of instruction in secondary school and it is a second language to
the Nigerian child. Familiarity with this language is expected, for effective communication and learning to
take place. The nature of mathematics reveals it as a specialized language having its terms, notations
and symbols which students have to learn. Students understanding of learnings of terms used affects the
type of concepts they form since mathematics is hierarchial, building upon previously known concepts.
The importance and role of language, both mathematical and English Language, has led to
international symposia being organised. As a result focus has now shifted to emphasis being laid upon
investigations into the role of language in the learning of mathematics. This study was designed to
determine whether formation of mathematics concepts by Form II students could be improved through
the use of language-orientation instruction. It sought to examine the effectiveness of instruction in
language as an aid to the formation of mathematical concepts. It also aimed at investigating the extent
to which language instruction is effective in the formation of mathematical concepts by high, average
and low achievers. Nine secondary schools used in the study,were randomly selected form five local
government areas. From these schools, 405 Form II students were selected for the study. Three
instruments namely, Mathematical Language and Concept Test, English Language Comprehension Test
on Mathematical Concepts, were used to collect data. The pretest-post test research design was
employed in the study.
Two-way analysis of variance, t-test and Tukey multiple comparison procedure were statistically
applied to the score obtained.
The findings of the study revealed that students who were exposed to language instruction
performed significantly better than those who were not exposed to language instruction. The study
showed that low and average achievers benefitted from language instruction with low achievers
benefitting more.
The implications of the study in the areas of developing mathematics curricula, teaching, language
usage in schools and writing of textbooks are also highlighted.
UL-079-CUS-92
HAMMOND, BOLANLE ESTHER (MRS)
DESIGNING AN INNOVATIVE COMMUNICATIVE TEACHING SYLLABUS IN FRENCH FOR
NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
The objective of this study is to investigate some crucial environmental and curricular phenomena
in foreign language teaching and learning and then propose and validate an innovative communicative
syllabus for French instruction in Nigeria Secondary Schools.
Questionnaires and checklists were used in this comparative, descriptive and analytic study. Also, a
one group pre-test, post-test design used for the experimental study.
87
Research was carried out in Educational settings in Strasbourg (France), London (England), Lagos,
Akwa-Ibom and Plateau States (Nigeria). A pilot study was also conducted in Yaounde (Cameroon).
14 languages educators in Strasbourg; 37 in London, 55 in the three states of Nigeria and 812 JSS
II and III pupils learning French from 8 selected schools in the three states of Nigeria, served as the
subjects. The main outcome measures were to design and validate a commulative syllabus for French
learning, characterised by carefully selected topics, settings, objectives, language functions and tasks
with appropriate language contexts and contents based on prior identifcation of learners's needs.
Response rate to the questionnaire was generally very good (98%). In comparing the opinion of
teachers in England and Nigeria on the justified inclusion of French in schools curriculum and whether
the learners were well considered, significant relationship in their responses was noticed at p<0.05.
Opinions on other curriculum matters such as human/material resources as well as other
educational constraints differed significantly with 61% favourable (English) as against 56% favourable
(Nigerian) responses In studying and analysing the syllabus in use, the English one shows that a degree
of consideration was given to basic need of language learners on issues like the number of topics and
the range and type of tasks required of learners at different levels of performance. The Nigerian one
shows that a degree of conformity is imposed in terms of format, text and test types with mandatory
exponents. It was found that when a communicative syllabus based on the learner's enthusiasm was
rekindled as the benefits of relevance and situational use of the French language was brought into focus.
33(82.5%) of pupils in the experiment were positively affected as their communicative performance
improved systematically at (p = 0.0002).
The social, economic and political benefits derived from learning French as a foreign language are
obvious. People in and out of school like the language but there appears to be a lot of inadequacies in
the pragmatics and pedagogy of foreign language teaching instructions. Teachers need to be made
constantly aware of new trends in foreign language teaching and especially identify with the ideas of
communicative approach to language teaching, while developing schemes that make learning more
meaningful to their pupils. More research needs to be carried out.
UL-080-CUS-93
IGWE, ROSITA OKEKENWA (MRS)
A STUDY OF THE PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL CURRICULAR ROLES OF THE NIGERIA UNION OF
TEACHERS (NUT)
This evaluative and descriptive survey of the Curricular Role of the Nigeria Union of Teachers
(NUT) attempted to propose and validate a Nigeria Union of Teacher Curricular Role Model (NUTCROM)
in order to improve and guide the efforts of the Union in the performance of its curricular activities.
The survey was conducted on 966 ordinary members of the NUT, 155 non-members and 164
officials randomly selected from the former 10 states out of 21 states (now 15 states out of the 30
states) in Nigeria.
Two questionnaire and an interview schedule were employed to investigate the curricular role of
the NUT as well as determine the constraints to effective performance of the Union's curricular activities.
The quality, frequency and direction of the Union's curricular activities were determined using
documentary study and content analysis technique. A feasibility checklist was used to assess the
workability of the proposed NUTCROM model in the light of the identified context/facilitating factors
operative in the Union.
The stated null hypotheses were tested with X2 and ANOVA at P>0.05 while factor analysis with
varimax rotation was employed to determine the most crucial constraints that often impede the Unions
performance of its curricular role.
The respondents identifed the curricular roles of the NUT to include amongs others: support and
participation in certain specified general areas of decision making in education such as curriculum
organisation and development, implementation, dissemination, and monitoring.
88
There were significant differences (P>0.05) among the opinions of the NUT members, nonmembers and NUT officials on the role of the Union with regard to curriculum organisation and
development (X20.05 = 20.95; d.f = 4) implementation (0.05 = 78.4; d.f = 4) and initation,
dissemination strategies and monitoring (X20.05 = 95.83; d.f = 4).
The respondents agreed in varying degrees that the Union is neither participating effectively nor
influence significantly the shaping of educational policies in Nigeria. However, the documentary
study/content analysis revealed that despite the fact that the union's activities tilts heavily towards
service conditions of members, its contribution to educational improvement is much more than the
general public is aware of.
The factor analysis with varimax rotation identified six most crucial constraints that often impede
the effective performance of the curricular role of NUT. Amongst these are poor professional image of
the Union and inadequate publicity of Union's activities.
Analysis of the survey data of the proposed NUTCROM feasibility checklist indicated that every
component of the mode has a 96% chance of being utilized successfully by the Union in pressing for
influencing and participating in curriculum initiation, monitoring and dissemination.
It is expected that the study will go a long way towards correcting the distorted image of the NUT.
The study has also helped in the evolution of a curricular model, which if adopted by the Union, may
improve its curricular role.
UL-081-CUS-95
ADEGBEYENI OLUFUNKE AGNES (MRS)
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ALTERNATIVE
POLYTECHNIC STUDENTS' COMPREHENSION.
COMMUNICATION
SKILLS
COURSE
ON
In Nigeria, English continues to serve as the language of instruction particularly at the tertiary
level, but secondary school English does not appear to provide an appropriate level of preparation for
tertiary studies where English is used for technical discussions, demonstrations, extensive reading,
analytical writing and discussions in forms that convey meanings easily. The Use of English course
designed to bridge this gap appears not to be attaining this goal because of its irrelavance and
inappropriateness particularly for students of science and technology. This has militated against effective
science education in the country. One major reason adduced for this apparent inappropriateness is the
fact that the Use of English course is conceived and designed as English for General Purposes (EGP)
without any special attention to the specified language needs of students in science-based programmes.
In this study, an alternative Communication Skills course in English for Science and Technology
(EST) was designed and pilot-tested in comparison with the existing course. A total of eight null
hypotheses were generated to investigate, in several dimensions, the effectiveness of the alternative
course in comparison with the existing course, specifically in the comprehension of scientific texts. The
study, which involved a total of 1,507 polytechnic students, was experimental in design and data analysis
was carried out using the t-test, Analysis of Variance, Multiple Classification Analysis, Chisquare and
Scheffe multiple comparison for paired means.
It was found that the proposed alternative course was more effective for the comprehension of
scientific texts as studnets on the new course performed significantly better than those on the existing
course. Furthermore, the proposed course had varying effect on science ability groups with the greatest
positive effect on the below average group, followed by the average and then the above average. The
existing course also had varying but not so positive effects on science ability groups but the pattern of
these effects was less desirable because it had the least effect on the average (and usually largest)
groups of students, followed by the above average and then the below average. In all ability groups,
students on the proposed course showed superior performance to their counterparts on the existing
course.
89
In addition, there was a significant interaction betwen students' ability and the type of course they
were exposed to. There was also a positive but weak correlation between ability in science and
performance in the proposed course thus showing it as superior because it interacted less with ability.
On the other hand, there was a positive and strong correlation between ability in science and
performance in the existing course thus showing that success in it depended heavily on ability in science.
Finally, it was found that the superiority of the proposed course was sustained over time.
A major implication of the study is the need for drastic review of the polytechnic English language
course, a review that could lead to major modifications, or outright rejection of the existing course,
particularly for students in science-based programmes. Other implications are discussed and appropriate
recommendations made.
UL-082-CUS-94
OWOKADE CLEMENTINAH OLAIDE (MRS)
AN EVALUATION AND REMEDIATION OF STUDENTS' WRITTEN ENGLISH IN SOME NIGERIAN
POLYTECHNICS.
The various course programmes in Nigerian polytechnics require a great deal of written work in
addition to practical activities. Apart from serving as a means of permanently recording and
communicating knowlege between lecturers and students, written English is employed in examinations,
tests and assignments; in observation and experimentation as well as in explanation and interpretation of
mechanisms and processes. Proficiency in written English therefore constitutes a basic skill fundamental
to polytechnic education. However, before such a proficiency could be determined and improved upon,
curriculum evaluation research must have been involved and such a research should be done in critical
stages. As a result, the first phase of this study, which was a survey, focused on the evaluation of written
English in Nigerian polytechnics for purposes of examining the level of National Diploma Year one (ND 1)
Students within the context of the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) English syllabuses, the
quality of classroom instruction, the availability and use of facilities, the attitude of students toward
English Language and the prevasiveness of the errors that could impede proficiency in the written
English of students. The ubiquitous errors found to distort communication in students' write-up prompted
the second phase and this led to the design and trial-testing of a remedial module known as Written
English Error Elimination Module (WEEEM) in an experimental setting.
With the use of four main instruments - the questionnaire, observation schedules, content analysis
indices and an achievement test, data collection in the first phase involved three hundred and sixty five
(365) subjects randomly selected from six polytechnics. For the remedial phase, seventy two students
were sysematically selected from a polytechnic. They were subjected to pre and post tests while thirty
six of them (in the experimental group) were exposed to the remedial module (WEEEM). Both descriptive
and inferential statistics were used in the analysis of data.
The result of the first phase of the study revealed that the ND 1 students in Nigerian polytechnics
were not really proficient in written English. The factors which were found to be significantly related to
the students' low level of proficiency were the low level of lecturers and facilities, the attitude of students
towards learning English and the large number of errors found in the students' write-up. The result of
the second phase, on the other hand, proved that the subjects exposed to the remedial treatment
significantly improved on their written English while those exposed to their regular English language
lectures (i.e. the control group) did not make any improvement. In the post test, the control group
recorded double the number of errors identified in the essays of the experimental group. The remedial
treatment was also found to be significantly effective on both low and medium ability groups.
Having ascertained the effectiveness of the remedial treatment, a model termed Interactive
Written English Error Elimination Model (WEEEM) was proposed. Recommendations were also offered on
how to maximise proficiency in written English so that Students could cope with the challenges of written
communication in a society like Nigeria.
90
UL-083-CUS-96
SONUGA ABIGALI TEMITOJU (MRS)
THE EFFECT OF SCHEMA ACTIVATION STRATEGY ON ACHIEVEMENT IN FRENCH AS A
FOREIGN LANGUAGE.
Ph.D Curriculum Studies (1996) 170 pp.
The purpose of this study was to examine experimentally the effect of the Schema Activation
Strategy (SAS) on Cognitive Achievement in French as a Foreign Language. This was aimed at:a.
contributing a novel strategy to existing methods of teaching French in Nigeria and reducing
the drop-out rate students from French language classes.
b.
investigating the effect of the Schema Activation Strategy (SAS) on the comprehension of the
Passe Compose, a generally difficult tense among Junior Secondary School Three Students.
One hundred and thirty one (131) Junior Secondary School three (JS III) students, fifty four (54)
males and seventy seven (77) females were randomly selected from schools in Somolu Local Education
area of Lagos State, formed the sample of the study.
A 50-item French Language Achievement Test (FLAT) and a 35-item French Interest and Attitude
Scales (FIAS) were used.
The students were assigned into experimental and control groups. There were four main phases to
the study:i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
The pilot study phase
a main study phase
a retention test phase
a test retest phase.
The pilot study used a two-group experimental and control, pre-test and post-test design. A
significant difference was recorded in the cognitive achievement in French of students exposed to the
Schema Activation Strategy and those not so exposed. The correlation study carried out, however,
showed that there was no relationship between students' interest and attitude towards French and
performance in French, despite exposure to the Schema Activation Strategy.
The design for the main study was an extension of a non-randomisd control group pre-test, posttest design, to include the Schema Activation Strategy and this was the same for the Retention test and
test retest phases.
The results showed that:i.
The Experimental Group recorded the highest post-test mean on the achievement measure.
Experimental group I ranked highest on the retention test on the achievement measure.
ii.
French.
The Schema Activation Strategy significantly promotes students' cognitive achievement in
iii.
The Schema Activation Strategy significantly promotes students' cognitive achievement in
French in a retention test.
iv.
The Schema Activation Strategy improves students' attitude and interest towards French.
91
v.
test.
There is a positive correlation in achievement and interest in French of students in a retention
Based on these findings, it is recommended that:-
i.
Students should be made to be actively involved in learning by being encouraged through a
process of simulation to bring into focus prior-knowledge that will help them develop appropriate
schemata for new knowledge.
ii.
Teachers should encourage learners to develop a favourable attitude towards learning French;
iiii.
Teachers and curriculum planners should endeavour to provide instructional strategies, which
would reduce students' learning difficulties, in order to improve their performance.
iv.
Retention tests should form part of teaching/learning techniques.
UL-084-CUS-98
ADEKOYA ADEMOLU OLUSOLA
DESIGNING, DEVELOPING AND VALIDATING CURRICULUM IN TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS
KNOWLEDGE IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
Ph.D Curriculum Studies(1998) 338pp.
The main purpose of the study was to identify concepts in Traditional Religion that can help to
develop Nigerian students intellectually, morally, spiritually, socially, and to design and develop
Traditional Religious Knowledge Curriculum for Nigerian Senior Secondary Schools.
The designing and developing the curriculum package, various models were used, such as Tyler,
(1949), Wheeler, (1977), Howles (1976), Knowles (1980), Akande (1984).
Other areas of interest for this study include validation and evaluation of the curriculum package.
The study also determined the attitude of students, religious teachers, parents, principals, curriculum
experts, religious studies experts and traditional leaders towards the possible introduction of Traditional
Religion into the Nigerian Senior Secondary School Curriculum.
The literature review was carried out on, the factors militating against Traditional Religious
education in Nigeria, the belief system and practices of traditional Nigerians and justification for
Traditional Religious Knowledge as an academic discipline. Other areas reviewed include curriculum
innovation, models for curriculum design and development and curriculum development in Traditional
Religion.
The study was carried out in fifteen states of the Federation of Nigeria. A total sample of 2,115
subjects were involved. Stratified sampling technique was adopted in selecting the subjects. The religious
affiliation, gender, and zoning technique were used as criteria for selecting the students, parents,
teachers and traditional leaders who served as subjects for the study. Other subjects of the study
included, Principals, Curriculum studies experts, Religious studies experts and officials of both Federal
and States Ministries of Education.
Five research instruments were used for data collection. They were:
(i)
Students' Pretest (SPT). The Traditional Religious Knowledge Pretest was administered on
1,500 selected Senior Secondary School students to assess their knowledge of Traditional Religion.
(ii)
Questionnaire of two types i.e. Questionnaire for students and parents/school administrators.
Each questionnaire contained 20 items. The questionnaire was designed to find out the reaction of
students, teachers, parents and school administrators to the possible introduction of Traditional Religion
into the school system.
92
(iii)
Interview technique was used to elicit information from traditional leaders on the belief system
of each locality and find out their views on the introduction of Traditional Religion into the school
curriculum.
(iv)
Observation technique: Three traditional festivals were observed to collect authentic
information from traditional believers.
(v)
Students' Traditional Religious Knowledge Post test (TRKPT).
The post test was administered on selected students to compare the mean scores of the three
religious groups.
Two statistical tests were used to test the hypotheses formulated for the study. They included the 't'
test and Analysis of Variance.
The results of the investigation revealed that:
(i)
there was no statistically significant difference in the performance of Christian and Islamic
students in Traditional Religious Knowledge pre-test.
(ii)
there was statistically significant difference between the students' attitude towards Traditional
Religious Knowledge and their performance in the Traditional Religious Knowledge pre-test.
(iii)
there was statistically significant difference in the attitude of parents from the three zones
towards the teaching of Traditional Religion in Nigerian Senior Secondary Schools.
(iv)
there was no statistically significant difference between the Religious Educators and School
Administrators' attitude towards the teaching of Traditional Religion in Nigerian Senior Secondary
Schools.
(v)
there was no statistically significant difference between the performance of students from
urban and rural areas in Traditional Religious Knowledge pre-test.
(vi)
there was statistically significant difference in the attitude of parents from rural and urban
areas towards the teaching of Traditional Religion in Nigerian Senior Secondary Schools.
(vii)
there was statistically significant difference in the attitude of teachers from the Northern,
Eastern and Western zones of Nigeria towards the teaching of Traditional Religion in Nigerian Senior
Secondary Schools.
(viii)
there was statistically significant difference in the performance of Christian, Islamic and
traditional students in Traditional Religious Knowledge post test.
(ix)
there was no statistically significant difference in the performance of students from urban and
rural areas in the pre-post test.
(x)
there was no statistically significant difference in the Northern, Eastern and Western zones'
students performance in Traditional Religious Knowledge pre-post test.
(xi)
there was statistically significant difference in the performance of Christian, Islamic and
Traditional students in the Traditional Religious Knowledge pre-post test.
On the bases of these findings it was concluded that Traditional Religion was not strange to
Nigerian Senior Secondary School students, as they performed brilliantly well in the pre-test administered
on them. The concepts identified in Traditional Religion showed that this aspect of Religious Education
93
can help to develop the students' intellectual ability. It was also concluded that traditional religion is rich
in moral values that can develop morally. It was concluded that students, teachers of Religion, parents
and school administators no longer show apathetic attitude towards Traditional Religion. Students'
attitude showed that they would receive the subject warmly and favourably and the traditional leaders
were prepared to serve as resource persons, if the subject is introduced into the school curriculum.
UL-085-CUS-99
OJINNA LEAH NONYELUM (MRS.)
THE IMPACT OF HOME AND SCHOOL INPUTS ON THE ENGLISH AND MATHEMATICS
PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS AT THE LOWER PRIMARY LEVEL (WITH AND WITHOUT
INTERVENTION).
The home and the school are crucial agencies for the educational development of young children
and are, therefore, fundamentally important to these children at this foundation level.
However, this 3-year longitudinal study was necessitated by the poor performance of pupils at the
Early Childhood Education level, particularly among pupils in the public/state schools in this country.
As a Federal Inspector of Education, the researcher was disturbed by the conspicuous absence of
relevant learning and teaching materials, as well as an appreciable adult interaction from the lives of
these young ones. In others words, the homes and schools failed to make impact on the performance of
the pupils at the lower primary level of education. In short, these two agencies revealed their inability to
provide and harness resources/inputs towards the educational improvement of these pupils at this
foundation level. Such inputs, among others, include: parent/tecaher-child interaction, availability and
use of learning resources (both at home and school), home/school environmental factors and
home/school correspondence, which are the independent variables this study has addressed.
Consequently, the purpose of the study was an investigation into the English and Maths
performance (dependent variables) of these early childhood pupils in relation to the four independent
variables at home and school respectively. The study aimed at identifying the various patterns of home
and school inputs on the performance of the pupils, either as a Supportive Home/Non-Supportive Home
(SH/NSH) or a Well-equipped School/III-equipped School (WS/IS). This was with a view to suggesting
ways of improcving on the involvement of parents and teachers, for better teaching and pupil's learning.
Some research questions were posed with their correspondng hypotheses. The research questions
sought answers to whether:
(i)
the performance of the pupils was dependent on the inputs of the home and school
respectively.
(ii)
there were significant differences in the performance of the pupils from the various patterns of
homes and schools.
(iii)
there were significant differences in the performances of the high and low achievers.
Review
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
of relevant literature covered local and international references on:
Concepts, aims and objectives of Early Childhood Education.
International views on the importance of Early Childhood Education.
Expected home and school inputs into Early Childhood Education.
Selected studies on home and school inputs.
The design and methodology of this study was a combination of survey and case study with the
intervention approach adapted from Weikart et al (1971). Data were collected using the following four
instruments: two separate questionnaires, observation schedules, a structured interview, and the
achievement tests in English and Maths.
94
All the instruments were appropriately validated and the reliability equally determined. A pilot study
was carried out to determine the feasibility of the main study.
1,224 respondents from six private and six public schools in six local government areas of three
states in Nigerian participated in the study. The pupils were between six to eight years of age for the
obvious reason that these are within early childhood education age bracket.
Urban Private Schools (UPRS), Urban Public Schools (UPBS), Rural Private Schools (RPRS), Rural
Public Schools (RPBS), were identified for the purpose of this study. Supportive Homes and Wellequipped Schools (SH/WS) and Non Supportive Homes and Well-equipped Schools (NSH/WS), OR
Supportive Homes and ill-equipped Schools (SH/IS) and Non-Supportive Homes and ill-equipped Schools
(NSH/IS) were also categorized as patterns of homes and schools.
Regression, Mean, Standard Deviation and T-test (at 0.05 level of significance) were employed for
the analysis of data. From the regression results, three categories of impact namely - appreciable, fair
and minimal impact were identified. However, appreciable impact was the least obtained, while most of
the results were at the minimal impact level which indicated that some of the pupils were at the risk of
learning. The T-test results revealed significant differences in the English and Maths performance of
pupils, in favour of Supportive Homes over Non-Supportive Homes in eleven and eight sectors
respectively, out of the twelve sectors selected from the three states. It obviously revealed significant
differences in the English and Maths performance of the high and low achievers as was expected.
However, this particular test was simply used as a yardstick for determining the improvement in the
performance of the low achievers later on in the study.
Consequently, the findings of the main study necessitated an intervention approach as a postman
study/quasi - experimental study, since most of the regression results were at the minimal impact level,
and the Non Supportive Homes needed to be made Supportive, while the low achievers needed support
for educational improvement. The intervention approach, which was an adaptation from Weirkart's
(1971) 3-sided curriculum frame work focused on the four content areas of classification, seriation,
spatial relations and temporal relations, along Piaget's sequential level of representation known as the
index level, symbol level and sign level. The implementation programme involved meetings with parents,
home visits, workshops on roles/patnership, material production/utilization and the application of the
concepts.
After the treatment, a post test was administered and these low achievers performed better than
at the pretest. The study revealed the improvement of the low achievers and the equivalence in
performance between the high and low achievers in most cases, since the results revealed significant
differences after the intervention approach.
Some of the findings of the study include:
(i)
the low achievers benefited very significant from the participation of their parents.
(ii)
parents of the low achievers realized their potentials as teachers of their children.
(iii)
interventional programmes that are educationally rich in appropriate instructional materials can
significantly improve the performance of low achievers.
(iv)
home/school partnership is very necessary for the enhancement of the performance of the low
achievers.
(v)
for children to become high achievers, both home and school inputs must be emphasized and
given necessary resources, for the overall development of the children.
Based on the findings, conclusions were drawn and the following implications and recommendations
emphasized:
(i)
by implication, policy makers should include the training of specialist teachers for home visits
for educational intervention.
(ii)
since the intervention approach encourages the application of concepts, facilities understanding
and improves performance, it should be adapted by care-givers and early childhood educators involved in
child development.
95
(iii)
this active participatory approach should be adapted for beginning primary one pupils especially
in the public schools.
(iv)
intevention programmes should be vigorously pursued since they raise the level of performance
of children.
Some of the recommendations proferred were that:
(i)
government and non-governmental agencies should set in place similar programmes that
support parents, families and other care givers.
(ii)
early childhood educators should disseminate knowledge about the growing human being,
particularly in the rural areas and also about preventing avoidable pitfalls in learning.
(iii)
(iv)
current literacy programmes should have child rearing content in its curriculum.
workshops should be organized on quarterly basis for parents and teachers.
UL-086-CUS-99
MADUEKWE ANTHONIA NGOZIKA (MRS)
AN EVALUATION OF THE ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES.
PURPOSE (EAP) PROGRAMME IN
This is an evaluation and descriptive study of English for Academic Purpose (EAP) programme in
selected Nigerian universities. The study attempted to establish the extent to which the effective
implementation of EAP programme has been achieved in selected Nigerian universities by examining the
quantity and quality of available human resources as well as the most crucial constraints militating
against effective implementation of EAP programme. To this end, the study evolved a CIPP/EAP
evaluative framework, which if adopted by future researchers an COMSKIP project may be used to
improve EAP curricula roles in Nigerian universities system.
With stratified randomised sampling technique, a survey was conducted on 1,175 respondents
selected from different faculty grouping in six (6) Nigerian universities. Questionnaires (TRQ), and (STQ),
and an interview schedule were employed to poll the respondents' views and understanding of EAP goals
and objectives. Besides, a content analysis was carried out. A (FIAC) observation checklist was used to
assess the reality of operations of (EAP) programme within actual classroom contexts. Additional efforts
were made to review the trend of EAP scores and examination questions between (1989-1995).
Data gathered were analysed using different but interesting statistical methods depending on the
nature of the different hypotheses and research questions.
The statistical analysis of data showed, among other things the following:
(i)
Students' opinion on EAP programme differ from one faculty to the other in two universities
(Univ. C and Univ. F), while in the other two universities, faculty groups are at a variance with students'
opinion about the course.
(ii)
Students' opinion and assessment of the EAP programme differ significantly from one university
location to another.
(iii)
The opinion of students about EAP programme is not affected by their gender.
(iv)
There were no significant difference in the opinion of teachers of EAP course from different
university locations about the effectiveness of the programme.
(v)
The level of teacher-student, student/student communication and interaction in the classroom
was observed to be very low and differed significantly among the selected universities.
96
(vi)
Teacher factor, methodology and assessment procedure posed the most significance
constraints in all the universities.
Furthermore, the CIPP/EAP model established some loopholes as contributory, in different degrees
and intensity, to limit the quality of teaching and learning.
*
The context evaluation revealed that the overall goals of teaching and learning are at variance
with students' motivation and interest in it.
*
The input evaluation showed gross inadequacy in quality and quantity of resources.
Overpopulated classes posed the most formidable task while most of the syllabuses content were found
to be irrelevant in providing communicative/task oriented details and learning experiences needed by the
learners.
*
The process evaluation revealed that most teachers lacked the skill of task based teaching as
well as the dynamics of large class management.
*
Product evaluation indicate a perceptible decline in the performance of students. It could thus
be summarised that not much in terms of 'remedial' or 'development' strategy has been achieved in EAP
programme.
UL-087-CUS-00
ABDULLAH UMMULKHAYR OMOLABAKE (MRS)
INPUT-OUTPUT CURRICULUM FACTORS IN THE PREPARATION OF ISLAMIC STUDIES
TEACHERS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA.
This study investigated the input-output curriculum factors in the preparation of Islamic studies
teachers for secondary schools in Nigeria. Subjects for the study consisted of thirty (30) Islamic studies
lecturers, one hundred and eighteen (118) secondary school Islamic studies teachers and four hundred
and twenty three (423) JSS 3 Islamic studies students randomly selected from seven states in Nigeria.
Three major instruments were used for the purpose of data collection. These are: (i) Lecturer
assessment of input into the Islamic Teacher education programme (LAIITEP), (ii) Teacher Assessment
of Teacher Effectiveness Instrument (TATEI) and (iii) Islamic students' Attitude in the Affective domain
(ISSAAD).
Results indicated that the existing Islamic Teacher Education programmes in Nigerian Universities
fall short of the required standard of an ideal Islamic Teacher Education programme; hence the need to
review the current programme for necessary improvement. Using various statistical tests such as X2, ttest and Multiple Regression Analysis at (p < 0.005) the results indicated (i) no significant difference in
the opinion of non-degree holders and degree holders of Islamic Studies on the relevance of their
training to job performance, (ii) that students' attitude towards moral and religious duties is dependent
on their Islamic studies teachers' personality traits (iii) a significant difference exists in students' attitude
towards moral and religious duties irrespective of the organizational climate of their schools. (Students in
schools whose organizational climate was conducive to the practice of Islam rated highly those items
which sought to know the extent to which they have been able to put into practice what they have
learnt) and (iv) Students' performance in the final JSS 3 examinations is independent of their Islamic
studies teachers' qualifications. For the purpose of in-depth consideration of the subject matter, the
Junior Secondary School Islamic Studies Curriculum was used as illustration for the study.
The major contribution of the study to knowledge is the formulation of new avenues for Islamic
Teacher preparation in faculties of Education. The study has, among other results, revealed that
although the existing Islamic Teacher Education programmes have, to some extent, been designed in
97
line with Islamic principles, a lot more need to be done in the areas of quality - related curriculum input
and organizational input. In other words the analysis of the existing Islamic Teacher Education
programmes revealed certain deficiencies both in content and pedagogy. Such deficiencies include,
among others, non inclusion of courses related to Islamic Teacher Education and technology, life and
contributions of some past notable Muslim personalities and diversified patterns and methods of teaching
practice. The model being developed now will take care of these deficiencies through a consideration of
such input factors as the admission criteria. Introduction and development of more relevant courses,
adoption of diversified methods and pattern of teaching practice, evaluation of students' achievement in
the affective domain. The need for in-serve training of teachers and follow-up programmes for new
teachers is also highlighted. Based on this need, the study proposes and validates a Supplementary
Islamic Teacher Education Curriculum Model (ITEC Model). The ITEC model, if adopted will facilitate the
laudable goals of Islamic Teacher Education.
In a similar vein, the study proposes and validates the Islamic Value Orientation Inventory (IVOI)
as an instrument for measuring students' affective achievement in Islamic Studies (i.e. Output). The IVOI
should commend itself to all teachers of Islamic studies for their use in evaluating students' affective
attitude.
The implications of the findings for curriculum developers, teachers educators, Islamic
educationists, text book writers, secondary school teachers and government were indicated.
UL-088-CUS-00
KUKURU JOLLY D.
THE EFFECTS OF COOPERATIVE AND COMPETITIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES ON COGNITIVE
PERFORMANCE.
This study tested the degree to which the commonly reported low cognitive levels interactions in
the classroom could be improved upon in Social Studies through appropriate teacher preparation.
A stratified sample of 588 Social Studies learners drawn from nine secondary schools in Lagos
State participated in the study. These were made up of three male schools, three female schools, and
three mixed schools. Cooperative and Competitive teaching strategies were the two experimental
strategies while Lecture method served as control.
The design was 3 x 3 x 3 factorial: three treatments comprising Cooperative, Competitive, and
Lecture (formed the first three); three types of school by gender consisting of Male, Female, and Mixed
(formed the second three); and three Ability groups involving High, Low and Mixed (formed the third
three). Other intervening variables tested were: teachers' abilities, learners' school status, their ages, and
their parents' academic backgrounds and occupations.
A total of nine instruments were used for the study. An achievement Test that was used to
measure the performances of the Social Studies learners had fifty (50) objective items that covered all
the six cognitive levels of Bloom and his associates supplemented by Tanner and Tanner: Information,
Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. While Information and Comprehension
were combined and tested as low cognitive levels, the others were combined and tested as high
cognitive levels.
Teachers that had been given appropriate training, taught the learners in the experiment for six
weeks. A pretest was administered before interactions and a posttest was administered at the end of the
interactions.
Raw Scores obtained were analysed using statistical techniques, namely: Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA), Chi-Square (X2), Step-Wise Multiple Regression, and T-Tests.
Main outcomes of this investigation included:
i.
Cooperative and Competitive teaching strategies are capable of helping teachers to achieve
significantly improved high cognitive levels performance of learners.
98
ii.
Whereas gender factor did not play special role in the performances of the learners, ability
group of learners factor did.
iii.
There were significant variations in the interactive effects of Cooperative and Competitive
teaching strategies on gender and ability levels of learners at the high cognitive levels: either the two
strategies with gender or ability levels or the two strategies with both gender and ability levels of
learners.
iv.
Combining Lecture Method with Cooperative and Competitive teaching strategies significantly
reduces learners' performance (teaching quality).
v.
The percentages of Low Ability group of learners that crossed to High Ability group of learners
were 77.3 and 75.0 for Cooperative and Competitive teaching strategies respectively.
vi.
Considering both Cooperative and Competitive teaching strategies, one intervening variable
only: learners' school status, did not significantly influence the learners' performances; all others did.
vii.
Comprehension was identified as the beginning of the high cognitive levels.
The major recommendation is that suitable professional training should be given to intending
teachers in order to improve classroom interaction. This can be achieved by underscoring high cognitive
levels thinking processes that will enable learners to be well developed cognitively.
UL-089-CUS-00
OKAI AGNES UKWO (MRS)
AN EVALUATION OF THE NIGERIAN PRIMARY SCHOOL SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Nigerian Primary School Social Studies Curriculum.
The justification of this study is that there has been no national evaluation carried out on this curriculum
since its inception into Nigeria Primary schools. This study was also considered necessary to identify the
strengths and weaknesses of the curriculum and to provide a possible feedback so as to enhance quality
control.
Extensive literature had been carried out in the area of social studies' concepts, objectives,
evolution in United States of America (USA), Britain, Africa and Nigeria, concepts of curriculum and
curriculum evaluation, models of evaluation and some evaluative studies on social studies curriculum.
This study employs the evaluation survey research that also embraces ex-post facto design. The
target population was primary school social studies curriculum personnel, such as teachers, pupils,
inspectors of education, ministry of education officials and head-teachers. The sample was clustered into
zones and randomly drawn from six states of the Federation. Involved in this study are two hundred and
forty (240) teachers, one thousand two hundred (1,200) pupils, sixty (60) head-teachers, thirty (30)
inspectors of education and six (6) ministry of education officials who are social studies curriculum
specialists.
The major instruments used for this study are:
(a)
Two questionnaires namely: Teachers' Perceptions of Elements of Social Studies Curriculum
(TPCQ) and Pupils' Perceptions of Element of Social Studies Curriculum (PPCQ);
(b)
Structured Observation Schedule for Social Studies (SOSSS);
(c)
Social Studies Checklist (SS);
99
(d)
Record Analysis of School Assessment Scale (RASAS); and
(e)
National Common Entrance Examination Result (NCER).
Gathering of data lasted for six months.
The statistical technique employed for the analysis of data was the frequency distribution table,
simple percentage, mean and standard deviation to describe the characteristics of the variables in more
concise and meaning quantifiable manner. Chi-square test, 't' test and analysis of variance and multiple
regression analysis were used to determine the relationships and differences between and amongst the
scores across the zones.
The analysis of data based on the formulated seven hypotheses reveals the following:
i)
It was found that the Nigerian primary school social studies curriculum could still meet the
needs and aspirations of Nigeria in the 21st century.
ii)
There is a significant relationship between teachers' perceptions of the curriculum and their
area of specialisation and qualification.
iii)
Teachers' rating of the use of the recommended teaching methods ranged from three to five
out of eleven. Further analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the use of the methods
across the zones.
iv)
There are no enough human and material resources across the zones. Further analysis also
showed that there was no significant differences in the availability and usefulness of human and material
resources across the zones.
v)
75% of the topics in the syllabus could be covered within the time allotted to social studies on
the school time-table. Further analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the extent of
content coverage across the zones.
vi.
Only 11 out of 18 objectives could be successfully achieved bearing in mind a 60% decision
margin. Further analysis showed that there was no significant difference across the zones.
vii)
All the evaluation procedures and activities recommended were carried out by teachers in the
classroom.
viii)
The strategies needed to accomplish the goals and objectives of the curriculum were said to
be inadequate.
ix)
Finally the level of pupils' performance in social studies education was below standard.
Recommendations to improve the Nigerian Primary School Social Studies Curriculum were made as
follows:
a]
Emphasis should be placed on the strategies needed to accomplish the objectives of the
primary school social studies curriculum.
b]
Primary school social studies curriculum content should be reviewed.
c]
Emphasis should be laid on the use of diverse methods of teaching social studies.
d]
Emphasis should be laid on the availability and proper or effective use of instructional
materials.
100
e]
There should be a monitoring division in the curriculum department to monitor and supervise
the actual classroom teaching.
f]
The Social Studies Association of Nigerian (SOSAN) should be revitalised.
g]
Essay type questions should be reintroduced in the primary school and National Common
Entrance Examinations.
h]
A link between the modes, the developers, the implementers and users of the curriculum
should be encouraged.
i]
The standard of the resources, though found to be inadequate should be maintained, if not
improved upon.
UL-090-CUS-00
OKEBUKOLA FOLUSO OLUTOYIN (MRS)
EFFECTIVENESS OF PHONETICS AND LOOK AND SAY METHODS ON THE READING
ACHIEVEMENT IN ENGLISH OF THE EMERGENT READER.
Previous works have revealed that reading achievement profile of Nigerian Primary Schools Pupils
is low. This has been traced among other things to poor introduction of the mechanics of reading to
children who are just beginning to learn to read. This stage is referred to as the emergent reader stage.
One of the problems identified at this stage of beginning reading is that of methodological confusion in
the choice of methods of teaching beginning reading in Nigeria. This study specifically made an attempt
at finding out the effect of two teaching methods - Phonics and Look-and-say, singly and in combination
on the reading achievement of male and female emergent readers enrolled in private and public schools.
The learning outcomes tested include the reading skills associated with beginning reading instruction
namely; fluency, word-by-word analysis, word recognition, identification of key words to literacy and
reading comprehension. A total of 326 pupils from four public and four private nursery and primary
schools in Lagos State took part in the study. The schools were randomly selected. The pupils were
however, not randomly assigned to avoid disruption of classes, intact classes were used. There were four
treatment groups- (1) Phonics, (2) Look and Say, (3) Phonics + Look and Say, (4) Look and Say +
Phonics. The four groups were pretested, treated and posttested within a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial quasiexperimental design. The four groups were given pretest on five reading tests after which they were
exposed to appropriate instructional treatments. They were post-tested after the treatments. A reading
readiness checklist was used to determine the emotional, sociological, physiological, and linguistic
readiness of the pupils. There were sessions of micro teaching before the commencement of the study
proper. The subjects' test scores were analysed by the use of analysis of covariance, computation of ttests and a 4 x 2 x 2 Analysis of covariance.
The result shows that:
(1)
Emergent readers who were taught using the phonics + look-and–say method performed
significantly better than the other groups in the tests of fluency, word recognition and reading
comprehension.
(2)
Emergent readers who were taught using the Look-and-Say method performed best of all the
groups in the test of identification of key words of literacy.
(3)
Emergent readers who were taught using the phonics method performed best in word by word
analysis.
(4)
The boys and girls in the sample were not significantly different on the measures of fluency,
word analysis, word recognition and reading comprehension.
101
(5)
The boys in the sample, however, performed significantly better than the girls on the measure
of identification of key words to literacy.
(6)
Private school pupils performed significantly better than their counterparts in public schools on
the measures of fluency, word analysis, reading comprehension and identification of key words to
literacy.
(7)
Public school pupils performed better than the private school pupils in word recognition skill.
There were no main and interaction effects among method, gender and school ownership in reading
achievement on all the measures.
Major implications of this study include:
1.
the need for a new primary English Course book series that take cognisance of the pedagogic
viability of the methods as well as the cultural backgrounds of the pupils,
2.
the need to train all teachers (not only English teachers) the rubrics of teaching reading
generally with particular emphasis on beginning reading,
3.
ensuring that all schools become statutory members of professional associations like the
Reading Association of Nigeria,
4.
keeping teachers abreast of research findings in their areas of specialisation by attending
workshops, seminars and conference,
5.
provision of teaching aids in schools,
6.
motivating public school teachers for better performance,
7.
provision of Nursery education for the generality of Nigerian emergent readers to enhance their
oral competence in the target language.
8.
introduction of programmed pre-reading activities for emergent readers in the public primary
schools to get them more linguistically ready for reading in English language prior to reading instruction
and the need for proper monitoring of teachers activities in the Nursery and Primary schools.
UL-091-CUS-00
ONYEWADUME FELICIA NKEM (MRS)
ENHANCING SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENT IN COMPOSITION WRITING
USING DEVELOPED AND VALIDATED PROCESS INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH.
This study investigated the effectiveness of Process Strategies in enhancing secondary school
students' achievement in composition-writing. 40 secondary schools and 40 teachers were surveyed from
the 20 Local Education Districts (LEDS) of Lagos State. The Pilot and Main studies involved a close
investigation of six secondary schools with a total of 1,065 SSII students selected from Mainland and
Somolu Local Education Districts.
Three research groups were involved , the Process-Composition group as Experimental I, the
Product-Composition group as Experimental II, and the Control group, respectively. The pre-testtreatment - post-test research design was adopted and the statistical tools comprised the Analysis of
Covariance (ANCOVA), Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA), the t-test and Scheffe's post-hoc
comparison for paired groups.
102
The study developed a treatment package - the Process Approach Instructional Manual (PAIM)
with which the Process group received a 12-week instruction in composition-writing while the product
group was taught through product methods. The Control group received no treatment.
At the end of the study, post-test mean scores of research subjects showed superiority of process
over product methods at the 5 percent level of significance. Significant differences were found among
the high, average and low ability groups, as well as between Arts and Commercial students. Although
female students performed slightly better than their male counterparts, the difference between their
post-treatment mean scores was not significant at the 5 per cent level of significance. The experimental
group I subjects showed high motivation and positive attitude to composition-writing. Four out of the
seven null hypotheses raised in the study failed to be accepted at the 5 per cent level of significance.
The researcher recommended the adoption of process composition strategies in all Nigerian secondary
schools and made suggestions for further studies.
UL-092-CUS-01
APAMPA OLASUNBO SAODATA
THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A COMPETENCE BASED ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC
PURPOSES CURRICULUM FOR WOMEN EDUCATION CENTRES IN NIGERIA
The research study packaged and developed a competency-based curriculum for learning/teaching
English in Women Education Centres in Nigeria, based on an assessment and analysis of the
communicative needs of learners in the Centres.
The study involved identification of learners' needs in two main States - Lagos and Abuja, at the
pilot stage; and in five States namely, Imo, Lagos, Ogun, Oyo and Niger for the main study. Based on
the findings from the needs analysis, the draft of the proposed competency-based English for specific
purposed (ESP), curriculum was developed.
In all, nine research questions, and six hypotheses were tested in the course of the study. The
findings of the study point to the fact that, as long as curricula are tailored to meet the immediate needs
of a particular group of learners, interests will be rekindled and they will be motivated to learn. The other
side of the coin is that, in a negotiated, learner-centred curriculum, such as was proposed, teachers also
have to be carried along through training, workshops and seminars. Policymakers and government
agencies have to be involved in the provision of materials and equipment, for the success of the
implementation.
For purposes of validation, the draft ESP curriculum was sent to Women Education Centres in the
five States chosen of the main study, and to language and curriculum specialists in two Universities in
the country, as part of trial-testing. The validation also involved an observation schedule, where the
researcher observed the curriculum in use in a main centre in Lagos for four weeks. The observation
schedule was followed by recorded interviews of the learners and instructors in the centre.
Analysis of findings from the questionnaire given to learners during the needs analysis point to the
fact that, learners need English for specific functions or purposes related to their vocations or professions
mainly. Nearly all the learners in the Women Education Centres have been to school at one time or the
other, with most of them having qualifications, of NCE, B.Ed or HND. In some instances, there are
learners in the centres with M.Ed. qualifications.
To conclude, the opinions and perceptions of learners, instructors in the centres, as well as those
of experts in the Universities validated the proposed competency-based English for specific purposes
curriculum for Women Education Centres. Analyses of findings indicate no significant difference in the
perceptions of learners, and those of experts/instructors, as to the adequacy and appropriateness of the
proposed curriculum for the target group.
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UL-093-CUS-01
ERIVONA HENRY ONOME
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING TECHNICAL ENGLISH USING A SKILLS ORIENTED
INTERACTIVE TEACHING METHOD.
Technical English is taught in specialized tertiary institutions as a compulsory subject for first year
diploma trainees with the objective of making the trainees acquire specific relevant skills which will
enhance their performance in their places of work and enable them cope effectively with their studies.
Such skills include descriptive, expository comprehension skills (concept grasping and concept formation
skills) and the acquisition of relevant technological registers.
The main approach used in teaching Technical English knowledge and skills in these institutes has
been the lecture method interspersed with questions and answers. This approach has not been
sufficiently effective in imparting and acquiring relevant English language skills for technical purposes.
Other methods such as the reading method, the discovery method and the unit method were individually
tried with no improvement in students' performance. The fact that several individual methods have been
used unsuccessfully in imparting technical writing and reading comprehension skills to trainees in the
Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun has led the researcher to develop a Skills-Oriented Interactive
Teaching Method and to test the effects of such a method on the performance of trainees.
The research design adopted in this study is the Solomon Three Group Design (Koul, 1983). The
advantage of this design over the pre-test/post-test design is that it enables the researcher to determine
whether pre-testing has any significant effect on the achievement of the trainees.
The study followed a three-stage approach. There was a pilot study, the main study and a
replication of the main study. The studies were carried out at the Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun,
the primary focus of the study and at the School of Agriculture, Anwal where the study was replicated for
comparative purposes.
Eight hypotheses were tested in this study and they had to do with the performance and attitudes
of the trainees towards the study of Technical English. It was revealed that the use of the Skills-Oriented
Interactive Teaching Method was effective in teaching writing and reading comprehension skills in
Technical English and it also resulted in the trainees; development of positive attitudes towards the
teaching and learning of Technical English. The method was more effective with the average and low
ability groups, which benefitted more from its use than the high ability group. The findings of the
replication corroborated with those of the main study. A treatment package is included in this study.
This study has shown that the adoption of the method developed by the researcher for reaching
Technical English in the two specialized institutes will ensure that trainees can demonstrates the requisite
skills and competence mastered in Technical English. It will also lead to the trainees' development of
positive attitudes to the teaching of Technical English.
UL-094-CUS-02
AKUMABOR, PATRICA UKAMAKA (MRS.)
THE EFFECT OF INSTRUCTION IN RHETORICAL STUCTURE ON EXPOSITORY WRITING
ACHIEVEMENT OF SOME STUDENTS IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL)
The study set out to assess the effect of instruction in rhetorical structures of narration, definition,
comparison,contrast, cause/effect and process on expository writing skills of year two technical education
students. The study sample was made up of one hundred and thirty-eight (138) business education,
and one hundred and sixty one (161) technical education male and female students in a college of
education. The design of the study is quasi-experimental. It involves the use of a non-randomised twogroup pre-test - post-test design for data sourcing. The data for the study were collected using twenty
(20) prose passages for rhetorical structure awareness achievement test (RSAAT), essay question and
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student writing interest questionnaire. The study was carried out in four phases, pre-pilot, pilot, main
study and extention. During the pre-pilot phase, eight (8) colleges of education were visited and the
students’ essay analysed (appendices1, 1a & 1b) with a view of finding out the essay writing proficiency
level of the students. The pilot study was devoted to fine tuning the tools of the study. During the main
study, treatment was administered for eight weeks. After this, it became necessary to test the assertion
that three is a positive correlation between writing instruction and achievement in reading
comprehension. This therefore led to the extension work. A total of seven research questions and six
hypotheses were generated in order to direct the presentation of result. The results showed that the
treatment group performed significantly better than the control group in text structure awarness, and
writing achievement tests. Based on the findings the following recommendations were made among
others, that:
*
*
teachers should teach students the cognitive and metacognitive aspects of writing which include
brainstorming, planning, writing, rewriting, revising, editing and polishing:
students should be given explicit instruction about the different rhetorical structures if they are expected
to use these structures in their writing.
Finally, proficiency in writing skill is fundemental to teacher education. For this reason, colleges of
education should not only prepare students professionally but should equip them with the linguistic tools
that would enable them to function effectively in their chosen careers.
UL-095-CUS-02
OGUNJIMI RUTH ARINADE (MRS)
AN EVALUATION OF POPULATION EDUCATION IN NIGERIA JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
HOME ECONOMICS CURRICULUM
This study attempted a formative evaluation of the Population Education-in-Home Economics
Curriculum (NERDC’s Integrated Curriculum, IC for Short) for the Nigerian Junior Secondary School. The
specific objectives of the study were to identify perceived deficiencies in the NERDC Integrated
Curriculum, measure the effect of the implementation of the Integrated Curriculum on students’
knowledge, skill and attitude change to population issues and problems,and to enrich and validate the
Integrated Curriculum. The main hypothesis of the study is: Does the enrichment of the IC lead to more
(i) effective teaching of Population Education in Home Economics” (ii) gain in students’ knowledge and
skill acquisition (iii) gain in attitude change to Population issues and problems? On the whole, 600
students, 16 teachers, 10 curriculum experts and 8 supervisors/assessors were involved in the study. The
subjects for the study were grouped into threee: Experimental I, II and control groups respectively. The
experimental groups had been exposed to the NERDC's Integrated Curriculum fot at least two years
before an Enrichment Package was prepared and administered on only the Experimental II group for not
less than 6 weeks while the control group had no exposure to either the Integrated Curriculum or the
Enriched Curriculum. Six research instruments were developed, validated and used in collecting data
namely: Curriculum Experts’ Assessment Instrument (CEAL), Teachers’ Assessment Instrument (TAI),
Students’ Test on Skills (STS) Students’ Test on Knowledge (STK), Students’ Attitude Scale (SAS) and
Teachers’ Observation Rating Scale (TORS) respectively. The highlights of the findings are:
1.
Teachers and curriculum experts rated the Enriched Integrated Curriculum higher than the
NERDC’s Integrated Curriculum;
2.
Exposure to the Integrated Curriculum led to a significant increase in students’ knowledge
acquisition but not in skill acquisition and attitude change to Population issues.
105
3.
Exposure to the Enriched Integrated curriculum produced a significant gain in knowledge and
skill acquisition as well as attitude change to population issues and problems.
Consequently, we, conclude that the NERDC Integrated Curriculum as designed and implemented
through Home Economics is ineffective in achieving the goal of Population Education in Nigerian
Secondary Schools, beyond awareness.
UL-096-ASE-05
OLATUNDE FUNSHO AZEEZ
AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL HISTORY
CURRICULUM IN NIGERIA (1985-2001).
Ph.D Arts and Social Sciences Education (History) (2005)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the Senior Secondary School
History Curriculum in Nigeria. This study was considered necessary to identify the strengths and
weaknesses of the curriculum in order to inject possible feedback into the system. This study employs
the evaluation survey and ex-post-facto research designs. The target population was senior secondary
school curriculum agents such as ministry of education officials, teachers and students. The sample was
clustered into zones and randomly drawn from six states of the Federation. The total sample for the
study comprises one thousand, three hundred and twenty (1,320) students, two hundred and forty (240)
teachers and one hundred and eighty (180) curriculum specialists and inspectors of education.
The following set of instruments were used in the collection of data for this study: (a) Teachers’
Questionnaire, (b) Specialists’ and Inspectors’ Questionnaire and (c) Students’ Questionnaire on
Implementation of History Curriculum (TQIHC, S & IQIHC & SQIHC); (ii) Structured Observation
Schedule for History Classroom Interactions (SQSHCI); (iii) Material Resources Available in School
Checklist (MRASC); (iv) History Attitude Inventory (HAI); (v) Sigel’s Cognitive Style Test (SCST); (vi)
History Documents Analysis Guide (HDAG); (vii) History Achievement Test (HAT).
The statistical technique employed for the analysis of data was the frequency distribution table,
simple percentage, mean and standard deviation to describe the characteristics of the variables. Chisquare test, ’t’ test and analysis of variance were used to determine the relationships and differences
between and amongst the scores across the zone.
The analysis of data based on the formulated five hypotheses reveals that:
i.
There was no significant difference in the perceptions of history teachers, students and
curriculum specialists and inspectors of education, as regard the suitability of the history curriculum.
ii.
There was no significant difference in the availability and adequacy of material resources for
teaching and learning history; achievement of the eight senior secondary school history objectives; the
extent of history themes/topic coverage and; teaching methods commonly used by teachers across the
zones.
iii.
Gender difference did not affect students’ achievement, while attitude towards the subject and
cognitive styles were found to have significant effects on their achievement in history.
iv.
Teachers’ years of teaching experience and mode of exposure to history had significant positive
effects on their classroom performance. Through no significant difference was observed as a result of
their academic qualifications and gender.
Based on these findings, recommendations to improve the Nigerian senior secondary school history
curriculum were made as follows:
a.
Emphasis should be placed on the strategies needed to accomplish the objectives of the senior
secondary school history curriculum.
b.
Senior secondary school history curriculum content should be reviewed.
c.
Emphasis should be placed on the use of diverse methods of teaching history in schools.
d.
Instructional materials should be improved upon.
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e.
There should be a special monitoring unit in the curriculum department of ministries of
education.
f.
A link between the modes developers, implementers and users of the curriculum should be
encouraged.
UL-097-ASE-07
ADEDEJI, LUQMAN LEKAN
AN EVALUATION OF THE CURRICULA OF PRIVATE ISLAMIC SCHOOLS IN SOUTH-WEST
NIGERIA: DESIGN OF A NEW CURRICULUM.
Ph.D Arts and Social Science Education (Islamic Education), (2007) 239pp.
The need to produce an enriched uniform curriculum with a view to replacing the existing
curricula of the private Islamic schools located in the South-West of Nigeria served as the impetus to
carry-out this study. In addition, the study came up as a scientific procedure initiative to facilitate the
integration of the private Islamic schools as stipulated in the National Policy on Education. Having
elaborated on the need in terms of justification, the study took two giant steps, namely: evaluation of
the existing curricula and, next, the design of an enriched uniform curriculum. Based on stratified
sampling technique, the study used a sample of 1206 students, 118 teachers and 60 principals. The
instrument found appropriate to collect primary data was Curriculum Evaluation Model, which was
supplemented with three different questionnaires, namely: Students’ Needs Assessment Questionnaire
(SNAQ). Teachers’ Assessment of Schools Questionnaire (TASQ) and Curriculum Evaluation
Questionnaire for Principals (CEP) as well as interview schedule. The data so collected were analyzed
using frequency counts, percentage indices, the chi-square, the Multiple Regression Analysis, the
Independent T-test and the Multi-Factor Analysis of Variance statistical tools. The study revealed,
among others, deficiencies in the curricula of private Islamic schools, such as lopsidedness of the
curricula, lack of uniform standard format, caliber of teachers, lack of uniform textbooks all of which
make each school an island unto itself. The implication of these deficiencies, as revealed by the study, is
the creation of a myriad of problems for the products of this school system. As a means of rectifying the
deficiencies, the research developed, validated and trial-tested an enriched curriculum package. The
package, of course, was backed up with recommendations, such as periodic review of curriculum,
teacher training/retraining, production of textbooks, and inclusion of subjects like Social Studies, English
Language, History, Yoruba and Mathematics. Also dovetailed into the recommendations is the need to
conduct further studies, which include developing and validating Arabic curriculum for private Islamic
schools and the involvement of governmental agencies in the continual curriculum review of private
Islamic schools.
UL-098-ASE-08
NWIGWE NWAKAEGO
A COMMUNICATIVE COURSE MATERIAL FOR SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS OF IGBO IN
LAGOS STATE UPPER BASIC SCHOOLS: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION.
Ph.D Arts and Social Science Education (Igbo Language Education), (2008) 200pp
This study is an action research in which we developed and validated a communicative course material
for second language learners of Igbo in Upper Basic School (Upper Basic I Classes). The material
development was based on an assessment and analysis of needs of Igbo L2 learners in Lagos State.
Based on the findings from the needs analysis, the draft of the proposed communicative course materials
for Igbo L2 learners was developed.
In all, twelve research questions, and five hypotheses were tested in the course of the study. The
findings of the study point to the fact that, as long as course materials are tailored to meet the
immediate needs of a particular group of learners, their interest will be rekindled and they will be
motivated to learn.
107
For purposes of validation, the communicative course material was sent to teachers/experts in Igbo
language/material development at Oshodi and Maryland West African Examinations Council (W.A.E.C),
and National Examinations Council (N.E.C.O) co-ordination centres respectively. The validation also
involved an experiment, in which the developed course material was trial tested in selected schools for
twelve weeks to see the effect of the course material on learners’ ability in the four major language skills
in Igbo.
Analysis of findings from the questionnaire and test during the needs analysis point to the fact that Igbo
L2 learners are in the right age (10-13 years) for second language learning; learners study Igbo to pass
their Igbo examinations and tests and communicate with Igbo speakers in different domains of language
use, and that Learners need to develop the four major language skills and be able to perform some
communicative activities in Igbo.
Analyses of findings from the main study indicate no significant difference in the perceptions of Igbo L2
learners, and those of teachers and experts, as to the adequacy and appropriateness of the proposed
course material for the target group. There was a significant difference in achievement scores of Igbo L2
learners in the four major language skills when exposed to the course material and when taught with the
conventional Igbo L1 textbook. These validated the Igbo L2 course material for learners of Igbo as a
second Nigerian language in the upper basic school (JSS 1 classes) in Nigeria.
UL-099-ASE-08
THERESA CHIENYENWA EZUKA
EFFECTS OF ENHANCED CONCEPT MAPPING STRATEGY ON THE TEACHING AND LEARNING
OF UPPER BASIC SCHOOL SOCIAL STUDIES.
Ph.D Arts and Social Science Education (Social Studies Education), (2008) 257pp
The poor performance of students in Social Studies at the Junior Secondary School Certificate
Examination (JSSCE) level, which is associated with students' poor mastery of the Social Studies
concepts, was the motivation for this study. This study used an innovative strategy of enhanced concept
mapping with the use of instructional materials as a frame of reference for effective teaching and
learning of Social Studies. The study was carried out in two phases, the survey and experimental phases.
The survey was a base line study which examined the types and level-of-use of instructional materials
that are available in schools before these materials were used to enhance the Concept Mapping Strategy.
The experimental phase investigated the extent to which the Enhanced Concept Mapping Strategy
(ECMS) influenced performance of students in some Social Studies concepts by assessing the strategy
against three other strategies -Concept Mapping Strategy (CMS), use of Instructional Materials (IM) and
the commonly used lecture methods, which served as the control condition. The influences of gender
and school's location on the performance of students taught with the enhanced concept mapping
strategy were also verified.
A total of 320 JS two students from four secondary schools and 80 Social Studies teachers drawn from
four Educational Districts of Lagos State served as the study samples in a pretest, posttest control groups
quasi experimental design. Five validated instrument were used to collect data on five research questions
and six hypotheses tested in this study at 0.05 level of significance. The students were assigned to three
experimental groups and control group, and were exposed to the intervention strategies of ECMS, CMS,
and IM while the control group received no treatment.
Each teacher, trained for six weeks, responded to the Social Studies availability of instructional materials
checklist, the level-of-use questionnaire and classroom observation instrument. The students on their
part responded to the Social Studies concept attainment test before and after treatment.
The study found that instructional materials are seriously lacking in the junior secondary schools in Lagos
State and the few instructional materials available are hardly used by teachers. Unavailability of
instructional materials and lack of funds to procure them posed the highest hindrance to teachers use of
instructional materials. However, the students taught with the enhanced concept mapping strategy with
instructional materials made higher achievement gains in the Social Studies concept attainment test than
108
students taught with the other three strategies of CMS, IM and lecture method. While gender was found
to have no significant effect on performance of students taught with the ECMS, school’s location
indicated a significant effect with education district VI having the highest mean score over the other
three education districts of Lagos State.
A teaching model was designed and validated based on the findings of this study. This study
recommends the training and retraining of teachers on the effective use of ECMS and other innovative
strategies, stakeholders should ensure an adequate supply of instructional materials, and education
inspectors ought to monitor the use of instructional materials and innovative strategies. Also
recommended for effective learning of Social Studies is a periodic `review of the curriculum and
production of textbooks that will ensure better understanding of concepts.
UL-100-ASE-08
UCHEGBU CATHERINE NGOZI
PERCEPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
SEXUALITY EDUCATION IN LAGOS STATE JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
Ph.D Arts and Social Science Education (Population Education), (2008) 238pp
The main focus of this research was to determine the students’ and teachers’ perceptions of sexuality
education and the influence of their perceptions on the implementation of the new curriculum in Lagos
State junior secondary schools. The purpose of the study was to:
a.
ascertain the level of information the respondents have received about sexuality education;
b.
ascertain the respondents’ perception of sexuality education;
c.
ascertain the influence of respondents’ perception on the implementation of sexuality
education in schools; and
d.
ascertain the appropriateness or otherwise of the process of the implementation and proffer
solutions to any identified problems.
One thousand eight hundred and eighty nine (1,889) students and seventy-five (75) teachers were
randomly selected from the twenty schools used for the study.
Five (5) data collection instruments were employed for the study. These are Students’ Awareness,
Knowledge and Attitude towards Sexuality Education Questionnaire (SAKAQ), Students’ Perception and
Acceptance of Sexuality Education Questionnaire (SPAQ), Teachers’ Perception, Acceptance and
Implementation of Sexuality Education Questionnaire (TPAIQ). Also used were interview schedule and
content study of official documents on sexuality education. The instruments were duly validated by the
researcher’s two supervisors, four curriculum experts from Faculty of Education, University of Lagos, two
curriculum experts from Lagos State University, four Social Studies and four Integrated Science teachers
(the carrier subjects for sexuality education) in Lagos State junior secondary schools. This was done to
ensure that the instruments have content and face validity.
The instruments were administered to the respondents and the data analysed statistically using (1)
simple regression analysis, (2) analysis of variance (ANOVA), (3) t – test, (4) frequency counts, (5)
simple percentages and (6) Chi-square. The highlight of findings from the research were:
a.
the perception of sexuality education is quite high and positive among teachers and students
in school as 83% of the respondents had positive perception of the subject;
b.
various sources of sexuality information among the students were identified by the study.
The study concluded that sexuality education would help to curb the wrong sources of sexuality
information among students if effectively implemented;
c.
the implementation of sexuality education started in Lagos State junior secondary schools
since 2004;
109
d.
the relationship between the respondents’ acceptance and implementation of sexuality
education is high and significant at 0.05 level.
The study has developed and trial-tested a model known as PISEMOD (refer to sections 4.1, table 9 and
4.2, table 16) which can be used for effective implementation and evaluation of sexuality education
programmeme. The model can be used in implementing any new curriculum innovation in schools. It is
envisaged that the information provided by this study would increase the awareness of students and
teachers, with relevant information about sexuality education.
Based on the findings of the study, conclusions were drawn and recommendations centred on the
provision of appropriate instructional materials and teaching of sexuality education as a subject instead
of using carrier subjects (Social Studies and Integrated Science) among others.
UL-101-ASE-09
ADESOKAN ZACCHAEUS ADELERE
AN EVALUATION OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL MUSIC CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION
IN KWARA STATE OF NIGERIA
Ph.D Arts and Social Science Education (Music Education), (2009)
This study investigated the implementation of the Junior Secondary School (JSS) music curriculum in
Kwara State, Nigeria; determined the extent to which the Junior Secondary School (JSS) music
curriculum has been implemented and how far it had achieved it desired curriculum aims and objectives.
The study also identified problem areas in implementation of music as a school subject in the JSS
curriculum and prescribed constructive strategies for curriculum improvement in order to produce quality,
effective and efficient music teachers and students at the Junior Secondary Schools in Nigeria. This study
collected, recorded on audio-tapes; notated some Nigerian folk songs and at the same time documented
on video-tapes folk instruments that can enhance the effective teaching and learning of music at the
Junior Secondary Schools (JSS). In all, ten (10) research questions and seven (7) hypotheses were
generated and tested in the course of the study. The population of the study embraced all the music
teachers and music students in sixteen (16) Local Government Areas (LGA) of Kwara State that offered
music at the JSS level. Twenty (20) music teachers and one thousand (1000) music students made up
the sample.
The Junior Secondary Schools (JSS) were selected on the basis of stratified random sampling while the
subjects were selected using multiple stage random sampling after clustering the samples together. The
main instrument for data collection was the questionnaire, which was administered to both music
teachers and music students. The construction of the questionnaire owed much to standardized scales
and instruments by music experts/supervisors. Data was also collected through interview schedule,
classroom observational techniques, checklist, as well books, journals on related works and studies in the
library research. For purposes of validation, questions were sent to teachers/experts in music education
and supervisors at institutions of higher learning in Nigeria. A pilot study was also carried out to validate
the questionnaire. It necessitated a revision of the questionnaire for the students. The descriptive survey
and quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test research design were employed in the study. Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA), T-test, Regression and Tukey Honestly
Significantly Difference (HSD) Post-hoc were employed to compare the mean scores and ascertain which
of the variables were most significant. The results of the study showed that a significant relationship
exist between the performance objectives, content coverage, practical activities, difficulty of music topics
and academic performance of music students.
It has been suggested that music curriculum should be reviewed from time to time by trained music
personnel, music as a school subject should be recognized as a core-subject, motivation and incentives
for music teachers, provision of relevant and up-to-date instructional materials for teaching and learning
music at the Junior Secondary School Level (JSS). Conferences, seminars and workshops should be
organized for music teachers. Implications of these findings for teachers, curriculum developers, school
administrators, government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were indicated.
110
The recommendations of the study centered on the need to improve music curriculum and promote
effective teaching and learning of music at the Junior Secondary Schools in Nigeria.
UL-102-ASE-09
ADEBAYO AYOTUNDE
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SKILLS ACQUISITION PROGRAMMES FOR DROP-OUTS
IN NIGERIA
Ph.D Arts and Social Science Education (English Education), (2009) 294pp.
The scourge of out-of-school children is real in Nigeria today. It is a common sight to see school-age
children, particularly teenagers, who are supposed to be in school roaming the streets. Some are found
outside the school performing one form of economic activity or another. Some have been to school but
did not complete their education while some of them have never been to school at all. Some of these
out-of-school children, especially the school dropouts, claimed to have acquired some form of skills at
some skills acquisition centres run by the government, private individuals and non-governmental
organisations. The competency of the products of these programmes is oftentimes in doubt. Most of the
time very many of them still remain unemployable and, as such, become nuisance to the society. This
study evaluated the effectiveness of the skill acquisition programmes for school dropouts in Nigeria using
survey and quasi-experimental research designs. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used. First, three
out of the six geo-political zones in Nigeria were randomly selected for the study. Three states (one from
each zone) were randomly selected from the three selected geo-political zones. At the end, Lagos, Kano
and Anambra states were selected for the study. A total sample size of three hundred and sixty (360)
comprising one hundred and twenty (120) respondents, made up of one hundred (100) trainees and
twenty (20) instructors, who were randomly selected from five (5) skill acquisition centres in each of the
selected states of the federation participated in the study. The instructors comprised 30 male and 30
female while the trainees were 185 male and 115 female. Four research instruments were used for the
study namely, Skill Acquisition Trainees Perception Questionnaire (SATPQ), Skill Acquisition Instructors
Perception Questionnaire (SAIPQ), Skill Description Matrix Observation Schedule (SDMOS) and
Structured Interview Schedule (SIS). Data generated were analysed using both descriptive and
inferential statistics. Frequency counts, simple percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to
describe the data obtained and to answer the research questions while chi square (X2), pair samples ttest, independent t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance were used to test the hypotheses. The findings
showed that available programmes were good but the state of facilities available for the implementation
of the skills acquisition programmes was found to be inadequate. The competency of the trainees in the
relevant skills at the end of the training often did not meet the expected standard of performance. A
standard implementation model was designed, validated and recommended for use in the skill acquisition
centres.
UL-103-ASE-09
OLOJEDE KEHINDE
DEVELOPING THE GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCY OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
IN LAGOS STATE THROUGH SCHOOL-BASED IN SERVICE TRAINNING
This study set out to assess the level of English language grammatical proficiency of public primary
school teachers in Lagos State and the opportunities available to them for continuous professional
development in the use of the language. It also aimed at providing remedial programme for the teachers
in areas of observed deficiency. The study employed descriptive survey and the Pretest-Posttest Control
Group Experimental designs. The Sample consisted of 575 teachers drawn from six Local Government
111
Education Authorities in the State. Additional data were gathered from 150 public primary school head
teachers, an official of the Department of Training and Manpower Development of the State’s Universal
Basic Education Board (SUBEB), one official each from the Sandwich Programmes Department of the
three government-owned Colleges of Education in the State. Altogether, nine research instruments were
used to obtain data for the study. Frequency distribution tables, simple percentage, mean and standard
deviation were used to describe the characteristics of the variables while chi-square test, ‘t’ test and
ANOVA were used for data analysis. At the conclusion of the study, several discoveries were made. Major
among them was that the teachers were grossly deficient in the grammar of English in spite of
possessing the minimum qualification (NCE) for teaching in public primary schools. Another finding was
that neither the Lagos SUBEB nor any of the three government-owned Colleges of Education in the State
had any language improvement in-service training programme for practicing teachers. A nationwide
agitation for improved conditions of service for teachers occurred during the administration of the
intervention package and affected the sampled teachers’ effective participation and their eventual
performance. However, the performance was still moderately enhanced by the training. Based on the
above findings, the study recommended, among other things, that further research be made into the
competence of teachers in the various components of communicative competence. Besides, Lagos
SUBEB and the government-owned teacher education institutions in the State should fashion out regular,
focussed and decentralized school-based in-service training programmes to enhance the language
proficiency of all public primary school teachers in the State.
UL-104-ASE-09
EZEANA PATIENCE CHIDINMA
CORRELATES OF MOTHER TONGUE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PROFICIENCY SKILLS OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ABIA STATE,
NIGERIA.
The study investigated the correlates tongue policy implementation and the English Language proficiency
skills of junior school students in Abia State. It investigated the interface among the implementation of
mother tongue policy, roles of major stakeholders in mother tongue implementation, English Language
proficiency skills and consequent academic performance of junior secondary school students. An ex-post
facto/causal comparative research method was adopted for the study. Four research hypotheses were
tested at .05 alpha levels. One of the four hypotheses was accepted while three were rejected. Two
research questions were also answered. Two hundred and fifty two (252) students, one hundred and
twenty four (124) teachers, one hundred and forty five (145) parents and thirty (3) inspectors, making a
total of five hundred and fifty one (551) respondents constituted the sample. Using the stratified random
sampling technique, the participants were selected from six secondary schools, ten primary schools and
three Local Education Authorities. The seven research instruments used to collect data were Students’
Questionnaire on Classroom Language Use (TQCL), Parent’s Questionnaire on Classroom Language Use
(TQCL), Parents ‘ Questionnaire on Preferred Language(s) (PQPL), Inspector’s Questionnaire on
Implementation of Mother-Tongue Policy (IQIMP), Teachers’ Interview Schedule (TIS), Written English
and Igbo Language Tests (WEILT) and Students’ Academic Performance (SAP). Data collected were
analyzed using descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviation, frequency and percentages as well
as inferential statistics which included t-test and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that
teachers’ receptivity to mother tongue policy and implementation influenced their attitudes towards it;
significant differences existed between the academic performance, English Language proficiency and
mother tongue and those initially taught in the mother tongue significantly influenced their academic
performance, English Language proficiency and mother tongue proficiency skills; parents’ disposition to
withdrawing their children from schools where the mother tongue is used for initial literacy had a profound
influence on the implementation level of the mother tongue policy; parents’ receptivity of mother tongue
policy and preferences for the use of language at home did not depict their attitude towards the use of the
112
mother tongue for initial literacy; and there is an outright lack of commitment to provision of adequate
human and material support by government agencies to ensure implementation of the mother tongue
policy. Based on the findings, a Model for Enhancement of Mother Tongue Policy Implementation (MEMPI)
in primary schools was proposed. This model which outlines the characteristic behaviour expected of the
major participants in mother tongue policy implementation – teachers, parents, pupils and government
agencies if adhered to, should bring about a remarkable improvement in the implementation of the mother
tongue policy and eventually lead to improved English Language proficiency skills and academic
performance in schools.
BIOCHEMISTRY
UL-105-BCH-84
HUSSAIN AKANDE ABDUL KAREEM
ENERGY METABOLISM OF BACTERIA-LIKE SYMBIONT: XENOSOME OF PARAURONEMA
ACUTUM.
M.Phil. Biochemistry (1984) 81pp.
Energy metabolism of xenosome, a bacteria-like symbiont isolated from the celiated marine
protozoan. Parauronema actum has been studied.
Oxygen consumption rates of xenosome bearing and xenosome-free strains of P. acutum were first
compared. The rate of oxygen consumption is higher in the xenosome bearing compared to xenosome
free strain. This difference is attributed to the presence of the intracellular xenosome symbionts which
are postulated an interacting with or modifying the metabolism of the host.
The rate of oxygen consumption of isolated symbiont was studied in the presence of a variety of
metabolic substrates and respiratory inhibitors. Glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways are postulated to be
present and functional in the symbiont. The respiration of xenosome symbiont increases with increasing
concentration of succinate and the action of this metabolite is synergistic with inorganic phosphate. This
led to the proposal that a succinoxidase system is present in the symbiont.
The inhibitory effect of ADP is indicative of a bacteria terminal electron transport system in
xenosome symbiont. The concentrations of respiratory inhibitors needed to achieve inhibition of
respiration are in the range found for bacterial organisms and higher than those needed to inhibit host
respiration which is primarily mitochondrial. Thus, the data on studies with metabolizable substrates and
respiratory inhibitors suggest the presence of a functional prokaryotic electron transport system, possibly
a succinoxidase system, in xenosome symbiont. Difference spectral analysis of sonicated xenosome
preparations gave further support to the postulate. A model structure is proposed for the terminal
electron transport chain of the symbiont.
UL-106-BCH-86
OKOCHI IHUAKU VERONICA
TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM OF ADENOSINE IN TRYPANOSOMAVIVAX
Ph.D Biochemistry (1986) 157pp.
Transport metabolism of adenosine have been studied in Trypanosoma vivax. In the transport
studies, it was found that adenosine uptake was inhibited by different antimetabolites. Phlorizin,
coformycin and formycin A produced approximately the same level of inhibition more than ouabain while
ouabain inhibited more than iodoacetate. Guanosine stimulated adenosine uptake considerably but
neither thymidine nor inosine had any appreciable effect. Results of the time course assay and uptake
studies of various concentrations of adenosine suggest that possibly more than one mode of uptake
operates in the transport of adenosine in T. vivax.
In the metabolic studies, it was observed that adenosine was converted to inosine, hypoxanthine,
adenine and nucleotides in whole cells, crude cell extracts and isolated membranes of T. vivax. The
113
major product formed, under the conditions of the present studies, was inosine. Coformycin inhibited the
conversion of adenosine to inosine suggesting the presence of adenosine deaminase in this parasite.
Formycin A inhibited appreciably the incorporation of 14C-adenosine into nucleic acids in intact cells of T.
vivax. It also inhibited the conversion of adenosine to inosine in crude cell extract. The mechanism of
action is not definite but probably, formycin A is a substrate to the deaminase in this microorganism. The
conversion of inosine to hypoxanthine was stimulated in the presence of exogenous inorganic phosphate.
The conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine was increased slightly by the addition of ribose-1-phosphate
to the reaction medium, indicating the existence of the action of purine. Nucleoside phosphorylase. In
addition, inosine was converted to hypoxanthine in the absence of exogenous inorganic phosphate,
suggesting the presence of purine nucleoside hydrolase activity. The data obtained in these studies
suggest that adenosine metabolism in T. vivax mimicks that of the mammalian cells. However,
differences could exist in the nature of the enzyme systems.
UL-107-BCH-88
MAGBAGBEOLA OLUBUNMI ABIOLA (MRS)
EFFECTS OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS ON SOME VITAMINS IN RATS FED ON
SELECTED NIGERIAN DIET.
Oral contraceptive agents (OCA) have been in use for well over two decades with a total of 150 to
200 million women all over the world using the pills as means of birth control. Aside from their
gynecologic influences, the hormones have been shown to affect metabolic and nutritional processes.
Concern over the nutritional status of Nigeria females consuming OCA prompted this research using
animal model.
Four vitamins were investigated along with four birth control pills-ovral, Nordette, pure
progestogen (Norgestrel) and pure Proestrogen (Ethinylestradiol). The injection of the contraceptive
gestroids effect depression of physiological levels of plasma B-carotene, cellular retinol binding protein
(CRBP), liver vitamin A, plasma vitamin B6 significantly (P < 0.005), while the effect on animal weight,
food consumption, plasma vitamin A, plasma retinol binding protein (PRBP), showed an increase in level
when compared to that of the control. With respect to x-tocopherol (vitamin E) level, there was decrease
in plasma concentration for the first 30 days of administration, while an increase in concentration was
observed in the last 30 days of administration of the pills. The oestrogen components of the pill was
found to be responsible for the effect on the vitamins, although the progestrogen contributes but the
effect was not significant.
UL-108-BCH-89
ASONIBE JUDE CHIMEJINA
A STUDY OF HYDROLYTIC PATTERNS AND GROSS STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF INTESTINAL
MUCOSA OF RATS AS AFFECTED BY DIARRHEAGENIC AGENTS.
Experimental diarrhea was developed using Wister albino rats challenged orally with four strains of
Salmonella typhimurium, in a double blind study. Cyclophosphamide was used as an immuno
suppressant. The test rats became infected with each of the four strains of salmonella typhimurium.
After 72 hrs, activities of sucrase, maltase, lactase and alkaline phosphate were measured in the
duodenal, jejunal and ileal mucosa of infected rats. Alkaline phosphate activity in the infected rats
decreased significantly (P > 0.001) with duodenim, jejunum and ileum recording, 77%, 77%, and 32%
decrease respectively, compared to control level. Disaccharidases activities in the test group were
significantly decreased at the various segments of the small intestine, with the jejunal segment being
114
mostly affected. The test group recorded a transient weight decrease (4.16%) of the control at the peak
of infection.
Marked (Light microscopic) abnormalities of the intestinal brush border membrane included
inflammation and mononuclear cell infiltration of both the lamina propria and the muscularis external, at
the jejunal site. There was also degranulation of Brunner's glands, hyperplastic epithelial cells, and
infiltration of mononuclear cells into the lamina propria and submucosa at the duodenum. It was
concluded that Wistar albino rats infected with salmonella typhimurium provides a good model for the
study of salmonella gastroenteritis.
UL-109-BCH-90
EBUEHI OSARETIN ALBERT
EFFECT OF PROTEIN DEFICIENCY IN A STAPLE NIGERIAN DIET ON BRAIN S-100 PROTEINS
IN RATS.
Effect of protein deficiency in a staple Nigeria diet consisting of cassava flour and spinach soup
with fish on brain S-100 proteins in the rat was studied. The protein deficient diet contained about 10%
protein while the laboratory rat chow and the Nigeria diet, each containing 21% protein served as the
control diet.
150 virgin (Sprague Dawley) female albino rats weighing about 170g were fed rat chow with water
ad libitum and crossed with males for four days. Thirty nine of the pregnant rats were distributed into 13
cages and fed the rats chow. Another 39 pregnant rats in 13 cages were fed the Nigerian diet containing
21% protein. The remaining 51 pregnant rats in 17 cages were fed the Nigerian diet containing 10%
protein. The rats were continuously fed the diet with water ad libitum until they had their young and
during lactation. The weaned pups were fed the same diets given to their dams until they were 35 days
of age.
S-100 proteins were extracted and isolated from the brains of 10 days old sucklings and 21 day old
weanlings of dams fed the three different diets The S-100 proteins were also isolated from the brains of
35 old young adult rats fed the same diets given to their parents.
Three types of S-100 proteins designated as DEAE-cellulose fractions 90-93, 94-98 and 124-127
were identified on the DEAE-cellulose chromatograms of the brains of the sucklings, weanlings and
young adult rats of dams fed the rat chow or the Nigerian diet containing 21% protein. Each protein also
appeared as a protein band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electroohoregram or as a peak on sephadex g150 filtration indicating their purity.
However, only DEAE-cellulose 94-98 could be detected in the brains of suckling and weanlings rats
whose dams were fed the 10% protein diet. DEAE-cellulose fractions 90-93 and 94-98 were detected in
the brains of young adult rats fed the 10% protein diet given to their dams. The concentration of the
proteins in the brains were also reduced by dietary protein deficiency.
The molecular weights of DEAE-cellulose fractions 90-93, 94-98 and 124-127 were about 12,50041, 800 daltons as determined by sephadex G-150 filtration and 12,500-13,050 delatons by SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Dietary protein deficiency did not affect the molecular size of the
identified brain S-100 proteins.
3H-glycine was intraperitoneally injected into suckling, weanling and young adult rats at 10, 21 and
35 days of age respectively from dams fed the rat chow or Nigerian diet containing 21 or 10% protein.
The S-100 proteins in the brains of the rats were extracted and isolated as before and the quantity of
3H-glycine incorporated into the S-100 proteins determined. The results indicate that the rate of
incorporation of 3H-glycine into the brain S-100 proteins of malnourished suckling and weanling rats
were reduced, while that of the young adult rats was slightly higher than their well-fed age-mates.
Results indicated that prenatal and postnatal dietary protein deficiency cultails the synthesis and
accumulation of brain S-100 proteins in rats.
115
The body weight, feed and water intake of the pregnant rats fed the Nigerian diet containing 10%
protein were significantly lower that those of pregnant rats fed rat chow or Nigeria diet containing 21%
protein. There was no significant difference in the results obtained from rats fed rat chow or Nigeria diet
containing 21% protein. The malnourished suckling, weanling and young adult rats were smaller in size
and they had lower feed intake than in their well-fed age-mate controls. Weight gain of rats at 35 days
of age relative in the weight of the Chow or the Nigerian diets containing 21 and 10% protein consumed
(protein efficiency ratio) were 0.53, 0.52 and 0.28 respectively. The brain weights of the malnourished
suckling, weaning and youn adult rats were lower than in the well-fed age-mate counterparts.
UL-110-BCH-91
ADENIRAN ADETONA SAMUEL
GENETIC MANIPULATION OF BACILLUS SPECIES FOR IMPROVED FERMENTATION OF
CITRULLUS VULGARIS AND CLONING OF ITS AMYLASE GENE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI
Ph.D Biochemistry (1991) 257pp
Two strains of Bacillus Licheniformis and one each of Bacillus pumulus and Bacillus Subtili were
isolated from iru fermented African locust beans (Parkia biglobosa). Characterization of these microbes
show that they are resistant to at least two antibiotics each with B.B. subtilis being resistant to a total of
eleven antibiotics. B. pumulus, B. subtilis licheniformis II each harbour one plasmid of about 20 kb size.
Other Bacilli from other locally fermented foods have plasmids in the range of 3.8 kb. Some have as
many as four different plasmids.
Bacillus species from iru were used as pure cultures to ferment melon seeds (citrullus vulgaris).
Each Bacillus species gave products differing in taste and smell. Reducing sugars and Free Amino Acid
concentration increased with fermentation time.
One strain, B. licheniforms
I was mutagenized with Nitrosoguanidine and hyperoroducers of
amylase and proteases were selected. Restriction endonuclease were probing of mutants predicts a 615% base substitution in the mutants. These mutants show at least a 3-fold increase in enzyme
production. Lochemical analysis of enzymes produced by mutants show differences in pH optima,
temperature optima, thermostability at 580C and in Affinity of the enzymes for their substrates. Analyses
produced by mutants 261, 165 and 300 were more resistant to heat inactivation than the parent enzyme.
Amylases produced by mutants show a shift in pH optimum from 4.5 between 5.0 to 5.5.
There was a preferential increase in neutral proteases production in some mutants. Decreases in
Km values for the proteases from mutants 6, 165. 173 and 261 show a higher affinity for substrate than
the enzymes from mutants 213 and 300, but lower when compared to the enzyme from wild type. Alpha
amylases from the mutants show that mutants 6, 165, 261 and 300 have decreased affinity for starch,
with Km values ranging from 117 to 374 mg/100ml. Mutants 173 and 213 whose Km values are 70 and
76 mg/100ml appear to be unaffected. Partial purification of amylase gave about 60-80 fold purification
for the two mutants purified.
The gene for amylase productivity was cloned as recombinant plasmid pSSA1 using pAT 153 as
vector. Amylase was functionally expressed in E. coli HB 101. The enzyme from the clone was more
thermostable at 580C, had higher temperature optimum of 700C and was active over a wider pH range
(6-9,5) than the enzyme from wild type.
Fermentation of melon seeds with mutants shows a reduction in fermentation time by at least half.
The changes in reducing sugars and free amino acid concentration during fermentation were comparable
to those obtained for the wild type fermentation. These changes occurred at a much faster rate. The
mutants five products that is better tasting, with milder smell than products from wild type
microorganisms.
UL-111-BCH-91
116
OSUNTOKI ADEDIRAN AKINNIYI
BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPSIN INHIBITORS FROM
MELON SEED (CUCUMIS MELO) VARIETIES IN NIGERIA.
M.Phil Biochemistry (1991) 134pp.
The trypsin inhibitors of two varieties of melon (Cucumis melo LINN) seeds namely: 'bara' and
'teeny weeny: were studied.The inhibitors were extracted by 2 procedures which
involved (i) high speed centrifugation and (ii) ammonium sulphate precipitation. The high speed
centrifugation - based process gave a higher yield, 8.92% after affinity column purification, while the
ammonium sulphate precipitated fraction richest in anti-tryptic activity (80% (NH4)2SO4 saturated
precipitate) gave a yield of 2.92%. However, there were many proteins without trypsin inhibitory activity
present in the extract obtained by the former process which were eliminated by ammonium sulphate
precipitation.
An investigation of the efficacy of two Sepharose 6B-trypsin columns in which the matrix was
either epoxy-activated or cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-activated showed that the epoxy-activated column
gave a yield of 34.50% while the CNBr-activated column gave a yield of 8.82%. The specific activities
0.9 x 10-2; 3.1 x 10-2 and 3.2 x 10-2 I.U. mg-1 obtained for the purified products from the epoxy-and
CNBr-activated columns respectively were comparable.
Results of affinity chromatography which revealed more than one eluted activity peak the crude
inhibitor, extracts suggest a multiplicity of trypsin inhibitors in Cucumis melo. The pooled active
Fractions on examination by analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were resolved into at least two
distinct protein bands. Thus, it was concluded that each of the 2 melon seed varieties examined contains
at least four isoinhibitors of trypsin.
Biochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrate moieties in the purified preparations.
This suggest that the inhibitors are glycoproteins. One of the inhibitors from the 'teeny weeny' variety
was found to have approximately 27.67% carbohydrate content. However, quantitative conclusions could
not be reached about the other isolated inhibitors because they were not electrophoretically
homogenous.
The molecular weights of the isolated inhibitors were estimated by SDS-PAGE. The trypsin
inhibitors from 'bara' have weights of 47393 + 2725 and < 6000? while those from the 'teeny weeny'
variety had weights of 47393 + 2725, 3162 and < 6000? (The < 6000 designation was given to any
protein which migrated with the tracker dye during electrophoresis).
Efforts to raise anti-trypsin inhibitor antibodies through 2 procedures were unsuccessful. But during
one of these attempts it was observed that the rabbit being used to raise anti-serum developed
dermatitis at the extremities and discharged pus from urge ocular and anal regions. This probably
indicates toxic effect(s) from the inhibitor.
UL-112-BCH-91
OWUMI JULIANA CLEMENTINA (MISS)
FRACTIONATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ANTIMICROBIAL EXTRACT
FROM BRIDELIA FERRUGINEA STEM BARK AND ITS EFFECT ON THE MITOCHONDRIAL
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM.
hour.
Aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea was obtained by boiling powdered stem bark in water for 1
The powdered bark was extracted with 96% ethanol and acetone separately. The ethanolic extract
(EE) was fractionated into chloroform (CF), buttanol (BF) and ethylcetate (EAF) fractions. EAF was
partially purified by column chromatography to give fractions I-VI, which were further separated by thin
layer chromatography. Phytochemical screening based on chemical, thin layer chromatographic and
physicochemical analyses of the extracts and fractions indicate that B. ferruginea stem bark contains a
mixture of aromatic phenoluic compounds such as flavonoids, coumarins and other active constituents.
Antimicrobial activity of all extracts and fraction studied in vitro by the agar disc plate method showed
117
that they possess antibiotic activity. They inhibited the growths of both gram positive and gram negative
microorganisms.
Oxygraphic measurement of the rates of rat liver mitochondrial respiration on the addition of
varying amounts of the extract revealed that the oxidation of NAD and succinate-linked substrates were
mildly inhibited. The order of potency was EAF>EE and Counmarin > > WE. This inhibition was
spontaneous and concentration dependent EAF, EE and coumarin gave the same 16, concentration
values for NADH dehydrogenase and succinoxidase in coupled and uncoupled mitochondria and did not
inhibit cytochrome oxidase. The extracts and pure coumarin allowed oxygen uptake to continue in
uncoupled mitochondria, thus their effects are minimal on these enzymes and ATPase. Daily oral intake
of the extracts by mice at the concentration ranging from 34-664 mg/kg body weight resulted in a mild
loss in body and liver weights, as well as inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in the liver. The
magnitude of inhibition of NAD and succinate-linked oxidation in vivo was found to be WE (664 mg/kg
body weight)< Coumarin (27 mg/kg) > EAF and WE (134 and 250 mg/kg) respectively.
UL-113-BCH-92
DAINI ADEBAYO OLUWOLE
PARTIAL CHARACTERISATION OF A DRUG RESISTANT ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICIA
COLI PLASMID AND PREPARATION OF A DNA PROBE TO DETECT TETRACYCLINE RESISTANT
PLASMIDS.
102 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains were isolated from patients seen at the Lagos
University Teaching Hospital. The most common serotype encountered was 055 followed by 028.
Seventy-two (70.6%) harboured plasmids whose molecular weights ranged from 0.8 to 120 x 106
daltons. The most common plasmid encountered were less than 6 x 106 daltons. Antimicrobial resistance
patterns revealed a total of eight patterns. 47(46%) strains were resistant to one or more of six out of
the twelve antimicrobial agents tested. The commonest antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was
resistance to tetracycline. Transformation and conjugation experiments showed that 57.4% of the
resistant strains carried R plasmids ranging in size from 2 to 46 x 106 daltons. Plasmid determined
resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin and Streptomycin was found.
Restriction endonuclease analysis of three R plasmids p1679, p529 and p1479 revealed that the
three plasmids are related with respect to function and structure. The DNA segment on which TcR gene
is located on each of the R plasmids was identified by cloning into the vector plasmid pGL101. The
recombinant plasmids POAD1 and POAD2 transformed into E. coli DH1. Thus POAD1 was used for the
development of a biotinylated DNA probe specific for tetracycline resistance (tet B) gene. Both
phenotypic expression of resistance of the probe and its characterisation by restriction endonuclease
analysis confirmed that the developed probe was a tet B probe, using the biotinylated probe eighteen
tetracycline R plasmids from EPEC strains were found to carry the gene for tet B. The epidemiological
significance of these findings is discussed.
UL-114-BCH-93
ADEDARA ADERONKE TITILOLA (MISS)
AN ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODIES.
M.Phil Biochemistry (1993) 92pp.
An enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the quantitative analysis
of thyroglobulin antibodies. The method is based on the detection of antibodies using enzyme-labelled
antiglobulin.
118
The antigen was extracted from human thyroid gland homogenate by step-wise ammonium
sulphate precipitation followed by gel-filtration on sepharose- 4B column. Polyvinyl microtitre plates were
coated with the partially purified antigen obtained from the chromategraphic run. The antigen was
immobilized by passive absorption unto the wells. This was then used to 'capture' the relevant antibodies
in the test sera and the complex so formed was detected by means of an enzyme-labelled antibody, goat
anti-human lgG antibody labelled with horse-radish peroxidase. The degradation of the substrate,
orthophenylene diamine by the enzyme was measured specrophotometrially at 492 um wavelength. The
readings were found to be proportional to the concentration of the unknown antibody in the test sera.
The assay conditions were optimized and established to be as follows: antigen concentration of
31.2 ug/ml (for coating the microfiltration, plates) serum dilution of 1,100, incubation period of 18 hours
at 40C, while the incubation period of the enzyme substrate reaction was determined to be 30 minutes.
At these optimum conditions, the assay was used to determine the thyroglobulin antibody level in
various groups: laboratory personnel, blood donors, patients attending ante-natal clinic, Gynecology,
clinic and endocrine clinic. The ELISA technique was compared with a standard hemagglutination test by
determining the level of thyroglobulin antibodies in twenty patients, using the two methods. The
absorbance values obtained for thyroglobulin antibodies by ELISA technique was found quite comparable
to the title values obtained by Haemagglutination test and there was a high positive correlation coefficient (r = + 0.83) between the values.
Compared with the Radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique and haemagglutation test, the ELISA
technique for thyroglobulin antibody assay developed in this investigation is considered safe and cost
effective.
UL-115-BCH-94
ELEMO OLUFEMI BABAJIDE
EFFECTS OF DIARRHOEA ON INTESTINAL BRUSH BORDER ENZYMES AND PROTEIN
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF THE RAT.
The effect of diarrhoea on the activities of intestinal brush border enzymes and the protein
nutritional status of diarrhoegenic albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were studied. Osmotic and
secretory diarrhoea states were induced in rats with mannitol and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively.
Diarrhoea became manifested on the fourth day in the osmotic model and peaked on day 15, whereas in
the secretory model, diarrhoea became manifested on the third day and peaked on the sixth day. The
incidence of malnutrition was established in diarrhoeagenic rays by monitoring the serum transferrin,
albumin and globulin concentrations as well as the urine creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations.
These indices were reduced in the diarrhoeagenic rats with secretory diarrhoea eliciting a greater effect.
Diarrhoea significantly reduced the activity of the brush-border hydrolyses. In the osmotic
diarrhoea model, there were significant reduction in the activity levels of lactase (P < 0.05), maltase (P <
0.001), sucrase ( P < 0.025, alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.005) and Leucine arylamidase (P < 0.005). On
the other hand, glutamyltransferase and lipase showed no significant reduction. In the secretory
diarrhoea model, there was significant decrease in the activities of lactase (P < 0.05), maltase (P <
0.05), sucrase (P < 0.05), alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05), Leucine arylamidase (P < 0.05), &-glutamyl
transferase (P < 0.01) and lipase (P < 0.05). Purification and partial characterisation of alkaline
phosphatase isolated from rats at the peak of diarrhoea suggested that diarrhoea mildly affected the
catalytic activity and not the quantity of alkaline phosphatase present in the brush border. This is
because specific activity of the purified enzyme was reduced by 22% whereas the total activity did not
change. In the case of Leucine arylamidase, both the specific and total activity of the purified enzyme
was unaltered at the peak of diarrhoea.
119
The analysis of the products of digestion showed that the total lipid content of the feces and
mucosa digest increased significantly (P < 0.005) during diarrhoea in the two models. The mucosal and
fecal triglycerides content in all experimental rats of the two diarrhoea states were also significantly
reduced (P < 0.01). Sodium ions content in the mucosa, feces and urine increased as diarrhoea
progresses in the two models. Protein digestion was also slowed down as a result of diarrhoea and there
were positive correlations between the level of undigested protein in the mucosa and decrease in the
specific activities of leucine arylamidase and &-glutamytranspeptidase.
UL-116-BCH-95
EBUEHI ALBERT TAIWO OSARETIN
PROTEIN AND TRYPTOPHAN DEFICIENCY
SEROTONINERGIC METABOLISM.
EFFECT
ON
GROWTH,
NIACIN
AND
Effect of protein and tryptophan deficiency on growth, niacin and serotoninergenic metabolism in
the rat was studied. Two hundred and one virgin Sprague-Dawley female albino rats weighing 160+12g
were fed a commercial rat chow containing 21 protein with 0.23% trytophan during pregnancy with
water ad libitum. At parturition, 153 dams were selected and randomly divided with their young into 3
groups. One group was fed a corn diet containing 21% protein with 0.23% tryptophan. Another group
was fed a corn diet containing 8.5% protein with 0.06% trytophan. The third group was fed a corn diet
containing 8.5% protein with 0.23% trytophan with water ad libitum. The sucklings were weaned at 21
days of age and fed the diet given to their respective dams until they were 84 days of age.
Plasma and brain tissue were taken from suckling and young rats, and the concentrations of
tryptophan, nicotinic acid, serotonin, 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and protein were determined.
5-HIAA concentrations in the lumber cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of young rats fed these diets were
analyzed, the serum albumin and CFS albumin isolated by 27.2% Na2SO4 fractionation, and purified by
Sephadex G-150 chromatography and Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were
determined. Serotonin uptake by blood platelets of suckling and young rats were measured
spectrofluorimetrically. Thermoregulatory competence of the young rats fed the respective diets were
also determined.
Results showed that maternal and postweaning protein and tryptophan deficiency depressed body
growth and the concentrations of tryptophan, nicotinic acid and serotinin in the plasma and brain of
suckling and young rats. The concentration of serum albumin relative to that in the lumbar CSF was
elevated by postnatal protein and trypophan deficiency, indicating adaptation of the blood-brain barrier
to the deficiency.
The concentration of 5-HIAA in the brain of suckling and young rats were reduced by maternal and
postweaning protein and tryptophan deficiency, the concentration of 5-HIAA in the lumbar CSF was also
depressed by protein and trypophan deficiency in the young rats.
The rate of serotinin uptake by blood platelets in suckling and young rats were elevated by
maternal and postweaning protein and tryptophan deficiency.
Body temperature dropped by about 150C when immersed in ice-cold water at 50C for 3min and
rose by about 50C when immersed in warm water at 500C for 3min. The rates at which body
temperature were restored to normal after removing the rats from the water were delayed by dietary
protein and tryptophan deficiency and age.
UL-117-BCH-96
OSINUBI OLUSUNMOLA ADEBIMPE
120
A STUDY OF SERUM LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS IN NIGERIANS: THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN
HEALTH AND DISEASE
The rapid increase in the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Nigeria has aroused the
interest in the study of (a) the variables most useful as indicators of CHD in Nigerians, and the changes
which may occur in the actual cases of the diseases, (b) the relationship between Lp(a) and other
lipoprotein traits in Nigerians and other races and (c) the effects which Nigerian dietary lipids/diets may
have on the variables. Hence, serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were determined in 101
normal Nigerians, 101 normal caucasians and 36 CHD Nigerian subjects.
Of all the lipid variables studied, only the mean levels of triglyceride and LDL differed significantly
(P<0.05) between the two Nigerian groups. Apolipoproteins AI and B levels determined by rate
nephelometry do not differ significantly (P<0.05) but, Pearson correlation analysis of the variables
revealed a significant correlation (P<0.05) between HDL and apo AI, and LDL and apo B. A non
statistically significant increase was observed in the median Lp (a) concentration of CHD patients
(24.4mg/dl) as compared to that of normal Nigerians (22.1mg/dl). Four species of apo (a) isoforms, S1,
S2, S3 and S4 were observed in the normal Nigerians as against the 5 species S1, S2, S3, S4 and F
observed in the CHD patients. Apo (a) allele distribution however was not different between the two
groups.
Lipid and lipoprotein parameters determined in 101 caucasians (U.K. population) matched for age
and sex with normal Nigerian subjects revealed a different pattern. Median Lp (a) was considerably
greater (22.1m/dl) in the Nigerian population as compared to the U.K. population (8.9mg.dl), Plasma
triglyceride total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Apo Ai and B levels also differed significantly between the two
groups. Apo (a) isoforms S2 and S3 were more frequent in the caucasians, whereas there was a
tendency towards the S4 isoforms in the Nigerians. The results indicated that plasma Lp (a) levels and
apo (s) isoform may not be valuable predictors of CHD among Nigerians. As regard lipids and
lipoproteins, LDL and triglyceride levels may be the most useful predictors of CHD among Nigerians.
The study further demonstrates the effects of Nigerian diets on plasma lipids and HDL in the rat
model. Among the dietary groups (namely avop, groundnut, akebho, palm-oil and soyabean), akebho
(palm olein) fed rats was found to be hypolipidemic when protein was adequate (20% protein; 11%
lipid). Simulated Nigerian diets containing 11% protein and 18% oil (palm or soyabean) did not show
much noticeable adverse effects as regards lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, although there was a
tendency towards the lowering of HDL level as compared to when diet containing the same amount of oil
and 20% protein was fed.
UL-118-BCH-99
ODESANMI OMOLOLA SELINA (MRS)
CONTRACEPTIVE EFFICACY OF SOME EXTRACT OF MUSSANSA CECROPLODIS
The chemical composition, in-vitro and in-vivo contraceptive efficacy and metabolic effects of
solvent extracts of the flower budsheath of Musanga cecropioids (Cecropiaceae) were studied
Proximate analysis of the flower budsheath showed that it contained 65.21 + 0.7% moisture.
The dry matter contained 6.61 + 0.5% crude protein, 19.93 + 0.2%, crude fat, 25.87 + 0.25% crude
fibre, 42.36 + 0.15% carbohydrate and 5.23 + 0.1% ash.
A 4.1 + 0.2% solid was obtained after soaking the powered sample in water for 12 hours followed
by boiling for 30 min. and filtering. The powered sample was also subjected to soxhlet extraction with
85% ethanol. The ethanol extract was concentrated to drybess at 50-600C in vacuo. A Portion of the
concetrated extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid partition chromatograpy with pet-ether and
chloroform to give pet-ether extract and chloroform extract fractions.
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Aliquot of the concentrated ethanolic extract was also acetylated with acetic anhydride and
pyridine to give acetylated ethanolic extract.
Phytochemical screening of the various solvent extracted fractions above, using chemical
analysis, thin layer chromatographic and physicochemical techniques showed that the fractions contained
tannins and steroids but no alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids.
Purification of the acetylated ethanolic by colum chromatography gave six fractions which on
further separation by preparative Thin layer chromatography and qualitative. Thin layer chromatography
showed that the acetylated Ethanolic extract contained dihydrolesterol, lupeol, sitosterol, stigmasterol,
their acetates and hecogenin.
The effect of the aqueous, ethanolic and chloroform extracts mentioned above on the contractility
of isolated uterine rings in vitro was also investigated. The aqueous extract had no effect. The ethanolic
caused a significant reduction and completely abolished the contractile responses induced by either
Oxytocin, acetylcholine or serotonin. The chloroform extract also inhibited oxytocin-induced contraction
but not to the same degree as Ethanolic extract.
The contraceptive effect of the aqueous, ethanolic and acetylated ethanolic extracts on mature
female sprague-Dawley albino rats weighing 140-220g compared with those of the combined oral
contraceptive- Neogynon EDF e was also investigated. The three extracts disrupted oestrus cycle and
induced anovulation in the rat as demostrated by the absence of cornified epithelia in the vaginal smear.
Oral admistration of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 10mg/kg body weight at day 1-5 postcoitum inhibited implantation by 60% and 100% respectively. Mid gestational oral admistration of the
ethanolic extract at 10mg/kg body weight and aqueous extract at 90mg/kg body weight from day 8-14
caused a high rate of foetal resorption by day 15. This resulted in a significantly high (p<.01) drop in
percentage pregnancy compared to the control. The antifertility effect of the ethanolic extract at
10mg/kg body weight (minimum effectve dose) compared favourably with that of the combined oral
contraceptive Neogynon EDFe.
Histological examinations of the internal organs of rats administered with the extracts after sacrifice
showed that the aqueous and ethanolic at the minimum effective doses had no adverse effect. However,
doses of the aqueous extract at greater than 100mg/kg body weight caused pathological lesions in the
heart and kindney. Oral administration of varied doses of aqueous, ethanolic and acetylated ethanolic
extracts and Neogynon EDFe into rats for/27 days showed that 20mg ethanolic extract/kg body weight
increased fasting serum glucose significantly (p<0.5), which 150mg of the extract/kg body weight
reduced fasting serum glucos. Rats treated with Neogynon EDFe had lower faasting serum glucose
(p<0.5) levels than rats treated with ethanolic and acetylated ethanolic extrtacts.
The aqueous ethanolic and acetylated ethanolic extracts elicited a dose-dependent increase in
fasting serum triglyceride levels and a significant (p<0.1) reduction in serum cholesterol levels compared
with the controls.
The aqueous extract at 190mg/kg body weight and the ethanolic extract at 10mg/kg body weight
significantly (p<0.05) reduced oestrogen levels and elevated progesterone leels measured by
radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay techniques, resulting in lowered serum oestrogen:
progesterone ratios.
UL-119-BCH-99
OSUNTOKI AKINNIYI ADEDIRAN
GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF LOCAL ISOLATES OF
LACTOBA CILLUS
Lactobacillus species - which play significant roles in the processes involved in the production of
many local fermented foods and products - were screened for antifungal activity.
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Two hundred (200) isolates, from various fermented foods obtained from different geographic
locations to enable a wide selection of species and strains, were screened for the production of
antifungal agents using Aspergillus niger as indicator organism. When effects attributable to H2O2 and
organic acids production were eliminated, four (4) isolates (2%) showed antifungal activities. Of these,
two (2) were fungistatic while two (2) were fungicidal.
Antifungal activity was found only in strains of two species, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus
fermentum. Investigations revealed that the antifungal agents were secreted into the media. The
fungicidal agents were found to be proteinaceous in nature and were liable to temperatures above 600C.
Sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS - PAGE) followed by silver-staining
indicated that a 9.7 KDa protein is responsible for the fungicidal activity. One of the fungicidal isolates
harboured a 5.5Kb plasmid and its activity was not affected by treatment with plasmid curing agents.
The findings of this study indicate potential applications of local isolates of Lactobacillus as starter
cultures for antifungals production to stem the health risks of mycotoxin intoxication and the economic
losses resulting from microbial contamination of local fermented foods.
UL-120-BCH-04
OGUNJIMI ABIODUN ADEYEMI
CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF DIPTERA-SPECIFIC CRYSTAL PROTEIN GENE OF
A LOCAL STRAIN OF Bacillus therigiensis.
Six isolates of 258 Bacilli isolated from soil samples collected in Nigeria showed comparable
mosquito larvicidal activities to sero-typed and established Bacillus thuringiensis strains. These Nigerian
isolates showed toxicity towards larvae of Aedes and Culex species.
The LD50 dosage of isolates used in the study ranged between 3.99 to 611 µg/ml. Although, the
isolates and types strains used showed comparable toxicity, the differed slightly in the SDS-PAGE profiles
of parasporal inclusions which comprises 23-130 kDa proteins and plasmid DNA profiles in which the
plasmid DNA pattern revealed the presence of DNA with sizes ranging from 2.1-105 kb respectively.
Molecular identification using plasmid DNA and protein profiles electrophoresed on 0.7% TAE-Agarose
and reducing and denaturing 10.0% SDS-PAGE respectively was able to differentiate isolates into two
major types. These isolates were further characterized according to the number of crystal protein genes
they harbour by using Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR). Primers designed for known sequences or
regions of cry1, 2, 4 were used to differentiate isolates. PCR amplicons of sizes ranging between 2381070 bp were obtained for cry1 and cry2 respectively while genes for cry4 were not identified, except for
a 2.6kb for an unidentified amplicon. Based on the PCR products, isolates were further differentiated into
4 major types. DNA curing and Southern hybridization also showed that a 72 kb plasmid may encode the
larvicidal toxin in isolates where gene was isolated. These results confirmed that the isolates might not
be related to either Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis or morrisoni strains that are well known for their
toxicities toward mosquto larvae.
A complete sequence characterization of a diptera-specific toxin gene isolated from a B.
thuringiensis isolated from soil sample in Nigeria was carried out. Sequence analysis of one these genes
showed that 3 isolates might be closely related and display homology to the known sequences of Cry2.
The other isolates could not be identified by PCR or differentiated by plasmid DNA profile. This gene
when cloned into pUC19 and subcloned into pBluescript SK+/- and pPICZαB, placed under a LacZ and
AOXI promoter respectively and transformed into Escherichia coli (BL21 DE3) and Pichia pastoris
(SMD1168 pep4, His) were expressed on induction. Integration of the insert into yeast chromosome was
confirmed with PCR amplification using AOXI primers designed to monitor the intactness of the insert
integration into chromosome of the transformants. These expression vectors wre both functionally
expressed in E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) and P. pastoris (SMD 1168) respectively and a 70 kDa recombinant
toxin was obtained. Expression was confirmed by Northern blot analysis of transripts obtained induced
clones. Approximately 2.0 kb RNA transcript, which hybridized with a 32P-dTP labeled probe, prepared
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from a 641 bp fragment of Haell digested PCR product of cry2 gene. The high-level expression of a
functional recombinant toxin in heterologous host was achieved. The amplification of toxin production
was therefore achieved in P. pastoris.
UL-121-BCH-05
IWALOKUN, BAMIDELE ABIODUN
MOLECULAR TYPING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE DETERMINANTS OF
SHIGELLOSIS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.
Ph.D Biochemistry (2005)
After a ten-year information and intervention gap, this research work investigated new cases of
shigellosis, trends in antibiotic resistance, molecular and biochemical factors of drug resistance, virulence
and severity of infection in Lagos State, Nigeria. Shigellocidal potentials of Ocimum gratissimum,
Terminalia avicennoices and Allium sativum were also investigated coupled with the development of
computer-based programs as surveillance and intervention tools.
A total of 1020 faecal specimens obtained from consented patients presenting with diarrhea
infections at hospitals and healthy centres in Lagos State between 1998 and 2000 were analyzed using
conventional cultural, biotyping and serotyping techniques, molecular typing and novel cell wall Olipopolysaccharide sugar chemistry, extracellular protease and cell wall haemagglutinin biochemistry
coupled with in vivo rodent shigellosis models. Data was collected via questionnaires, case file and
laboratory data sheet and analyzed statistically at 95% confidence limits.
Results indicate an incidence rate of 8.4% with persistence of Shigella flexneri (51.6%) as the
dominant serogroup followed by S.dysenteriae and S. Boydii (17.7% each) and S. Sonnei(13%) occurring
in age groups 0-9 years (11 cases), 10-19 years (22cases) and > 20 years (29 cases). Mixed infections
involving Shigella and EPEC was also observed in these age groups. Increased trends in resistance to
ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and cotrimoxazole (71 – 100%), emergence of strains showing
resistance to gentamicin, second – and third – generation cephalosporins but with persistence of
susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and piperacillin – tazobacam were observed in vivo in association with
32 antibiotic resistance patterns ad serogroup-dependent 78 distinct 1.7 – 120 MDa plasmids.
The plasmids (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 MDa) were further found to be associated with virulence and
severe shigellosis due mostly to S.flexneri and S. dysenteriae infections and characterized by extracellular
protease (56 and 102 kDa), mannose sensitive and manose resistance-haemagglutinin (23, 24, 52, 53
kDa) expression, high cell wall rhamnose content (23 – 40%) and ability to cause keratoconjunctivitis in
guinea pig, absorb congo red dye, inactivate complement pathway and extended beta-latamase
secretion. Drug resistance plasmids including 1.7, 1.8, 12.0, 23.3 and those that encode virulence were
also found to display self and non-self transmissibility to E.coli HB101 and JP-995 by conjugation
(1.8x10-8 – 4.2x10-6) and transformation (2.0 x 10-6 – 2.4x10-3) respectively. Restriction fragment
length polymorphic analysis further revealed divergent evolution of the recovered multidrug resistance
plasmids among the four serogroups. Essential leaf oil of O. gratissimum alone, concoction of O.
gratissimum and T. avicennoides and Alluium sativum aqueous extracts were found to be shigellocidal
against all the serogroups via inhibition of virulence factor expression, synergism in growth inhibition in
vitro and modulation of inflammatory response and enhanced antioxidance capacity in mice. A JAVAbased/Structured Query Language program was developed into a Virulence Predictor software and found
to be simple, rapid, accurate and effective for storing, retrieving, and archiving Shigella strains in
circulation in Lagos State coupled with the ability to predict the cause and severity of shigellosis in
diarrhoeal patients.
Shigellosis, thus requires new control strategies coupled with virulence-based interventions in
Lagos State, Nigeria.
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UL-122-BCH-06
OLUKOSI ADEOLA YETUNDE
MOLECULAR CORRELATES OF CHLOROQUINE AND ITS COMPARATIVE EFFICACY WITH
OTHER DRUGS IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE UNCOMPLICATED PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
MALARIA IN LAGOS, NIGERIA.
Despite the change in antimalarial treatment policy from chloroquine (CQ) and
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) to artemether + lumefantrine and amodaquine + artesunate, majority of
the Nigerian populace continue to use the earlier drugs, primarily for reasons of cost but also because
they are safe, well known and widely available.
Chlorpheniramine (CP), an antihistamine which is routinely used in Nigerians as an adjunct to CQ to
reduce induced pruritis is also a compound with which CQ resistance reversal has been demonstrated in
vivo. With a view to extend the useful lives of the older drugs, CQ combined with CP has been
compared with CQ alone and SP in an “open, labeled, randomized, controlled, comparative efficacy
study”, in children 5 months to 15 years of age, with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria, at two
government hospitals in two geographical sites in Lagos.
This study also, verifies the applicability of molecular diagnosis of CQ resistance by studying
association of mutations in the pfert and pfndrl genes of P falciparum with treatment outcomes. In
addition, it takes advantages of the availability of hypervariable genes in the P falciparum genome to
differentiate recrudescence from re-infection, to reduce the problem of over estimation of resistance that
is usually encountered especially in regions of high malaria transmission.
Of 1185 patients screened by microscopy for malaria during peak transmission seasons,
June/July, September/October, in three successive years 2001-2003, 702 were positive for malaria
amounting to an average hospital prevalence rate of 59% (25% at Massey street children’s hospital and
93% at Ijede primary health care center).
193 patients that meet criteria for enrolment into “the therapeutic efficacy test for antimalarial drugs
for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in areas with intense transmission” were recruited. The mean
fever clearance times were 1.42 + 0.65 days for CQ, 1.37 + 0.52 days for CQCP 1.58 + 0.89 days for SP.
The mean parasitic clearance time, 4.3 + 2.54 days for CQ, 3.12 + 1.5 days for CQCP and 4.0 + 2.9 days
for SP. The parasitological and clinical cure rate at day 14 are 57% and 75.9%, for CQ, 73.1% and
85.9% for CQCP and 69.5%, 76.1% for SP. The mean parasite clearance time was significantly different
across the treatment groups. CQCP has better overall therapeutic efficacy than CQ or SP. SP had a
superior therapeutic efficacy over CQ in this study but symptoms and parasitemia took longer to resolve.
Results of the 114 pretreatment samples amplified for pfert and 93 samples amplified for Pfmdrl did
not show any association individually for pfert mutant gene with CQ resistance in vivo while association
was detected for pfmdrl. In samples that were eventually cured of parasites, 84.6% T76 mutant pfrt
carried the mutant allele while 11.5% carried the K76 wild type allele and 3.8% had the mixed genotype
compared to patients with parasites phenotypically resistant to CQ of which 69% have the mutant T76
allele alone, 17.12% have the wild type allele and 13.8% have the mixed genotype (p = 0.11).
The pfmrl on the other hand showed amongst the sensitive patients, 35.4% Y86 mutant allele,
55.4% N86 wild type allele and 9.2% had mixed genotype. In the patients that turned out resistant the
proportions were 41.7% mutant alleles 25% wild type allele and 33.3% mixed genotype (Fichers exact
test P = 0.006).
Diversity was high. Of the 16 samples types for the msp2 loci, there were 24 different allees of
differing lengths between 450 - 700b. Only 7 allele types were identified for glurp loci and their lengths
ranged from 650-1000bp. Multiplicity for the msp2 loci was 2.3 alleles while that for the glurp loci was
1.09 with ranges for the msp2 loci of 1 to 4 and the glurp loci of 1-2. A combination of the two loci
differentiated between recrudescence and reinfection, adjusting the in vivo failure rates in the CQ treated
group from 40.7% to 39.4% and the CQCP treated group from 22.3% to 20.8%
Associations of mutations in markers of CQ resistance at the level of individual genotyping was not
obvious but salient implication for the population is that resistance to CQ is widespread. PCR-based
techniques provide a rapid method of surveying population for drug resistance. Developing the
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technique to a level where the predictive value will be diagnostic in areas of high levels of CQ resistance
and transmission remains an important goal. It will not only help doctors select the best therapy for
their patients, but will also assist public health officials determine country wide treatment guidelines.
UL-123-BCH-07
CHINEDU, NWODO SHALOM
CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOLATED MICROFUNGI AND THEIR ENZYMES FOR CELLULOSIC
WASTE BIOCONVERSION.
Ph.D. Biochemistry (2007)
Eight cellulolytic microfungi were isolated from wood-wastes obtained from Okobaba sawmills,
Ebute-Metta, Lagos. The microfungi include two pathogenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus
fumigatus, and three different strains of the black aspergilli, Aspergillus niger, (designated herein as A.
niger 1,A. niger 2 and A. niger 3). The other isolates are Fusarium solani, Penicillium chrysogenum, and
Truchoderma haizianum.
The filamentous fungi, A. niger 1, P. chrysogenum and T. harzianum were found to grow rapidly on
microbiological media such as Potato dextrose agar (PDA), Sabouraud’s agar (SA) and Czaoek-Dox agar
(CDA). Growth of A. niger 1 and P. hrysogenum on modified Czapek-Dox agar (CDAm) and sabouraud’s
agar (SAm) in which the carbon sources were substituted with 2% (w/v) sawdust or sugarcane pulp was
comparable to that on the commercial fungal media (PDA and SA). Media formulations, Wood-agar and
Cane-agar (modified Czapek-Dox agar containing 2% (w/v) Abora sawdust and sugarcane pulp
respectively) and Wood-pep-agar and Cane-pep-agar (modified Sabouraud’s agar containing 2% (w/v)
Abora sawdust and sugarcane pulp respectively), were found to be effective media for cultivating
cellulolytic microfungi.
Penicillium chrysogenum was the best cellulase-producing isolate in media containing purified
carbon sources (cellulose and carboxymethyl-cellulose). The crude extracellular enzyme of the organism
cultured in cellulose-containing medium gave specific activity values of 0.67 + 0.03, 19.94 + 1.30 and
8.50 + 0.5 Units mg protein-1 respectively for cellulase (EC 3. 2. 1.4), β-glucosidade (EC 3. 2. 1. 21) and
Xylanase (EC 3. 2. 1. 8). The specific activities of the crude extracellular enzyme of A. niger 1 cultured
on cellulose were 0.54 ± 0.03, 9.30 ± 0.6 and 4.42 ± 0.3 Units mg protein-1 respectively for the
cellulase,β- glucosidase and Xylanase enzymes. Both organisms also produced cellulases, though with
lower specific activity values, when cultivated in media containing corncob, sawdust and sugarcane pulp.
However, A. niger 1 gave the highest cellulase activity values when these waste cellulosic materials were
used as sole carbon sources. Higher levels of protein produced by the organisms grown on the wastes
accounted for the low specific enzyme activities. There is a correlation between protein yield and
cellulase (EC 3. 2. 1. 4) activity.
Partial purification of the cellulase enzyme was achieved through ammonium sulphate precipitation,
dialysis and gel chromatography using Sephadex G 25-300. Two active cellulase fractions were obtained
for both organisms from the gel chromatography. The cellulase active fractions of each organism
exhibited about the same activity towards carboymethyl-cellulose (CMC) and were pooled for the
subsequent analyses. The cellulases of A. niger 1 and P.chrysogenum gave Vmax values of 4.4 ± 0.2
and 10.0 ± 0.4 mmolmin-1 mg protein-1 respectively and Km values of 12.5
± 0.6 and 11.8 ± 0.4 gL-1 correspondingly. Two protein bands with molecular weight estimates of 80
and 60 Kda (A. niger 1), and 86 and 73 Kda (P. chrysogenum) were obtained for the pooled cellulase
fractions of the organisms using sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The
cellulase of both organisms showed similar temperature profile with an optimum of 500C. The cellulase
of A. niger 1 showed good activity at broader pH range with three peaks at 3.5, 5.5 and 7.0 (highest
peak at pH 5.5) whereas that of P. chrysogenum has only one peak at pH 5.0. Two divalent metal ions,
Mn2+ and Fe2+, were found to have stimulatory effects on the activity of the cellulases of both A. niger
1 and P. chrysogenum. Over 3-fold increase of cellulase activity was obtained with Mn2+ (2.0mM), while
Fe2+ (2.0mM) gave between 1.2-fold and 1.6-fold increase. Other cations such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+
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and Hg2+, and more especially, ethylene diaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA), reduced the cellulase activity
of both organisms.
The crude extracellular enzymes produced reducing sugars from waste cellulosic materials (Sawdust
and Sugarcane pulp). Pretreatment through ammonium hydroxide steeping enhanced enzymatic
hydrolysis of sawdust with the result of 4-fold and 7-fold increase respectively in simple sugars produced
by the crude enzymes of A. niger 1and P. chrysogenum. Reducing sugars liberated from sawdust by the
crude enzymes of A. niger 1 increased from 0.9% of the total hydrolyzable sugar (for the un-pretreated)
to 3.76% (for pretreated sawdust) while the sugars liberated by P. chrysogenum rose from 1.02% (for
the un-pretreated sawdust) to 7.03% (for the pretreatment). Enzymatic hydrolyis of sugarcane pulp was
not significantly affected by pretreatment with ammonium hydroxide. Up to 4.45% and 5.38% of the
total sugar content were released from sugarcane pulp by the crude enzymes of A. niger 1 and P.
chrysogenum respectively.
There is a good prospect for the product of industrial enzymes, cellulases and xylanases, from wild
strains of A. niger 1 and P. chrysogenum isolated from wood-wastes in Lagos, Nigeria. By harnessing
the natural degradation processes of these organisms, bioconversion of the huge quantities of cellulosic
wastes available in our environment could be economically accomplished.
UL-124-BCH-08
OKUNOWO WAHAB OLUWANISOLA
BIOCONTROL EFFICACY OF A NEW STRAIN OF M YR OTHECIUM R OR IDUM ON EICHHOR NIA
CR ASSIPES (WATER HYACINTH) IN LAGOS STATE NIGERIA.
Ph.D. Biochemistry (2008) 185pp.
The use of chemical herbicide in the management of aquatic weeds does not only constitute
environmental and health problem but its cost and its non-specific nature calls for the use of biological
control agents. An investigation was conducted into the probable use of indigenous fungi as potential
mycoherbicides for water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) control. Trips were made to Badagry Creeks,
Mile 2 and Lagos Lagoon in Lagos State and Ogun river in Isheri, Ogun state to collect samples of
diseased water hyacinth plants. Phytopathogenicity of the organisms from the diseased plant were
carried out on both water hyacinth plant and some crops. The best medium, nitrogen source and the
optimal pH for the growth of the fungi were also determined. The cellulolytic enzymes activities and
phytotoxin production of the fungal isolates were also investigated. Six different fungal species
(Aspegillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp., Curvularia pallescens, Fusarium solani and
Myrothecium roridum) were isolated from the diseased plant. No disease symptom was observed on the
inoculated crops and water hyacinth plant with all the isolates except a strain of Myrothecium roridum
Tode which showed a characteristic symptom on E. crassipes. Necrosis was observed on the healthy
plant 3 days post inoculation with 1x106 spores/ml of Myrothecium roridum. The leaves and the petioles
were observed dead at the end of the third week post inoculation. The Disease Incidence (DI) and the
Mean Disease Severity (MDS) was 100% and 8.67 ± 0.33 respectively, on day 24 post inoculation. The
best and cheapest growth medium for C. pallescens Boedjin and F. solani was Water Hyacinth
Formulated Agar Medium and Tap water agar for Myrothecium roridum Tode (IMI 394934). The growth
of C. pallescence and Myrothecium roridum Tode (IMI 394934) were highest on sodium glutamate and
that of F. solani was highest on sodium nitrate when used as nitrogen source in the enrichment medium.
The optimal growth pH was 5.5 for C. pallescens Boedjin and Myrothecium roridum Tode (IMI 394934)
and 6.6 for F. solani. The cellulose enzyme production was highest in C. pallescens Boedjin and lowest in
Myrothecium roridum Tode when carboxymethylcellulose, sawdust and water hyacinth leaf were used as
carbon sources. Of all the isolates only Myrothecium roridum was able to produce phytotoxin, which is
toxigenic on water hyacinth and four different types of crops. The phytotoxin production by this isolate
was dependent on photoperiod, pH, media type, carbon source and nitrogen source. The phytotoxin was
thermostable and the biological activity was pH dependent and independent of photoperiod. The purified
toxin was colourless in solution, non UV reactive but detected on reaction with vanillin sulphuric acid.
127
Molecular analysis of the ITS rDNA of this isolate showed >98% homology to authenticated sequences of
M. roridum, and 99% homology to a strain identified as the closely related species M. carmichaelii. In
this study, the efficacy of the isolates was dependent on their ability to produce phytotoxin. The
phytopathogenic isolate, Myrothecium roridum possesses the level of virulence needed to be an effective
bioherbicidal agent. Hence; it was considered to be a suitable mycoherbicide for use in the management
of water hyacinth in Nigeria.
UL-125-BCH-08
OLADIMEJI SAMUEL OLUGBENGA
AUTO-ANTIBODIES AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CORRELATES AS INDICATORS OF INFERTILITY
IN SOME EUTHYROID NIGERIAN WOMEN.
This study was carried out to determine the serum auto-antibody levels as primary markers and
immunological correlates as indicators of infertility in some euthyroid Nigerian women.
Some
biochemical indices such as serum hormone levels and the levels of immune enhancers (ie vitamins E
and C and the micro-nutrients iron and zinc) were evaluated, as secondary markers in the investigation
of auto- antibody as being implicated in infertility in women.
A total of two hundred and ninety (290) screened euthyroid female volunteers were used (following the
Lagos State Health Management Board Ethics Committee recommendations). Blood samples were
collected from non-pregnant (after a week of their menstrual period) and pregnant women in each of the
groups. The control group women were made up of forty six (46) nulligravida, fifty eight (58)
multiparous, as well as sixty (60) pregnant women (in their first and second trimester). The test group
women were made up of thirty four (34) primary infertile, forty six (46) secondary infertile and forty six
(46) recurrent spontaneous aborter (RSA).
The serum anti-thyroglobulin (Tg-Ab) and anti-microsomal (anti-thyroperoxidase i.e TPO- Ab) autoantibodies determined (using the diagnostic agglutination and automation ELISA – enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay) showed the following results: The serum anti-thyroglobulin (Tg-Ab) level was
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the women in the secondary infertile (809.65+ 3.23 U/ml ) and primary
infertile (539.59+3.79 U/ml ) groups as well as the recurrent spontaneous aborter (490.00+3.20 U/ml)
group, compared with the
control women in the nulligravida (42.48+3.16 U/ml), multiparous (32.02+ 2.82 U/ml)
and the
pregnant (31.90+ 2.77 U/ml) groups. The anti-thyroperoxidase (TPO-Ab) mean titer of the study group
was equally higher and significant (P < 0.05) compared to the women in the control group.
Natural Killer Cells’ (NK) functional activities determined with the cytotoxicity assay against the cell line
K562, in a flow cytometric technique, showed that the CD4 level of 55.11 + 1.11% for the primary
infertile group and 54.71 + 1.22% for the RSA were significantly higher when compared with, 43.58 +
1.36% of the control nulligravida (P < 0.05). Whereas the CD8 level of 27.03 + 1.11% of the nulligravida
control women were significantly higher than the primary infertile group level of 13.36 + 0.90% and that
of the recurrent spontaneous aborter group with 13.84 + 0.99% (P < 0.05). Conversely the NK cell’s
value of CD 56 + 16 obtained in the multiparous group (7.24 + 0.57%) was significantly lower,
compared with the primary infertile group with the value of 14.92 + 0.70% and with the RSA value of
14.57 + 0.77% (P < 0.05). The CD56 value of 6.21 + 0.51% in nulligravida and 6.67 + 0.34% in the
multiparous was significantly higher compared with the 2.70 + 0.42% in primary infertility group and
2.60 +0.46% in RSA (P < 0.05).
128
The serum hormonal assay of progesterone, testosterone, estradiol and prolactin determined using
diagnostic automation ELISA kits, showed that the mean titer value of prolactin (183.90 + 11.23ng/ml)
and testosterone (304.43 + 4.11ng/ml) obtained in the primary infertile women with anti-microsomal
antibodies were significantly higher (P<0.05), compared with the women in the control group. The
progesterone level of the women in primary infertile group was 2.93 + 1.76 ng/ml and that of the
secondary infertile group was 0.29 + 0.24 ng/ml, these were significantly lower than, the RSA group with
16.88 + 0.83 ng/ml. However the progesterone levels in the nulligravida of 6.66 +0.83 ng/ml and 0.47
+ 0.15 ng/ml obtained for the multiparous group were significantly lower than that of the pregnant
group value of 40.25 + 1.28 ng/ml (P < 0.05). The estradiol levels in the control group showed that, the
women of nulligravida group had 19.08 + 2.44 pg/ml, while that of the multiparous group was 6.71 +
0.43 pg/ml, these were significantly lower than the 197.12 + 3.78 pg/ml in the pregnant group (P<0.05).
The estradiol level in the primary infertile group was 0.22 + 0.05 pg/ml, that of the secondary infertile
group was 0.41 + 0.07 pg/ml and the RSA group was 11.94+ 2.44 pg/ml. These values in the test
groups were significantly lower at P < 0.05, when compared with the nulligravida group and the
pregnant group of the control.
The serum vitamin E level obtained in the women within the nulligravida control group was 12.38 + 0.50
μg/dl, in the multiparous women it was 8.95 + 0.89 μg/dl and in the pregnant women it was 7.05 + 0.78
μg/dl. In the test group on the other hand, the value in the primary infertile women was 7.38 + 1.07
μg/dl, the secondary infertile women was 10.49 + 1.49 μg/dl and RSA women was 8.82 + 0.50 μg/dl.
The result showed that the value for the nulligravida was significantly higher (P < 0.05), when compared
with all the other groups. The serum vitamin C level obtained in the control nulligravida women was 2.83
+ 0.21 mg/dl, in the multiparous women was 2.32 + 0.38 mg/dl and in the pregnant women was 2.24 +
0.33 mg/dl. Whereas, in the test groups, namely primary infertile women it was 1.72 + 0.45 mg/dl, in
the secondary infertile women it was 2.11 + 0.63 mg/dl and in the RSA women it was 0.75 + 0.21
mg/dl, which were significantly lower than the control groups at P < 0.05.
The serum zinc level obtained in the women within the control group that is, in the nulligravida was 0.61
+ 0.02 μg/dl, multiparous, 0.37 + 0.04 μg/dl and pregnant, 0.47 + 0.04 μg/dl. In the test group on the
other hand, the value in the primary infertile women was 0.55 + 0.05 μg/dl, the secondary infertile, 0.50
+ 0.07 μg/dl and RSA, 0.40 + 0.02 μg/dl. The result showed that the value for the nulligravida was
significantly higher (P < 0.05), when compared with all the other groups. The serum iron level obtained
in the control nulligravida group was 0.86 + 0.04 μg/dl, in the multiparous group was 0.54 + 0.06 μg/dl
and in the pregnant group was 0.99 + 0.05 μg/dl, in the test group, namely primary infertile group it
was 0.92 + 0.07 μg/dl and in the RSA it was 0.92 + 0.04 μg/dl. Whereas, in the secondary infertile
group, the serum iron level obtained was 0.67 + 0.10 μg/dl which was significantly lower than the
pregnant control groups at P < 0.05. The levels of the serum antioxidant element, iron was significantly
higher in the test groups when compared to the control multiparous group at P < 0.05.
This study has established the significant presence of anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroperoxidase as
immune species marker in the serum of some euthyroid Nigerian women experiencing reproductive
failure. Moreover, a correlation has also been established in the level of some reproductive female
hormones namely progesterone, estradiol and antioxidants levels with some corresponding changes in
immune species along T-cell clusters of differentiation in the test groups when compared to the control
multiparous group.
UL-126-BCH-08
AWA NGOZI OKUJI
STUDIES ON THE ANTISICKLING ACTIVITIES OF CAR ICAPAPAYA DRIED LEAF EXTRACT.
129
Sickle Cell Anemia (Drepanocytosis) is a genetically inherited disease that affects the red blood cell
hemoglobin. In vivo, sickled erythrocytes tend to block capillaries, causing stasis, and thereby starve
organs of both nutrients and oxygen and eventually cause hypofunction or complete tissue destruction.
In an attempt to find new types of antisickling agents that are cost effective and specifically inhibits the
sickling phenomenon without undesirable consequences, this research study examined the antisickling
potential of a phytomedicine, Carica papaya sun-dried fruit bearing leaves for possible fulfillment of this
criterion. This study further attempts to elucidate the active components and mechanism of action of the
antisickling papaya leaf compared with a few other antisickling phytomedicines. Phytochemical screening
and proximate nutrient analyses of the aqueous and organic extracts of Carica papaya (sun-dried) leaves
confirmed the presence of nutrients, antioxidant vitamins, micronutrients, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins,
anthraquinones and phenolic compounds, which may be responsible for their observed antioxidant
activities. Studies on the toxicity profile of the aqueous and organic extracts of papaya leaves on normal
(HbAA) rats showed the absence of cyanogenic glycosides; orally administered extracts had no
significant lethal or acute toxicity effects on body tissues and organs. Fragiliograms and hematological
analyses indicated that the plant extracts reduced RBC hemolysis and protected erythrocyte membrane
integrity under osmotic and oxidative stress conditions. Pretreatment of SS cell suspensions with aqueous
and aqueous – methanol extracts of papaya leaf inhibited formation of sickle cells and significantly
prolonged the time course for sickling under severe hypoxia with only 0-5% sickle cells at 40mins
compared with untreated SS cell suspensions which had over 60% sickle cells. This indicates that the
Carica papaya leaf extracts have potent antisickling (antidrepanocytary) activity and its drastic
antisickling effect could have been potentiated by the free-radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity of the
plant and its ability to maintain RBC membrane integrity under osmotic or oxidative stress. The teeming
list of potent medicinal plants with antisickling activity is now increased sby one: sun-dried Carica papaya
leaves. The extract is recommended as an antisickling agent following appropriate clinical trials and
governmental approval. This is the first report of the in vitro antisickling activity of Carica papaya leaves
using in situ sickled erythrocytes.
UL-127-BCH-09
ADU OLUWATOSIN BENEDICT
STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF ZINC IN THE TREATMENT OF ONCHOCERCIASIS INFECTED MICE.
Ivermectin is a well tolerated and efficacious drug used in the treatment of the onchocerciasis for long
duration. Zinc supplementation has been reported to reduce susceptibility to a wide range of infectious
agents in both human and animal studies. In this study, the effect of zinc deficiency and
supplementation on haematological and biochemical parameters of mice infected with onchocerciasis
and treated with ivermectin was investigated. The effect of onchocerciasis infection on zinc and
haematological status of mice was determined. Interaction between zinc and ivermectin was also
evaluated in infected and non infected animals. In addition, the effects of infection, zinc status and
ivermectin administration on the activity of some serum enzymes- alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT); serum metabolitesglucose, total protein, albumin, and cholesterol concentrations were determined. Interactions between
zinc and other serum minerals, in infected and non infected animals were also assessed. The effect of
ivermectin on the haematological and zinc status of uninfected mice showed that ivermectin had no
effect on haematological parameters, but increased serum zinc concentration of mice. Ivermectin also
significantly increased (p<0.05) packed cell volume and red blood cell count of mice treated with
ivermectin compared with the placebo and untreated mice. Infection with both O. gutturosa and O.
volvulus microfilariae caused a significant reduction (p<0.05) in PCV, RBC, monocyte and lymphocyte
counts, but increased neutrophil count. Serum zinc concentration was also significantly reduced
(p<0.05) by infection. Zinc deficiency caused reduction in PCV, RBC, neutrophil and WBC counts; but
zinc supplementation only improved PCV, RBC and WBC counts in all but the infected, not treated
130
(INTR) group. Zinc supplementation alone did not completely reverse the effect of infection. However,
combination of zinc and ivermectin had a synergistic effect in reversing the effect of infection. Effect of
ivermectin, infection and zinc on biochemical parameters showed that administration of ivermectin alone
to uninfected animals had no effect on the serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations as well as on
SGOT, SGPT and ALP activities. Serum protein and albumin concentrations were however significantly
reduced (p<0.05) by ivermectin in both uninfected and infected mice. Serum metabolites concentrations
and ALP activity were reduced by infection with O. gutturosa and O. volvulus microfilariae in mice.
Supplementation with zinc had no effect on serum glucose, protein and albumin concentrations in both
infected and uninfected mice but increased serum GOT, GPT and ALP activities. Investigation of possible
interaction between zinc and other minerals revealed that zinc supplementation led to an increase in
serum zinc and iron concentrations in both infected and uninfected animals, but had no effect on serum
copper concentration.
UL-128-BCH-09
OGBUNUGAFOR HENRIETTA ARITETSOMA
THE BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE TRYPANOCIDAL ACTIVITY OF MITRAGYNA CILIATA
AUBREV. & PELLEGR. (RUBIACEAE).
The extracts of many plants used in traditional medicine in Africa have been shown to contain therapeutic
agents supporting their use in the treatment and management of many disease endemic to the region.
Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is one of such disease that still are a major health challenge in subSaharan Africa, in the quest to combat this problem, the search for trypanocidal agents from medicinal
plants has arisen. The aim of this study was to investigate and corroborate the claim in traditional
medicine of the safety and efficacy of the extract of Mitragyna ciliata Aubrev and Pellegr (Rubiaceae) in
the treatment of trypanosomiasis. The study started with initial screening hydrothanolic extracts of the
roots of two plants - Mitragyna ciliata Aubrev. & Pellegr. (Rubiaceae) and Ritchea longipedicellata Gilg.
(Capparidaceae), for toxicity and antitrypanosomal activity. Toxicity test result after single dose
administration of extracts to rats for 21 days, show that both plant extracts exhibited a marked decrease
in ALP, ALT, AST and creatinine levels (p<0.05). These results indicated that the plant extracts was well
tolerated and that they have a positive hepatocellular effect. Investigation of the trypanocidal activity of
Mitragyna ciliata root extract indicates that it had 76% suppressive and 54.24% therapeutic activities at
50mg/kg dose, while R. longipedicellata showed no trypanocidal activity. The combination (1:1 v/v) of
both plant extracts exhibited complete suppressive activity at the tested doses (200 and 400mg/kg) and
100% therapeutic activity at 400 mg/kg. the potency of M. ciliate hydroethanolic root extract resulted in
its selection for further investigation. Evaluation of M. ciliata extract showed that the extract had low in
vitro antioxidative activity (25.25%) and thin layer chromatography indicated that eluted fractions were
mainly alkaloids. Activity-guided fractionation reveal n-butanol fraction as the active fraction producing
66.61% inhibition of parasites growth. The effects of the active traction on oxidative stress enzymes in
infected rats which might explain its mode of action, showed elevated superoxide dismutase activity
(SOD) (p<0.05), while catalase activity was depressed (p < 0.05). data suggest alteration in the oxidative
status of rats creating oxidative stress in the animals which caused parasite clearance. Hematological
profile of infected and fraction treated rats was consistent with the major characteristics of
trypanosomiasis anaemia leucocytopaenia and thrombocytopaenia. In vivo evaluation of serum Ca2+
levels in active fraction indicated depressed (p < 0.05) levels in the treated rats (2.53 ± 0.036 mmol/L) in
comparison to untreated (17.79 ± 0.034 mmo/L). results might indicate that the bioactive agent (butanol
fraction) had an effect on the Ca2+ metabolism in the animals which underline the important role Ca2+
plays in control of trypanosomal infection. Data show that M. ciliata root extract is a potential trypanocide
and substantiates the use of the plant in the treatment of the disease in ethno medicine. It also provides
some biochemical basis for the trypanocidal activity of the plant.
131
UL-129-BCH-09
SAMUEL TITILOLA ADERONKE
METABOLIC EFFECT OF CONTRACEPTIVE AGAENTS
METROPOLIS
ON NIGERIAN WOMENIN LAGOS
Since the introduction of contraceptives in 1960, efforts have been directed to balance its risks and
benefits. The first generation contraceptives were associated with several adverse effect, the most acute
being stokes and thromboembolic events. In addition they were found to be associated with
cardiovascular risk factors that promote myocardial infarctions in older populations who had used these
contraceptives over time in an attempt to minimize these adverse occurrences, contraceptives with lower
doses of oestrogen and less androgenic progestins were developed. Also several other methods of using
these contraceptives were developed.
The objective of this research was to examine in Nigerian women within Lagos metropolis the effects of
these contraceptive use especially the newer ones which hitherto had been banned both in Great Britain
and USA but still being used here in Nigeria on lipid profile, glucose iron and copper and their carrier
proteins and vitamin E and to also determine the rate of return to fertility after withdrawal of the
contraceptives.
The study was conducted at the Family Planning Clinic, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba,
General Hospital, Lagos Family Planning Clinic Oshodi/Isolo Local Government Area, Isolo, Regina Mundi
Catholic Church Clinic, Mushin, Lagos and The Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria, Palm groove,
Lagos.
A total of 400 healthy women were recruited for the research, 50 Hormonal Implant users, 100
intrauterine devices users, 100 Injectable users 100 oral contraceptive users and 50 controls, age range
of 15-49years were included in the study.
Subjects had glucose test, lipid profiles, iron and copper and their carrier proteins and vitamin E tests
determined.
The tests were determined at the beginning of the research and thereafter every 6 months. Cholesterol,
Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels increased for Norplant, Injectable
and oral contraceptives users significantly during the research when compared with the baseline and
control. High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol level decreased significantly for the hormonal
contraceptives. Iron and ferritin levels increased for the hormonal contraceptives while the values
decreased for the intrauterine devices. Also copper and ceruloplasmin levels increased significantly for
the Norplant, oral contraceptive and injectable users while there was a decrease with intrauterine users.
The level of vitamin E increased significantly for hormonal contraceptive users and the rate of return of
fertility for Norplant was higher than for Injectables.
In Nigeria women within Lagos metropolis contraceptive use is associated with an increased in markers
for cardiovascular risk manifested by increased lipid profile and glucose and for those who still want to
have more children the rate of return to fertility is delayed especially for injectable users.
UL-130-BCH-09
BAKARE RASHEEDAT IYABODE
ANTIDIARROEAL POTENTIAL AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA
(CUCURBITACEAE).
Momordica charantia is an annual creeping plant, reported to be a potent antidiabetic medicinal plant
used in many parts of the world. It has also been reported to be useful for the treatment of
gastrointestinal infection and certain types of cancer and viral infections. In this study, the nutritional
132
composition of the plant revealed high protein content 27.46 ± 1.60 % and 27.88 ± 3.75 % in the leaf
and fruit respectively. The ash content of the leaf 15.24 ± 2.08 % was found to be higher than the
values obtained for the fruit and seed (7.36 ± 0.52 % and 9.73 ± 2.34 % respectively).The results
showed that the leaf is a good source of calcium (29510 ± 5.77mg/kg), vitamin C (6600 ±
141.42mg/kg), and folic acid (2060 ± 42.43mgk/g). Phytochemical screening of the aqueous and
methanolic extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing
compounds, and cardiac glycosides. Aqueous leaf extract of the plant exhibited no signs of toxicity and
no mortality was observed up to the highest dose of 20g/kg body weight of mice when given by oral
administration. The intraperitoneal administration of the extract gave an LD50 of 2.79g/kg body weight.
Reactivity to environment, abdominal gait and respiration were observed with the higher doses (3 -5g/kg
body weight of mice). Histological examination of the organs (liver, kidney, lungs, and heart) showed no
sign of toxicity in rats fed the aqueous leaf extract of M. charantia for 15 days. Increase in serum alkaline
phosphatase activity was observed. The serum protein, albumin, and urea concentrations in the
experimental rats were significantly higher than that of the control animals, but no significant changes
were observed for glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in the test groups as compared
with the control group. The extract had no effect on the serum electrolyte concentrations of the animals.
The antidiarrhoeal potential of the leaf extract of M. charantia was studied against castor oil-induced
diarrhoea model in animals (Osmotic Diarrhoea). The aqueous and petroleum-ether extracts of the plant
prevented the occurrence of diarrhoea stool in the animals as compared with the methanolic extract.
Aqueous leaf extract reduced the gastrointestinal propulsion (transit) of the charcoal meal in the castor
oil-induced intestinal transit and the effect was more pronounced with the 200 mg/kg body weight dose.
It was also observed that the effect of the extract was not significant in the castor oil-induced intestinal
fluid accumulation, volume of intestinal content, and gastric emptying of the animals. The observed
increase in the electrolytes concentration of the intestinal fluid was dose related and the same trend was
also observed in the protein concentration and enzymes activities in the intestinal mucosa homogenate
of the animals. In mice, of all the three disaccharidases (lactase, maltase and sucrase), only lactase
activity was significantly reduced in all the groups. Assessment of the various fractions obtained from the
column chromatographic separation of the crude extract of M. charantia showed that fraction 7 had a
distinct antidiarrhoeal index (a measure of the cumulative effects of the different components of
diarrhoea such as purging frequency, onset of diarrhoea and intestinal propulsion) compared to fractions
8, 9 and 10 and the crude extract. Phytochemical constituents of these fractions were predominantly
tannins, flavonoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides and might be responsible for the antidiarrhoeal
potential of the plant. The results obtained have established the antidiarrhoeal potential of M. charantia
and can be developed for the treatment of diarrhoea. However, additional models of diarrhoea such as
secretory diarrhoea are necessary for confirmation of activity.
BOTANY
AND
MICROBIOLOGY
(FORMERLY BOTANY)
133
UL-132-BTN-84
NWANKWO IKEGWU DIKE
SEASONAL CHANGES OF PHYTOPLANKTON OF LAGOS LAGOON AND THE ADJACENT SEA IN
RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
Ph.D Botany (1984) 447pp.
Species composition and seasonal changes in the phytoplankton of Lagos Lagoon and adjacent sea
from November 1980 to October 1982 were investigated in relation to environmental factors. The
physico-chemical parameters exhibited seasonal changes closely related to the pattern of rainfall while
differences in phytoplankton assemblages were closely related to the salinity gradient.
Phytoplankton assemblages had more diatom species in both seasons and exhibited a more rapid
rate of change in species composition in the dry than wet season. Wet season assemblages were
characterised by many pennate diatoms probably dislodged from the benthos during periods of high
fresh water discharge but centric forms remained dominant at both seasons. The phytoplankton of Lagos
and the adjacent sea belonged to four main algal groups; Bacillariophyseae, Chlorophyceae,
Cyanophyceae and Dinophyceae. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the phytoplankton occurred
during the two-year seasonal cycle in response to environmental changes.
Salinity changes were correlated with other physico-chemical parameters in Lagos Lagoon.
Fluctuations in species diversity and cell numbers are attributed to changes in salinity and influx of
nutrient rich waters. In general species were more equitably distributed during the dry season but
usually much less so at the end of wet season. Similarity between stations occurred throughout the
Lagoon complex in the wet season whereas clear differences occurred in fresh, brackish and marine
zones in the dry season.
UL-133-BTN-85
OWOLABI, AYODEJI TIMOTHY
EFFECT OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE INOCULATIONS WITH BLACKEYE COWPEA MOSAIC AND
COWPEA MOSAIC VIRUSES ON TWO NIGERIAN COWPEA CULTIVARS.
M.Phil Botany (1985) 72pp.
Two Nigerian cultivars, Ife Brown and Nigeria B7 were grown in black polythene bags in
randomized blocks in the greenhouse. They were inoculated 9 and 21 days after planting and at the
initiation of flowering. Inocula consisted of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BICMV), cowpea mosaic virus
(CpMV) and a combination of the two.
Single virus infections caused mosaic, leak malformation, distortion, blistering and puckering. In
addition to these symptoms, apical necrosis which led to cessation of growth was characteristic of mixed
inoculation with BICM and CpMV. Generally, mixed infection caused more severe effects on the growth
parameters such as measured in this study than single virus infection. Similarly, early virus infections
produced more profound disease reactions, reduction in leaf size, number of pods and seeds and seed
weight than late virus infections.
Inoculating with individual virus isolates and in combination caused a significant reduction in leaf
size of both cultivars at all stages of inoculation. A reduction of 63.4 - 100% was caused when Ife
Brown was inoculated with a combination of BICMV and CpMV while 53.0 - 100% and 47.3 - 63.7
reductions were due to BICMV and CpMV respectively. In Nigeria, B7 mixed inoculation with BICMV and
CpMV reduced leaf size by 77.6 - 81.9% while reductions of 73.4 - 83.3% and 68.9 - 79.6% were
observed for BICMV and CpMV inoculated plants respectively.
All the virus inocula significantly reduced the number of pods and seeds produced by both cultivars
when they were inoculated 9 and 21 days after planting. In Ife Brown, reduction of 65.6 - 100% and
64.4 - 100% in pod and seed numbers respectively were observed while 53.4 - 100% and 67.8 - 100%
reduction in pod and seed numbers were observed for Nigeria B7. Early infection of both cultivars by
each of the virus inocular resulted in significant yield losses. Reductions in yield due to all the virus
134
inocula were between 91.2 - 100% when Ife Brown was inoculated 9 days after planting and between
56.1 - 78.9% when inoculated 21 days after planting. For Nigeria B7 yield reductions due to all the virus
inocula were between 95.2 - 100% when inoculated 9 days after planting and between 68.1 - 100%
when inoculated 21 days after planting. However inoculation at the initiation of flowering did not
significantly reduce the yield of both cultivars irrespective of the virus inoculum.
In both Ife Brown and Nigeria B7 there was no evidence of either CpMV or BICMV being seed
transmitted.
The results presented suggest that plants infected by a mixture of CpMV and BICMV can be
recognised on the basis of symptomatology.
The yield loss data suggest that Ife Brown will be a better variety than Nigerian B7 to release to
Nigerian farmers because of the reduced incidence of plant death due to early infection and reduced
yield loss due to virus infection.
UL-134-BTN-85
SONAIKE, AYOTUNDE ABOSEDE (MISS)
VARIATIONS, GERMINATION AND GROWTH IN POPULATIONS OF LUFFA AEGYPTIACA L.
ROEM IN NIGERIA.
Investigations were carried out into the variations in fruit characters of 19 populations of Luffa
aegyptiaca in Nigeria and the underlying causes of such variations.
The germination and growth ecology of the populations were also investigated to find out if
variations exist in their response to such ecological factors like pH, light and dark regimes, salinity, soil
type, soil moisture and temperature, and to determine if the environment of the mother plants has any
effect on the responses of the progenies.
There were marked variations in mean fruit length and circumstance in mean fruit weight and in
the total number of seeds per fruit but the mean seed weight was not significantly different. For various
populations, the variations in fruit size were correlated with different factors such as length of sunshine,
light intensity and soil mineral nutrients notably calcium, nitrogen and magnesium.
While most of the populations showed no preference in germination between PH 7.0 and 5.5, a
few showed preference for the acidic pH. Most populations also showed preference for Hoagland solution
of pH 7.0 than to distilled water of same pH which was favoured by only 7 populations.
About a third of the populations germinated better in light than dark, another third germinated
better in dark than light while the remaining one-third showed no preference for either light or dark.
Variations also exist in their salinity tolerance; only four populations germinated at 10% sea water
concentration, the rest germinated only in distilled water. For those which germinated at 10% sea water
concentration, there was increased time of first germination as salinity increased.
Many of the populations germinated equally well in humus and red earth, while all but one showed
poor germination in sand.
With soil moisture, about one-third of the populations had increased germination with increase in
soil moisture content while the remaining population except two showed no preference for any soil
moisture content.
While all the populations showed the usual minimum optimum and maximum response relationship
to the effects of constant temperature, they still showed variations in the limit of their tolerance to
temperature. All populations germinated best at 13 - 210C.
For growth, all the populations showed similar responses to the effect of light and shade by having
good growth in light and poor growth under shade.
In saline medium, all the populations showed a decrease in growth as salinity increased. While
most populations had decreased root growth with increase in salinities, three populations showed the
reverse.
135
For the soil type, only four populations grew best in humus, the others showed no preference for
either humus or red earth. However, they all had poor growth in sand.
The growth response under different soil moisture regime was similar to that of the germination
response.
The environment of the mother plants for only one population affected the germination response
of the seed to the effect of pH. While the environment of seven populations affected the germination
response to the effect of soil moisture content, the environment of five populations affected the growth
response of the seedlings. However, of these two batches of populations, only three populations were
common to both the germination and growth batches.
In general, the populations showed marked differences in their response to the effects of pH, light
and dark regime, salinity, soil type, soil moisture temperature.
The germination and growth responses of the L. aegyptiaca populations studied were discussed in
relation to the climate and edaphic factor prevailing at the locations of the populations and to the
ecology of the species.
UL-135-BTN-88
EGBEDO OKOUROMI FREDRICK
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL
ANACARDIACEAE IN NIGERIA.
AND
ANATOMICAL
STUDIES
IN
THE
FAMILY
Comparative Morphological and Anatomical Studies of 36 taxa of the family Anacardiaceae were
undertaken. Variations observed in gross leaf morphology, epidermal cells shape and size, anticlinal wall
pattern, trichomes, stomatal complex, petiole and leaf mid-rib anatomy are discussed and their
taxonomic implications if any, are noted. Of necessity, several figures are presented to explain the
variations in those characters mentioned above.
Leaf shape vary from lanceolate, ovate to elliptic or oblong. The apex and base are mostly
acuminate and cuneate respectively, though, in some species, the base is rounded and obtuse. The leaf
margins are either crenate or entire while the texture could be either chartaceous or membraneous.
Epidermal cells are isodiametric or irregular in shape, anticlinal wall pattern is undulate or straight.
Stomata are anomocytic or paracytic and restricted only to the abaxial surface of the leaf. The shape of
stomata vary from broadly elliptic to narrowly elliptic. Petiole outline vary from dorsiventrally flattened,
sub-circular to circular. Vascular bundle shape either cresceniform or in a ring. The perivascular tissue is
composed of sclerenchyma or collenchyma on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces. Mid-rib dimension is
either small or large, and vascular bundle consists of alternating small and large vessels.
These characters have been used in the construction of a key for the various genera and species of
the family, and are of practical use in their taxonomic identification.
UL-136-BTN-89
AKINKUOWO OLUSOLA PHILIP
A STUDY ON POLYPHENOLS AND POLYPHENOL OXIDASE IN SELECTED TROPICAL TUBERS.
Polyphenolic constituents of the corms of Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta and Xanthosoma
sagittifolium as well as tubers of lcasina trichanta, Mirabilis jalapa, Cyanastrum cordifolium, Anchomanes
difformis and Dioscorea preussii were extracted immediately after harvest, fractionated, hydrolused and
analysed by chromatographic techniques, absorption spectroscopy and mass spectral procedure. pHydroxybenzoic acid was conclusively identified in the extracts of I. trichanta and C. cordifolium by gas
chromatographic-mass spectral (GC-MS) procedure.
136
Quantitative analysis showed that the highest level of phenolics obtained immediately after harvest
was found in m. jalapa. Xanthosoma sagittifolium was found to be more susceptible to browning than C.
esculenta. The level of phenolic content in the corms increased during storage at lower relative humidity,
while no significant weight loss compared with high relative humidity. Sprouting was more pronounced at
higher relative humidities. Exposure of intact corms to varying light period effected increased phenolic
content while storage in continuous darkness resulted in decreased phenolic content. The effect of light
on the phenilic content was reversed when the corms were transferred to darkness.
Crude polyhenol oxidase from dried acetone extracts obtained from the corms of X. sagittifolium
and tubers of M. jalapa were purified while that from C. esculenta was partially purified and
characterized. The greatest enzyme activity was found in M. jalapa while the activity of X. sagittifolium
was higher than that of C. esculenta. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration on sephacryl s200 column were as follows: X. sagittifolium 150,000; M. jalapa 165,958. The subunit molecular weight
for X. sagittifolium by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis was 13,551. The pH profiles indicate
that X. sagittifolium and C. esculenta both have pH optima of 6.5 while M. jalapa has a pH optimum of
6.0. The effect of temperature on the activities of the enzyme shows that the highest activities for X.
sagittifolium and M. jalapa were obtained at 500C while that of C. esculenta was 400C. The Km and
Vmax values obtained respectively were X. sagittifolium 9.2 and
5.83-2; M. jalapa 12.7 and 5.72-2
and C. esculenta 12.1 and 2.12-2.
Of all the substrates tested the enzyme from the three sources showed activity towards catechol,
DL 3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl alanine (DL-DOPA), pyrogallol and chlorogenic acid. The following organic
chemicals were observed to inhibit the activity of polyphenol oxidase: 2-mercaptoethenol, L-cysteine,
sodium sulphate, sodium metabisulphite and dithiothreitol. The absorption spectrum of each of the
purified enzyme had a peak at 215nm with a broad shoulder at 280nm. The physiological and
biochemical implications of these findings were discussed.
UL-137-BTN-89
AREO ADEBOWALE ABIODUN
ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES AND BIOACTIVE SCREENING OF SOME NIGERIAN MEDICINAL
PLANTS.
M.Phil Botany (1989)
Field study was carried out in eight States of the Federation representing three ethnic groups, viz.:
Yoruba, Hausa and Ibo. The study involved interviewing herbalists of note on how they dispense their
herbs. It was observed that most herbalists use same method, same plants for treating same ailments,
only few, differ in the use of medicinal plants. From the interviews, it was clear that dosage and
cleanliness were lacking. Suggestions towards improvement were made to many of them.
After obtaining the vernacular names of the plants, the botanical names were ascertained using
both the floral of West Tropical Africa by Hutchinson and Dalziel (1954) and its appendix, the Useful
Plants of West Tropical Africa (1937). One hundred mentioned plants were collected and preserved as
voucher specimen for herbarium. Eight out of one hundred species which featured prominently in most
of the herbal prescription were selected for extraction using Mizrahi et al. (1970) method and bioassayed
against fungal and bacterial growth. The result showed that the extracts of khaya senegalensis, Vitex
doniana and Parkia clappetoniana were fungistatic and bacteriostatic.
Laboratory analysis of extracts of v. doniana, k. senegalensis, E. hirta, Momordica charantia and
Jatropha curcas showed that they contain, tanins, saponins, steroids and all the extracts haemolysed red
blood corpuscles.
Dried extracts from the above plants, mixed with shea-butter (Bulyrogynium packii) and applied on
primary school pupils infected with eczema and ring-worm showed fair healing of the two skin diseases
over a period of six weeks. Merits and demerits of traditional medicine were fully discussed in
comparison with bio-medicine. The summary of which is that traditional medicine if improved upon can
save this country billions of foreign exchange Traditional and bio-medicine can co-exist.
137
UL-138-BTN-89
UDOH MICHAEL AGNES
STUDIES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NITRATE REDUCTASE (NR) ACTIVITY IN SOME
GERMINATING TROPICAL SEEDS.
Substrate induction of nitrate reductase (NR) was monitored in seeds and seedlings of Oryza sativa
(c.v. Faro II old (1982) and new (1985) and Arachis hypogaea. Selected analyses were done on samples
taken from Abelmoschus esculentus as well as Colocynthus citrullus. An appreciable level of endogenous
enzyme was obtained in un-imbided and imbided seeds of A. hypogaea as shown by results obtained
from zero hour of incubation with the substrate. NR activity was higher in the embryos than in the
corresponding cotyledons after 24 hours of inhibition. However, induction of the enzyme became more
pronounced in cotyledons than in the embryos from the 3rd day of germination and this trend was
maintained till the 7th day of germination as opposed to intact seedlings which had higher NR activity.
In O. sativa (c.v. Faro II) NR was more easily induced in the less viable seeds than the viable ones
at the dry and early imbibed stages. After 3 days of germination, the endosperms consistently
demonstrated higher nitrate reduction for more than 2 weeks.
Lag phases of 5 to 6 hours were recorded in unimbibed rice seeds while induction was delayed for
between 2 to 3 hours in the controls of intact seedlings and cotyledons of mostly 6 - and 7-day-old
seedlings of A. hypohaea and A. esculentus. Excised embryos of A. hypogaea maintained a 3-hour lag
phase.
Pre-treatment with NO-3 ions generally enhanced more NR inductions as shown in the in vitro
results. In the in vitro analyses, the availability of NO-3 also induced nitrite reductase (NIR) activity as
recorded in A. hypogaea, where NR activity failed to shoot up significantly in the presence of NO-3.
The effect of ammonia on the feedback inhibitor on NR was both stimulatory in O. sativa as well as
A. hypogaea depending on the age of the seeds. Also the involvement of protein biosynthesis of NR in
young viable seeds was demonstrated. The nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor-6-methyl) purine inhibited
nitrate reduction in young viable rice seeds while it had little or insignificantly effect on the older seeds.
On the other hand, the proteinase inhibitor-phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) inhibited enzymatic
activity in young viable seeds while it stimulated NR activity in older seeds. A proteinase was therefore
implicated for the activation of NR activity in older rice seeds with reduced viability.
NR in the seeds sampled showed low affinity to low molecular weight salts as there was
remarkable decrease in activity after Sephasex G25 filtration. The removal of these salts favoured nitrite
reductase activity.
This report demonstrates the dual nature of the mechanism involved in nitrate reduction in the
seeds/seedling. The mechanism involves:
(1)
(2)
The activation of the latent enzyme in older non viable rice and groundnut seeds, and
The induction of the enzyme in all the younger viable seeds.
The importance of the endosperms and cotyledons not only as storage organs but also organs for
the biosynthesis on NR was also shown. It was also demonstrated that the embryo tissues lost their
functional mechanisms before the endosperms and cotyledons.
From the results obtained in this study, two forms of NR seem to be present in dormant seeds: the
constitutive and the inducible NR. Non-viable seeds lack inducible NR in their embryos. This finding can
be used to determine seed viability by testing for inducible NR in excised embryos.
138
UL-139-BTN-90
ADU AYOTUNDE ABOSEDE
STUDIES IN ECO-PHYSIOLOGY OF DACTYLOCTENIUM AEGYPTIUM L. ORYZA SATIVA L. AND
PORTERESIA COARCTATA (TATEOKA).
The salinity tolerance of the grass Dactyloctenium aegyptium was compared with that of two
tropical rice cultivars (Oryza sativa) KAU 3 and HG 2153 and a closely related temperature member of
the gramineae, Porteresia coarctata. Experiments were also carried out to determine the tolerance
mechanism of D. aegyptium with a view to making recommendations as to its use as a biological soil
desalinizer and reclamation species in Nigeria.
The effects of varying the levels of potassium, nitrate and sulphate in the culture solution on the
growth, mineral composition and ion relations at 10 and 25% sea water concentrations were investigated
in D. aegyptium to determine how the supply of these nutrients to this species in their natural habitats
might help them overcome high salinity problems.
The photosynthetic ability, stomatal conductance to water and carbon dioxide and transpiration at
different salinity regimes were also investigated in D. aegyptium to find out the physiological basis for
the effect of salinity on its growth.
The germination ecology of D. aegyptium was further investigated to find out the response of the
plant to such ecological factors like light and dark regimes, pH, salinity, soil types, soil moisture and
temperature.
Based on the response of the four species tested to salinity, the species can be divided into two
main groups namely, those that have their growth suppressed as sea water concentration increased, that
is, the two rice varieties, and those that are either not affected in growth or have significant stimulation
of growth (dry weight) at low salinity that is P. coactata and D. aegyptium respectively.
P. coarctata appears to be the most tolerant species followed by P. aegyptium, the rice cultivar,
KAU 2, and the least tolerant being the other rice cultivar HG 2153. P. coarctata accumulated relatively
less Na... and CI... in their shoots and maintained the lowest Na:k ratio at 30% sea water concentration
compared with the other species.
In D. aegyptium the use of half of the level of potassium, twice the level of nitrate and half of the
level of nitrate in the culture solution resulted dry weight at 10% sea water and amelioration of poor
growth at 25% sea water concentration. However the use of double the level of potassium or half or
double the level of sulphate in the culture solution depressed growth significantly at both concentrations
of sea water. At half the level of potassium or nitrate or double the level of nitrate there was increased
uptake of potassium and nitrate, reduced uptake of sodium and chloride ions, increased water uptake
and plant succulence, increased sugar concentration and increase osmolarity.
In terms of ion relations D. aegyptium was found to be a cumulative halophyte as there was daily
accumulation of ions in the shoot and root. The rate of accumulation of the K, Na and Cl varied in the
seedlings that had enhanced growth and those in which there was poor yield. At half the level of
potassium and the two levels of nitrate tested, the rate of accumulation of (JK), was significantly higher
than the control and other treatments while the rate of accumulation of Na and Cl were significantly
lower. However, at both levels of sulphate and double the level of K, Na and C1 accumulations were
significantly higher than the control, while the K accumulation was significantly lower than the control. In
all the treatments, the ion content of the shoots were significantly higher than those of the roots and
there was a stronger treatment effect of salinity on root than shoot growth.
Increased salinity brought about a 75% reduction in photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation, 73%
reduction in stomatal conductance to water and carbon dioxide and 64% reduction in transpiration.
There was 100% germination D. aegyptium in both light and dark, but dark had a slightly lower
rate of germination.
There was 100% germination at the range of pH 5.0 to 7.0 and in distilled water of pH 7.0. Only
40% germination was observed at pH 3.5.
139
There was 100% germination in up to 50% sea water and above this concentration there was a
rapid decrease in the final germination and a noticeable delay in the rate of germination but there was
8% germination at 100% sea water.
The seeds of D. aegyptium germinated in the three soil types used. Humic soil and red earth had
the highest percentage germination followed by sand. However humic soil recorded a higher rate of
germination compared to that in red earth.
There was an increase in percentage germination as soil moisture decreased, but there was no
significant difference between germination percentage in wet and dry treatments and their final
percentage germination was significantly higher than that in the waterlogged condition.
The response of the species to temperature follows the usual minimum, optimum and maximum
pattern with minimum at 50C, optimum at between 15 and 310C and maximum at 440C.
The results are discussed in relation to the habitate and ecology of the species as well as the use
to which the species could be put as biological desalinizer.
UL-140-BTN-90
AYANLEYE AYANGBILE TIMOTHY
PRODUCTION AND UTILISATION OF PECTOLYTIC ENZYMES FROM SOME AGRICULTURAL
WASTES.
Twenty-one fungal strains - five foreign, sixteen local isolates were screened qualitatively and
quantitatively for pectinase production. Six potent strains among them were further studied to determine
their nutritional requirements. The best two strains were Aspergillus niger (from Mysore, India) and
Aspergillus repens (from Agege, Lagos). For mycelial growth and pectinase production, the optimum
incubation period in static liquid media at ambient temperatures was 5 days and incubation at 24 + 20C
was found to be optimum for both strains; moreover, A. repens performed-equally well when incubated
at 35 + 10C thereby indicating perfect ecological adaptation to the generally warm local environment of
Lagos.
Three locally available agro-industrial wastes - wheat bran, rice bran and peanut shell were
analysed and studied for pectinase production as semi-solid media. They all contained water extractable
nutrients such as reducing sugars (8 - 12 mg/g); protein (1 - 2mg/g); starch (2 - 537mg/g); and pectin
(0.4-6.1%). The effect of acid concentration (0-0.3M HCl solutions) as diluent on pectinase production by
the media was found to be very critical. Generally, 0.05 - 0.1M HCl solutions were adequate in all cases
resulting in maximum enzyme production in 1 to 3 days while lower or higher acidity drastically reduced
the yield. Inoculation experiments with A. repens showed that 1ml spore suspension per 10g dry medium
(about 2.2 x 105 spores per ml) was adequate for rice bran and peanut shell; whereas 10mls inoculum
per 10g dry medium was best for wheat baran. For A. niger with about 4.7 x 105 spores per ml, 1ml
spore suspension per 10g dry medium was adequate for each of the three media.
Investigations on the effect of some nutrients on pectinase production showed that for A. repens,
generally, soya flour (Glycine max) (whole and defatted) and the mixture of grapefruit peel (Citrus
decumana), sucrose and soya flour increased pectinase production in the three media whereas plantain
peel (Musa sapientum) and sucrose reduce it. For A. niger, plantain peel, glucose and sodium nitrate
greatly reduced pectinase production in all three media. Studies on the effect of media depth (2 - 10cm)
on enzyme production showed that for A. repens grown on wheat bran, 2cm was the best, with rice bran
2 to 10cm all gave good results; with peanut shell 2 - 4cm was quite good. For A. niger; 2 - 4cm was
good in wheat bran; 2 - 6cm in rice bran and 2 -10cm in peanut shell.
The culture filtrates of both Aspergillus strains grown on the three semi-solid media contained
mainly endo - and exopolygalacturonases and relatively small amounts of pectinase, they also had
significant activities or cellulases, amylases and acid protease. Generally, the most significant activity in
each enzyme group was the viscosity reducing action.
140
Aspergillus repens produced endo-polymethylgalacturonase with optimum PH range 4 -5.5 and
optimum temperature range 40 -500C. At 800C the enzyme still retained about 22% activity even after 1
hour and at 900C the enzyme was denatured within 5 minutes. Aspergillus niger enzyme had optimum
pH value - 4.5 - 5.5.; the former showed higher enzyme activity (81%) than the latter (74%). The
optimum temperature was 400C. At 700C (pH 4.5) about 82% of the enzyme activity was lost in 15
minutes occurred between 35 and 40 minutes of incubation. Aspergillus niger enzyme was more
thermolabile than A. repens enzyme. The best substrate concentration for A. repens enzyme activity was
0.75% pectin (citrus pection, 7.7% methoxyl content) while that of A. niger was 0.5% pectin.
Aspergillus repens enzyme filtrate could be stored at ambient temperature at pH 3 -4 and in
refrigerator (10+20C) at pH 5-6 without loss of activity for at least a month. Aspergillus niger enzyme
could also be stored at pH 3 at ambient temperature and pH 3 - 6 in refrigerator for at least a month
without loss in activity. Preliminary toxicological screening (chemical and biological studies) of the crude
enzyme concentrates obtained from the two Aspergillus strains did not indicate presence of any toxins.
The enzyme utilisation studies carried out showed that both enzymes were quite effective in macerating
and depectinising banana and guava. They were also effective in producing concentrated orange juice
which did not well when stored at room temperature and in the freezer.
UL-141-BTN-92
LAKANMI OLANREWAJU OLUSOLA (MISS)
COMPARATIVE
ECOLOGY
OF
PASPALUM
SCROBICULATUM LINN
VAGINATUM
S.W.
AND
PASPALUM
The growth response of two Paspalum species - P. vaginatum and P. scrobiculatum to salinity and
some other environmental factors were investigated in the glass house with a view to finding out (1) the
physiological basis of their salt tolerance and (2) how this may be responsible for their ecological
distribution in Nigeria. Field studies were also carried out with P. vaginatum.
In investigating the effect of salt tolerance on the plants, cuttings of each species were subjected
to various salinity levels using artificial sea water (ASW) in one fifth strength Hoagland's solution. The
response to short (28 days, 1st experiment) and long (40 days, 2nd experiment) term effect of salinity
were observed on several parameters.
The results show that Paspalu, vaginatum is tolerant of salinity adopting a variety of methods
including increased osmotic potential, increased sugar content in the shoot and the regulation of the
amount of sodium in the shoot. Others are the inability to take up potassium and the removal of excess
salt in the shoot through the old leaves. On the other hand, P. scrobiculatum appears intolerant of
salinity largely because it cannot regulate the amount of sodium and chloride ions in its shoot. Thus
behaving like a glycophyte.
The effects of soil types, salinity and waterlogging and that of light and shade show that the dry
weight of both Paspalum species increased with time. Effects of salinity and density on P. vaginatum
however show a decrease with time. In all cases, P. vaginatum had higher dry weight values than P.
scrobiculatum.
Results of the dry weight in the field studies for P. vaginatum show a series of peaks and troughs
with harvests for both old and new cut shoots. However where the old cut shoot had peaks, the new cut
shoots had troughs and vice versa.
The results for the mineral ion analysis of the dry shoot did not show a uniform pattern with time
for all ions. With sodium and potassium the new cut shoot had higher mean value than the old new cut
shoot. With calcium, the old cut shoot had slightly higher mean values than the new cut shoot. For
magnesium, the values for both the old and new cut shoots were very similar.
The results were discussed in relation to the glycophytic and halophytic nature of the species; the
mechanisms employed in tolerating salinity, the uses to which the species could be put and as well as
how to increase the species productivity.
141
UL-142-BTN-93
OPEOLU SURUKITE OLUWOLE
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE AFRICAN WALNUT (TETRACARPIDIUM)
CONOPHORUM (MULL.ARG.) HUTCH. & DALZ.)
Studies into some aspect of the biology of the African walnut Tetracapidium conophorum
(Euphorbiaceae) - were carried out in the laboratory and in the field.
The germination and growth of the species were investigated to determine the response of the
species to such ecological factors like light and dark (shade), soil moisture conditions viz dry, wet and
water-logged conditions, soil types viz humic, red earth, clay and sand pH - 3.5, 5.5 and 7.0, soil depth in the range of 0 - 10cm, temperature of 150C, 310C, and 4100C, salinity in the range of 0 to 50% sea
water and mineral nutrients specifically nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Studies on the morphology, phenology and anatomy of the species were also carried out
considering the dearth of information on these aspects of the species.
The results of the various experiments on the germination response of the species show that the
seeds exhibit innate dormancy. The dormancy was broken artificially by physical and chemical
scarification. The physical scarification was by scrubbing with iron sponge; while the chemical one was
by soaking the seeds in 1% copper sulphate solution for 4 - 5 hours. Scarification reduced germination
from about 8 weeks to 3 weeks.
Light significantly enhanced germination better than darkness. When seeds which have been kept
in the dark were later brought to light, further germination occurred after 5 weeks. Wet soil condition
also significantly enhanced germination better than dry soil condition; there was no germination under
water-logged condition. Humic soil produced the best germination, there was significant difference when
it was compared with the other soil types tested. While there was no germination at pH 3.5, germination
was significantly better at pH 7.0 than at pH 5.5. Also, as planting depth increased up to 2.5cm, so did
germination, thereafter germination decreased. No germination occurred at 150C; but it increased as the
temperature increased up to 310C thereafter germination decreased. Germination significantly decreased
with increase in salinity to the extent that there was no germination above 30% sea water concentration.
For growth, the seedlings responded similarly to both light and shade in terms of mean dry weight,
leaf area and leaf area ratio all of which increased with time (harvest) in both treatments. Like in the
germination experiment, there was no growth in the water-logged condition and reduced growth was
observed as the soil moisture decreased; the wet soil condition produced significantly better growth than
dry condition. The results also show conclusively that of all the four soil types used, humic soil
significantly favoured growth. The humic soil has the highest mean values of dry weight and leaf area for
the three harvests. It was only at the third harvest that the red earth significantly favoured growth better
than the clay soil while there were significant differences in both red earth and clay compared to the
sandy soil at the 2nd and 3rd harvest.
There was a decrease in both the mean dry weight and leaf area with time at pH 3.5 and pH 5.5.
though the growth at pH 5.5 was significantly higher than at pH 3.5 at the two harvests. The best
growth was observed at pH 7.0 which had an increase in both the mean dry weight and leaf area with
time. The leaf weight ratio and the shoot: root ratio decreased with time at each of the pH treatment,
but the reverse was observed for the root weight ratio. The growth response under different salinities
show that as salinities increased, growth in terms of total dry weight and leaf area decreased. The
seedlings hardly survived at 40% sea water and above. Also the leaf weight ratio and shoot: root ratio
decreased with increase in salinity while the reverse was the case for the root weight ratio and leaf area
ratio. Growth at 0% sea water was significantly better than that of 10% sea water.
The absence of any of the three inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), alone
or in combination with each other from the growth medium had significant effect on the growth of the
142
species. Significant reduction was observed in the mean dry weight and mean leaf area when the species
lacked any of the nutrient or all of the nutrients as compared to when all the nutrients were present.
Morphological studies show that the first pair of true leaves is opposite while the others are
alternately arranged. It was observed that the fruit is generally four winged with ridges between the
wings but three or two winged fruits also occur. The proportion of the four-seeded fruits was about 50%
of the total seeds in the two populations studied. The three-seeded fruits constituted about 40%, the
two seeded 9% while the one seeded was 1%. For the phenological studies, flowering occurs from late
November to early January while fruiting thereafter occurs till September. There were reproductive
failures in late 1989/1990 at the two populations studied. Anatomical studies of the transverse section of
root, stem, petiole and leaf of the species showed that they look like the normal sections of root, stem,
petiole and leaf of dicotyledonous plants.
The results are discussed in relation to how these environmental factors could affect the
distribution of the species and the use to which the results could be put to increase its productivity
because of its many economic uses.
UL-143-BTN-96
OWOLABI AYODEJI TIMOTHY
STUDIES ON VIRUSES ISOLATED FROM LEAF VEGETABLES IN LAGOS, WITH REFERENCE TO
CELOSIA ARGENTEA AND CUCURBITA MOSCHANTA.
Ph.D Biology (1996)
Monthly surveys for the occurrence and distribution of viruses of leafy vegetables were carried out
in four commercial vegetable farms at Amuwo Odofin, Abule Ado, Tejuoso and Oko Oba in Lagos in order
to isolate and identify previously unreported viruses in Nigeria. Viruses were isolated from Amaranthus
hydridus, Celosia argentea, Cucurbita moschata, Telfairia occidentalis and Brassica cleracea. The
identities of Amaranthis mosaic virus (AMV) and Telfairia mosaic virus (TeMV) previously reported in
Nigeria were confirmed. AMV and the Celosia virus isolate were the most prevalent. Beside B. Oleracea,
no virus infection was recorded on the other exotic vegetables examined.
The properties of two previously uncharacterized viruses, one each from C. argentea and C.
moschata are reported in this work. The Celosia virus isolate, for which the name Celosia leaf curl virus
(CLCV), has been suggested and the Cucurbita virus designated as Cucurbita mosaic virus (CuMV), had
narrow host ranges, were transmitted non-persistently by Aphid spiraecola and Toxoptera citricidus and
reacted positively with universal potyvirus monoclonal antibody in Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay. No serological relationship was detected when both viruses were tested against 22 antisera
prepared against 17 putative potyviruses in immunodiffusion tests. The Celosia virus has a molecular
weight of 30.2 kda. It reacted positively with polyclonal antibodies to asparagus virus-1 (AV-1) turnip
moasaic (TuMV), maize dwarf mosaic (MDMV), watermelon mosaic (WMV-2), plum pox (PPV), Soybean
mosaic (SOyMV), lettuce mosaic (LMV), bean common mosaic (BCMV) and beet mosaic (BMV)
potyviruses in at least one of the serological methods used which included plate-trapped antigen (PTA),
double antibody sandwich (DAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, electroblotting immunosorbent
assay (EBIA/Western blot) and immunosorbent electron microscopy plus decoration (ISEM-D) test. The
Cucurbita mosaic virus (CuMV) induced striated lemellar and 'pinwheel' inclusion bodies in infected host
tissues. Electron microscopy of both viruses revealed flexuous rod-shaped particles.
Comparatively, CumV was transmitted more frequently by Aphid spiraecola to L. siceraria than to
C. moschata using varying number of aphids, acquisition/inoculation access feeding and postacquisition
starvation periods. The presence of a dense covering of hairs on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf
surfaces of C. moschata and the lack of this on L. sicearia probably accounted for the differential
transmission rate of CuMV to both plants.
Studies on the mechanical inoculation of C. moschata var. 'TLV 8' with CLCV at weekly interval
beginning from when the plants were three weeks through to when they were seven weeks old showed
that early virus infection induced more severe foliar symptoms, caused significant reduction in leaf size
and number, plant height, top fresh and dry weights as well as those of fresh and dried leaves than did
late inoculations. Losses due to virus infection at advanced plant ages were not significant when
compared to the controls.
143
Foliar symptoms were more severe and were expressed faster in plants of field-grown C. moschata
inoculated with CUMV at the first true leaf stage than did inoculations performed when the vine had
started to run and at first perfect flower stage. Virus inoculation had little or no effect on the number of
staminate and perfect flowers produced irrespective of time of inoculation. Generally, inoculated plants
produced smaller and fewer fruits, albeit insignificantly different when compared to the control. However,
mean fruit from such plants differed significantly from those of buffer inoculated control regardless of the
age at time of inoculation.
Plants of both C. argentea and C. moschata inoculated with CLCV and CuMV respectively and
examined at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after inoculation generally contained higher amount of potassium,
sodium, phosphorus, nitrogen and crude protein than in healthy plants. Conversely, healthy plants had
higher ether extract (fat) and crude fibre than infected plants.
Although a few leafy vegetable viruses have been reported in Nigeria, the properties of the causal
agents of the leaf curl disease of C. argentea, designated as CLCV and the mosaic disease of C.
Moschata referred to as CuMV, are described for the first time. Both viruses which are members of the
potyvirus group are of economic importance.
UL-144-BTN-99
ILORI MATTHEW OLUSOJI
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN SOILS POLLUTED WITH CRUDE
MINERAL OIL
Ph.D Botany and Microbiology (1999) 292pp.
Two soil types classified as silty sand and sandy silty clay at the Biological garden and Faculty of
Science of the University of Lagos respectively were deliberately polluted with crude oil. Parameters such
as moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium content and total
hydrocarbon content were monitored in the polluted and the adjacent control soils. Moisture content,
total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium content were higher in the control soils than in the
polluted ones. However, organic content and total hydrocarbons were higher in the polluted soils.
Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and nitrogen fixers were higher in populations in the control soils than in
the polluted soils. Conversely, the populations of hydrocarbon utilizers were higher in the polluted soils.
Total bacterial populations in the polluted soils of the Biological garden and the Faculty of Science
over a 9-month study period ranged in values from 2.2 - 3.8 x 10 to 2.4 - 6.4 x 107 cfu/g, while the
hydrocarbon utilisers ranged in values from 1.4 - 12.5 x 104 to 2.5 - 12.2 x 104 cfu/g respectively.
"In situ" biodegradation of oil by soil microbial populations was determined. At the end of the study
period, about 79.60% and 71.71% of the initial oil applied to soil at the Biological garden and the Faculty
of Science respectively had been degraded. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Alealigenes, Flavobacterium and
Micrococcus were the most frequently encountered bacterial genera during the 9 months monitoring
period.
Anthracene degraders isolated from the study sites included Alcaligenes euthrophus, Bacillus
subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ADB21. P. aeruginosa ADBPE5, P. putida, Micrococcus roseus and M.
luteus. Hydrocarbons such as hexadecane, tetradecane, naphthalene, crude oil, diesel oil and engine oil
were utilised by all the organisms, while none could utilise kerosene, toluene, benzene and phenol.
During the laboratory biodegradation study, P. aeruginosa ADB21 grew best on anthracene and crude oil.
Growth of P. aeruginosa ADB21, P. P. aeruginosa ADBPE5 and M. luteus on hexaadecane was
accompanied by formation of membrane bound intracellular inclusions.
Determination of pathway of anthracene degradation showed that A. euthrophus, P. aeruginosa
ADB21, P. aeruginosa ADBPE5, P. putida and M. roseus utilised meta pathway while B. subtilis and M.
luteus utilised ortho pathway. These results were further corroborated by the activities of 2,3 catechol
dioxygenase detected in the meta pathway utilisers and 1,2 catechol dioxygenase found in ortho
pathway utilisers. All the organisms also showed various resistance and sensitivity to antibiotics and
heavy metals.
144
A. eutrophus harboured five plasmids with molecular sizes ranging from 2.74 - 26.60 kb, while P.
putida had only one plasmid with a molecular size of 5.62 kb and P. aeruginosa ADB21 had four plasmids
with molecular sizes ranging from 6.40 to 53.93 kb. Curing of P. putida and P. aeruginosa ADB21
produced pehnotype negative mutants. The cured strains of P. putida lost ampicillin resistance
characteristics while there was a reduction in the molecular size of the large plasmid in P. aeruginosa
ADB21 from 53.93 to 50.33 kb and the loss of catechol 2.3 dioxygenase activity.
The anthracene degraders produced bioemulsifiers when grown on hexadecane. The bioemulsifiers
produced by A. euthrophus. P. putida, M. luteus and P. aeruginosa ADB21 were classified as glycolipids,
while the one produced by P. aeruginosa ADBPE5 was classified as peptidoglycolipid. The protein moiety
of this surfactant had an apparent molecular weight of 14.322 Da. Growth of A. euthrophus, P.
aeruginosa ADB21, P. aeruginosa ADBPE5, P. putida and M. luteus also resulted in production of
biosurfactants which increased the aqueous solubility of anthracene from 0.18, 0.35, 0.15, 0.24 and 0.12
mg/L to 1.78, 3.66, 1.13, 2.85 and 2.78 mg/L respectively.
UL-145-BTN-00
DURU CHIDI CROMWELL
POST HARVEST MYCOPATHOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF XANTHOSOMA SAGITTI
FOLIUM (L) SCHOTT
Ph.D Botany and Microbiology (2000) 287pp.
Postharvest mycopathological and biotechnology studies were conducted on cormels of three
varieties of Xanthosoma sagittifolium, which were obtained from Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Ondo, Ekiti, Edo and
Delta states in southwestern Nigeria Ten fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia
solani, Fusarium moniforme, Botryodiplodia theobromae, mucor racemosus, Trichoderma viride, Rhizopus
stolonifer and Phoma glomerata were isolated from diseased cormels. Some of the fungi like S. rolfsii, F.
solani, F. moniliforme, S. sclerotiorum and R. solani caused severe deterioration of harvested cormels.
Rhizopus stolonifer, M. racemosus, T. viride, B. theobromae and P. glomerata caused mild rots of the
cormels. Cormels of the red variety of X. sagittifolium were more resistant to infection than the butter
and white varieties. Extremes of temperature and continuous darkness retarded disease development in
inoculated cormels. Continuous light, temperatures of between 300 and 350C, and wounding promoted
disease development in inoculated cormels.
Histopathological studies revealed that infection of healthy tissues caused various histological
changes that included maceration of cells, loss of starch grains, formation of periderm against invading
hyphae and discolouration of infected tissues. An experiment to determine the effect of the various
pathogens on the nutrient status of infected cormels rose during the early stages (8-12 days after
inoculation) of infection, but fell as infection progressed (16 days after inoculation). The starch and
energy contents of the cormels decreased continuously while the ash, fibre and lipid contents increased
marginally with fungal infection.
Studies on enzymology of infection showed that extracellular celulolytic, amylolytic and pectinolytic
enzymes were present in culture filtrates of pathogenic fungi and in diseased tissues. Polygalacturonase
production was induced by presence of pectic substances in the medium. Cellulase and amylase were
both constitutive and inducible.
Experiments on preservation of harvested cormels indicated that in polytechnic bags and in high
relative humidity (100%) prevented physiological spoilage and prolonged the shelf life of cormels up to 5
months. Washing of cormels, surface sterilization with 5% NaOCI solution and treatment with 1%
Benlate solution, before storage in polyethylene bags increased shelf life of harvested cormels to
between 5 and 7 months. Storage in sawdust, and in ground spices (Xylopia aethiopicum, Piper
guineeensis and Allium sativum) each preserved the cormels for more than 7 months.
Process technological tests carried out with healthy cormels yielded starch, flour and chips. The
starch had good gelatinization, culinary and textorial properties. Flour produced was used to produce
bread, biscuit, cake, buns and doughnut of acceptable quality. The flour was also good in 'metal'
preparation and soup thickening. Roasted and fried chips made from the cormels passed taste panel
evaluation.
145
Isolates were subjected to various mutagens in an attempt to produce X-ray, solar radiation and/or
chemically mutated strains of Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus spp, Rhizopus spp., Mucor sp, Trichoderma
spp, Botrydiplodia sp., Sclerotinia sp. and Rhizoctonia sp., which produced good quality single cell
proteins (SCP) using cormel process wastewater as the only carbon source. Twenty-five SCP producing
mutated strains were obtained. Addition of nitrogen sources, especially urea and NH4NO3, increased SCP
biomass and protein yield of the strains. Optimal SCP yield was obtained at 350C with a pH of 3.5 and
100rpm. Twenty fungal mutants used in solid substrate fermentation enriched solid process waste of
cormels, and increased protein content of the solid waste from about 1.73% to about 39.5% depending
of the strain of fungus used. Addition of urea, NH4NO3 and other nitrogen sources increased growth rate
of protein enrichment fungi and also increased protein content of enriched substrate. Optimal
temperatures of temperature of 350C was recorded for enrichment by most fungal strains.
Fungal amylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes were produced from submerged cultures (using liquid
waste as substrate), solid substrate cultures (using solid cormel process waste as substrate) and solid
state cultures (using lignocellulosic cormel peels as substrate). The concentration, relative activity,
specific activity, optimal pH and temperature of activity of the crude enzymes were determined. High
glucose/fructose/maltose syrup was obtained by saccharifying cormel starch using crude amylolytic
enzymes obtained from the fungal culture filtrates.
Feasibility studies showed that there can be a ready source of raw materials, and an available
market for finished products of an Integrated Xanthosoma Plant producing single cell protein, protein
enriched substrate (P.E.S), and fungal enzymes as by - products of a cormel starch processing factory,
Investment appraisal revealed the prospects of huge profits and an almost guaranteed viability for a
project of this nature.
UL-146-BTN-00
OKORO CHUMA CONLETTE
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN PRODUCED WATER FROM CRUDE OIL
PRODUCTION OPERATIONS IN ESCRAVOS TANK FARM.
Ph.D Botany & Microbiology (2000) 269pp.
Biodegradation studies of hydrocarbons in untreated produced water from Escravos tank farm were
undertaken over a period of time using both pure, single and mixed microbial cultures with and without
nutrient supplement. The indices used to monitor the progress of biodegradation were the population
dynamics of the microbial inocula, the ratios of nC17/Pristane and nC18/Phytane. The rate of reduction
in some petroleum fractions such as the n-alkanes, aromatics, nitrogen-sulphur and oxygen containing
(NSO) compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were monitored by means of gas
chromatography using the mechanically treated produced water from Escravos tank farm as a reference.
Gas chromatographic analysis showed that the untreated produced water with an oil and grease
content of 1407 ppm contained various petroleum fractions including n-alkanes (608 mg/I), aromatics
(13.88 mg/I), NSO compounds (12.68 mg/I) and PAHs (0.0833 mg/I) I pon mechanical treatment, the
oil and grease content of produced water was reduced to 44 ppm whilst the n-alkanes, aromatics, NSO
compounds and PAHs were reduced to 38.4, 2.65, 1.78 and 0.0655 mg/I respectively.
Some of the bacterial and fungal cultures used in the study showed high degradation potential in
both pure, single and mixed cultures but more extensive biodegradation was recorded with some pure
cultures. For instance, an Achromobacter sp. after 40 days of growth under a stationary condition and
without nutrient supplement reduced the initial concentrations of various petroleum fractions in
untreated produced water to the following values in mg/I; n-alkanes (13.68), aromatics (1.32), NSO
compounds (1.20), and PAHs (0.0056).
146
Some bacterial isolates from produced water collected from Escravos tank farm were screened for
their ability to produce bioemulsifiers and two isolates, Pseudomonas pseudomallei and Pseudomonas
mallei were found to produce very high emulsion turbidity in the culture medium. The bioemulsifier
produced by the strains emulsified both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and also a variety of
hydrocarbon mixtures such as olive oil, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil. The emulsions produced were
stable for about 12 days with a loss of about 5% in activity in some cases. A combination of acetate and
diesel oil seemed to be the preferred carbon source for bioemulsification while ammonium sulfate was
the preferred nitrogen source. Bioemulsifier production was highest at a pH 7.05.
Some bacterial cultures that showed ability to utilize phenanthrene and anthrophene (DBI) initially
had plasmids but the plasmids were lost after subsequent treatment with acridine orange while the
organisms still retained their ability in grow on these compounds.
UL-147-BTN-01
ADEJARE FOLASADE BOLAJI
THE EFFECT OF WATER STRESS AT SPECIFIED DEVELOPMENT STAGES ON THE STOMATAL
PHYSIOLOGY GROWTH AND YIELD OF TWO CULTIVARS OF GLYCINE MAX (C) MERRIL
Ph. D. Botany (2001) 248pp.
Two cultivars of Glycine max L. Merril cvs TGX 536-02D (A) and TGX 923-2E (B) were subjected to
wear stress for a period of seven days at the vegetative stage (T2), flowering/fruiting stage (T3), seed
development stage (T4)and the control (T1). Their response to stress was assessed in their growth,
comprising physiological and cytological changes as well stomatal beaviour, tolerance and grain yield.
The stage of plant growth at which the water stress was given affected the response in the two
cultivars. Response to stress at the vegetative stage (T2) resulted in an immediate significant decrease in
height, number of leaves, flowers and pods. Phenological studies showed that water stress given to the
vegetative stage of growth (T2) caused a delay in apperance of flowers and pods in both cultivars. The
duration of flowering was reduced in almost all stressed plants of cv. A while th duration of pod
production was reduced in all treated cv. B plants.
The stomatal resistance of the T2 plants of cv. A increased significantly. That of cv. B was
significantly higher when treatment was given at he T3 and T4 stages. The increased stomatal resistance
as a result of water stress led to a subsequent closure of stomata as indicated by the corresponding
decrease in stomatal aperture, thus reducing water loss from the plant.
Subjecting cv. A to stress at the T2 stage significantly increased seed yield over that of cv. B during
the same. Treatments at the T3 and and T4 stages significantly decreased seed yield in both cultivars
with the greater effect shown in cv. A Pod number of T2 plants was slightly increased in cv. A. while a
significantly decrease was observed in cv. B. Both cultivars showed significant decrease in T3 and T4
plants. Seed weights of cv. A were significantly smaller in T4 plants while no significant difference were
observed in difference treatments of cv. B. The number of seeds/pod was also not significantly different
in both cultivars.
Both cultivars are capable of osmotic adjustments by accumulating sugars under stress with a higher
sugar content in the seeds of cv. B subjected to treatment T3 and T4. Water stress induced a significant
higher starch content in treated plants of cv. B while that of cv. A was significantly decreased by the
treatment. The protein content of T3 and T4 plants of cv. A increased significantly while that cv. B
showed significant decreases. Lipid content was significantly decreased by stress in both cultivars while
no significant effects of the treatments were observed in the crude fibre of cv. B T3 and T4 plants of cv.
A however showed decreased in their crude fibre.
All investigations showed that cv. A is better adapted to water stress at the vegetative stage of
growth while cv. B showed greater resistance to water stress when treatment was given at the
reproductive stage of growth.
147
UL-148-BTN-01
AMUDA SOWEBAT AYANRONKE
SEASONALITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND SOME ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS IN AWON
RESERVOIR, OYO STATE, NIGERIA.
Seasonality of phytoplankton and some environmental parameters in Awon reservoir were studied
at monthly intervals at seven stations from June 1991 - May 1993. The physico-chemical parameters
exhibited seasonal changes closely related to the pattern of rainfall while differences in phytoplankton
assemblages were closely related to the nutrient concentration. Phytoplankton assemblages had more
diatom species in wet and dry seasons and exhibited a more rapid rate of change in species composition
in the dry than wet season. The phytoplankton of Awon reservoir belonged to four main algal divisions
namely, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta. Qualitative and quantitative
changes in the phytoplankton occurred during the two seasonal cycles in response to environmental
changes. Fluctuations in species diversity and organism numbers were attributed to changes in nutrient
concentration. There was greater similarity between stations in the dry season and among stations close
to one another. Total phytoplankton showed a significant positive correlation with temperature, silica,
conductivity and transparency, but a negative correlation with nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, pH
and alkalinity. Correlation coefficient values enumerated by computer revealed the controlling effect of
the nitrate and phosphate on phytoplankton seasonality in the Awon reservoir.
UL-149-BTB-01
AYODELE ABIODUN EMMANUEL
SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF THE FAMILY POLYGONACEAE
A taxonomic revision of the family polygonaceae in West Africa is presented. Eight genera consisting
of twenty taxa have been studied. A new species. Persocaria pubigera Ayodele and a subspecies P.
salicifolia subsp, mambillensis Ayodele are described P. acuminata is reduced to a form of P. tomentosa
i.e P. tomentosa (Willd.) Sasaki forma minor Ayodele while P lanigera var. Africana is maintained as a
taxon distinct from P. senegalensis. The inclusion of Harpagocarpus snowdenii in the tribe Coccolobeae is
supported by evidences obtained. New nomenclatural combinations are P. glomerata (Dammer) Ayodele,
and P lanigera (R.Br.) Sojak var.africana (meisn) Ayodele. All species treated under Polygonum sensu
lato in the Flora of West Tropical Africa and in all herbaria visited are recognised under Persicaria except
Polygonum plebeium which is recognised as the sole representative of Polygonum sensu stricto in West
Africa. Epidermal trichome and pollen morphology are taxonomically useful in the recognition and
delimitation of the taxa. Epidermal cells are isodiametric mainly in Symmeria paniculata, irregular or
more often polygonal with curved, straight and undulate to sinuate anticlinal walls. A few species e.g
Polygonum plebeium. Oxygonum sinuatum. Persicaria nepalensis and H snowdenii have striations on
their epidermal walls. All species except Afrobrunnichia erecta and H snowdenii are amphistomatic and
the family is characterised by a wide range of stomata types such as the anisocytic in Polygonum
plebeium cyclocytic in S. paniculata and a few Persicaria anomocytic, diacytic parallelocytic and the
paracytic which is regarded as the basic type for the family based on its widest occurrence among the
species. However different stomata types may occur on the same leaf surface. The unicellular or
multicellular, uniseriate aggregated trichomes are significant in the recognition of members of Persicaria
except P. lanigera var. africana which has short uniseriate flagelliform trichomes. Pollen grains are
quadrangular and prolates as in P plebelum or polypantoporate and spheroidal as in all Persicaria or
triangulate, oblong elliptic and di-totricolpate in other taxa of the family. Population and cultivation
studies indicated that the West African Persicaria are variable and show capacity for plastic responses
148
influenced by the environment. The numerical analyses show some conformations with results obtained
from morphology especially in the grouping of the taxa in Persicaria and the separation of this genus
from polygonum slat. Affinities and relationships within the family in West Africa are discussed. Indented
dichotomous keys are presented for the identification of the species.
UL-150-BTN-02
BAKARE OMOKAFE ALABA
TAXONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE GENUS DIOSPYROS LINN. (EBENACEAE) IN NIGERIA
The taxonomy of 30 species of Diospyros Linn. (Ebenaceae) occurring in Nigeria was evaluated on
the basis of comparative vegetative and floral morphology; leaf epidermal morphology, petiole anatomy,
venation pattern, pollen morphology and geographical distribution. Diospyros are mainly trees with the
exception of D. tricolor, D. barteri and D. soubreana which are shrubs. There is considerable variations
in leaf sizes, the largest being those of D. preussii and D. gabunensis while the smallest are found in the
D. hoyleana and D. obliquifolia. Floral characters such as colour, extent of corolla-lobbing, corolla-tube
length in relation to calyx length calyx-lobe margin, calyx-lobe shape together with those of fruit such as
shape, calyx length in relation to fruit length and hairness are taxonomically significant within the genus.
Adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells are usually polygonal, isodiametric or irregular with straight to curved
walls in 16 species (e.g. D. abyssinica, D. barteri, fragrans e.t.c.) or undulate in the remaining 14 species
(e.g. D. preussii, D. mespiliformis, D. piscatoria e.t.c). The leaves are hypostomatic with anomocytic e.g.
D. conocarpa, staurocytic e.g. D. hoyleana or cyclocytic stomata e.g. D. pseudomespilus. The trichomes
are generally unicellular and are present in 22 species e.g. D. barteri, D. iturensis and absent in 8 species
e.g. D. preussii, D. zenkeri. Coronulated papillae on the abaxial surface is characteristic of D.
cannabarina, D. fragrans, D. grascilescens, D. mannii, D. obliquifolia, D. tricolor, D. barteri and
suaveolens. Cell-wall ornamentation can be used to differentiate six species - D. elliotti, D. hoyleana, D.
iturensis, D. psuodomespilus, D. viridicans and D. zenkeri from the others.
Leaf venation pattern is brochiododromous. The peculiar and distinctive nature of venation in D.
mannii is diagnostic and separates it from all others. The variable characters of the venation include veinendings per areole, areole size, primary vein size, secondary vein divergence, however there are
overlaps. The outline of the petiole is either unifacial in 8 taxa e.g. D. abyssinica, D. platanoides and
bifacial in 22 taxa e.g. D. canaliculata, D. dendo. The vascular structure is open, invaginated in 12 taxa
e.g D. gabunensis, D. melabarica and non-invaginated in 18 species of D. melocarpa, D. soubreana. The
vessel arrangement is radial. The basic structure of the pollen is similar in all the 20 species available for
study. The pollen grains are tricolpate; prolate spheroidal, in 9 taxa e.g. D. crassiflora, D. ferrea etc,
subprolate in 10 species e.g. D. barteri, D. iturensis etc. or prolate. The prolate type is known only in D.
abyssinica. Diospros are forest species found mainly in lowland rainforest as understorey. A few are
found in savanna zone but chiefly in forest outliers in moist valleys and among the rocks e.g. D.
mespiliformis. D. abyssinica, D. tricolor is virtually continued to coastal thickets in Lagos. Field
observation and herbarium collections revealed that 19 taxa are abundant e.g. D. abyssinica, D. tricolor,
D. suaveolens etc; 9 taxa are endangered e.g. D. gabunensis, D. platanoides etc while only 2 species, D.
hoyleana and D. physocalycina are rare. The sections/groups obtained by Numerical method when
compared with those established by traditional method revealed some inconsistencies. However, out of
the OTUs recognized as occurring always in the same phenetic group all through the dendograms, only
OTUs 22 & 26, 15 & 27, 1 & 7, 14 & 30 are consistent with the sections arrived at by traditional method.
The Numerical Taxonomy confirmed OTUs 5 and 19 as monotypic sections. Distributional maps, list of
sysnonyms and systematics descriptions for the taxa are presented. A dichotomous key, which allows
separation of all taxa based on vegetative and reproductive features is presented.
149
UL-151-BTN-05
PERIEIRA-SHETEOLU AUGUSTINE OLALEKAN
A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF WEST AFRICAN SPECIES OF THE FAMILY MELIACEAE.
Ph.D Botany (2005)
Meliaceae is an economically important family noted for its high quality timbers, medicinal properties
and for the ease with which some species can be grown in plantations. The family varies considerably in
species composition hence various authors have proposed different classifications. Gross morphology,
cuticular surface, pollen morphology and venation pattern of 15 genera and 48 species of West African
Maliaceae obtained from various herbaria have been investigation by light and electron microscopy.
Leaves are simple, compound pinnate or bipnnate with entire, serrate or undulately lobed margin. They
are alternate, opposite or sub-opposite in arrangement, and variable in shape apex and base. Flowers
are unisexual, bisexual or polygamous. With the exception of Turraea, Melia and Azadirachta, taxa are
either monoecious or dioecious. Discoid stigma occurs in all taxa except in Melia and Azadirachta with
coroniform and papillose stigma, respectively. Aestivation is contorted, imbricate or valvate, and
inflorescence is either panicle or raceme.
Epidermal preclinical wall is usually flat, convex, concave or flat with shallow grooves, and with or
without cuticular folds. Anticlinal pattern is indistinct or indicated by either shallow grooves or raised
walls. Wax is either absent or present on either surface in mosttaxa but present on both surfaces in
Khaya anthoteca and Cedrela odorata astiny flakes. Anomocytic stomata occur in all taxa except
Turaea, Turraeanthus and Guarea with staurocytic stomata, paracytic stomata in Trichilia, and
paratetracytic in Heckeldora. Stomata are either sunken, raised or at the same level with epidermal
surface, and are hypostomatically distributed. Peristomatal rim is either prominent, thick, narrow or
absent. Trichomes may be glandular or unicellular. Both types may occur in a single speeles or on the
same leaf surface, e.g. Trichillia rubescens and Entembophnigma candolled while some taxa are totally
glabrous.
Pollensare simple, monad, tetracolporate with circularamb and radial symmetry; they are prolate
tpheroisal or sub-protate in shape, and small, rather small or medium in size. Exine is smooth in all taxa
except Turraea where it is verrucose. They have numerous micropores, and are thickened at the
apertures. Leave are pinnate, camtodromous-reticulodromous or semi-craspedodromous with straight or
markedly cruved primary vein, and looped marginalultimate venation. Loop-forming branches johs
supradjacent secondary vein at right angle, inter-secondary veins are composite, and pattern of the
tertiary vein is ortogonal reticulate. Other variable micromorphological characters of the veins include
the angle of divergence of secondary vein, highest vein order, highest vein order with branch, and areole
type, shape and size.
Variable characters such as leaf type, habit, sex of flower, type of stigma; stomatal type, shape, position
and nature of peristomatal rim; type and distribution of the trichomes, pollen shape and size, venation
type, course of primary vein, angle of divergence of secondary vein and areolar development are
diagnostic characters useful in the delimitation of the family. Taxonomic keys for separating the species
and genera of the family are also presented. West African Meliaceae is confirmed to comprise 15 genera
and 45 species, and they fall into two sub-families, Melioideae and Swietenioideae. Melioideae is made
up of Turreeae (Turraea), Lelieae (Melia and Azadirachta), Trichilieae (Trichilia) and Guareeae (Guarea,
Turraeanthus and Heckeldora).
Swietenioideae comprises Swietenieae (Swietenia, Khaya,
Lovoa,Etandrophragma and Pseudocedrela), Cedreleae (Cedrela) and carapeae (Carapa and Ekebergia).
UL-152-BTN-06
ADEBUSOYE, SUNDAY ADEKUNLE
AEROBIC DEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) BY BACTERIAL
STRAINS ISOLATED FROM CONTAMINATED TROPICAL SOILS.
Ph.D Microbiology (2006) 327pp.
150
The method of continual enrichment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)- contaminated soil on
Askarel (a blend of PCBs and chlorobenzenes) and Aroclor 1221 resulted in the isolation of 150 bacterial
strains. Nine were able to utilize biphenyl and monochlorobiphenyls out of which 6 were selected on the
basis of their ability to grow on both dicholobiphenyls and trichorobenzenes. Isolates were subjected to
genotypic characterization on the basis of 16S rDNA analysis by comparison of the obtained sequence
with known sequences in the GenBank, in addition to standard culture and biochemical techniques using
the API 20 E test system. They were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain SA-1, Enterobacter sp.
SA-2, Ralstonia sp. SA-3, Ralstonia sp. SA-4, Ralstonia sp. SA-5 and Pseudomonas sp. SA-6. The analysis
of 1,300 nucleotides revealed three major clusters in the UPGMA dendrogram. The first cluster was
composed of Pseudomonas, while the strain in the cluster belonged to the genus third cluster contained
two subclusters of species of Ralstonia (SA-3, SA-4, SA-5), forming a coherent group related to, yet
distinct from one another.
The organisms displayed a remarkable wider spectrum of natural and xenobiotic compound
degrative activities. Growth was observed on benzoate, biphenyl, and naphthalene and on a broad and
unusual spectrum of PCB congeners including, all monochlorobiphenyls, some dischlorobiphenyls (diCBS)
and tricholrobiphenyls (triCBS) when supplied as sole carbon and energy source. Similarly, growth was
also sustainable on di- and trichorobenzenzenes tested. With the exception of 2, 3- and 3, 5-diCB, diCBs
and triCBs with chlorination on one ring were generally recalcitrant while their isomers with chlorine
substitution on both rings were readily attacked.
Time-course transformation of eleven mono-, di-, and trichlorophenyls were studied using axenic
cultures of isolates. The PCB congeners used were 2-, 3-, 4-CB, 2,2’-, 2,4’ 2,3-, 3,3-, 3,5-diCB and 2,2’,4
2,2’,5-, and 2’3,4-triCB. The result indicated that relative rates of primary degradation were dependent
on the bacterial strains used, as well as number and position of chlorine substituents on the biphenyl
ring. Analysis of degradation products showed that organisms were capable of cleaving meta-ortho-, and
probably para-substituted chlorines concomitant with production of respective chlorobenzoates (CBAs).
Benzoate-grown cultures rapidly metabolized all monochlorobiphenyls to corresponding CBAs. 4-CB was
stoichiometrically transformed to 4-CBA without chloride elimination. In contrast, chloride was released
from both 2-and 3-CB suggesting that these isomers can be partially mineralized and that CBAs, may not
be the final products of metabolism. Degradation rates of diCBs were similar or higher than those
observed on triCBs. Transformation of diCBs chlorinated on both rings was faster than those chlorinated
on one ring, with CBA and chloride produced in stoichiometric or near-stoichiometric amounts. In the
case of triCBs, with the exception of chloride, metabolites were generally recovered in non-equimolar
quantities.
Co-metabolic transformation of PCB commercial mixtures of Askarel, Aroclors 1221 and 1242 was
investigated. Organisms exhibited superior degradation in terms of total PCB transformation, of specific
PCB congeners and diversity of congeners that were attacked. Maximal degradation of Askarel, Aroclors
1221 and 1242 were 79.26- 95.87%, 50.49-70.93% and 9.7-91.34% respectively. Degradation was
insignificantly (p<0.05) promoted in the presence of biphenyl. However, in the case of Aroclor 1224,
while net utilization showed no significant difference, congener analysis reveals that biphenyl evidently
promoted transformation and chloride elimination.
When the bacterial species were simultaneously supplied with CBAs and PCB congeners, inhibitory
effects were observed. The utilization of 2-, 3-, 4-CB was significantly inhibited by their respective
metabolic intermediate products. 3-CBA was the strongest inhibitor. It was found to inhibit the
elimination of 3-CB by 76.47-93.93%. In contrast, influence of 2-CBA on elimination of 2-CB was very
much less significant (7.15-9.70% especially with strains SA-4, SA-5 and SA-6.
Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities were detected in crude cell-free
extracts of culture pre-grown with benzoate, with the latter enzyme exhibiting a slightly higher activity
(0.15-0.32μmole min-1 mg of protein-1 ) with catechol. This suggests that the meta-cleavage pathway is
the most readily available catabolic route in the SA strains. Highest activity (0.1-0.41μmole min1-mg of
protein-1) amongst enzymes assayed was obtained for 2,3-dihyroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (metacleavage enzyme of biphenyl) indicating that it is constitutively expressed.
The genes for the metabolism of PCBs and other xenobiotic in bacterial strains from this study
probably reside in the chromosomal DNA. This is because plasmid DNA isolation techniques failed to
151
indicate the presence of extrachromosomal elements though one of the protocols utilized was designed
for the recovery of large plasmids which are usually difficult to isolate. The constitutive nature of the
metabolic enzymes coupled with exponential growth on all congeners further reinforces the chromosomal
residence of genes involved in PCB degradation.
UL-153-BTN-06
KADIRI, AKEEM BABALOLA
TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS ACALYPHA L. IN NIGERIA.
The taxonomy of the genus Acalypha L. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is revised in this study using
data derived from gross morphology and anatomy by means of light and scanning electron microscopy.
The genus is represented by sixteen species in Nigeria and they are copious in the forest and savannah
ecosystems where they show preferences for disturbed terrestrial habitats such as farmland, gutterwalls, roadsides, floor crevices and gardens. The species contain biologically active ingredients against
pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and many of them are cultivated for the beauty of their foliage. The leaf
is usually simple, flaty, curled or slightly curved and stipuled. Other variable foliar characters of the
plants are leaf apex which varies from acuminate or obcordate to acute, leaf base which may be
attenuate, cordte, oblique or truncate, leaf margin that is crenate, incised, serrulate or serrate, leaf
shape which ranges from elliptic, lanceolate, deltoid or oblanceolate to ovate and leaf colour also varies
from green in the uncultivated wild species to a combination of colour ranging from green and yellow,
green and white, to brown, red and yellow in the cultivated ornamental species. Venation pattern is
either brochidodromous, eucamptodromous, palinactinodromous or semi-craspedodromous. Possession
of bract, vein course which may be straight or curved as well as phyllotaxy that is alternate and leaf
distribution that is not restricted to any part of the plant body are diagnostic of the genus. Epidermal cell
shape varies from polygonal, regular to irregular while anticlinal wall pattern may be undulate or curved.
Leaves are either amphistomatic or hypostomatic and stomata are usually paracystic though other
stomata types such as abnomocytic, brachyparacytic, cyclocytic, diacytic and polocytic may be found.
Other useful epidermal characters are scale types that are restricted to some species and glandular or
non-glandular trichomes which are usually located on the leaf lamina or along the vein. The evolutionary
development of trichomes indicates that unicellular, conical type is primitive to the advanced tipglandular form in the genus. Sculpturing on the leaves is either superficial or sunken with wax occurring
as flakes and cuticular striations may be present. Mid-rib, petiole and nodal characters also provided few
useful taxonomic information within the genus. The pollen grains are either porate or colpate with one
or two apertures. Sub-prolate pollen type is diagnostic for the genus but rare pollen types such as oblate
- spheroidl which varies from 1.4 - 1.5μm x 1.4 - 1.5μm in A. godseffiana var. macrophylla, and prolate
pollens that range from 0.6-1.5μm x 0.5-0.9μm in A. godseffin var. petiolarisis to 1.5-4.1μm x 1.1-2.4μm
in A. manniana as well as prolate-spheroidal pollens in A. ornata are useful for disntingushing these
species. Cultivation experiments revealed that quantitative morphological features of the plants such as:
leaf size, petiole length, plant height and venation and seed seixe showed varied plastic responses to the
compass effects of the environmental factors whereas qualitative characters such as leaf colour, shape,
margin, base apex and surface, venation course, branching pattern and phyllotaxy, colour and shape of
stem and fruit were stable. Reciprocal crosses between the species were either 76% - 93% successful
or 100% unsuccessful and the artificial hybrids so obtained are usually matroclinous and intermediate in
characters. Infra-specific taxa were established to solve the synonymy problem of the species complex
of A. fimbriata / A. ciliata, and the polymorphic species of A. crenata and A. godseffiana. Their
delimitation and recognition were hinged on pistil number per bract, leaf forms, colour and size,
inflorescence which may be borne on androphore, gynophore or androgynophore, period of cotyledon
retention, germination days, as well as eophyll and metaphyll characteristics and also some abnatomical
features of leaf epidermis, peiole, midrib and pollen grains. The varieties of A. wilkesiana and A. hispida
which hitherto had not been described are now explicitly reported. A description of the suspected new
152
species is also presented in the study. A. wilkesiana has been removed from the series Pantogynae Pleurogynae Mull. Arg. and placed in a new series - Pleurogynae-Amphigynae based on presence of two
forms of female inflorescence. Based on the most reliable characters within the genus, indented
dichotomous keys have been prepared for delimiting the species and the infra-specific taxa exist in th
genus.
UL-154-BTN-06
OFODILE, LAURETTA NWANNEKA
TAXONOMY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACIVITY OF SOME BASIDIOMYCETOUS FUNGI IN
SOUTHERN NIGERIA.
Fifteen isolates of fungi collected from various states in Nigeria were studied. The fungi were
described morphologically and chemically and identified as Ganoderma colossum (Fr) C.F. Baker, G.
lucidum (cf.) (Curtis) P. Karst G. boninense (cf.) Pat., G. resinaceum Boud., Daedalea quercina Fr.,
Trametes cingulata Berk/. T. mariana (cf.) (Pers) Ryvarden, Coriolopsis byrsina (L.) Pers., Pleurotus tuber
regium (sclerotium), Schizophyllum commune (L.) Pers., and Pleurotus squarrosulus Berk. which are
fifteen polypores and three agarics representing eleven species of basidiomycetous fungi. Sequential
extraction of all the species of fungi yielded less than 10% crude extract weights. The highest
percentage yields were from the methanol extracts. The percentage crude extract weight of the species
of fungi varied in the different solvents used. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts of species of
fungi was evaluated using TLC agar overlay method and microtitre techniques. The four solvent extracts
of all the species of fungi inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas syringae and Bacillus subtilis. The most
active species of fungus was Ganoderma colossum (FC 876), accession number K (M) 120802 followed
by G. colossum (FC 872) accession number K (M) 121127 while Pleurotus squarrosulus Berk. was the
least active of the species of fungi. The bacteria tested were most sensitive to the nhexane:dichloromethane extracts and least sensitive to 80% methanol extracts of all the species of fungi.
None of the extracts was active against Cladosporium herbarium. Microtitre assay of the water soluble
species of fungi and compounds showed that Trametes mariana inhibited the growth of P. syringae and
B. subtilis at the minimum inhibition (MIC) of 400-266ug/ml of 2% Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in
distilled water. Pleurotus squarrosulus was also active P. syringae and B. subtilis but at the minimum
inhibition concentration of 400μg/ml. A preliminary chemical analysis of fungal tissues and the
chromatographic analysis of the crude extracts showed that the species of fungi contained compounds
that produced blue-violet, yellow, green, purple and red sports on the TLC plates sprayed with
anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid, however, there were some differences in the profile among the species.
They could contain phenolics (blue and green). This indicates that the antibacterial activity of the species
of basidiomycetous fungi could be associated with presence of terpenes, phenolic compounds, and
alkaloid. Volatile substances were not detected in the species of fungi.
Comparative chemical analysis revealed the effect of environmental and developmental growth
factors on the constituents of compounds in the species of fungi. Bioassay guided fractionation led to the
isolation, purification, identification and structural elucidation of three compounds (Colossolactone E, 23hydroxycolossolactone E and Colossolactone B) of which one is new (23-hydroxycolossolactone E). The
activity of the compounds was tested using TLC agar overlay method and serial dilution assay.
Compounds (Colossolactone E and 23-hydroxyColossolactone E) showed activity against the growth of
Bacillus subtilis and Psuedomonas syringae. Whereas Colossolactone B was not active against the
bacteria species tested using TLC agar overlay method. The compounds were lipophilic and could not
make contact with the organism using microdilution assay. This thesis provides: information on the role
of some chemomacroscopic and xanthochroic reactions in the taxonomy of basidiomycetous fungi, Keys
to the identification of these basidiomycetous fungi, thin layer chromatography and high performance
liquid chromatography ‘finger prints’ of their compound constituents.
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UL-155-BTN-06
OGUNKANMI LIASU ADEBAYO
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF COWPEA AND ITS WILD RELATIVES.
The number of morphological attributes that can be scored for diversity study is generally limited
and prone to environmental influences, thereby reducing the fine resolution required to ascertain the
phylogenetic relationships. DNA based markers – microsatellites otherwise known as Simple Sequence
Repeats (SSR) were therefore used for the diversity studies of cowpea and its wild relatives.
This study was conducted to assess the level of genetic diversity in cowpea germplasm and the
related wild species, compare the relatedness among the various taxa, identifyprimers useful for
classification of taxa and clarify the origin and phylogeny of cultivated cowpea.
Two sets of experiment were carried out, first was morphological study with 390 accessions and the
second, molecular studies with 146 accessions using sixteen (16) SSR primers.
For the evaluation of morphological traits an augmented design was used. It consists of four checks,
which were randomly distributed in each block, while a cowpea based microsatelites marker – SSR was
used for DNA fingerprinting of cultivated cowpea, wild cowpea and vegetable separately.
A dendrogram constructed using unweighted pair group mathematical average (UPGMA) separated
the 390 accessions into various clusters with cultivated cowpea having a lower similarity coefficient than
the wild relatives thus indicating a higher genetic base in wild cowpea.
Apart from vexillata and pubescens that were formerly known with characteristics hairy nature, 5
other wild relatives (dekindtiana, protracta trilobata, grandiflora and rhomboidea) were discovered with
hairy traits and could be of great value to breeders for crop improvement.
Notable among them is one accession of rhomboidea (Tvnu 1471) which showed a unifoliate leaf
with prominent nerves and the plants have bristle-like hairs on stems and leaves, which could be a good
trait for crop improvement.
A total of 34 cultivated cowpea lines and 3 wild relatives were identified with large numbers of
leaves with profuse branching and therefore suggested as fodder crop.
Twelve SSR primers were selected for amplification of DNA from cultivated cowpea, West African
accessions showed greatest diversity with the PIC value of 4.0923 accessions from Southern Africa have
3,9539 while those from North east and Central Africa with 3.9872. There was no significant correlation
between the repeat number and the allele numbers. (r = 0.21) or between repeat numbers and
polymorphism information content – PIC (r = 0.11). However there is a significant correlation between
allele numbers and PIC (r = 0.01) at p = 0.05 probability level. Two primers VM 24 and VM 98 were
monomorphic for cultivated cowpea but polymorphic for wild cowpea fingerprinting.
Results from UPGMA dendrogram and the PCA revealed a distinction between cultivated cowpea and the
wild relatives. Two wild relatives (dekindtiana and protracta) were consistently aligning with cultivated
cowpea thus suggesting them possible as progenitors of cultivated cowpea.
Fourteen SSR primers revealed a great diversity among 50 vegetable cowpea. Accessions from India
showed the greatest diversity with PIC value 4.8379 as against 4.0022 from Iran and 1.6670 from China.
Morphological evidence also supported these.
Twelve cowpea derived microsatelite (SSR) primers were selected from amplification of DNA from a
total of 48 wild cowpea collected from diverse geographical locations in Africa and these produced a total
of 90 polymorphic bands. A dendrogram constructed with clustering analysis separated the accessions
into 11 clusters distinguishing 45 of the 48 lines leaving only 3 lines unresolved. The clustering generally
agreed with the classification within the genus Vagina section Catiang. Four subspecies were suggested
namely: dekindtiana, pubescens, mensesis and rhomboidea while others were recognized as varieties of
dekindtiana. The distribution of accessions collected from Southern Africa in almost all the clusters
generated from clustering analysis, suggested that sub-region as the center of diversity of wild cowpea.
The allele number per primer pair varied from 3-13 with an average of 7.5 allele per primer. The primer,
VM 36 showed the highest diversity of alleles with the polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.870.
154
The PIC values for Southern African accessions were generally the highest thus suggesting a high level
of diversity among them especially for dekindtiana. Phylogenetic function analysis revealed that SSR
markers are useful in validating with species classification and revealing the center of diversity.
UL-156-BTN-08
OBIDI OLAYIDE FOLASHADE
MICROBIAL QUALITY CONTROL AND SHELF LIFE DETERMINATION OF WATER BASED
PAINTS.
Ph.D Botany (2008)
The microbial quality of materials and final products of Chemical and Allied Products Limited (CAPL), a
reputable paint industry in Lagos area were analyzed. The bacterial population in the fresh paint
samples monitored at two weeks intervals for a period of ten months ranged from 1.6 x 101 – `4.7 x
105 cfu/ml while the fungal population ranged from 1.0 x 101 - 5.5 x 103 cfu/ml. The isolated bacterial
strains were identified as Bacillus polymyxa, B. brevis, B. laterosporus, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia
coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus gasseri and L. brevis based on standard cultural and
biochemical techniques and isolates’ phenotypic profiles using the Analytical Profile Index (API) ID 32 E
test systems. The fungal isolates were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Penicillium citrinum. The
physico-chemical parameters such as optical density (OD), specific gravity (SG), transmittance (TR), pH
and viscosity (VIS) of freshly made paint samples were monitored every two weeks over the study
period to evaluate the biodegradative activities of the indigenous microorganisms. The Optical density
increased from 1.49 – 3.91, while TR, pH, SG and VIS decreased from 6.9 – 2.3, 8.5 – 5.6, 2.8658 –
1.0853, and 11.7 – 10.8 cst respectively over the period. The microbial population count and physicochemical parameters of the spoilt paint samples which served as the control samples were also
determined. The aesthetic qualities of the paint samples were observed to deteriorate with time as
indicated by the measured parameters. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was repeatedly isolated in
spoilt paints was observed to be the highest cellulose-utilizing organism. Ps. aeruginosa also
harboured two plasmids with molecular weights ranging from 0.032 – 0.112 kb while the other isolated
organisms had none. The cured strains of Ps. aeruginosa lost the existing plasmids and the initial
resistance to amikacin, gentamycin and tobramycin. Therefore, the genes for cellulose utilization and
paint degradation in bacterial strains from this study probably reside on the plasmid DNA. These
results were further corroborated by the comparative evaluation of the biodegradative potential of the
wild and the cured strains of Ps. aeruginosa on the physico-chemical parameters of fresh paint
samples. The shelf life of water-based paints was determined to be 2 years, based on the predictive
models developed in the study.
UL-157-BTN-08
EZIASHI EMMANUEL IFECHUKWUDE
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CERATOCYSTIS PAR ADOXA DADE C. MOREAU CAUSING BLACK
ROT OF THE OIL PALM (EIAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ) SPROUTED SEEDS USING
TR ICHODER M A SPP.
Ph.D Botany (2008) 1
Biological control of Ceratocystis paradoxa using Trichoderma spp. were conducted on oil palm spouted
seeds. Eighteen spp. of fungi belonging to ten genera were identified as fungi associated with diseased
sprouted seeds. Out of these genera, Aspergillus spp. occurred most frequently and in relative
abundance at 25.9%, Trichoderma spp. (23.4%), Ceratocystis paradoxa (11.1%), Fusarium spp. (9.9%),
Penicillium spp. (8.7%), Rhizopus sp. (7.4%) and Curvularia sp. (4.9%) respectively. Pestalotia, Pythium
and Saccaramycopsis spp. were the least frequent (2.5%). Only C. paradoxa proved pathogenic.
Temperatures above 30oC increased infection while below 15oC infection rates were reduced.
155
Histopathological studies revealed that, growth in host cells led to brown coloration, maceration and
disintegration of cells within six days. Benlate solution and crude leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica,
Acalypha wilkesiana, Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum reduced the growth of C. paradoxa with
increase in concentrations at 100% and 70%. However, after 14 days incubation only O. gratissimum
exhibited better control when compared to others. Trichoderma viride was identified as a mycoparasite
against Ceratocystis paradoxa. Firm attachment on C. paradoxa spores resulted in penetration by T.
viride, impregnated conidia were found dead. Benlate solution and extracted water-soluble compounds
from T. polysporum and T. viride significantly reduced the growth of C. paradoxa at high concentrations
(100% and 70%) compared to other Trichoderma spp. Metabolites released from T. viride, T.
polysporum and T. hamatum against C. paradoxa had similar fungistatic effects except metabolite from
T. aureoviride. Only metabolite compounds from T. viride and T. polysporum were fungistatic and
fungicidal on the mycelial growth of C. paradoxa. Trichoderma spp. were used as potential biological
agents for seed treatments against C. paradoxa. The T. polysporum significantly (P=0.01) reduced
percentage infection on wounded and unwounded sprouted seeds. In in-vitro studies, the emergence
(survival) and the growth of oil palm seedlings from Trichoderma spp. treated sprouted seeds were
significantly (P=0.01) higher than the emergence and the growth observed from the control treatment
infected with C. paradoxa. Phytotoxin extracted from C. paradoxa induced brown coloration on healthy
sprouted seeds, after immersion in 70% and 100% solution harvested
on 21, 28 and 35 days. Infection rate was reduced when sprouted seeds were immersed in phytotoxins
produced by Trichoderma spp. and latter immersed in phytotoxin produced by C. paradoxa. The
Trichoderma spp. and C. paradoxa extracts spotted on thin layer chromatography plates produced
purple, grey, brown and yellow colors indicating they contained phenolic, terpenes and anthrone
compounds. The T. polysporum and T. viride compounds exhibited better Rf values (0.29 and 0.51)
growth inhibitions against C. paradoxa mycelial growth compared to other Trichoderma spp. However, C.
paradoxa Rf value at 0.62 also caused infection when spotted on healthy sprouted seeds. Using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry, column fraction isolated from T. viride Rf value 0.51 was deduced
to be 1, 2-benzendicaboxylic acid. This compound produced by T. viride depended on type of fungus
strain and standard used. This study was able to extract phytotoxin from C. paradoxa and demonstrated
that it is one of the major compounds that causes black rot of oil palm sprouted seeds. Moreover, the
study also demonstrated that it is possible to use Trichoderma spp. for the control of C. paradoxa.
UL-158-BTN-08
AMULE OLUSOLA HELEN
PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS FROM LAGOS LAGOON AND ITS
ENVIRONS.
Eight lagoonal communities: atlas cove, five cowrie creek, maroko, Berger de motz, Palaver Island,
bayeku, majidun lagoon, and university of Lagos lagoon were sampled quantitatively with respect to their
flora diversity and palynomorphs content. The pollen species encountered range from 10 at moba, 12 at
five cowries creek, 28 at palaver, 37 at bayeku, 38 at Berger de motz and 39 at atlas cove, 52 at
university of Lagos lagoon and 60 at majidun lagoon vegetation communities. A total of 96 palynomorphs
were recorded in all the sites. The palynofacies are made up of basically often grains sourced from local
vegetation and only one regional plant; they are good reflections of the vegetation that occupy the
studied sites in recent past. Absolute counts and relative percentages of the vegetation were estimated.
The extent of Lagos lagoon and the relative degree of degradation the lagoon is subjected to is
highlighted.
The eight communities indicated similarity in the pollen and the original vegetation. First sampling site,
atlas cove, has its vegetation relatively well preserved, five cowries is devoid of typical mangrove
vegetation, maroko swamp has been taken over by grasses, Berger de motz has sandy subtratum and
156
high energy wave and is devoid of any typical mangrove species except for the beach vegetation species.
Bayeku and majidun still preserve the relies of their biodiversity, while mangrove is still relatively well
preserved in some parts of the university of Lagos lagoon and palaver island. Anthropogenic influence
was very evident in most parts of the Lagos lagoon.
The phytosociological record of the eight sampled sites compared sites compared favourably with their
respective pollen spectra abtained from sediment samples. The dominant plant types are well
represented in the pollen spectra in most cases. In order to aid pollen identification, which is the bedrock
of polynological studies, 45 plant species belonging to26 families were also subjected to standard
palynological sample preparation. The pollen atlas of Nigeria plants found in Lagos lagoon and Ogun
River is presented as part of this study. Taxa in the collection include the variety of trees, shrubs, herbs,
floating aquatics and ferns of the southwestern Nigerian vegetation complex. light micrographs,
scanning electron micrographs and detailed descriptions of the species are provided. These provide
essential reference points for the satisfactory identification and interpretation of fossil pollen spectra
including pollen founds in other types of deposits such as coprolites, honey, dust and in air.
The constructed pollen spectra compared favourably with pollen from Niger delta coastal vegetation.
This shows that the same deductions such as the identification of depositional environments,
reconstruction of palaeoecology and palacogeography of sedimentary basin, determination of relative
age of oil bearing (reservoir) rocks, and locating reservoir via the inferred depositional environments
may probably be made by utilizing Lagos lagoon palynomorphs, inference regarding the occurrence and
maturation of hydrocarbon may therefore be made using Lagos lagoon palynomorphs
It is also clear from this study that the identification of palynomorphs should not pose a problem to the
application of palynology even in fields other than biostratigraphy such as lorensic studies
mellisopalynology, and medicine (e.g. alleviation of pollinosis). the results of this work show that
palynomorphs from Lagos lagoon sediments truly represent the vegetation , both present and past just as
it is being used in the Niger delta, it can as well be used to characterize parent vegetation communities.
The study constitutes a first step for the comprehension of recent and fossil pollen spectra in the Lagos
lagoon and its environs.
UL-159-BTN-08
OBAYORI OLUWAFEMI
DEGRADATION OF SOME PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON POLLUTANTS BY MICROORGANISMS
FROM CONTAMINATED TROPICAL SOILS.
Two types of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soil sites were sampled for pyrene degraders. One was
deliberately polluted with Escravos Light crude petroleum, while others were site with chronic hydrocarbon
pollution. Acute pollution with crude petroleum markedly affected the physico-chemical and microbiological
characteristics of the site. No pyrene degrader was obtained from the acutely polluted plot at the Faculty of
Science, University of Lagos. Seven pyrene-degraders were isolated from soils with long history of oil and
asphalt contamination at five different locations in the Lagos metropolis. Six of these belong to the genus
Pseudomonas (LP1, LP2, LP31, LP4, LP5, and LP6) and one Bacillus (LP32). Screening of five pure
hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from laboratory collection also yielded three pyrene degraders namely
Rhodococcus sp. strain A160, Achromobacter xylosoxidans IR08 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa SA6. LP1,
LP5, LP6 and A160 were selected for further study. Pseudomonas sp. strain LP1 exhibited growth rate and
pyrene degradation rate of 0.018h-1 and 0.111mg 1-1h-1, while strains LP5, LP6 and Rhodococcus sp. A160
had corresponding values of 0.024 and 0.082, 0.017 and 0.067, and 0.030 and 0.069 respectively. Resting
cell assay revealed that strain LP1 had the highest pyrene uptake rate (14 ng/ 2.0 x107 bacteria cells).
When the medium was supplemented with corn steep liquor (CSL), the amount of pyrene degraded
157
increased by 13.09 and 37.05% respectively for LP1 and LP5. LP1 and LP5 degraded more than 80% of
diesel and crude oil when supplied as sole-substrates in pure-cultures. Pseudomonas sp. LP1, LP5 and LP6
survived when inoculated into soil microcosm. The rates of degradation in soil microcosm were 0.046,
0.041 and 0.061 mg kg-1h-1 LP1, LP5 and LP6 respectively. The four selected bacteria tolerated salt
concentrations of more than 3% NaCl. All three Pseudomonas spp. resisted ampicillin, cenfuroxime, but
were susceptible to ofloxacin. Enzyme study confirmed activity of Catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase in the
organisms with values of 0.6823, 0.9199, 0.8344 and 1.722µmolmin-1mg-1 for LP1, LP5, LP6 and A160
respectively. The isolates did not show significant biosurfactant production on crude oil, diesel and pyrene.
However, Pseudomonas sp. Strain LP1 produced biosurfactant on engine oil. None of the four pyrene
degraders studied possessed plasmids. Aromatic ring hydroxylating dioxygenase (ARHDO) gene (0.730 kb)
was amplified in LP1 and LP6. The organisms are suitable for bioremediation of polluted soils in the
tropics, especially where tests have shown pyrene to be the major high molecular weight polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (HWM PAH) contaminant.
UL-160-BTN-08
OMOTAYO AYODELE ELIZABETH
ENRICHMENT AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ATRAZINE DEGRADING
ACTINOMYCETES ISOLATED FROM POLLUTED NIGERIAN COMMERCIAL FARMLANDS.
Microbes capable of degrading atrazine were isolated by traditional enrichment technique from composite
soil samples collected from four agricultural farmlands with long history of atrazine use in Nigeria. The
estimated atrazine degrading populations from Obasanjo, Ladipo Daniel, Agbowa - Ikosi and Itokin farms
were 1.6 x 104 cfu/mg, 8.0 x 104 cfu/mg, 5.0 x 104 cfu/mg and 1.2 x 104 cfu/mg of the soil samples
respectively. The soil sample from Obasanjo farm was selected for further studies. Isolation of atrazinedegraders was carried out using a novel in situ enrichment approach with highly porous atrazine–
impregnated BioSep beads in both glucose and non-glucose mineral salts media. The beads were
impregnated with atrazine at concentrations of 20 mg/l and 200 mg/l plus a water equilibrated control.
Degradation of atrazine was detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both bead
and soil enriched cultures resulted in complete disappearance of atrazine. Mixed consortia and pure
cultures of bacteria were obtained from the two enrichment techniques. It was however, easier and faster
to obtain pure cultures with BioSep beads.
Community structure of the enrichment cultures were analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
(DGGE). Identification of bands and isolates were carried out by 16S rRNA sequencing. The DGGE analysis
of the unenriched control and atrazine enriched beads and soil cultures in both glucose and non-glucose
supplements revealed the presence of many bands corresponding to different bacteria. These include:
Gram-positive bacteria (Actinobacteria, Nocardioides, Arthrobacter, and Bacillus), Alpha-proteobacteria
(Roseobacteria, Stenotrophomonas, Sinorhizobium), Beta-proteobacteria (Variovorax, Comamonadaceae,
Cohnella), Deinococcus, several groups of uncultured bacteria species and most notably, a novel lineage
group, uncultured candidate division TM7 bacterium Clone. There were more visible bands in 200 mg/l
glucose atrazine supplemented bead suggesting it contained more member species. The DGGE and cluster
analysis showed that application of glucose in addition to atrazine resulted in a microbial community
composition that were distinctly different from that treated with atrazine alone as well as water controls. A
clone library of the two pure isolates, EAA-3 and EAA-4 isolated from BioSep bead culture showed that
they belong to the genus Nocardioides.
Detailed utilization of atrazine by the enrichment cultures of beads and soil showed complete
disappearance in less than 192 h (8 days) of incubation. Statistical analysis showed no difference in the
rate of degradation of atrazine. In isolate EAA-3 and EAA-4, degradation kinetics revealed total
disappearance of 25 mg/ l of atrazine in less than 72 h of incubation at the rate of 0.42166 mg/l/h and
0.5329 mg/l/h respectively. While at 50 mg/l atrazine concentration, utilization of atrazine in the medium
lasted for about 96 h at the rate of 0.5132 mg/l/h and 0.5311 mg/l/h by Nocardioides sp. EAA-3 and
158
Nocardioides sp. EAA-4 respectively. Biomass increase in the culture media was not supported in the
presence of atrazine at the concentrations tested (absorbance value of <0.2 was interpreted as poor
growth).
The metabolic route in bead and soil enrichment showed that the catabolic genes trzND and atzD were
present in all enrichment cultures. The genes atzBC were detected in all bead enrichments while only atzC
was present in soil enrichment without added glucose. The atrazine chlorohydrolase, atzA, was not
amplified in any of the enrichment cultures. These catabolic genes were not detected in corresponding soil
samples except for trzND and atzD. The cultures were equally shown to catabolize atrazine metabolites
supplied as nitrogen sources by both beads and soil microbial communities. The degradative genes trzN,
atzB and atzC were present in bacterial isolates Nocardioides sp. EAA-3 and Nocardioides sp. EAA-4.
However, atzA, atzD and trzD genes were absent. Degradation studies of atrazine metabolites showed that
hydroxyatrazine, desethylatrazine and desisopropylatrazine where metabolized as sources of carbon and
nitrogen, while desisopropyl desethyl-2-hydroxyatrazine and desisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine were used as
nitrogen source. Cyanuric acid was not metabolized by both bacterial strains in the presence or absence of
glucose.
The addition of carbon sources to the culture media neither accelerated nor repressed atrazine
degradation. Similarly, they did not contribute significantly to biomass increase. Addition of urea to the
media repressed growth and atrazine degradation.
Cyanuric acid, biuret, potassium nitrate and
ammonium chloride did not accelerate nor repress atrazine breakdown and growth of isolates.
Nocardioides sp. EAA-3 and Nocardioides sp. EAA-4 were shown to have optimum atrazine degrading
activity between pH 5 and 8 and between temperatures 25 0C and 37 0C.
In soil microcosm studies using isolates EAA-3, EAA-4 and uninoculated control (natural attenuation), a
gradual reduction in atrazine concentration over a period of 28 days. Degradation of atrazine was faster at
smaller dose of 6 µg/l of soil compared to 500 µg/l dose. By the 28th day of the experiment, nearly all the
atrazine present in the 6 µg/l of soil bioaugmented microcosm had been degraded, while about 88%
utilization was recorded in the 500 µg/l bioaugmented soil. Bioaugmentation with the isolates increased the
rate at which atrazine was degraded compared to natural attenuation. However, there was a decline in the
total atrazine degrading populations from 107 cfu/g of soil at inoculation to 105 cfu/g of soil at the end of
the 28-day experiment.
This study was able to show that atrazine degraders are resident in tropical soil and that atrazine is
amenable to clean-up by bioremediation as shown by bioaugmentation of polluted soil samples.
UL-161-BTN-08
OPERE BOLANLE OLAITAN
A STUDY OF THE USE OF MODIFIED FERMENTED CEREAL GRUEL FOR CONTROL OF
DIARROEA.
Two speices of Lactobacillus, L. pentosus and L. acidophilus were used as starter culture for the
fermentation of cereals – corn and sorghum, to produce a cereal – based gruel, a popular weaning food in
many parts of West Africa. All the fermented gruels produced with either L. acidophilus or L. pentosus or
both (mixed culture) yielded lactobacilli count > 107 cfu/g on day 4 post fermentation. The lowest mean
counts (2.6 x 107 cfu/g) and highest (3.1 x 107 cfu/g) were observed in L. pentosus-fermented gruel and
mixed culture of L. Pentosus and L. acidophilus respectively while spontaneous fermentation accounted for
lactobacilli count < 107 cfu/g in the gruels tested. Those produced by spontaneous fermentation elicited
microbial contamination by fungal species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and Candida spp. And bacterial species of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., and E. coli. All samples
showed increased levels of proteins, amino acids, and reducing sugars. The total protein value was highest
in those cereals fermented with mixed culture having an average percentage (%) value of 13.13 ± 4.33 on
day 3, followed by L.acidophilus-fermented with a value of 10.97 ± 4.37, then L. pentosus-fermented ones
with a value of 9.62 ± 4.50 and the locally fermented having the lowest value of 7.78 ± 2.15. essential
159
amino acids, Iysine, tryptophan and methionine and a semi-essential isoleucine were elicited in all
fermented samples, showing desirable nutritional status. The average amino acid content (mg/100g) of
cereals spontaneously-fermented was found to be lwest with a values of 78.89 ± 5.13 on day 3, followed
by L. pentosus-fermented 283.03 ± 4.65, then the L. acidophilus-fermented 338.51 ± 8.13 and the cereals
fermented using the mixed culture having the highest values of 498.50 ± 9.69. there was no significant
difference in results of reducing sugar content of Lactobacillus-fermented cereal gruels by day 3, while the
spontaneously fermented cereal gruels were significantly difference from others. The flavour-enhancing
acetoin and diacetyl in the products were significantly different from others. The flavour-enhancing acetoin
and diacetyl in the product were significantly increased using the starter culture organisms individually, but
was exceptionally higher (p>0.05) when combined culture was used. Gruels made from Lactobacillus
fermentation elicited significantly (P<0.05) higher organoleptic scores for each of the sensory attributes
investigated compared to the spontaneously fermented. The fermented samples showed the highest total
acidity of 15.36umol/ml in mixed culture-fermented sample and lowest value of 0.36 umol/ml in the
naturally – fermented sample. There was decrease in the pH values of the various gruel samples as
fermentation progressed from 5.75 – 6.1 to 3.2.
The Lactobacillus species were found in vitro to inhibit the growth of pathogenic agents Escherichia coli,
Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio cholera, and Staphylococcus aureus within 6 hours. The spontaneouslyfermented gruels supported the growth of vibrio cholera for 14 hous, E. coli for over 40 h and all others up
to 30 h. the albino mice (neonates) were fed with the fermented gruels for 8 days, and immediately
challenged with cells of Shigella dysenteriae. Survival rates of 100%, 90% and 80% were found in those
fed with cereals fermented with the mixed culture, L. acidophilus and L. pentosus respectively after 20
days. This result suggests the possible use of Lactobacillus starter culture, especially of mixed cultures in
the development of locally – based cereal weaning food against shigellosis, a common form of diarrhea in
children in developing countries.
UL-162-BTN-09
OYETIBO GANIYU OLADUNJOYE
BACTERIA DETOXIFICATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTED SITES IN LAGOS METROPOLIS.
Twenty-two bacterial strains with dual resistance to elevated concentrations of heavy metals (15 mM, Co2+,
Ni2+; 14 mM Cd2+; 10 mM Hg2+; and 17 mM Cr6+) and various antibiotics were isolated from sites polluted
with industrial effluents in Lagos. The bacteria were identified on the basis of their morphological and
biochemical characteristics using microscopy, API 20 NE, and API Coryne kits. Seven of the 22 strains,
utilised various hydrocarbons with specific growth rate of 0.2667 – 0.5723, 0.2220 – 0.5270, 0.3888 –
0.3965, 0.1124 – 0.5006, and 0.3243 – 0.4827 per day on crude oil, kerosene, diesel, anthracene and
naphthalene respectively. The bacteria degraded 93.96 – 96.24% of anthracene and more than 98% of
naphthalene at a rate of 0.123 – 128 and 0.134 – 0.135 mgl-1h-1 respectively within 30 days. Aromatic ring
hydroxylating dioxygenase (ARHDO) gene, with a molecular weight of 0.73 kb, was successfully amplified
in Pseudomonas aeruginosa CA207Ni that had luxuriant growth on almost all the hydrocarbons studied.
Four of the 7 bacterial strains, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa CA207Ni, Burkholderia cepacia
AL96Co, Corynebacterium kutscheri FL108Hg, and Rhodococcus equi AL03Ni showed high metal uptake.
Optimum temperature (30 – 45 oC), acidic pH (2.0), and high ionic strength (300 – 450 mgl-1 for Co, Ni,
Cd, and Cr; and 90 mgl-1 for Hg) were required for bacteria-sorption of the heavy metals to attain isotherm
equilibrium. Heavy metal biosorption data of the bacteria fitted well into Freundlich and Langmuir
isotherms with the exception of Corynebacterium kutscheri FL108Hg, and Rhodococcus equi AL03Ni on
Co2+ that did not fit into Freundlich isotherm. The metal adsorption capacities of the bacterial cell mass
spanned 0.002 – 0.063 lmg-1 (Langmuir model) and 0.22 – 0.68 (Freundlich), while metal binding capacity
ranged from 1.14 – 518.80 g-1, with maximum achievable metal uptake of 17.64 – 109.37 mg/gdw. At low
metal concentration (100 mgl-1 for Cr, Ni, Co, and Cd; 20 mgl-1 for Hg), non-viable cell mass of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa CA207Ni efficiently removed 45-52% of all the metals from metal-laden system
160
within 30 min., while other bacteria selectively removed the metals. Poor removal efficiency was observed
in Hg with Burkholderia cepacia AL96Co (20.0 ±2.887%), Corynebacterium kutscheri FL108Hg (26.667
±1.667%), and Rhodococcus equi AL03Ni (15.0 ±7.638%), but Burkholderia cepacia AL96Co and
Corynebacterium kutscheri FL108Hg had preference to Cd with 80% and 77.0% (±1.528) respectively. At
higher metal concentrations (450 mgL-1 for Cr, Ni, Co, and Cd; 100 mgL-1 for Hg), approximately 79 –
90.5% of Cr was efficiently removed, while 80 – 83%, 81 – 98%; 80 – 92%, and 40 – 75% efficiencies
were obtained for Ni, Co, Cd, and Hg respectively. Up to 93% of the adsorbed heavy metals were
recovered from the bacterial cell mass upon desorption and when the biomass were reused, as much as
91.7% of metals in solution was re-adsorbed by the bacteria. Metabolism-dependent metal bio-uptake of
the bacterial strains revealed appreciable uptake of the metals (up to 33%) from metal-amended medium
after initial drop in pH to acidic range without a lag phase. The mass transfer of the metals from metal
laden effluent stream to the bacterial systems was remarkable with bioconcentration factors ranging from
21 – 50, 18 – 54, 35 – 55, 18 – 29, and 28 – 57 for Cd, Co, Ni, Hg, and Cr respectively. About 75-81.3%
of the metals were retained intracellularly. The four selected bacterial strains reduced bioavailable heavy
metals in polluted soil by 1.47 – 11.40 folds, and out-rightly cleaned crude oil produced water of the heavy
metals, and hydrocarbons. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the produced water was reduced from
3200 ppm to <6.5 ppm by the bacteria. Increase in populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CA207Ni,
Burkholderia cepacia AL96Co, Corynebacterium kutscheri FL108Hg, and Rhodococcus equi AL03Ni by 12,
11, 10 and 10 fold respectively within 21 days was attained in the produced water. The bacteria have
great potential in decommissioning environment polluted with heavy metals without biostimulation since
organic pollutants present might be utilised as sources of carbon, energy and electrons.
BUILDING
UL-163-BLD-91
ADEBAYO OLAWOYIN SIMEON
A STUDY OF THE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN NIGERIA.
Ph.D Building (1991) 507pp.
The purpose of this study was to examine the management of maintenance of Nigeria's public
buildings with a view to identifying major problems and seeking solutions to them. It was also to
determine whether or not its current standard was adequate.
The study populations consisted of maintenance managers and higher management of randomly
selected forty public buildings, spread throughout the country, and two hundred professionals. An
extensive review of related literature was undertaken, while questionnaires and checklists of tools and
equipment were utilised also for data collection.
For analysing the data, the research hypotheses were tested with suitable statistical techniques
such as analysis of variance and correlational analysis, and with the application of a computer
programme known as statistical package for social sciences.
A key finding of this investigation was that the maintenance management of public buildings in
Nigeria was evidently inadequate. Public building maintenance was beset with problems due to unsound
policy, poor funding, and defective standard of maintenance managers.
In order to achieve the desired level of maintenance, some of the recommendations found that
government should monitor the maintenance of this class of building, review their current funding levels,
and establish a department for maintenance in the Nigerian Building and Road Institute.
UL-164-BLD-91
ONUKWUGHA CHUKWUEMEKA VICTOR
OPTIMISING THE CONSTRUCTIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT FOR
MASS HOUSING SCHEMES IN NIGERIA.
161
The need to optimise the Constructional Technological Aspects of Management of Mass Housing
Schemes, stems from the fact that the constructional and technological items associated with housing
project management, provide lots of alternative decision problems.
The research therefore aims at determining by Systems Approach, the optimal characteristics of
the Constructional and Technological Aspects of Housing Project management and establishing the real
life problem prototype associated with it, using mathematical model. It is also aimed at establishing the
optimal variant and the optimal values of a mass housing programme. An implementation checklist for
the established model was also installed.
The study was limited to the Constructional Technological Aspect of Management of Management
of public mass housing schemes using certain Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and Federal Ministry of
Works (FMOW) housing schemes as case study.
The data collection method was the descriptive survey methods. Model validation was carried out
to determine the acceptability or other wise of the optimization model.
At the end of the study, the subsystems of the housing delivery system were proved to represent
the optimal characteristics of the Constructional Technological Aspects of Housing Project Management.
Thus, the delivery variants for process technology combination), the housetypes and the resources
(consisting of materials, labour and machinery) constitute the optimal characteristics An optimal modelthe iterative Model for Housing Delivery (IMHD) which is a linear allocation model was also evolved. It
was further established that the IMHD programme is capable of obtaining the optimal variant and the
relationship between the major constructional and technological items in a mass housing scheme. For
instance, the optimal housing mix derived through the IMHD, in the case of the FHA Scheme was 76N0
two bedroom bungalow (2 B B) 216 N0 three Bedroom Semidetached Storeyed (3SDS) and 206 N0 four
bedroom bungalow (4 B B) housetypes; instead of 28N0 2BB, 231N0 3SDS and 189N0 housetypes
stipulated by policy makers, for 1988. Furthermore it was established that 498 houses were realised by
the IMHD optimal mix instead of the 448 houses projected by the policy makers. It was also revealed
that by increasing the coefficient of blocks utilised, a corresponding decrease in the number of houses
from 498 to 382 was recorded. This means that by experimenting with the shadow price of the critical
resources, the sensitivity of the optimal mix can be evaluated. The model so evolved will serve as a
predictive decision tool for selecting optimal mix of housing and for better economic allocation of
resources.
The research will be of immense benefit to policy makers, professionals and other executors of
mass housing schemes.
UL-165-BLD-98
AYANDELE J. OLUSOLA
EVALUATION OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME SELECTED
BUILDING TRADES ON NIGERIA CONSTRUCTION SITES.
This research investigates the quantitative relationship between influence factors and specific
labour input of masons, carpenters and iron benders on construction sites. The research aims at
obtaining a prediction instrument to forecast/estimate the productivity of workers in each of the trades.
Literature review was used to examine existing studies in construction labour productivity and its
influence factors; and field survey was used to identify, investigate and observe the factors that casually
affect labour productivity. The research was carried out in Lagos State , Imo State and the Federal
Capital Territory with Oyo State used as Control State. A survey sample size of 240 for each trade was
determined as adequate for the research and a total number of 41600 observations were made. The
sampling techniques used were purposive, convenience, snowballing and random sampling techniques.
Pareto's 80/20 Rule was used to select the trades. Multivariate analyses of the factors were carried out to
obtain instruments that relate the variables together. From the findings, standard outputs and achievable
outputs of the variables together. From the findings, standard outputs and achievable outputs of the
162
selected tradesmen were developed. Models for predicting the future output level of the selected
tradesmen were constructed while framework for quantifying the effects of influence factors was
established. The findings of the research suggest that output of construction workers is in a steady state
of decline and that the workers were only productively engaged on construction sites for about half of
the time they were expected to be working. Also, the effect of the identified factors is multiplicative. That
is, the absence of one factor will affect productivity of workers, in either of two identified directions. That
the productivity of workers is predictable was established by the construction of productivity models for
masons, carpenters and iron benders. The research further suggests that construction workers would
move towards the goal of increased productivity if the force resulting from the interaction of the positive
and negative influence factors is positive toward the goal. This can be achieved by eliminating or
reducing the strength of the negative factors while increasing the strength of the positive ones. The
models have established the positive and the negative factors for the use of the industry. Also the
research posited a framework within which the requirements of any site in respect of forecasting
productivity of construction workers are easily accommodated.
UL-166-BLD-00
ZUBAIRU .N. STELLA
MAINTENANCE OF GOVERNMENT OFFICE BUILDINGS IN NIGERIA - A POST-OCCUPANCY
EVALUATION APPROACH.
This study determines the main factors responsible for the poor maintenances of government office
buildings in Nigeria. Using post-occupancy evaluation, the study determines the extent of dilapidation of
the office buildings and the feelings of the users about their office environment. The most frequently
recurring maintenance problems are ascertained. The research determines if fund allocation for
maintenance of government office buildings is sufficient and whether the maintenance staff are carrying
out their functions efficiently.
The research method used was a combination of the descriptive and analytical survey methods.
The target population of the study was federal and state government secretariat buildings which had
been in use for at least five years so that the maintenance problems could be manifested. The statistical
tools used were one way analysis of variance, turkey-b multiple comparison test, t-test, and chi-square.
Some of the findings of the study are that the major contributors to the maintenance problems in
government office buildings in Nigeria, are natural deterioration due to age, environmental effects and
misuse by occupants. Funding for maintenance was found to be grossly inadequate. The most frequently
recurring maintenance problems in the office buildings are plumbing and roof leakages. There is no
significant difference amongst the six most frequently recurring maintenance problems across the
country. Maintenance activities are not effectively carried out while majority of the staff of the offices are
dissatisfied with their working environment.
The study proposes a model process for maintenance planning and operations in office buildings. A
planned maintenance priority listing computer programme was developed and a maintenance
management performance evaluator was designed for evaluating maintenance activities in government
activities in government secretariats in Nigeria.
UL-167-BLD-02
ODUSAMI KOLEOLA TUNWASE
PROJECT TEAM LEADERSHIP AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN SOME
SELECTED STATES OF NIGERIA
163
The aim of the research was to study the effect of project team leadership on construction project
performance. The research was also set-up to determine the crucial variables that are germane to
effective leadership and project performance in the construction industry.
A total of 215 questionnaires comprising 120 for effective project leaders, 60 project team leaders,
and 35 project team members were collected and used for the study. The survey covered projects from
Abuja and nine states of the federation - Anambra, Delta, Edo, Kaduna, Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and
Rivers. Majority of the sampled projects is residential and administrative buildings. Other types of
projects were also included in the study.
Data collected were analysed using mean item score, spearman rank correlation, chi-square, oneway analysis variance, correlation matrix and multiple regression analysis where appropriate.
The tests of the hypothesed led to the conclusion that there was significant relationship between
project leader’s profession and cost performance, team composition and schedule performance, team
composition and overall performance, leadership style and overall performance. No significant
relationship was found between leadership style, team composition and cost performance, project
leader’s profession, leadership style and schedule performance, project leader’s profession and overall
performance. The Architect was the most favoured professional for team leadership on building projects.
The most important skill for an effective project leader identified by the industry practitioners was
decision-making, while the most desirable attribute was interpersonal relations. The most
important criterion for measuring the performance of a completed project was building functions as
intended.
The most significant contribution of this work is its construction of three model’s whereby project
cost, schedule and overall performance can be predicted.
Based on the above findings, the study recommends that construction client should ensure that the
project leader to be engaged on any construction project is, at least, qualified as a corporate member of
his professional body. Project leader should be involved at the early stage of a construction project
preferably at the feasibility stage. The study also recommends that to achieve good overall project
performance, project leader must exhibit consultative autocratic leadership style.
UL-168-BLD-02
OGUNSANMI OLABODE EMMANUEL
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE AND LABOUR-ONLY PROCUREMENTS IN
SOME SELECTED STATES OF NIGERIA
This research undertakes comparisons of performance of traditional and labour-only procurements
in some selected states. The research aims at identifying which is the better alternative procurement
system in overall performance, out of traditional and labour-only procurements and also in obtaining a
prediction
instrument for evaluating procurement performance. Literature review was used to examine existing
studies on procurement and project performance, while the field survey was used to identify, investigate,
examine and observe variables of client, designer, construction, contractual, procurement characteristics
and performance factors of labour-only and traditional procurements. This research was carried out in 9
states of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory - Abuja. The states covered are Lagos, Oyo,
Ogun, Kwara, Anambra, Enugu, Delta, Rivers and Abia. For the field survey, 64 projects were studied,
that composed of 39 projects of traditional procurement and 25 projects of labour-only procurement.
Systematic sampling technique was used for selecting the sample of the study. Findings of the study
showed that there is no significant difference between traditional and labour-only procurements in unit
cost, cost overrun, time overun, pre-construction time, building time, and mean satisfaction with quality
on project. However, significant difference was found in satisfaction with use of project to date. Findings
also revealed that in overall performance, traditional procurement was better than labour-only
164
procurement. From these findings, models for predicting procurement performance were constructed,
while the framework for evaluating procurement performance, when some predictable variables are
known was established. The research concludes that a relationship exists between variables of client,
designer, construction, contractual, procurement characteristics and performance factors of labour-only
and traditional procurements. This research recommends, that issues of procurement performance
should be given an important consideration by all consultants when building projects are procured. This
enhances performance of future procured projects. The models have established evaluative factors for
use in the industry to evaluate procurement performance. Also the research recommends traditional
procurement to clients, consultants, and contractors as a better alternative to labour-only procurement
that is still relatively new and yet to stand the test of time.
UL-169-BLD-03
OYEDIRAN, OLUKAYODE SUNDAY
EFFECTS OF MACRO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION COSTS IN
NIGERIA: AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL.
Ph.D Building (Construction Management) (2003) 299pp.
The major objective of the study was to develop macro-economic models useful for explaining
and predicting construction prices, given a set of defined macroeconomic variables such as foreign
exchange rate, interest rate, money supply fuel price, gross domestic product, government expenditure
and composite price index.
The quantitative survey research design methodology was adopted. Macroeconomic data were
extracted from the Federal Office of Statistics and Central Bank of Nigeria, while price data were
collected from both primary and secondary sources using data from about 150 building construction
projects in Nigeria. The quarterly data collected spanning from 1986 to 1999 (N = 56) were used to
develop the relationships being explored. Trend, correlation and regression analysis were done on Eview.
The main findings of the study were that the growth rate of building construction prices was higher
than the economy-wide growth rate price level (15% average for construction prices and 7% average for
CPI). Six models of the form P it = α1+ β1CPI + δP1 have been developed, offering the possibility of
using the economy wide price index (CPI) to estimate building construction prices, up to two quarters’
lead.
Construction prices appeared to exhibit similar econometric properties to macroeconomic variables.
Construction price series were not stationary at level, at the first differencing. Experiment conducted
with the construction data revealed that the logarithmic transformation at first differencing appeared to
produce reliable econometric results. Time series models of the form Pit = α2 + β2Pit-1 have been
produced. These models offer prospect for estimating practice.
The following macroeconomic variables were found to be significant predictors of construction
prices: Foreign exchange rate (parallel market rate) interest rate, money supply, petroleum price,
government spending and index of industrial production. The macroeconomic models were found to
exhibit good predictive potential, which an be used to form the basis of developing alternative interactive
estimating models.
The study concluded by recommending that price stability policies such as increase production
capacity for cement, programmes to arrest dwindling timber resources and research into manpower
economies for building construction works. It further recommended the development of a alternative
estimating approach and interactive estimating package, using the models generated. It was also
recommended that the study of econometrics could be integrated into the curriculum of Quantity
Surveying. Due to the problem encountered on data retrieval it was suggested that the establishment of
a National Construction Cost Data Bank Centre is imperative.
165
UL-170-BLD-05
DADA, MARTIN OLORUNTOBI
TEAMBUILDING PROCUREMENT METHOD, SELECTION AND PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN
SOME STATES IN NIGERIA.
Ph.D Building (2005)
This research work set out to investigate the level of awareness about, disposition to, and usage
of teambuilding or integrated procurement methods for construction projects, and the performance of
the methods in comparison with the traditional method, on the basis of some selected objective and
subjective measures.
Data were obtained from opinion survey instruments administered on project participants and
project specific instrument that targeted traditional and teambuilding projects. The targeted sizes for the
opinion survey instruments were respectively 232 and 274. The study covered Abuja and fifteen states
of Nigeria. The data were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.
The results indicated that inter-group/interpersonal relationship among project participants was
ranked as the second most critical issue that could affect project outcome. The first was funding and
availability of resources for project execution. The results further indicated that construction industry
participants were significantly aware of teambuilding procurement strategies. Industry participants were
also significantly supportive of teambuilding strategies principally because of the benefit of collaboration
and involvement among project participants.
The study further revealed that teambuilding procurement methods did not differ significantly
from traditional method in the objective measures of percentage cost and percentage time overruns. On
subjective measures, teambuilding strategies performed better than the traditional method in enhancing
early start of work, avoiding rework, claims avoidance, reduction of risks to consultants, reducing change
orders, team relationships and overall satisfaction. There were however no significant differences on
such measures as reduction of risks to contractors, meeting user requirements, enhancing repeat orders,
and meeting agreed quality expectations.
A singular contribution of this work is the development and validation of two models. One of
them is for the selection of procurement methods, from the two procurement alternatives. The second
model is for assessing the overall performance of the project.
The two models reveal the multi-dimensional, multi-attribute nature of procurement. They also
confirm that relationship issues affect project selection and performance. The study recommended that
construction industry clients or advisors should do priority ratings of their procurement needs. The study
further recommended the development of the models into expert systems for predicting and controlling
procurement selection and project performance.
UL-171-BLD-05
WINDAPO ABIMBOLA OLUKEMI
A STUDY OF FACTORS DETERMINING HOUSING NEEDS, DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR
IMPROVED HOUSING, IN SELECTED NIGERIAN CITIES.
Ph.D Building (2005)
The research aims at identifying the factors that determine housing needs, demand and supply
and to determine if differences exists in the housing needs of household applicants for housing units in
the selected cities and thereafter, develop an instrument which can be used for predicting the future
levels of housing demand and supply in the selected cities.
Literature was reviewed in order to evolve factors which affect housing needs, housing demand,
housing supply and demographic and economic factors while, field survey was used to identify,
determine, investigate, examine and observe variables such as tenure, overcrowding, affordability,
quality, housing vacancies, preferences and tastes of households, levels of housing demand and supply,
166
profit motive of housing developers and property price amongst others. Secondary data for the study
was also obtained from sources such as the Federal Office of Statistics and Central Bank of Nigeria.
The research was carried out in three cities in Nigeria namely Lagos, Port Harcourt and Abuja. The
population for the study was drawn from three main groups comprising the household applicants for
housing units, the housing producers/developers and the housing exchange agents. Convenience
sampling technique was used for selecting the sample of the study. The study made use of
questionnaires, personal interviews and secondary data in collecting the required data. The data
collected were then analyzed using chi-square test, analysis of variance (ANOVA). Spearman rank
correlation coefficient (rho), Pearson product moment correlation coefficient® and multiple regression
analysis.
Findings of the study indicated that the housing needs of household applicants for housing units in
the three selected cities are determined by factors such as tenure affordability, quality, vacancy and
Infrastructure provision whilst it was revealed that the only significant difference in households’ housing
needs in these three urban centers is rental affordability. Findings further revealed that there are
significant differences in the perception of household applicants for housing units and housing developers
with regards to the factors that influence household’s housing demand. The study also found out that
whilst housing demand is responsive to changes in property price, housing supply is responsive to
change in population, national disposable income and housing demand.
The research concludes that appropriate programmes and resources are needed to make housing
affordable, improve low home ownership rates, correct problems of deterioration, provide basic
infrastructure and make up for existing rental shortages. It also concludes that household applicants for
housing units would prefer to purchase houses that are close to their place to work and that housing
developers would invest more in new housing construction if they have access to well laid out and
serviced and knowledge that there is an existing demand for houses.
This research recommends that the Government at all tiers should subsidize housing provisions
meant for the lower and middle-income households and other groups identified to have special needs
and should support private housing developers by giving them financial incentives and vacant parcels of
land. The research also recommends that private housing developers should construct more flats and
one-bedroom apartments in Lagos, detached houses and duplexes in Abuja and all types of housing in
Port-Harcourt amongst other recommendations.
UL-172-BLD-06
ADEGBILE, MICHAEL BABATUNDE OLAMIJU
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND MARKETING PRACTICES ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF LARGE CONSTRUCTION FIRMS IN NIGERIA.
This research evaluates the influence of environmental factors and marketing practices on the
performance of large construction firms registered with the Federation of Construction Industry (FOCI) in
Nigeria. The research identifies the importance large construction firms attach to environmental factors,
the emphasis placed on marketing function, promotional techniques employed, and survival strategies
and formulates a prediction instrument for evaluating organizational performance. It also investigates
the relationship between percentage of turnover devoted to marketing average share and annual growth
rate; also, survival strategies as well as promotional techniques were investigated.
This research was conducted in Abuja and ten states of Nigeria on construction firm’s personnel
responsible for marketing the services of their firms. Random sampling technique was used to selected
the sample for the field study resulting in a sample size of 42 firms, which were all contacted but 35
firms responded. The data obtained from the study were subjected to both descriptive and inferential
statistical analysis, the hypothesis were tested and their validity established by employing inferential
statistical techniques, using computer-based Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
167
Findings of the study showed that all the environmental factors and the marketing operation
variables have significant levels of importance and emphasis placed on them.
Findings also revealed that there is a significant relationship between percentage of turnover devoted to
marketing, average market share and the annual growth rate of most Nigerian Construction Firms.
Findings also revealed that most Construction firms did allocate more than 5-6% of their turnover to
marketing for the years 1997-2001, advertising through media has the highest importance attached to
promotions by large scale contractors, design and build and repair and maintenance are the most
survival strategies of large scale contractors in Nigeria.
A singular contribution of the findings of this research is the use of multiple regression analysis to
derive and validate two models for predicting organizational performance and the framework for
evaluating client satisfaction and optimal utilization of resources, when some predictable variables are
known was established.
This research concludes that a relationship exists between variables of the environment, marketing
practices and performance factors of large constructions firms. It is recommended that all employees of
construction firms should adopt issues of marketing practices. This enhances the future survival,
performance and growth of construction firms.
UL-173-BLD-06
NUBI, TIMOTHY OLUGBENGA
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MORTGAGE FINANCE FOR HOUSING
PROCUREMENT IN SELECTED CITIES OF NIGERIA.
The importance of housing in socio-economic development of any economy has been established in
literature. Mortgage finance is also acknowledged all over the world as a major source of housing
finance. Unfortunately, several efforts aimed at growing this sector in Nigeria have not yielded
significant results. The increase in housing deficit from 8 million units in year 2000 to 15 million units in
year 2005 is alarming. Most Nigerians have no access to affordable houses because of the poor housing
finance system that exists in the country. The aim of the research therefore is how to assess mortgage
finance in Nigeria, identify the problems that militate against its effectiveness and recommend a
workable model for best practice.
The chosen survey populations consists of stakeholders in Lagos and Abuja because of serious
housing problems and the concentration of about 75% of Primary Mortgage Institutions and Corporate
developers in both cities. The study adopted a purposive sampling technique. A total of 472
questionnaires comprising 32 for Primary Mortgage Institutions, 5 addressing management staff of the
Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria, 35 addressing members of the Real Estate Developers Association of
Nigeria and 400 addressing Individual Private Developers were analyzed for the study. Data collected
from the survey were analyzed and hypotheses were tested using mean item score, Mann Whitney U
Kruskal Wallis, and Spearman rank correlation.
The descriptive analysis and tests of the hypotheses established that mortgage finance is not an
effective means of housing finance in Nigeria in terms of its contribution to the nation’s housing stock, its
level of accessibility, affordability, serviceability and operationality. The study revealed that mortgage
finance is not a major source of housing finance and that the stakeholders are not significantly aware of
mortgage finance as a source of funds for housing finance. The low-income nature of majority of
potential Individual Private Developers and high level of job insecurity were found to be major
constraints to accessing mortgage finance. While Individual Private Developer demand low cost houses,
Corporate Real Estate Developers produce high cost houses that are not affordable. It was also
observed that the operation of Primary Mortgage Institutions remain predominantly bundled.
The study recommends that PMIs should increase public awareness of their services, embrace
Information Technology and unbundle their operations. Government should create better access to
168
mortgage finance by increasing income, establish government guarantee scheme and put in place sound
legal framework. One of the most significant contributions of the study is the construction of the
“PAASO” model – for evaluation of effectiveness of mortgage finance. PAASO model measures
effectiveness using the following parameter: Productivity, Accessibility, Affordability, Serviceability and
Operationality. It was suggested that future research should focus on how to reduce construction cost,
integrate the information sector of the economy with the formal sector and develop a curriculum on
housing to be taught at various levels of the nation’s educational sector.
UL-174-BLD-07
IDORO, GODWIN IROROAKPO
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIRECT LABOUR AND DESIGN-TENDER-CONSTRUCT
PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS IN NIGERIA.
Ph.D Building (Construction Management), (2007) 248pp.
In Nigeria, Direct Labour and Design-Tender-Contract are two of the systems used by developers
for the procurement of construction projects. The problem faced by clients in this situation is how to
choose between the two options. In appreciation of this problem, this research appraises and compares
direct labour and design-tender-construct system in Nigeria.
The objectives of the research are to determine the level of use of the two procurement systems in
the Nigerian construction industry, the level and difference in the characteristics of projects, project
design, process and performance between the two procurement systems. To achieve these objectives
cross-sectional research design approach was selected. This involved a field survey of a sample of 120
clients and 161 projects selected by quota-based purposive sampling technique from the six geo-political
zones that make up Nigeria. The main research instruments adopted were two structured questionnaires
namely: client and project questionnaires. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics
of frequency, percentages, mean or mean item score as well as inferential statistics of t-test, chi-square
(x2), analysis of variance, discriminant and regression analyses. The major findings from the analysis of
the data include direct labour and design-tender-construct are the two systems mostly used for the
procurement of construction projects in Nigeria. However, design-tender-constuct system is preferred
and more used than direct labour system, the levels of project design and pre-contract project process
are higher in design-tender-construct than direct labour while the level of post-contract project process is
higher in direct labour than design-tender-construct system, although projects procurred by the two
systems considerably overrun their planned time and initial cost, direct labour has greater economy over
design-tender-construct system and the choice of the two procurement systems can be predicted based
on project duration, project design and project process discriminant functions. The study concludes that
the achievement of Nigeria’s construction programmes in recent years has depended mainly on the two
procurement systems, however; design-tender-construct is more prominent and involves greater
separation of design from construction than direct labour. It further concludes that cost-overruns are
imminent and this considerably exceeds the ten percent contingency fund provided in projects and that
the procurement choice of direct labour and design-tender-construct can be successfully classified. The
study recommends that the two systems be used by clients, however, the direct labour should be used
for small and medium projects while design-tender-construct should be used for large and complex
projects, direct labour system should be used when the need for the integration of design and
construction is desired, the existing 10 percent contingency fund be increased to 20 percent and that
government should create a price control units in order to reduce cost-overruns and stakeholders should
adopt the prediction models in their choice of to procurement systems.
UL-175-BLD-08
ADENUGA OLUMIDE AFOLARIN
169
EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
BUILDINGS IN SOUTH WEST, NIGERIA
PRACTICE
IN
PUBLIC
HOSPITAL
The research investigated the state of maintenance management of public hospital buildings in Southwest, Nigeria, and in the process, identified factors militating against their effective contribution to health
care delivery.
A total of 552 questionnaires comprising 206 for maintenance staff and 346 for users of public hospital
buildings were collected and used for study. The survey covered 46 public hospitals representing 40% of
the total number of existing public hospitals in South-west, Nigeria. The study comprises all the 11 federal
governments owned hospitals and 35 selected state government owned in South-west, Nigeria based on
stratified random sampling technique. Data collected were analyzed using mean item score, Analysis of
variance (ANOVA), Spearman-rank correlation coefficient, Pearson correlation test and Multiple regression
analysis where appropriate.
Findings of the study revealed that in public hospitals in South west, Nigeria, the staff strength of the
maintenance departments is inadequate and the maintenance staffs are inexperienced in hospital
maintenance management. Majority of the users of public hospital buildings do not have access to any
formal training on effective use of hospital facilities. The state of maintenance of hospital buildings are
found to be above average in performance, while the structures and fabrics were highly rated in
performance and in their physical condition, while the services are poorly rated.
The study also revealed that there exist maintenance policies. Training through workshops and
seminars are the major types of training given to the maintenance operatives which are found to be
inadequate. Also motivation is lacking in most maintenance organizations. Preventive maintenance system
is found to be the predominant maintenance strategy practiced by most of the maintenance departments
in public hospitals in South-west, Nigeria.
Majority of the maintenance departments of public hospitals use wide managerial span of control for
their organizational structure. However narrow managerial span of control was rated better than wide
managerial by the maintenance staff. The most important skills considered necessary for effective
maintenance manager in executing maintenance operations in public hospitals according to the study are
professional experience, intelligence, good communication, good qualification and human relation skill.
Users of hospital buildings rated the quality of work done by the maintenance departments, the
functionality of the buildings and the attitude of maintenance staff very high.
Test of hypotheses revealed that between federal and state owned hospitals, there is a significant
difference in the physical condition of building elements and services. There is no correlation between
defects reported by the users and the repairs carried out on them by the maintenance departments. Also
there is no significant relationship between preventive, corrective and condition-based maintenance
strategies when maintenance efficiency is considered. There exists a significant difference between wide
and narrow managerial span of control when maintenance organization efficiencies are rated. There is
inadequacy of fund for maintenance management programme in public hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria.
There are no variations in the work performed by the use of in-sourcing and outsourced labour in
executing maintenance operations. However, maintenance staff rated the use of in-source better in that it
produces higher quality and better quality control of services, reduction in cost.
The study came out with two models whereby the level of funding and the performance of the buildings
can be predicted, also defects reported by the users and defects repaired by the maintenance department
can also be predicted.
170
Based on the above findings, the study recommends that more funds should be allocated in the budget
for improving the state of maintenance management of hospital buildings and services. Preventive
maintenance systems should be encouraged within hospitals maintenance systems; adequate provision
should be made to ensure that facility plant and equipment are inspected regularly. For better
performance, narrow managerial span of control should be encouraged in hospital organizational structure
while the use of outsourcing and in source should be adequately monitored since some activities may
favour either of the two. Management should ensure that the head of maintenance department has the
required maintenance managers’ attitude success factors before appointing them rather than being
political in their selection. Management should ensure that both the Management and all the staff are
given adequate training for effective use of buildings and services.
UL-176-BLD-08
AMEH OKO JOHN
ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR OF NIGERIAN BUILDING INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS IN THE
PROCUREMENT OF BUILDING PROJECTS.
Following the growing consensus within and outside the building industry that corruption and other
unethical practices are endemic in the building industry, coupled with scarce empirical academic research
on professional ethics in the Nigerian building industry, there is need to examine the ethical behaviour and
ideology of the professionals involved in the procurement chain. Consequently, the study sets out to
unravel the ethical behaviour of the Nigerian building industry professionals in the procurement of building
projects as well as the nature and prevalence of the ethical impropriety obtainable at various stages in the
building projects procurement chain. One hundred and ninety two professionals were sampled from 108
construction organisations comprising 55 consultancy organisations, 35 contracting organisations and 18
client organisations in selected Nigerian major cities. Survey and correlational research designs were
employed. Descriptive statistics was used in analysing the data while the hypotheses were tested using
one way analysis of variance, Chi-Square, Kruskal -Wallis tests and Mann-Whitney U test at 0.05 levels of
significance. The results indicate that award of contracts by professionals based on social ties and personal
interests top the list of twenty-two most prevalent ethical impropriety in the industry. Dominant ethical
ideology of building industry professionals is situationism; Quantity surveyors were perceived as the most
susceptible to bribery; greed and inordinate desire for materialism top the list of eighteen factors identified
as reasons for professional ethical impropriety. Finally and expectedly, ethical impropriety generally has no
favourable impact on project performance. The tests of the hypotheses led to the conclusion that there is
no statistically significant difference in the ethical ideology of different categories of construction
professionals, no significant difference in the degree of susceptibility of professional groups in the building
industry to bribery and significant association exist between ethical impropriety and project performance.
Major contributions of this research to the existing body of knowledge include the identification of twentytwo forms of impropriety of the Nigerian building industry professionals, thereby providing information on
curtailing such ethical impropriety. The identification of situationism as the dominant ethical ideology of the
Nigerian building industry professionals would be of interest to policy makers, and intra professional ethical
comparison, which is a bold step and necessary benchmark for resolving ethical issues in the construction
industry. The study recommends among others, adoption of electronic-tendering (e-tendering) to avoid
bias in tendering evaluation, adequate and prompt payment for professional services to prevent
professionals from depending on contractors and sub-contractors. The clients should ensure that
discretionary powers of quantity surveyors in the procurement of building projects are limited or subjected
to third party verification. Finally, further enquiry is needed to explore the types of measures that might
help curb unethical practices in the procurement of building projects.
UL-177-BLD-08
171
ONUKWUBE HENRY NDUBUISI
CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS MOTIVATION AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON
OF INDIGENOUS AND EXPATRIATE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS IN NIGERIA.
The aim of the research was to compare the motivational level and job performance rate of construction
professionals in indigenous and expatriate construction companies in Nigeria.Some of the specific
objectives of the study are: (1) to investigate the functional relationship between motivation and job
performance of construction professionals in indigenous and expatriate construction companies in Nigeria.
(2) to compare the motivational level of construction professionals in indigenous construction companies
with those in expatriate construction companies in Nigeria.
A total of 762 questionnaires were collected and used or the study. The survey covered construction
companies registered with Federation of Construction Industry (FOCI). Eighty one (81) construction
companies, 50 (62%) indigenous and 31 (38%) expatriate were selected using stratified random sampling
technique.
Data collected were analysed using mean item score, spearman rank correlation, correlation matrix, linear
and multiple regression analysis where appropriate.
Findings of the study revealed that a very high
positive relationship exists between motivation and
job performance of construction professionals in indigenous and expatriate construction companies in
Nigeria. The most frequently intrinsic motivational technique employed by indigenous construction
companies in Nigeria in motivating their construction professionals in job enlargement while expatriate
construction companies in Nigeria use job enrichment in motivating their construction professionals.
Salaries and wages is the strongest extrinsic motivational technique employed by indigenous and
expatriate construction companies in motivating their construction professionals.
The job performance rate and motivational level of construction professionals in expatriate construction
companies is higher than their colleagues in indigenous construction companies. The highest ranking
criteria in evaluation of job performance of construction professionals in both indigenous and expatriate
construction companies are output of work. The test of hypotheses also confirmed this difference in
motivational level and job performance rate of construction professionals. The relationship between job
characteristics and job performance of construction professionals in construction companies in Nigeria is
positive. All the personal characteristics variables of construction professionals in indigenous construction
companies in Nigeria did not have any statistical significant relationship with their job performance score.
The result is similar with construction professionals in expatriate construction companies except that their
marital status recorded statistically significant relationship with their job performance score. The regression
model design demonstrates that job performance score of construction professionals in indigenous and
expatriate construction companies in Nigeria is related to their motivational score and personal
characteristics score.
Based on the above findings, the study recommends that construction companies should improve in
existing wage structure of professional employees. Construction companies when formulating policies
should take the Goals of professional employees into consideration. A well defined policy on promotion will
enhance commitment of various professional staff in their respective construction companies. The study
suggests that there is need to look into the effect of group cohesion on job performance.The multidimensional nature of job performance should also be studied.
BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION
172
UL-178-BUS-90
ANDEM ITA EFFIONG
EFFECTS OF POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY
MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN NIGERIA.
M.Phil Business Administration (1990) 190pp.
ON
THE
MARKETING
STRATEGIES
OF
This research examines the effect of political uncertainty on the marketing strategies of
manufacturing companies. The research problem involves an investigation of the extent to which
uncertainty in the political environment affects the choice of corporate marketing strategies involving
market penetration, market development, product development and diversification. It also analyses the
differences in emphases of manufacturing companies on the strategic decision variables of the marketing
mix and their effects on product, price, promotion and distribution strategies.
The study utilised a cross sectional survey design with two likert-type self-administered
questionnaires as the major instruments. A stratified random sample of 140 companies in six
manufacturing industry groups was selected for the study. The companies were selected from the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) list of manufacturing industries. The respondents were
mainly senior and top managers whose jobs involve marketing, planning and strategy formulation.
The study indicates that a strong association exists between elements of political change and
perception of political uncertainty. A test of the relationship between factors of political change and
perception of uncertainty with Kendalls Coefficient of Concordance indicates W = 0.517 which is
significant at P < .05 level. What this means is that the decision of managers in the manufacturing
companies could be influenced by changes which are perceived as associated with political uncertainty.
Where decisions are so influenced, corporate activities including marketing strategy development could
be affected.
Secondly, the study indicates that there is also a significant association between choice of
marketing strategy and perceived level of political uncertainty. A test with X2 indicates that market
penetration, market development, product development and diversification are significantly associated
with perceived political uncertainty.
Thirdly, significant differences were found on the emphases of the companies in the sample on key
strategic decision variables of the marketing mix. This means that given a perceived level of political
uncertainty, manufacturing companies would differ on their approaches to certain decision elements of
product, price, promotion and distribution strategies. A test with one-way ANOVA indicates that with a
high level of political uncertainty, emphases of manufacturing companies will change on the size of
advertising budgets numbers of salesman, number of publicity messages, number of retail outlets, hours
of business, percentage of discounts, interest on credit sales, number of customers and accuracy of
market information. On these variables, the F (cal) values were significantly higher than the F (tab)
values at P < .05 level.
The results of this study have shown that a company can still operate in a high political risk market
provided that appropriate emphasis is placed on strategic marketing decision variables. Secondly, the
need to investigate and critically analyse the impact of perceived environmental uncertainty on all
marketing programmes has been exposed.
UL-179-BUS-90
FAGBEMI AYODELE OMOYIOLA (MRS)
JOB PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF MOTIVATION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SERVICE.
Ph.D Business Administration (1990) 290pp.
This study is concerned with exploring the relationship between job performance and motivation
using data from five federal ministries in Nigeria. The aim is to build a behavioural model of the
relationship between job performance and motivation.
173
The conceptual model of the study is that job performance is a function of motivation. Personal
characteristics are proposed as mediating factors. The model is from the standpoint of middle level
officer and their bosses in the Nigerian public service.
Boss Rated, Self-Rated and Boss Reported Objective performance were utilised. Motivation was self
reported. The motivation variables were grouped into Self-Actualising Intrinsic motivation. Higher Order
Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation. The effect of Global job satisfaction on rated job
performance was investigated.
Seven general propositions having many specific propositions were tested to establish the extent of
dependence between rated job performance and self reported motivation.
Four instruments were designed by the researcher and administered to rated officers and their
bosses. The instruments were Self-Rated performance instrument. Self Reported Motivation instrument.
Boss Rated performance instrument and Boss Reported Objective performance instrument.
The analytical tools used in the study included the chi-square test, contingency - coefficient, t-test
and protocol analysis. All tests were carried out at 5 per cent significance level.
The results of the tests of the propositions carried out indicated some significant relationships:
Self Rated Performance and Self-Reported Higher Order Intrinsic motivation were significantly
dependent:
Self Rated Performance and Self-Reported Self-Actualising Intrinsic Motivation were
significantly dependent;
SRP and Self-Reported Extrinsic Motivation were significantly dependent;
Boss-Rated Performance and perceive trust worthy colleagues by bosses were significantly
dependent;
Years spent in position by rated officers and Higher Order Intrinsic motivation were
Total years of work experience of rated officers and Higher Order Intrinsic Motivation were
Self Ratings of Performance were found to be higher than Boss Ratings of performance;
Two of these findings were pertinent to the open performance evaluation practice in the Nigerian
public service. The first is that subordinates tend to rate themselves higher than their bosses. The
second is that bosses perception of their colleagues as trustworthy significantly influences their ratings of
their subordinates. These findings indicate that both boss and self ratings tend to be subjective. Boss
ratings as practiced in the current open performance evaluation system should be complemented with an
objective performance assessment method.
Contrary to the findings on Self Rated Performance, Boss Rated Performance was not dependent
on Self Reported motivation. The Boss Reported objective performance obtained from the bosses on the
officers were incomplete. They were therefore not amenable to the statistical test of independence.
The significant relationships found in this study gave some support to the conceptual model of job
performance as a function of motivation in the Nigerian Public Service. A revision of the conceptual
model was carried out on the basis of the findings.
Further studies are required to establish the relationship between ability of middle level public
officers and their job performance. There is also the need to study further the possibility and implications
of using objective performance measures in the Nigeria Public Service.
UL-180-BUS-95
OGHOJAFOR EMUKUFIA AKPOYOMARE BEN
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER (CEO) SUCCESSION AND ORGANISATIONAL ADJUSTMENTS
AMONG NIGERIAN QUOTED FIRMS.
*
The purpose of the study are to determine:
the extent to which Quoted Nigerian firms practice CEO succession planning;
174
*
the influence of CEO succession type on organisational adjustments (procedural, personnel,
process, structural and strategic);
*
which type of organisational adjustments occur more frequently in firms with planned CEO
successions as against those without; and
*
the relationship between corporate strategic choices and environmental uncertainty
perception.
The main sample for this study was drawn from the population of companies quoted on the
Nigerian Stock Exchange, using simple random sampling method. Data was collected with questionnaire
adapted from Koberg (1987), it was validated. Data analyses employed a variety of statistical tools
including Chi Square and correlation tests.
From the analyses of data, the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Nigerian firms practise formalised succession planning. However, some of the firms formalised
succession planning are new.
2.
There is no significant relationship between CEO succession type and organisational
adjustment types.
3.
There is no relationship between CEO background and organisational adjustment types.
4.
Organisational size is not a determinant of the degree of formalised CEO succession planning
among Nigerian firms.
5.
Process adjustment type appears to have the strongest relationship with the other types of
organisational adjustment types.
6.
There is no relationship between CEO organisational adjustments and CEO perception of
environmental uncertainty.
7.
There is no relationship between CEO organisational adjustments and corporate strategic
choices.
UL-181-BUS-96
ADEPOJU BAMIDELE ADEBOYE
DETERMINANTS AND PATTERNS OF RETAIL OUTLET PATRONAGE IN URBAN AREAS
A major task facing marketers in general but retail outlet operators in particular is an
understanding of the buying behaviour of the people that constitute their target market. The rather keen
competition in today's market makes it imperative for the individual retailer to seek not only to retain his
patrons but attract new ones as much as possible, and in fact, attempt to build up a loyal group of
customers. This study is designed to assist retailers by studying patronage motives and retail outlet,
customers' profile.
Specifically, the study was designed to investigate "who" buys "what" from "where" and for "what"
considerations.
The investigation was carried out in two Nigerian urban centres, Lagos and Kano. Using two
separate structured questionnaires - the Retail and Shopping Questionnaires, data were gathered from
members of households and shoppers respectively in two independent sample surveys - the Retail
Survey and Shopping Survey. Earlier, a pilot study for this research was carried out in Kano in order to
test the instrument for reliability and validity. A sample of 200 households was used for the pilot study.
The multi-stage sampling procedure (a combination of stratified random sampling with purposive
sampling) was adopted for the retail Survey to choose 300 households from each of the two cities. The
Shopping Survey, on the other hand, involved a sample of 150 shoppers drawn from each of the two
cities (A total of 300 respondents). The shoppers were interviewed at both the Local/Traditional Market
(LM) and the Modern Retail Outlet (MRO) respectively while engaged in their regular shopping activities.
175
The data generated through the two survey research designs were analysed with the aid of IBM
PC/XT/AT computer using SPSS procedures. The analysis involved descriptive statistics and statistical test
of the hypotheses employing varying inferential statistical tests including multiple regression analysis,
One-Way, ANOVA, Friedman Test, Cochran Q Test, t-Test, Chi-Square analysis, Pearson Product Moment
Correlation analysis, etc. All statistical tests were carried out at 95 per cent confidence level.
Five hypotheses were tested in order to ascertain:
1.
Whether or not retail outlet patronage is explained or influenced by outlet related factors.
2a.
The relationship between consumer related factors and choice of outlet.
b.
i. The relationship between consumer characteristics and perception of the importance of retail
outlet attributes.
ii. The relationship between the frequency of shopping trips and consumer perception of the
various attributes of retail outlets.
c.
The relationship between the nature of product and choice of outlet.
3.
The relationship between consumer attitudes and choice of outlet.
4.
The existence or otherwise of store loyalty among patrons of Modern Retail Outlets.
5.
The relationship between consumer satisfaction and attitudes towards shopping.
The major findings of the study are as follows:
1.
It was established that some attributes of retail outlets do influence store choice. It is therefore
possible to predict consumers' choice of retail outlet on the basis of knowledge of their perception of the
importance of the notable evaluative criteria or the image factors. The result confirms that consumers in
a developing country like Nigeria are, like their counterparts in the developed countries, open to the
influence of store image characteristics in their retail outlet choice. However, it was apparent that some
attributes of outlets are more prominent than others in influencing consumer choice of an outlet where
to do shopping.
2.
Analysis also revealed that some of the personal characteristics of consumers such as education
ethnic subculture, geographic subculture, and religion also have some influence on consumer choice of
retail outlets. The various characteristics of consumers affect the way they perceive the attributes of
outlets even though at varying degrees. There are also indications that the choice or preference for an
outlet is not independent of the nature of the product to be bought.
It was similarly established that the outlet choice behaviour of the consumer does not depend
on his shopping attitudes. Nonetheless, there appear to be a statistically significant relationship between
consumer attitudes and perception of the importance of some retail outlet attributes.
Results further suggest that some stores in the MRO category were visited more often by
consumers than others. There were also statistically significant differences in consumer rank-ordering of
the five selected MRO stores. Thus statistical evidence suggests the existence of loyalty for particular
stores among consumers. There was ample evidence of a straight competition between only two of the
major chain stores used for the study, Leventis and UTC, with the latter apparently having an edge.
3.
Data analysis also suggests that most consumers usually buy almost all of their requirements
from the Local Market. Nonetheless, there is abundant evidence that while groceries, food stuffs, and
housewares are often bought from the LM, some durable high unit value items such as electronics and,
health and beauty care products like tooth paste and cosmetics are bought from the MRO. Notably the
frequency of trips to MROs is generally very low and varies across product categories.
4.
Analysis also revealed that there is statistically significant relationship between consumer
satisfaction with retail outlets and their shopping attitudes. Thus a consumer's attitude towards shopping
could be influenced by the level of satisfaction derived from shopping at an outlet. Hence, it could be
inferred that the more satisfaction consumers derive, the more favourable/positive will be their shopping
attitudes. It can be deduced therefore, that a satisfied customer will most likely repeat patronage at an
outlet that provided the needed satisfaction.
Thus, it has become obvious that adequate knowledge of the consumers that constitute the target
market for individual retail outlet operators could combine with the outlet's attributes to effectively
predict outlet choice behaviour of such consumers. Consequently, an appropriate marketing strategy
176
based on effective segmentation of the target audience using benefit desired by patrons as a principal
criterion can be formulated and implemented to ensure effective and profitable retail marketing
operation.
UL-182-BUS-96
GBADAMOSI GBOLAHAN
THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND COMMUNICATION ON
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY
Ph.D Business Administration 1996 247pp.
This research seeks to empirically assess the relationship between organizational commitment, and
organizational communication on the one hand and organization effectiveness on the other in the
Nigerian banking industry. The theory states that each of organizational commitment and organizational
communication influence the effectiveness of the organization. The research is a survey that used both
primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained with the aid of standardised instrument
(questionnaires), while the secondary data were obtained from the annual statement of accounts of the
banks in focus. Five behavioural variables (morale, career satisfaction, non-work satisfaction, turnover
intention and anxiety) and ten economic or financial performance indicators were used to measure
organizational effectiveness.
With assistance of the personnel department, 30 questionnaires were administered to randomly
selected officers/managers in ten commercial banks giving a total sample size of 300. A total of 256
usable questionnaires were returned representing a response rate of 85 percent. The data was analysed
using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Data analysis was done on two levels; the organizational level ( n
= 10 organizations); and the individual level (n = 256 respondents). Organizational scores were obtained
by aggregating the individual responses from each organization.
The general findings reveal that the relationship between the three variables (organizational
commitment, communication and effectiveness) is not so direct. The results show a strong negative
relationship
between organizational commitment and certain dimensions of organizational
communication like trust, influence, summarisation, desire for interaction and lateral communication.
Also a strong positive relationship was found between organizational commitment and the behavioural
measures of effectiveness except anxiety. Similarly, the behavioural measures were significantly and
positively interrelated except again, anxiety. Moreover, out of 85 possible intercorrelations between
dimensions of communicating and behavioural measures of effectiveness, only eight were significant
revealing that the relationship between the two variables is not so strong.
On the overall, the results suggest that there is a stronger relationship between organizational
commitment and the behavioural measures of effectiveness than between organizational communication
and organizational effectiveness. Again, organizational commitment and organizational communication
are strongly though inversely related in many respects. Moreover, the results of the study are similar in
most respects at both the organizational and individual level of analysis thereby rendering the multi-level
analysis of data not as important as it may have appeared.
Many of the findings of this research are consistent with the literature reviewed. The implications
of the findings especially the need to enhance organizational commitment, provide effective
communication amongst employees within the organization, and ensure behavioural effectiveness
indicators like high morale, career and nonwork satisfaction, intention to stay and a low level of anxiety
were discussed. These are not only important in the planning and effective use of manpower but also for
enhanced organizational functioning. Suggestions were made for direction of future studies while
conclusions and limited generalisations were drawn.
UL-183-BUS-98
NWANDULU AUSTIN UDEZE
177
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
PERFORMANCE.
TEAMS
AND
ORGANIZATIONAL
The study is concerned with the problem of determining what makes top executives effective in
their arduous task of piloting organisations for better and sustained performance. Since top executives
make key decisions for organisations, how and why they make such important decisions are essentials
for proper understanding and prediction of organisational outcomes. In the past, studies have focused
attention on the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). However, as organisations become more complex,
decision making processes get devolved and diffused such that key decision are made by Strategic
Management Teams (SMTs) and not just the CEO. Thus, it becomes important to study the attributes of
the SMT and determine the extent of their influence on organisational performance.
The top management teams of two industries. Banking and Food and Beverages, were separately
studied using questionnaire that elicited information on the characteristics of strategic management
teams and the companies they managed. Data were analysed using Chi-Square. Frequency distribution,
mean contingency coefficient, t-test, Friedmans test and Kruskal Wallis test.
The study examined linkages between age, education, experience and strategic influence of
members of SMT and organisational performance. For the age variable, the study did not find any
difference between performances of younger and older SMTs. This suggests that age of executives does
not matter at corporate levels. The study also did not establish any relationship between relevance or
level of education of SMTs and the performance of their firms. Likewise, no relationship was found
between experience of SMTs and organisational performance. These findings also suggest that
educational and experience of SMTs though essential are not sufficient requirements for organisational
performance. The study however found significant differences in the amount of influence wielded by
members of SMT. It also found that organisations with dominant CEOs out-perform those with diffused
influence. It is instructive to note that the research investigation was conducted under turbulent
economic environment. Thus, the finding suggests that, under dynamic or turbulent business
environments, dominance of CEO influence is necessary for organisational performance.
UL-184-BUS-99
UMUKORO FRANCIS GEORGE
STRUCTURAL AND STRATEGIC CHANGES AND MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIAN
STATE-OWNED COMPANIES
State-owned enterprises have become important instruments of social and economic policy in
Industrialized mixed economy and in developing economy. The use of state-owned enterprises as
instruments of public policy became accentuated in the early 80's when it was obvious that the declining
economy has to be taken out of the direct control of the state, thus amounting to a conscious attempt to
roll back the frontier of the state and return to the market.
Much of the state-owned companies are concerned with how these enterprises should behave, and
what should be the product of their operations. Thus, management of these companies was entrusted in
the hands of top management selected from different background. But the frequency at which members
of this top management team are changed is considered unhealthy for the smooth running of the
companies.
This research seeks to empirically assess the relationship between changes in top management
team structure and strategies with a view to evaluating the extent to which these changes affect the
performance of subordinate managers.
The research is a survey that considered two set of samples drawn from a defined population
(State-owned companies in Nigeria). The state-owned companies used are the ones identified to be
178
specifically operating in the service sector of Nigerian economy. These samples were labeled "fully
commercialized companies, and partially commercialized companies".
A questionnaire was administered on randomly selected respondents from three defined groups of
managers within the two companies. These are top management, senior managers, and middle/lower
level managers.
Data analyzed employed a variety of statistical tools including regression analysis. From
the analyses, three sets of findings, most of which were consistent with the literature, constitute the
major findings in the research. The first finding was on three related concepts of structural changes,
reorganization and transformation which constitute what may be collectively conceived as structural and
strategic changes.
Second, virtually all the companies listed in the commercialization Programme had more of its
members in the top management team come from the same demographic-homogeneous areas within
the nine years reported. Thirdly, what was specifically responsible for changes in the top management
team structure, may not be unconnected with changes in the internal operations mechanisms occasioned
by the prevalence of formalization and centralization of decision making process in state-owned
companies. The fourth finding was on the effects of changes in top management team structure on
managerial performance. Based on the assumption of three criteria of inefficiency, efficiency and
effective managerial performance, it was found that efficient performance as an aggregate measure of
managerial performance is the terminal level of performance that can be supported by members in a
demographic-homogeneous top management team structure in partially or fully commercialized
companies. Functional-heterogeneous and professional-bureaucracy could not support efficient
managerial performance, rather their management styles resulted in inefficiency as the aggregate
measure of managerial performance.
The fifth finding was on the change in strategies and its impact on managerial performance. Two
categories of strategies relating to the two conflicting functions of state-owned companies were
identified. These are political-oriented and business-oriented strategies. Changes in the use of these
strategies were found to be directly related to changes in the top management team structures.
Demographic-homogeneous team prefer the use of political-oriented strategies which can only result in
efficiency as the aggregate level of managerial performance while, functional-heterogeneous team and
professional-bureaucracy team would prefer the use of business-oriented strategies which bring about
effectiveness as an aggregate level of managerial performance.
UL-185-BUS-01
AGHAZIE OBINWA BENTLEY
APPLICATION OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN THE NIGERIAN NAVY.
This thesis describes and discusses Operations Research (OR) applications in the Nigerian Navy
(NN). The NN is a developing navy, although more sophisticated compared with many developing navies.
Its increasing scientific and technological base demand for staff who are both literate and numerate. As a
result, the NN is producing a crop of increasingly numerate officers and those that have to be so
oriented, who need analytical tools to work with. It is expected that OR will provide such analytical tools
for the NN staff to work with.
A brief description of OR as the general area of study; followed by a discussion of OR and
management culture in the NN led to a survey of articles concerned with effectiveness of OR as an
applied science. Currently, there are two prominent issues in the argument on the practice of OR:
a.
b.
The lack of an adequately systematic approach that will make OR practice less intuitive.
How to make OR relevant to the prevailing situations in the developing countries.
179
The major emphasis of this thesis are on the levels of awareness, usage of OR, and attempts to
establish which are the relevant factors affecting the use of OR in the NN. The results indicate that OR is
being used for a variety of different purposes in the NN and the frequency of utilization of various OR
techniques has generally been attributed to relative simplicity of different techniques.
In this thesis, the characteristics of operation decision-making in the NN that are amenable to OR
application were surveyed. The structuring approach has been used to identify the OR-Type problem that
are most commonly experienced in the NN operations. The results obtained suggest a trans-department
and trans-functional occurrence of problem types. This led to survey of OR solution methods and
techniques for analyzing the observed problem types. The choices were based on the technical and
economic feasibility of their applications in the context of the NN. Consequently, the choices were limited
to the simple methods and techniques which the experiences of OR practice in developed navies of the
world, such as US and Britain indicate are the most commonly used in operations.
This thesis recommends a structuring approach as a basis for OR practice. The approach enables
the use of paradigms as a link between practical problems; standard OR techniques and solution
methods. This procedure constitutes a systematic OR approach to identify and formulate practical
problems. It seeks to routinize the use of the existing body of knowledge in OR; therefore it is an
appropriate approach to be adopted in the NN. This will make OR practice in the NN less dependent on
intuition.
UL-186-BUS-01
OGUNDELE OGUNDEJI JOLAOSINMI
DETERMINANT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EMERGENCE, BEHAVIOUR AND PERFORMANCE IN
NIGERIA.
This research attempts to ascertain, empirically, the determinants of entrepreneurial emergence,
behaviour and performance, as perceived by indigenous entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The assumptions being
tested are that entrepreneurial emergence, behaviour and performance are affected by several sets of
factors. The objective of the study is to identify the critical determinants that influence the emergence
behaviour and performance of indigenous entrepreneurs in Nigeria.
Two groups of entrepreneurs were involved. The first group consisted of private entrepreneurs of
self-starter, in the food, processing industry. The second group consisted of entrepreneurs who received
training and financial assistance from the National Directorate of Employment (NDE). The research
activities covered Oyo, Osun, and Lagos States. In all, 74 private entrepreneurs PEs) and 70 National
Directorate of Employment assisted entrepreneurs (NDEAEs) were involved in this study, thus making a
total of 144 entrepreneurs (n = 144 respondents). The method employed in the research was field
survey, which was both exploratory and explanatory in nature. Primary data were collected from the two
groups of entrepreneurs by employing questionnaires, face-to-face interviews and case
study/observation methods.
The study employed ten broad independent variables. These are: social relations, political factor,
technology, previous work experience, training and development, formal education, economic
environment, innovativeness, structural elements and a group of demographic variables. Three
dependent variables were involved. These are emergence, behaviour, and performance.
The general findings revealed a variety of factors which directly affect the three phases of
entrepreneurship. These are emergence, behaviour, and performance processes.
The results showed that the following factors have significant effects on entrepreneurial
emergence: social relations, political factor, previous work experience, formal education and technology.
There was a partial support for the effect of training and development and innovation on entrepreneurial
emergence.
180
Entrepreneurial behaviour was also significantly affected by social relations, political factor,
adoption in relation with technology, previous work experience, innovation, structure of the organization,
method of communication and interpersonal relations.
There was a partial support for the effects of training and development and delegation of authority
on behaviour. There was no support for the prediction on the use of subordinates initiatives in decisionmaking.
Entrepreneurial performance was significantly influenced by social relations, political factor, training
and development, previous work experience, innovativeness, and some structural elements. However,
size was not related to performances. Also, there was no support for the predicted effect of technology
on performance.
It was also found that there were variations in the importance attached to each of the factors and
the areas of needs for training and development that were ranked. That acts of indiscipline negatively
affect entrepreneurship is an accidental truth of this study.
Overall, the results suggest that several factors, both environmental and personal, affect the
emergence, behaviour, and performance of entrepreneurs.
The findings of this research are generally in conformity with the literature reviewed. Several
implications of the findings, especially as they
relate to stimulating a higher rate of entrepreneurial emergence, developing positive entrepreneurial
behaviour, and generating higher levels of performance, were discussed. The relevance of the study in a
comprehensive entrepreneurship development programmes was highlighted. The directions for future
research were suggested, with tentative conclusions and limited generalizations were drawn.
UL-187-BUS-05
IYIEGBUNIWE, PETER CHUKS
THE IMPACT OF MANAGERIAL PERCEPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS ON
MARKETING STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF QUOTED FIRMS IN NIGERIA.
Ph.D Business Administration (Marketing), (2005)
In Nigeria, it is apparent that the business environment of today has rarely been exceeded in its
degree of complexity, rapidity of change, turbulence and the significant impacts it unleashes on business
firms. Thus, the paradox that the performance of Nigerian firms is lugubriously low in an environment
that is considered richly endowed and munificient is the problem this research sets out to investigate.
The underlying premise of the research is that better perception and understanding of
environmental characteristics will put the top executives of Nigerian firms in the best position to
formulate marketing strategies that are in alignment with the demands of the environment and thence
enhance the performance of the firms. The purpose is to determine the strategic behaviours of the top
executives of Nigerian firms in terms of how they perceive the Nigerian business environment, the
marketing strategies they adopt to operate in the environment ad the performance implications for their
firms.
Because of its advantages in researches of this nature, the survey research design was adopted for
the study. Data was collected by questionnaire method from a sample of forty and twenty-nine
marketing executives selected by stratified sampling technique to participate in the first and second
phases of the research respectively.
Results of the research show that:
·
There are differences in the ways top executives of Nigeria firms perceive the characteristics of
the “Nigeria” business environment.
·
There are significant differences in the marketing strategies of Nigerian firms in the various
strategic groups; and
·
There are significant differences in the performance of Nigerian firms in the various strategic
groups. Prospectors firms outperformed defenders, analyzers and reactors in all performance criteria.
181
In consonance with the objectives of the research it can concluded that:
·
The strategic behaviours of the top executives of Nigerian firms are comparable to the
archetypal strategies developed by Miles and Snow (1978): and well accepted in strategic management
literature.
·
Differences in strategic orientations can be used to explain the variations in how the top
executives perceive their business environment and consequently the marketing strategies the choose to
complete with and ultimately the performance of the firms.
It is recommended that the top executives of Nigeria firms need to sharpen and improve their
means and methods of environmental scanning and monitoring, so that their perception of
environmental characteristics can be more realistic.
Such realistic perception of environmental
characteristics will enable them to perceive the available opportunities in the environment, and then align
their firms’ strength properly to the demands of the environment for superior performance.
UL-188-BUS-05
LAWAL ABUDL-AZEEZ ABIOYE
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF NIGERIAN SMALL
AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN LAGOS STATE.
Ph.D Business Administration (Management) (2005)
The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the theoretical and empirical
relationships between management practices (planning, leadership, control and social responsibility) and
some dimensions of organizational effectiveness of Nigerian SMEs. Data were generated by means of
two sets of questionnaires administered to SMEs in Lagos. The study generated a sixty percent response
rate from two hundred and nine (209) SMEs who had been in existence for more than five years.
Responses from the survey were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson product
moment correlation, multiple regression and F-test, Results of the study indicate that Nigerian SMEs
operators are mostly autocratic and participative in leadership styles but are more autocratic than being
participative. SMEs are increasingly embracing planning and control practices and are actively involved in
business ethics, urban and consumer affairs, but least involved in environmental affairs. The study
showed that organizational effectiveness of the participating firms is to a large extent satisfactory.
Furthermore, planning practices and leadership styles were found to have insignificant relationship with
measures of organizational effectiveness. However, control practices and involvement in social
responsibility were found to correlate positively with organizational effectiveness. The implications of
this study include the need for encouraging Nigerian SMEs investment of resources in control and some
aspects of social responsibility, monitoring of SME environmental affairs and reappraisal of Nigerian SMEs
leadership styles and planning system to make them relevant and effective in the contemporary business
environment. Finally, conclusion, recommendations and suggestions for future studies were highlighted
to demonstrate generalize ability of the study’s result on the generalization of the study.
UL-189-BUS-08
ANYIKA EMMANUEL NWANOLUE
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL
UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITALS IN NIGERIA
Ph.D Business Administration (Management) (2008) 241pp.
EFFECTIVENESS
IN
The study examines the extent of application of strategic management in Nigerian tertiary health care
institutions, and investigates:
182
•
top managements’ understanding of different environmental factors and problems affecting their
hospitals.
•
the extent to which differential variables (management background and experience) of the CMD
contribute to organizational effectiveness.
•
the extent to which the Board of Directors influence on the CMD has contributed to organizational
effectiveness.
•
the relationships between the Nigerian environment, differential variables, strategic management
practices, management philosophy and organizational effectiveness in order to determine which aspect(s)
of the first four variables are associated most strongly with effectiveness in healthcare organizations.
•
the extent to which they apply the techniques of strategic management.
•
the problems they experience in practising strategic management as well as evaluate the success or
otherwise of strategic management practices in these institutions.
Survey research technique was used, which comprises two research instruments, one each for top and
middle managers respectively. They were validated. The main sample for the study was drawn from
Federal University teaching hospitals of at least twenty-five (25) years of existence one from each of the
six geopolitical zones in Nigeria; using stratified random sampling technique, tossing of coin or simple
selection as the case may be. All top managers and all identified managers in the hospital units were used
for the study. Four hypotheses were tested. Data analysis involves the use of Statistical Package for Social
Science (SPSS) version 13, to determine the frequency distribution, independent t-test, correlation and
regression outcomes.
The following conclusions are drawn from the analyses:
1. Top and middle level managers are aware of different environmental factors affecting their
performance and organizational effectiveness.
2.
The management background and experience of the Chief Medical Director (CMD) and Board
of Directors’ influence, all contribute to managerial performance and organizational effectiveness.
3.
Top managers apply strategic management to a limited degree.
4.
No individual or department is responsible for strategy development, which contributes to
lapses in repositioning the health organizations in a rapidly changing environment.
5.
There is a relationship between the Nigerian environment, CMDs’ attributes, managerial
philosophy, strategic management practices on the one hand and organizational effectiveness. The
environment – with a major organizational influence in terms of opportunities and threats, remains
significantly unexplored by top health managers. The developed strategic management model can be
used for the development of strategic management programmes in secondary and tertiary healthcare
institutions.
6.
Top managers are not equipped with adequate management background to enable them direct
such big health organizations in a strategic sense.
7.
The commitment of the middle and lower level managers is low, which contributes to low
productivity. The crucial importance of strategic management in labour intensive organizations like
healthcare delivery system is highlighted for subsequent exploration, by health managers.
UL-190-BUS-08
GBADAMOSI ABDUL OLALEKAN
EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS ON EMPLOYEES JOB SATISFACTION
IN THE LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENT.
Ph.D Business Administration (Management) (2008)
183
Human beings are the single most important resource in any enterprise. They are the key to high
productivity and efficiency. Thus, understanding the factors that affect the degree to which a person
identifies with his or her job and actively participates in it cannot be over emphasized.
When people speak of employee attitude, more often than not they mean job satisfaction. In fact, the two
terms are frequently used interchangeably. What is not readily discernable is the impact of individual and
situational variables in the direction of job satisfaction. This is the central focus of this work.
The study sought to explore the interrelationship between selected individual variables as manifested in
the Lagos State Government establishments in order to identify which of the variables have direct impact
on employees’ level of job satisfaction; explore the extent to which an employee of Lagos State
establishment will attain his or her objectives within the framework of existing conditions of service;
determine the existence of the differences between workers in various establishments of the Lagos State
government; determine the existence of opportunity which an employee can explore and be satisfied on
the job; explore possible relationships among workers which are capable of bringing harmony and
understanding that may contribute to job satisfaction, and determine the extent to which employees of
Lagos State Government establishments are treated in terms of human resource welfare.
It employs a methodology explicating the contention that job satisfaction is contingent upon the variability
of the environment, and evaluates how and to what degrees both individual and situational factors
influence employee’s job satisfaction and to what degree. This is done using a study population of all
establishments in the Lagos State Government of Nigeria and the individual as the unit of analysis. The
study sample comprises of eighteen establishments, six each for ministries, parastatals and agencies;
where a sample of four employee categories (Top Management staff, Senior Managers, Middle Lower
Managers, and non-managerial employees) was made from each of these establishments.
A structured questionnaire containing 52 items drawn from 10 variables (dependent and independent
variables) was the main instrument used to explicate data from respondents, measuring the various
aspects that reflect the nature of these variables. The study adopted analytical models such as correlation,
regression and path analyses in assessing the research questions, while the chi-square was used to analyse
the five hypotheses.
Based on the analysis of data the study concluded that workers at the lower levels have little or no
knowledge of understanding what work values connotes and a realization on the part of employees
occasionally triggers uncomfortable reaction. Thus, confirming that the most recalcitrant problems of Lagos
State Government establishments with respect to non-provision of adequate employee welfare arise from
the frequency of changes in the top management team structure, which brings about reorganisation as a
result of the changes in the strategies formulated and adopted by the different top management team.
UL-191-BUS-08
KUYE OWOLABI LATEEF
ENTREPRENEUSHIP, STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND FIRMS’ PERFORMANCE IN
MANUFACTURING FIRM’S IN NIGERIA.
Concern for investment in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria has continued to grow; but little is probably
known about its entrepreneurial and strategic management postures. This study examines the relationship
between entrepreneurship, strategic management practices (scanning intensity, planning flexibility, locus
of planning, strategic controls, financial controls, scenario planning and corporate self-concept) and firms’
performance in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Data were generated by means of questionnaires from
670 manufacturing firms on entrepreneurship, strategic management practices and performance variables.
Responses from the survey were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics, product moment
correlation, Z-test (approximated with the independent sample t-test), F-test and multiple regression. The
184
results of the study indicate a statistically significant relationship among the variables. However, the
influence of financial controls on firms’ performance and on entrepreneurship was found to be insignificant.
The results indicate that participating firms were considerably involved in planning flexibility and scenario
planning, and scored appreciably in performance. The findings also revealed low involvement of
participating firms in entrepreneurship, scanning intensity, locus of planning, strategic controls and
corporate self-concept. The implications of this study include the need to encourage manufacturing firms
to demonstrate high level of commitment to strategic management practices and entrepreneurship. Finally,
conclusion, recommendations and suggestions for further studies were made to demonstrate the
significance of the study.
UL-192-BUS-08
SULAIMON ABDUL-HAMEED ADEOLA
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY AND THE PERFORMANCE
ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.
OF
SMALL
AND
MEDIUM
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become the rhetoric of every Business Enterprise, no
exceptions to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. This study examines the relationship between
Corporate Social Responsibility and Organisational Performance of SMEs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data
were generated by means of questionnaires to 261 operators of SMEs, 2518 employees and
2591consumers of the products and services of the enterprises on CSR and Performance Variables.
Responses from the survey were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product
moment correlation, Z test, F-Test and multiple regression. Results show a statistical significant
relationship among variables. Specifically, they indicate that CSR is relevant and practised by
participating SMEs in Lagos State, particularly in business ethics, consumer affairs, and environmental
affairs. This is consistent with a recent survey in Europe where research on SMEs found that they tend to
be active in CSR. The study also revealed low involvement of participating firms in employee and
community affairs. The study also showed that organisational performance of SMEs is satisfactory, with
exception of financial strength, profitability and performance stability which was below the minimum
threshold, although did not preclude a completely low performance. The importance of this study
includes the need to encourage SMEs to invest more in CSR, particularly on employee and the
community within which they operate.
UL-193-BUS-08
DIXON-OGBECHI BANJOKO NKEMDINIM
RELATIONSHIP MARKETING AND THE SURVIVAL OF INDIGENOUS COMPANIES IN THE
FOOD AND BEVERAGES INDUSTRY IN LAGOS METROPOLIS.
Ph.D Business Administration (Marketing) (2008) 327pp.
In the era of global business and competitiveness, for organizations to survive and effectively adapt to
the changing environment, as well as achieve their set marketing goals and objectives, they need to
design different marketing strategies and policies. Relationship marketing is one of such contemporary
marketing strategies employed in both developed and developing economies. This research study sought
to explore whether relationship marketing is adopted by organizations in the Nigerian food and beverage
industry and also to see if the application of analytical techniques, specifically the Analytical Hierarchy
Process (a technique which incorporates quantitative as well as quantitative factors), will enhance the
intelligent practice of relationship marketing, especially by indigenous companies thereby helping them
overcome competition from multinationals.
185
An exploratory research using both qualitative and quantitative approach was conducted; judgmental
sampling and disproportionate stratified sampling were used to select a sample of 67 (55 indigenous
companies and 12 multinationals) out of a population size of 130 food and beverage companies in Lagos
metropolis; 300 research instruments were administered to each stratum. And through Snowball
sampling, questionnaires were administered to a sample of 400 customers of these companies. The data
gathered were analyzed using the SPSS 15.0 and Expert Choice (EC8) software. The Hypotheses were
tested using: percentages, descriptive statistical tables, student’s t-Test, ANOTA, and Correlation analysis,
at the 95% confidence level; post Hoc tests were also conducted for improved analysis.
This study has found out that some organizations in the Nigerian food and beverage industry have
adopted relationship marketing; the relationship marketing variables they adopt are trust, relationship
commitment, communication, internal marketing and support and cooperation.
However, the study found out that there is a gap between organisation’ thinking and customers’ thinking.
The implication of this is that organizations are not capturing as much a market share as they could.
Thus, they have to redesign their relationship marketing strategies in line with customers’ thinking. The
Analytic Hierarchy Process Model can assist in achieving this goal by providing a framework for the
optimal allocation of organizational resources. Thus, this study answered all the research questions posed
and has opened new opportunities in the area of application of Operations Research tools to Relationship
Marketing.
CELL BIOLOGY
AND
GENETICS
(FORMERLY BIOLOGY)
UL-194-BIY-76
RUFUS OLAWUMI ALABI
STUDIES ON GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGEA) LEAF SPOT DISEASE IN WESTERN
NIGERIA.
Ph.D Biology (1976) 183pp.
Cerospora arachidicola Hori was identified as the causal pathogen of groundnut leaf spot disease in
Western Nigeria. The fungus did not infect young leaves until they were over four weeks old. The
disease affected up to 33% of plants and 65% of leaf surface area in severely infected farms.
Growth studies of the pathogen showed that fungus did not readily sporulate on synthetic media.
However, when leaf decoction from mature groundnut leaves was incorporated into a basal nutrient
medium, the fungus sporulated freely. It was found that the fungus grew well on solid media in the
laboratory at 250C, in total darkness.
Infected leaves and stems of previous season crops were found to be the main source of conidia
for infection.
Infection usually took place through the stomata by conidia which were either wind borne of
transferred by rain splash, the best time for infection was during the night when low temperature (220C)
and high relative humidities (RH 75 - 81%) favoured the germination and development of the conidia.
Infection of groundnut leaves by C. arachidicola resulted in 50% reduction in starch, 33% in sugar and
up to 25% in amino acids content during four weeks of infection.
C. arachidicola produced polygalacturonase and cellulase in pure culture. The activities of both
enzymes were highest at 250C. Cellulase activity was highest at pH 5.5, while that of polygalacturonase
was highest at pH 6. Dithane M.45, benomyl and captan inhibited polygalacturonase activity
considerably, whereas only benomyl and dithane M.45 showed corresponding inhibitory effect on
186
cellulase. Benomyl, dithane M.45, captan and kocide 101 at concentrations of 200 and 500 ppm, sprayed
forthnightly, prevented groundnut leaves from infection. At these concentrations fungicides prevented
early leaf abscission, and had no toxic effect on the groundnut plants.
UL-195-BIY-77
OKOLO G.O.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FISH SPOILAGE
A bacteriological, chemical, and sensory study of fresh and spoiling local fish species, e.g. Tilapia
and Clarias - both of commercial importance - is described.
The distribution of bacterial types of fish samples obtained from 'clean' and faecally-polluted
waters, as well as from local retail markets, is reported. Unhygienic handling at retail markets and faecal
pollution of waters have been established as being responsible for the presence of large bacterial
populations and high proportions of potential pathogens on the fish samples studied.
Various physical and chemical changes occur in fish on storage. Proteins are degraded to amino
acids: amino acids are decomposed to lower molecular, volatile aminos, such as ammonia: fats are
hydrolysed to fatty acids. Trimethylavine oxide is broken down to trimethylamine.
The effects of subjecting fish samples at different storage temperatures and treatment with
chonical preservatives have been studied. Low storage temperatures and treatment with simple chemical
mixtures reduce bacterial growth and hence increase shelf-life of fish.
UL-196-BIY-78
ARIBISALA OLUREMI A. (MRS)
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SHRIM PS SPOILAGE
Bacterial counts of samples of freshly caught shrimps, Penaeus duorarum and of sea water
from Nigeria, were carried out for a period of ten months, from April 1975 to January 1976. A monthly
variation in the size of the bacterial populations of shrimps and sea water was observed.
Gram-positive bacteria were generally more abundantly isolated than Gram-negative bacteria from
shrimps and sea water. Coryneforms predominated the isolates. Next in abundance were micrococci,
followed by staphylococci. Other genera occurring on shrimps and in sea water were Acinetobacter spp.
Bacillus spp. Flavobacterium spp. Pseudomonas spp. some members of Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonas
spp and Moraxella spp. The flora of the shrimp after spoilage at chilled temperature consisted mainly of
Pseudomonas spp. and at room temperature consisted mainly of Aeromonas spp.
Aerobic bacterial flora of smoked shrimps obtained from markets in Lagos and Port Harcourt was
examined. The bacterial loads ranged from log 10 3.3 to log10 9.4. The isolates were mostly Gramprositive, micrococci and coryneforms.
Chitinolytic Vibrio alginolyticus, Bacillus cerous, pseudomonas spp, Aeromonas spp. Flavobacterium
spp. were isolated from sea water. Chitinolytic Vibrio alginolyticua. Psoudomonas spp and pacillus cereus
were also isolated from the surface and gut of freshly caught shrimps.
The production and properties of chitinase by V. alginolyticus was studied using 3, 4-dinitrophenyltetra N-acetyl-chitotatraoaids. (3, 4 - DNP-TNAC) as substrate. The chitinase had a pH optimum of 5.5
to 6.0 and temperature optimum of 560C. Chitinse activity on 3, 4 - DNP-TNAC was inhibited by chitin.
The Km value for the chitinase was about 7.5uM and V max was 0.020u mol min-1 of 3, 4-DNP-released.
Chitinase production by V. alginolyticus was highly inducible. The peak of chitinase activity was
recorded from the culture broth of V. alginolyticus on the 6th day of incubation. A percentage of 90 - 96
of the total chitinase activity was recovered by partially purifying the enzyme with ammonium sulphate
187
(80% saturation) and a sixty-fold increase in specific activity was obtained, by further purification on G200 Sephadex, as compared with culture supernatant.
UL-197-BIY-80
ADENIYI MODUPE TAIWO
MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION OF FAECES IN LAGOS LAGOON
Studies on the decomposition of faeces in Lagos lagoon water by micro-organisms have been
carried out. An undistributed lagoon environment was created by adding faeces, at two different rates to
lagoon water in open glass tanks standing in pits in the Biological Garden of the University of Lagos.
Faece made up of ash (50%), cellulose (13%), lipids (30%), proteins (2.6%), total amino acids (5.4%)
and total sugars (0.3%) and containing known (identified) bacterial flora was added to lagoon water also
of known bacterial flora. The bacterial flora and the physicochemical properties of the water in the
experimental tanks were studied over 12 weeks, and fungi associated with faecal decomposition
identified.
Bacteria involved in the decomposition of faeces belonged to the genera. Achromobacter, Bacillus,
Corybenacterium, Clostridium, Flavobacterium, Gomella Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas,
Shigella and Vibrio, and the fungi isolated were Aspergillus Orchraceus, Candida Lipolytica, Penicillium
citrium, Penicillium sp. and Paecilomyces variotti. The involvement of these species in faeces
decomposition was established by growing them on faeces medium and media containing components of
faeces such as fats, meat, peptone and the simple sugars, fructose, glucose, mannitol, maltose and
sucrose. Some of the species were also able to grow on cellulose, pectin and starch media. The
cellulolytic species which would breakdown cellulose to make the products of digestion available to the
rest of the species were Bacillus sp., Conmebacterium sp., Flavohacterium sp., Micrococcus sp.,
Pseudomonas Streptomyces sp., Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sp., and
Paecilomyces variotti.
Considerable physico-chemical changes occurred in the lagoon water during the decomposition of
faeces resulting in heavy growth of blue-green algae particularly Enteromomha and Oscillatoria species
and changes in both the quality and quantity of the bacterial population. The initial bacterial population
of 20 x 108 per ml as shown by inoculated nutrient agar plates incubated at 280C rose to a population of
more than 3,000 x 108 per ml after 8 weeks. Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Lactobacillus,
Micrococcus and Pseudomonas became dominant by the 8th to the 12th week in lagoon water to which
faeces was added only once, at the beginning of the experiment. The dominant genera in lagoon water
which received a heavier load of faeces at the same stage of the investigation were Bacillus,
Conmebacterium, Flavobacterium, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus and Pseudomonas. The population of 5 6 genera therefore dwindled with increasing storage time. The fungi except Candida Lipolytica, grew
well in lagoon water and in NacI solution of a concentration of 3.4% (W/v), but less luxuriantly at 6.8%
NAC1. The fungi survived 12 weeks' storage in these media.
There were different patterns of change in the physicochemical characteristics of the content of the
tanks. Salinity decreased while dissolved oxygen, free carbon-dioxide, ammonia nitrate nitrogen,
orthophosphate and sulphate concentration rose. The pH changed from alkaline to neutral, while the
temperature of the water remained steady at 280C.
UL-198-BIY-80
AKPATA VICTORIA IMADE TONIE
STUDIES ON FUNGAL DECOMPOSITION OF SAWDUST IN LAGOS LAGOON.
188
The fungi isolated from Lagos Lagoon and decomposing sawdust in the lagoon included Aspergillus
flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus giganteus, giganteus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus tamarii, Candida famata, Cladosporium oxysporum, Curwularia geniculata and Debaryomyces
hansenii. Others were Fusarium solani, Geotrichum candidum, Muco haemialis, Paecilomyces variotti,
Penicillium species Trichoderma aureoviride and an unidentified basidiomycete.
The fungal population of Lagos lagoon varied with season, the population being highest in the
rainy season (March - October) when there was increased organic matter content (188 mg/1), greater
turbidity (0.3m) and reduced salinity (2.0%).
There was a positive correlation between suspended matter and fungal count of the lagoon. The
relation between salinity and turbidity with fungal count on the other hand showed a negative
correlation.
Most of the fungi isolated from decomposing sawdust in the lagoon were securyhaline, growing at
a wide range of salinities (0.340).
Sporulation of the fungal isolation decreased with increase in salinity, the decrease being more
marked in media containing over 1.7% NACI (equivalent to 50% sea water in total ionic concentration).
Spore germination of the fungal isolates was poor in sterling distilled water and lagoon water of
21.0% salinity.
Conidia of Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium oxysporum and Trichoderma aureoviride germinated in
aqueous extracts of Khaya ivorensis sawdust, whereas only the conidia of trichoderma aureoviride
germinated in aqueous of the sawdust inhabitant in aqueous sawdust of Mitragyna ciliata and
Triplochiton scleroxylon. Although germination of conidia of Aspergillus giganteus was inhibitant in
aqueous sawdust extracts of Khaya ivorensins, Mitragyna ciliata and Triplochiton scleroxylon, addition of
nutrients to the extract improved germination.
Mineral salts - CaCI2, KH2PO4, MgSo4.7H2O and NaCI had varied effects on conidia germination of
Aspergillus flavus, A giganteus, Cladosporium Oxysporum and Trichoderma aureoviride. While KH2PO4
and NaCI individually supported germination of A. giganteus. CaCI2 and MgSO4 7H2O inhibited
germination of all the fungi.
Cellulolytic activities of Aspergillus flavus, A. giganteus, A. niger, Cladosporium oxysporum,
geotrichum candidum, Paecilomyces variotti and a basidiomycete isolate were observed when grown on
colloidal cellulose medium. In addition, Aspergillus giganteus and Cladosporium Oxysporum caused
significant weight loss of Whatman No. 1 filler paper in mineral salts medium. However, media containing
cellulose extracted from sawdust did not support growth of their fungi.
There was a significant loss of weight of sawdust innoculated with Aspergillus flavus. A. giganteus,
Cladosporium oxysporum and Trichoderma aureoviride. Addition of glucose on peptone to the medium
enhanced fungal utilization of sawdust.
Lignolytic activities were not detected when the fungal isolates were inoculated onto media
containing Lignin.
UL-199-BIY-81
OGUNTUYO OLUGBO OLUSIMBO (MISS)
STUDIES ON MICROBIAL SPOILAGE OF ONIONS (ALLIUM CEPA L)
Four micro-organisms were isolated from rotted onion bulbs, purple variety, purchased from
markets in the Lagos State of Nigeria. Three of them were pathogenic; they produced soft rot when
wound-inoculated into healthy onion bulbs. The micro-organisms were identified as Pseudomonas
cepacia Buckholder, Candida utilis (Henneberg) Lodder and Kreger-Van Rig and Pseudomonas
fluorescence Migula; the last being the most pathogenic of the three.
189
A study of the effect of infection of the nutritional quality of bulbs by the bacterial pathogen
revealed a loss in total sugars and no appreciable change in amino acid and lipid contents of the bulbs.
Infection by Candida utilis, however, resulted in an increase in total amino acids but an appreciable
amount of loss of sugars and lipids.
Growth studies of P. florescence showed that it grew well on a variety of solid and liquid media at
29 + 20C. It utilised glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, galactose, saccharose and mannitol;
growth was best with glucose. It also utilised nitrogen sources including sodium nitrate, tyrosine,
glycine, alanine, ammonium sulphate and asparagin. Glycine supported the greatest amount of growth.
of the different hydrogen ion concentrations, pH 2-12, employed in the growth studies growth was best
at pH6.
Severe rot occurred at room temperature (29 + 20C and at high relative humidity (80 - 100%).
Pectic enzyme was produced by P. florescens in vivo and in vitro. Enzyme activity was highest at
pH 5 in the six-day old culture filtrate while it was pH 4 with the extract from nine-day old rot. Activity of
rot extract increased with increase in inoculum concentration. Studies using the thiobarbituric acid
reaction indicated the presence of hydrolytic polygalacturonase in the filtrate.
Polyphenols were present in both healthy and infected tissue of the onion bulbs but in greater
amount in the diseased tissue.
UL-200-BIY-81
UGBOROGHO, REGINALD EDEMAYIBO
BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON THE NIGERIAN SPECIES OF SIDA LINNAEUS (MALVACEAE).
Ph.D Biology (1981) 511 pp.
The present studies involve spontaneous material from most of the distribution area of the genus
in Nigeria. Live plants and seeds collected during the field trips were cultivated in the biological garden of
the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos. The cultivation experiments showed
that some characters (e.g. size and shape of stomata, anthers, pollen and carpels) are stable; whereas
others (e.g. shape and size of leaves, size of stipules and length of pedicles) vary appreciably.
Representatives of all the taxa wee morphological investigated. The taxa can be separated on the
basis of several characters or combinations of characters.
Morphological characters were also analysed statistically and the results utilized in de-limiting the
taxa. Growth habit and leaf-shape were particularly useful in the initial stages of the identification of the
different taxa, especially for the three taxa of the complex species.
S.rhombifolia
Cytological investigation revealed that the genus has four levels of chromosome complements.
These are diploid, 2n = 14 tetraploid, 2n = 28; aneuploid, 2n = 32 and an octoploid, 2n = 56. This is the
first time Nigerian species of Sida have been studied cytologically. The chromosome counts for S.
garckeana (2n = 28) and S. scarbrida (2n = 28) are here reported for the first time.
Experiments utilizing the darkroom demonstrated the effect of temperature, light and darkness on
the period of opening of the flowers of all the species of Sida, Low temperature and excess illumination
as well as darkness delayed the opening of flowers. Plants cultivated under a green glass roof were much
taller than with longer internodes and leaves than their "duplicate" under the colourless glass roof to
outdoors in the open.
All the taxa are strongly self-compatible and reproduce by sexual and vegetative means. Some
species, e.g. g. S. linifolia, S. pilosa and S. urens are primarily obligate inbreeders; while others, e.g. S.
acuta, S. qarckeana and S. scabrida combine inbreeding with outbreeding. The F1 hybrid plants inherited
the characters of their parents in three combinations-characters which are dominant for one of the two
190
parents, intermediate between the parents completely different from those of the those of the parents.
The significance of reproductive biology in the origin and evolution of the genus is discussed.
Herbarium specimens of the genus were studied in several herbaria (Appendix 10.3) The type of
specimens of all the taxa and several synonyms were either seen and studied in various herbaria or
received as photographs. A key to the species is produced. The following thirteen taxa are recognized
and treated.
1. S. linifolia Jussieu ex Cavanilles
2. S. cordifolia Linnaeus
*3. S. pilosa Retzius
4. S. urens Linnaeus
*5. S. spinosa Linnaeus
6. S. ovata Forskai
*7. S. rhombifolia Linnaeus subsp.
rhombifolia
S. rhombifolia Linnaeus subsp.
retusa (L.) Ugborogho, comb. nov.
*9. S. rhombifolia subsp. retusa (L.)
8.
Ugborogho, stat. nov.
10. S. scabrida Wight & Arnott
11. S. acuta Burmann, f. subsp. acuta
*12. S. acuta subsp. carninifolia (L.f)
Borsum Waalkes
*13. S. qarckenna Polakowsky
By this treatment, seven new names (*) have been introduced into The Flora of Tropical West Africa.
UL-201-BIY-84
ADEWUMI IDOWU TAIWO
INFLUENCE OF GENETIC AND SOME DIETARY FACTORS ON GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN
NORMAL AND ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS (RALTUS NORVEGICUS)
M.Phil. Biology (1984) 109pp.
The influence of genetic and some
dietary factors on glucose tolerance in normal (nondiabetic)
and diabetic rats (Rattus norvegicus) has been investigated. Diabetes was induced by intravenuous
(jugular vein) administration of alloxan at 4.0mg/100g body weight as 0.8g% solution. It was observed
that the mean glucose tolerance index (GTI) of the alloxan - treated rats was 1965 + 226.2. This was
significantly higher than the mean GTI of the nondiabetic rats which was 636 + 80.8 (P < 0.01). No
significant association of glucose tolerance could be established with either sex or body weight.
Alloxan - treated animals of Idi-Araba colony were found to have significantly higher fasting plasma
glucose concentration (FPGC) of 245 + 28.9mg% when compared with the mean FPGC of those from
Akoka which was 134 + 20.2mg% (P < 0.05). The mean GTI of Idi-Araba alloxan-diabetic rats was
therefore, correspondingly higher than of Akoka animals (1940 + 74.6 vs 1601 + 39.1; P < 0.05). That
this difference in glucose tolerance between animals from the two isolated colonies was largely genetic
was indicated by the first (F1) and second (F2) generation offspring having a pattern of observation that
was remarkably similar to that of the parents.
In the nondiabetic category, treatment with cluster peppers (C. annum var. faciculatum) resulted in
significantly lower mean GTI of 566 + 74.7 as compared to 636 + 80.8 which was the mean GTI of the
nondiabetic control animals (P < 0.05). The mean GTI of alloxan-diabetic rats treated with cluster
peppers was also significantly lower than that of the alloxan-diabetic controls 1202 + 69.9 vs 1965 +
226.2; P < 0.01). Common salt (NaCL) on the other hand had an opposite effect on glucose tolerance in
that the mean GTI of salt - treated nondiabetic and diabetics rats were significantly higher than those of
their respective controls. Expectedly, the mean glucose tolerance curves of rats (nondiabetic and
191
diabetic) treated with a combined solution of common salt and cluster peppers were located somewhere
between the curves of those treated with either salt or cluster pepper alone.
Wrinkled peppers (C. annum var abbreviatum) lowered GTI significantly in the diabetic category
alone (P < 0.05) while sweet peppers (C. annum var grossum) had no significant effects on glucose
tolerance in both the nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Thus, as compared with wrinkled and sweet peppers,
cluster peppers appeared to have the strongest and most consistent plasma glucose reducing effect
during glucose tolerance test in both the nondiabetic and diabetic states.
It could therefore be suggested that the different incident and severity of diabetes in different
human populations may be due largely to genetic factors. Moreover, if the results of the effects of the
dietary substances are confirmed by other animal and human experimental studies, cluster peppers
should be of value in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, salt consumption should be
restricted in the general population, particularly in the diabetics.
UL-202-BIY-85
DUBLIN-GREEN F. MINABELEMA
YEASTS AS CONTAMINANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF
YOGHURTS PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN LAGOS NIGERIA.
M.Phil Biology (1985) 128pp.
Yoghurts purchased from a Dairy industry and retail outlets in Lagos were examined for the
presence of yeasts by plating onto potato dextrose agar supplemented with 100 ug/ml of
chloramphenicol. The samples were found to contain Candida lusitania, candida krusei I candida krusei
II, Kluveromyces fragilis, Candida rugosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Out of 100 samples examined,
72 exhibited yeast counts above 103 cells/ml. Candia lusitania, C. Krusel II and K Fragilis had the highest
occurrence of 66%, 56%, and 53% respectively and C. rugosa had lowest of 4%. The growth of the
yeast in yoghurts were related to their ability to grow at 100C and under micro-aerophyllic conditions.
Their ability to ferment and/or assimilate sugars usually present in yoghurts such as lactose, sucrose,
galactose and glucose was also examined. Their growth pattern in different yoghurts types at 100C and
300C were also examined.
Examination for the occurrence of coliforms, staphylococci and psychrotophs were made on Violet
Red Bile agar, staphylococci 110 agar and Standard plate count agar respectively. Ninety percent of the
samples examined had less than 10 coliform or staphylococci organisms.
The viability of the "Starter cultures" Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus was
studied. They attained their maximum growth level of between 107 and 108 cells/ml between the 4th
and 8th day whereas the yeast cells were still increasing in numbers uptill the 12th day.
Chemical analysis on solids, protein, fat; pH, lactic acid, moisture content and solids - not - fat
(SNF) were carried out on samples held at 100C and 300C for 16 days. There was a decrease over the
storage period in total solids, carbohydrate, protein, fat and solids - not - fat (SNF) contents. Titraable
acidity and moisture content however increased over the same storage period while the pH remained
fairly constant. The storage temperature was seen to have a marked effect on the chemical composition
of the yoghurt, there was a greater change of the above factors at 300C than at 100C over the 16-day
storage period.
Yoghurt spoilage was evident when yeast counts had reached 106-108 cells/ml. This took 8 - 12
days to be reached at 100C and 3-4 days at 300C.
UL-203-BIY-85
KALEJAIYE OLAYINKA MODUPEOLA (MISS)
192
BACTERIOLOGY AND NUTRITIVE COMPOSITION OF FROZEN AND FERMENTED CROAKERS.
(PSEUDOTOLITHUS TYPUS).
The Microflora and total viable counts of bacteria, in Pseudotolithus typus (Croaker); a
commercially important marine fish species were determined.
The minced croaker flesh was then fermented in Kilner jars for 72 hours using (i) "microbial
starters" such as "Ogi" and previously fermented cassava - (ii) Various local ground cereals in
conjunction with malt (in the ratio 5:1) - such as sorghum, millet, maize and wheat flour. (iii) Pure
known cultures of lactic acid bacteria - Lactobacillus farciminis and Pediococcus acidilactici with
carbohydrates (glucose and lactose) to serve as carbon or energy sources for the micro-organisms.
A constant weight of two hundred and fifty grams (250g) was maintained for each of the
fermentation system. The percentage of microbial starters used was 10% Ogi; 35% Cassava; 20% of all
the local cereals and 20% of the carbohydrate used with the pure cultures of lactic-acid bacteria.
At the onset, during and after fermentation, the following proximate analyses were monitored total coliform and lactic acid bacteria counts; pH and titratable acidity changes (as lactic acid).
Carbohydrate, lipid, protein and moisture contents were determined before and after fermentation,
Micro-organisms of public health significance were also isolated.
The following bacteria; Lactobacillus sp, Micrococcus sp, Brahanmella sp, Bacillus sp, Kurthias sp,
Corynebacterium sp, staphylococcus sp were isolated from the scales and skin of the frozen croaker.
Corynebacterium sp, Baccillus sp, Actinomyces sp, Lactobacillus sp, Enterobacteria and Flavobacterium
sp were isolated from the gut of the frozen croaker.
During fermentation of the croaker, there was a general reduction in pH values, with corresponding
increase in total titratable acidities. The lactic acid bacteria counts increases within 24th of initiation of
fermentation and remained high thereafter; except for the fermentation using pure cultures of
Lactobacillus faraciminis and Pediococcus acidilactici + 20% lactose. There was a decrease in the
coliform count as fermentation time increased, except for the mixture containing 20% maize and malt.
For fermentation mixtures using 10% ogi and pure cultures of bacteria, no counts of coliform bacteria
were recorded by the third day of fermentation. Low pH corresponded to a decrease coliform and
increase lactic-acid bacteria counts. Fermented products using pure cultures of bacteria had lower counts
of micro-organisms of public health significance than fermented products using "microbial starters" and
various additives. There was a general decrease in the protein content of the fermented products.
A fermentation system is being sought, such that there is successful fermentation whereby all the
nutritional qualities are preserved to high extent, with the elimination of micro-organisms of public health
significance.
UL-204-BIY-86
OKONKWO NZEREAGBOR SUSSANA (MISS)
POST-HARVEST MICROBIAL SPOILAGE AND PRESERVATION OF BANANAS (MUSA SPP)
An investigation was carried out into the spoilage of banana fingers by bacteria and fungi.
Preliminary studies resulted in the isolation of three bacterial genera, namely: Pediococcus,
Propionibacterium and Pseudomonas. The fungal pathogens namely: Botryodiplodia theobroma,
Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus sp. were also isolated. The bacterial isolates caused watery rot of
bananas while the fungal isolates caused finger rots. The fungal isolates caused more spoilage than the
bacteria.
The isolates were unable to cause rot in inoculated fruits at refrigerator temperatures of 50C and
100C. They caused rot at room temperature. The isolates could not cause rot at 10%, 50%, 80%, 90%
and 100% relative humidities except B. theobromae which caused rot at 10%, 50%, and 80% R.H.
193
Infection by all the isolates caused reduction in total carbohydrate contents, crude proteins, total
reducing sugars, free fatty acid and ascorbic acid contents of infected banana tissues. They also caused
increases in moisture and total lipid contents of bananas.
Non-refrigerated preservation of banana fingers was carried out. The fungicide, Benlate, was found
to be more effective than Brestan in controlling spoilage of inoculated fruits. Sodium chloride was very
effective in prolonging the shell-life of bananas. This is followed by sodium sulphite, sodium benzoate,
sodium hypochlorite, sodium orthophenylphenate and zinc carbonate. Fungical wax emulsion delayed
ripening, prevented moisture loss and controlled the rot of bananas.
UL-205-BIY-88
IBEKWE CHARLES ALEX CHUKWUEMEKA
STUDIES OF THE SEVERITY OF MALARIA IN RESPONSE OF HOST'S DIETS.
The Sererity of Malaria in response to different diets was investigated in the albino mouse (Mus
musculus). Since the malarial parasite depends wholly on the host for its nutrients, different diets of
differing protein, carbohydrate and vitamin contents were fed to the hosts to verify the degree of
severity of malaria as a result of the individual diets.
An N67 strain of Plasmodium voelii nigeriensis was used. 0.1ml blood of about 90% parasitaemia
from donor mice was inoculated intra peritoneally into each mouse, with the uninfected ones serving as
controls. Biochemical, physical and finally morbid analyses were done on the animals using standard
methods.
At the completion of a series of experiments, the results derived indicated that the most severe
form of malaria was in Group 4 mice fed unbalanced diet (Horse Cubes) and the least severe malaria in
group 1 mice fed on Cassava. Despite the fact that group 1 mice appeared grossly malnourished as
shown by gross muscular wastage and general inactivity, they still showed the least malarial impact as
adjudged by reduced liver fibrosis, decreased rate of blood glucose, total protein and albumin loss.
Group 5 mice fed on Folic-acid fortified cassava showed a comparatively high malaria severity.
In addition, surveys carried out as a complementary exercise, showed that well-fed students
suffered more serious malaria fevers.
The Severity of malaria as it were, tended to change as the protein or vitamin contents of a host's
diet changed. Thus maize of 10% protein was accompanied with more serious malaria than yam of 3.5%
protein. Horse Cubes diet of 15% protein showed the highest degree of malaria severity. Cassava of
1.5% protein gave the least severe malaria but addition of folic acid or vitamin B complex to the cassava
as found in Groups 5 and 6, aggravated the malaria condition. This is a confirmation that proteins and
some micronutrients especially vitamins may play some vital roles in malarial infection and
symptomatology.
UL-206-BIY-89
AKWANJOH RICHARD SEINO
CYTOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION
GRASSHOPPERS.
OF
SEVEN
SPECIES
OF
ACRIDOMORPHOID
Acrida turrita (Linnaeus), Paracinema luculenta Karsch), Morphacris fasciata (Thunberg), Chirsta
compta (Walker), Oxycatantops spissus (Walker) and Spathosternum pygmaeum (Walker) collected on
the University of Lagos Campus were investigated.
These species have a common diploid chromosome number of 2n = 23 (0) and all the
chromosomes are telecentric except in C. compta in which one long chromosome pair is acrocentric in
194
morphology. The chromosome occur in long, medium and short size groups. The number and lengths of
the chromosomes per size group vary among the species. The degree of similarity amongst the species
in respect of chromosome length is highest between P. luculenta and M. fasciata and lowest between M.
fasciata and C. compta.
The meiotic processes of these species are normal and chiasmate. The mean chiasma frequencies
are A. turrita 17.51. P. luculenta 16.12, M. fasciata 14.58, C. compta 16.54, C. stenoptera producta 12.24
and S.pygmaeum 16.50. Chiasma frequencies in those species vary from the dry to wet seasons.
The X-chromosomes of these species are not similar in length but are positively heterophcnotic at
prophase-1 and negatively haterophcnotic at metaphase-1 and anaphase-1. The X-chromosomes of
these species therefore exhibit the reversal type of heteropycnosis. The lengths of the X-chromosomes of
these species do not vary from diakinesis of prophase-1 to metaphase-1. It is suggested that differential
contraction and decondensation are not responsible for the heteropycnotic behaviour of the chromosome
in meiosis.
It is suggested that the species investigated are similar to one another and to other
Acridomorphoidea and the results do not reveal familiar cytogenetic differences consistent with Dirsh's
(1975) classification.
UL-207-BIY-89
IGIRI OLEREH CHARITY
BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN THE LAGOS LAGOON.
Twelve hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were isolated from Lagos lagoon by enrichment using the
Nigerian crude oil as carbon source. The organisms were identified as Pseudomonas spp. (5 strains),
Acinetobacter spp. (2 strains). Alcaligenes spp. (2 strains) and Bacillus spp. (3 strains). All the strains
grew in a wide variety of long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and fatty acids. They however failed
to grow on polycyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons tested.
Laboratory biodegradation studies on the Nigerian crude oil in water samples from the lagoon
showed a decrease in oil concentration with time. This was subsequently accompanied by an increase in
the population density of heteotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria.
"In situ" biodegradation studies on the crude oil at the University of Lagos coast showed a similar
trend of a decrease in oil concentration with time. This was also accompanied by increase in the total
counts of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. The rate at which the crude oil was degraded
was observed to be faster during the rainy season when compared to the dry season.
The hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial isolates from the Lagos lagoon were screened for their
extrachromosomal elements (plasmids). Five isolates belonging to the general Bacillus, Pseudomonas
and Acinetobacter harboured plasmids of various molecular sizes (2,07 - 31.8 megadaltons).
Two strains of Bacillus subtilis were cured of their plasmids at a rate of 5%. These strains
consequently lost resistance characteristics. Proline and histidine auxotrophs of the wild Bacillus subtilis
species were obtained.
Mating of the mutants to the cured strains and a recipient E. coli strain PA505 MPE II, revealed the
plasmids to be non-transmissible.
In this study none of the plasmids isolated was large enough to harbour the degradative genes and
also, curing of plasmids did not affect their hydrocarbon degrading phenotype. Thus, it is argued that
hydrocarbon degradation in the organisms isolated from the lagoon was chromosomally encoded rather
than begin plasmid-borne.
UL-208-BIY-89
KUFORIJI, OLUBUKOLA OMONIYI
195
THE USE OF CANDIDA MYCODERMA AND C. TROPICALIS AS SOURCES OF SINGLE-CELL
PROTEIN
Yeasts isolated from local sources such as Ogi (a fermented corn product) and Palmwine (a
beverage from sap of the palm tree, Elaeis guineensis) were characterized and identified to be
Candidamycoderma and C. tropicalis respectively. An investigation was carried out to determine the
carbon and nitrogen sources as primary nutrient sources for growth of these organisms, as well as their
suitability as protein supplement in our foods.
The growth of these organisms in different carbon sources used as part of the synthetic basal
medium, namely: glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, starch, dextrin, xylose, mannitol and
ethanol and in different nitrogen sources, namely: urea, ammonium sulphate, histidine, glutamine,
asparagine, arginine, alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, valine, proline, serine, lysine, methionine,
ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate was examined for 7 days using the dry weight method. A
significantly high increase in yield was observed when 1% fructose substrate was used for both
organisms and maximum yield was obtained when 3.5% and 4% (w/v) fructose as carbon source and
0.2% and 0.075% urea as nitrogen source for Candida mycoderma and C. tropicalis respectively.
Cane molasses, a natural substrate was also used in growing both organisms, and a significantly
higher increase in yield was obtained in 0.3% and 0.2% (w/v) of the reducing sugars for Candida
mycoderma and C. tropicalis respectively.
When the microorganisms were grown on supplemented cane molasses, there was increase in dry
weight of cells, values of which were higher when compared with using cane molasses alone or an
equivalent concentration of fructose. There was also a highly significant increase in yield of both
organisms when grown on 0.1% urea as nitrogen source and compared with the inorganic nitrogen
sources, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride, potassium and sodium nitrates.
As a food supplement, other nutrient content of the organisms such as ash, crude fibre,
carbohydrates and fats were also analysed in addition to the protein component. Candida mycoderma
was found to have carbohydrate, protein and lipid content within the acceptable limit, while the amount
of ash fell below the recommended value. Candida tropicalis on the other hand had protein values near
to the recommended value of 45%, so also the lipid and carbohydrate contents, but its amount of ash is
equally a lower value as in C. mycoderma.
UL-209-BIY-90
ILORI, MATTHEW OLUSOJI
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AMOLYTIC AND PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF LACTOBACILLUS
BREVIS ORLAA-JENSEN, BACILLUS SUBTILIS GIBSON AND MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS
(SHROETER) COHN.
Amylplytic and proteolytic enzymes were extracted and purified from three microorganisms
namely: Lacobacillus brevis, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus. Special attention was focused on the
biochemical and kinetic properties of the enzymes. The enzymes were partially purified by ammonium
sulphate fractionation followed by dialysis and later by fractionation on sephadex columns. The enzymes
were further purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Cellulose in a linear salt gradient. The
purification fold of the enzymes ranged from 1 to 70.23.
The amylases of L. brevis, B. subtilins and M. uteus had optima temperatures of activities at 550C,
450C and 30C while temperatures of 350C, 400C and 250C were optimal for their proteases respectively.
The pH optima for the amylases ranged between 5.5 and 6.5, while the optimal pH range for their
proteases were between 7.0 and 9.5.
196
The activation energy values for the amylases were between 18.51 KJ mole-1, and 34.8KJ mole-1,
with values of between 31 KJ mole-1 and 42.7 KJ mole-1 were achieved for the proteases. Furthermore,
Kg values for the amylases ranged between 0.27mg ml-1 and 0.323mg ml-1 and 0.16mg ml-1 to 0.56mg
ml-1 for the proteases.
It was also observed that the activities of the amylases and proteases were enhanced by cations
such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ up to certain concentrations and then decreased. The proteases
were, however, inhibited by zn2+ and Co2+ at all concentrations employed. Other inhibitors included
EDTA, KCN, Citric acid and L-cysteine.
Amylase synthesis in the organisms were induced by a number of carbohydrates which include
starch and dextrins while it was repressed by glucose. It was also observed that peptone and soybean
meal were good nitrogen sources for amylase synthesis. Furthermore, it was found that at the optimal
concentrations of Tween-80 and sodium dodecyl sulphate, amylase production increased.
The molecular weights of the amylases of L. brevis, B. subtilis and M. luteus were estimated to be
75,857; 44,668 and 56,234 daltons on sephadex G-100 respectively. Those of their proteases were
estimated to be 34,674; 38,019 and 41,687 daltons respectively.
UL-210-BIY-90
OMOLE ATINUKE CATHERINE
A STUDY OF THE MICROBIOLOGY OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH SPENT MOTOR OIL.
Studies were conducted on the microbial population dynamic of soils contaminated with spent
motor oil. After application of the waste oil, there was an initial decrease in microbial counts. Followed by
an increase in the microbial populations after a few weeks. The diversity of the bacterial species was
reduced in the oil-contaminated sites relative to the control sites.
Nine species of hydrocarbon utilisers were isolated from the experimental sites. The organisms
were identified as Pseudomonas. Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes (3 species), Flavobacterium and
Corynebacterium (3) species). The most dominant bacterial species were, however Pseudomonas,
Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium. All the organisms were long-chain hydrocarbon degraders. Some
species grew on aromatic hydrocarbons and organic acids. While all the organisms grew on engine oil
and crude oil.
Laboratory biodegradation studies of Mobil SAE 40 engine oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Alcaligenes species and Corynebacterium species showed that an increase in population of the organisms
was accompanied by a decrease in oil concentration and pH of the medium.
UL-211-BIY-91
UGWUMBA SIMONCYRIL NWACHUKWU
ISOLATION AND DEVELOPMENT
FERMENTING CASSAVA LIQUOR.
OF
YEAST
STRAINS
AS
BAKER'S
YEASTS
FROM
Yeasts were isolated from fermenting cassava liquor, screened and developed as baker's yeasts.
Appropriate storage method which would maintain the viability and characteristics developed in the
yeasts were also investigated.
Identifications of the isolates were carried out and these were later confirmed by the National
Collection of Yeast Cultures (NCYC) as Candida sake (NCYC D116), C. Krusei (NCYC D119C), C. Krusei
197
(NCYC D115) Rhodotorula rubra (NCYC D119p), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NCYC C271). The nonpathogenic yeasts, C. sake and S. cerevisiae were found to ferment glucose, fructose, sucrose and
maltose with reasonable CO2 yield. These organisms also grew in a vitamin-free medium. Based on
these properties which are expected of a baker's yeast, the organisms were selected and further
developed as baker's yeasts.
Of the five natural media experimentally formulated, viz; orange broth, banana broth, cane
molasses, fortified cane molasses (FCM), and corn steep liquor extract, only the latter did not support
good biomass productions of either the cassava yeasts or the standard baker's yeast, when compared
with the imported Oxoid Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB), a rich medium for yeast propagation.
Therefore for commercial production of both cassava yeasts and standard baker's yeast. FCM which
supported optimum biomass production would serve as a good local substitute. The sugar utilization
abilities of the yeasts were improved by "training" prototypes from 6% or less optimum to 8% w/v.
Fermentation products by the yeasts were analysed and these included amongst others, carbon
dioxide, alcohol, acids and biomass which consistently increased unlike the carbohydrate levels which
decreased over the period during propagation of the yeasts in SDB or FCM. Furthermore, carbon dioxide
level was highly and positively correlated with alcohol concentration at 95% level.
The performance of the three yeasts in wheat or corn dough containing 7.5% w/v glucose,
maltose, fructose or granulated market sugar (GMS) were determined. Results showed that the "trained"
cassava yeast competed favourably with the standard baker's yeast in respect of the leavening profiles
obtained. Further comparison was made of the leavening profiles obtained in wheat dough and in corn
dough using the standard baker's yeast or the "trained" cassava yeasts. Results showed that there were
significant differences at 95% level. When the leavening experiments were repeated with locally
processed wheat flour for comparison with the imported wheat flour, results showed that there were no
significant differences in the two wheat brands in their leavening profiles and nutritionally compositions
including gluten levels.
Synchronous culture fermentations were carried out on the selected yeasts to determine any
improvements on the yeasts for baking process. Results indicated some advantages over synchronous
culture fermentations and these included greater biomass and carbon dioxide yield, higher leavening
profiles and reductions in lag phases.
The effects of dough structure disequilibrium experiments on retention of gas (carbon dioxide)
evolved during wheat or corn dough fermentation revealed that the gas liberated as a fermentation
product as well as the physical structure of the dough was responsible for the rising of the doughs.
Treatment of the "trained" cassava yeast with ethylmethyl sulphonic acid suppressed some
morphological characteristics of the yeasts unlike exposure to UV radiation which resulted in
exaggeration of some phenotypically manifested morphological characteristics. Therefore, treatment of
the "trained" cassava yeasts with UV radiation produced mutant strains improvement in respect of
biomass and carbon dioxide yields hence optimisation of the leavening profiles.
Storage of the "trained" cassava yeasts on PDA containing 7% w/v dextrose at 50C maintained the
stability and responsibility of the characteristics developed in the yeasts and also improved further the
fermentative abilities of the yeasts unlike storage on 2% w/v or 10% w/v dextrose.
The results of tests production of bread samples on commercial plant using the developed cassava
yeasts and the standard baker's yeast as reference showed lack of significant differences in the qualities
and characteristics of the loaves such as "oven spring", crust crumb structure, consistency index,
appearance and other organoleptic properties. The implications of these observations were discussed.
UL-212-BIY-92
ADEKOYA KHALID OLAJIDE
FREQUENCY AND ALLELISM OF LETHAL CHROMOSOME-2 IN DROSPHILA MELANOGASTER
POPULATIONS FROM LAGOS AND OGUN STATES IN NIGERIA.
198
Files were trapped at six sites, five in Lagos State and one in Ogun State between the months of
March and July 1991. Four hundred and thirty-one files from the wild were tested for presence of
detrimental factors on chromosome-II. By using marked chromosomes, it was possible to produce
homozygotes for one chromosome-2 from each fly from the wild. Therefore the effect of the
chromosome on the viability of files could be determined. These effects were classified, based on
statistical analyses. Sixty-one (13.12%) chromosome were classified as lethal, 27 (5.81%) as semi-lethal,
90 (19.35%) as sub-vital, 245 (52.69%) as quasi-normal and 42 (9.03%) as normal. There were no
significant differences in the frequencies of lethal, semi-lethal, quasi-normal and normal chromosomes,
but there was a significant difference in the frequency of sub-vital chromosomes isolated from six
different sites and between the dry and wet seasons. Two hundred and forty-five allelic crosses were
made to test for frequency of allelism of lethals within study sites. One (0.41%) of the crosses was found
to be allelic. However, 5 (0.93%) crosses were allelic between study sites. The differences in the
frequency of allelism between sites in Lagos and between Ogun and Lagos were not statistically
significant.
It was observed that the frequencies of lethals in Lagos and Ogun State of Nigeria were low and
the allelic frequencies of these lethals is low. These low frequencies could be an indication that there is a
large number of old on chromosome-2 which control viability. The population is consequently considered
large during this period of test. There is also no significantly difference in the genetic load contained in
Lagos and Ogun State populations of D. melanogaster.
UL-213-BIY-91
OKPUZOR JOY (Ms)
PSYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF PEROXIDASE AND POLYPHENOL OXIDASE
IN THE TUBERS OF DIOSCOREA ESCULENTAL.
The studies carried out during the development an maturation of D. esculenta tubers showed that
phenol level as well as the activities of endogenous peroxides and polyphenol oxidase declined as
maturity progresses. At the end of 12th week of tuber development and maturation, the activities of the
enzymes had decreased about 15% despite the intermittent rise and fall in activities observed during
maturation. The phenol content which initially increased by about 40% during the first eight weeks
decreased by 15% by the end of the 12th week of tuber development and maturation.
Storage of the tubers at different relative humidities (R.H) showed that weight loss occurred at all
the R.H but the magnitude of the loss depended on the R.H. A loss of 21% was recorded at 33% R.H.
The phenol content at first week of storage decreased with increase in R.H while high phenol level was
maintained at low R.H. The enzyme activities on the other hand which were initially marked by increase
in activity declined towards the end of storage.
Purification of the enzymes by combined techniques of ion-exchange on DEAE - and OAE Sephadex
A-50 chromatography as well as hydrophobic chromatography on fast protein liquid dromatography
(FPLC) indicated that both polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase are interrelated in D. esculenta tubers.
The major peroxidase (POD) fraction had a molecular weight of about 70,000 daltons while the
major polythenol oxidase (PPO) had a molecular weight of about 125,000 daltons. Both enzymes showed
suspected isoenzymes on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS-PAGE). Biochemical characterisation however
indicated that they are separate enzymes. PPO was absurd to have an optimum temperature of 350C
whereas POD had an optimum of 500C. while both enzymes are inhibited by almost the same type of
inhibitors polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) did not inhibit POD but inhibited PPO.
Sixteen cultivars of Dioscorea species were sampled for PPO and POD activities as they relate to
browning. Results showed that both PPO and POD are present in the Dioscoreaceae, PPO being
associated more with browning than POD. The ratio of PPO/POD of less than one suggested a reduced
tendency of the yam to turn brown during processing into flour. The time course of browning in four yam
species indicated that both the enzymes and non-enzyme catalysed steps are involved in browning, with
199
the enzyme related browning. The effect of incorporating various inhibitors of PPO into yam paste
revealed that ascorbic acid enhanced browning at the later stage of incubation while sodium
metabisulphite and L-custerine completely prevented browning and 3,5 dihydroxy benzoate was
moderately effective at low doses.
UL-214-BIY-95
OBUTE CHIBUZO GORDIAN
BREEDING SYSTEMS AND CYTOGENETICS OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L) WALPERS SPECIES
COMPLEX (PAPILIONACEAE) IN NIGERIA.
Macromorphometric characters of 20 cultivars of V. unguiculata (L) Walp sourced from markets
across Nigeria were assessed for variation. Anova tests showed that mean plant height, No. of leaves per
plant, number of pods per plant, terminal leaflet dimensions, length of pods as well as number of seeds
per pod were significant (P < 0.05). Further tests by the T-method of multiple comparison of means,
however, revealed that the differences in means were not significant (P < 0.05). Number of leaves per
plant vs height of plant and the length and breadth dimensions were linearly correlated (P < 0.05) but
the correlations were not always positive. Micromorphometric features like stomatal indices on abaxial
and adaxial surface of terminal leaflets and total chromosomal complement length were found to vary.
The variation of total chromosomal complement length was found not to be significant ( P < = 0.05).
Qualitative features including times of anthesis, floral whorl colouration and pigment deposition on the
stems showed variations although there were overlaps. The breeding systems in V. unguiculata were
investigated and there was no evidence of agamospermy in the crop, however, evidence was adduced to
show the existence of low percentage of outcrossing. Some arthropods in the orders Formicidae,
Lygaeidae, Papilionidae, Aphidea and Drosophilidae may have co-evolved with the crop to ensure
outbreeding. The frequent chromosome number count was 2n = 22 although a cultivar, A, with 2n = 20
was obtained. The chromosomes exhibited
homogenity with respect to morphology. Meiotic
chromosome behaviour was found to be largely normal and culminated in high pollen grain fertility for
the species; some irregularities observed did not affect pollen fertility. Mutagenic effects of 0.2% (w/v)
aqueous colchicine solution were assayed. Materials treated with the mutagen initially produced
suppressed lateral root development and shoot-root axis but later became taller and more vigorous than
the controls. Differences observed in the mean values of plant height, number of leaves, length and
breadth dimensions of stomatal pores, pollen grain diameter, number of pods and number of seeds per
pod were significant (P < 0.05). Qualitative features were not affected by colchicine treatment whilst the
exposure to colchicine was lethal to some cultivars. Inheritance of qualitative and quantitative features
were found not to be of similar pattern. While the quantitative features were controlled by additive genic
interaction, the qualitative features: pigmentation on stem and floral whores exhibited control either by
co-dominance or dominance-recessive genic interactions.
UL-215-BIY-96
OKULATE, MOBOLAJI ADELEYE
DEVELOPMENT AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON A NIGERIAN ISOLATE OF
SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
Ph.D Biology (1996) 136 pages
The establishment of a Nigerian isolate of Schistosoma mansoni as well as the shedding patterns of
its cercariea and the histopathological consequences of the infection were investigated under laboratory
conditions. Naturally infected Biomphalaria pfeifferi collected form Jos, NIgeria were successfully,
maintained in the laboratory. Cercariae form these naturally infected snails were used for infecting swiss
albino mice bred and maintained in the laboratory at the rate of 200 cercariea per mouse. Eggs from
infected mice were hatched and miracidia collected from them were used for infecting F1 generation B.
200
pfeifferi in order to determine the prepatent period of infection and the snail mortality rate. Cercaria
produced by the infected snails were used for determining the cercarial shedding pattern of this S.
mansoni isolate, for observation of the growth pattern of paired worms and to examine the
histopathological changes associated with the infection.
S. mansoni infection was successfully established in the laboratory. Shedding of cercariae was
influenced by both photoperiod and probably thermoperiod. Eggs deposited in the livers, gut and spleen
of infected mice resulted in periportal inflammation and formation of granulomas which modulated in the
later stages of the infection.
Parasite development in infected mice was influenced largely by a despondent factor. The cercarial
shedding pattern is ecologically significant. The role of adult worms in the immunomodulation of
granulmas as well as the precise mechanisms of this process still require further elucidation.
UL-216-BIY-97
ADEKUNLE ADETOUN ADEYINKA
FUNGAL POST-HARVESET DETERIORATION IN CUCUMEROPSIS MANNII MAUD-HOLL SEEDS
Ph. D. Biology (1997) 110pp.
Nineteen pathogenic fungi isolated from diseased melon seeds collected from various markets in
Nigeria. They included eight species of Apergillus, two each off Fusarium and Penicillium, and one
species each of Absidia Botryodiplodia, curvularia, Macrophomina, Mucor, Rhizopus and Talaromyces.
The effects of these fungi on the biochemical properties of artificailly infected Cucumeropsis mannii
seeds revealed that they significantly (p=0.05) increased the carbohydrate content of the infected seeds.
Apart from Aspergillus wentii which significantly decreased the protein content, all the other fungi
showed slight increases in the protein content of seeds. A significantly decrease (p=0.05) was noted in
the crude fibre content of infected melon seeds compared with the control. Lethal doses of aflatoxin
were discovered only in seeds infected with Aspergillus flavus. The oil quantity of infected seeds showed
significant (p=0.05) decrease while the free fatty acid and peroxide value increased significantly. The
saponification value of infected melon oil showed varying levels off significant (p-0.05) increase in the
lipase activity due to fungal infection on the seeds. Histopathological investigations revealed that the
fungi variously destroyed portions of the seed.
Control of the disease by manipulating the storage conditions showed that high relative humidity
(80-100 R.H) and a Temperature range favoured diseases incidence on the seeds. Infection progressed
faster and was more severe in shelled than in unshelled seeds in the same enviroment. A comparative
study on the effect of benlate (1%) and crude extracts (100%) of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum
gratissimum plants on the growth of melon seed pathhogens, showed that benlate (1%) completely
stopped the growth of all the six fungi tested, Ocimum only completly stopped the growth of three fungi,
while Azadirachta was only capable of reducing the growth rates of all the fungi tested. The result of this
study shows that a wide range of fungi deteriorated Cucumeropsis mannii seeds and that control of the
post harvest disease of the melon seeds can be carried out through the use of benlate or Ocimum, and
by manipulating some aspects ot the environment such as temperature, and relative humidity.
UL-217-BIY-97
OYELANA OLATUNJI AFOLABI
STUDIES ON THE EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF THREE SUB-GENERA OF THE GENUS
SOLANUM L. (SOLANACEAE) IN NIGERIA
Solanum species are mostly shrubs, annual or perrenials and rarely develop into trees. Seeds are
flattened or ovoid reniform. Germination was epigeal and the sequence of growth from emergence of
radicle to the tenth leaf stage was similar for all the species. Germinability of seeds in the different
concentrations of colchicine solutions was dependent on the nature of the seed testa. Seeds
201
mechanically incised or chemically scarified recorded higher germinability than the controls.
Morphometric analysis (P<0.05) showed clear and distinct values for the different species, though, in
each group of the complex species, values greatly overlapped. The sizes and extent of lobing of leaf
lamina and size, texture and colour of mature fruits, degree of calyx accrescence on fruits and nature of
inflorescence are good diagnostic features. Stomata were anomocytic and size values greatly overlapped.
The leaf epidermis and nature of trichomes respectively separated the genus into groups of species with
isodiametrically and irregularly shaped epidermal cells and traced species phylogenetic relationships.
Species were self-compatible and floral features remained consistent. Times and duration of anthesis and
stigma receptivity varied in species but were constant for each group of complex species. The activity of
insect pollinators encouraged transfer of pollen between the different species. Pollen fertility ranged
between 48.5% and 97.8% and pollen often appeared round, oblong, triangular and/or rectangular in
shape. Species were grouped into two ploidy levels (2n=24;48) and were characterised by Similar
karyotype. Chromosomes were similar, symmetrical and appeared as metacentric and/or submetacentric.
The few assymmetric chromosomes were submecentric and/or subtellocentric. Meiosis 1 was irregular
and irregularities were eliminated at the second meiosis, hence pollen features were unaffected and
species remained fertile. Chromosome counts revealed several aneuploid cells. The colchicine induced
mutants were transformed and became procumbent or shrubbish. The differences in morphometric
values between the mutants and pure species were insignificant. New and distinct species emerged from
intra and interspecific hydridization. Hybrids with different chromosome races (triploid and pentaploid)
were developed. The regular diploid hybrids showed intermediacy for a number or morphological
characters, though, in few, fruit development was not perfect. In some F1 individuals, dominance of leaf
shapes, distribution of hairs on leaves and flower colour and recessiveness of micromorphological
features such as leaf epidermis and stomata types were observed while some characters that were
observed in the original species were not brought to prominence. The basis of evolution of species in the
genus was as a result of genetic changes which might have occurred through spontaneous mutation and
past hydridization. Subsequent divergence and development of distinct species populations was
enhanced by reduction and/or loss of parts, change of habit and habitats and reproductive behaviour.
UL-218-BIY-98
AROHKESI GRACE YONG (MRS.)
FUNGAL DISEASES OF AERIAL PARTS OF PANICUM MAXIMUM JACQ.
Field and laboratory investigations revealed the presence of three fungal diseases on mature
Panicum maximum Jacq. shoots. About 86.61 + 4% of the leaves were affected by shiny, black, ovate,
raised tar spots incited by Phyllachora bonariensis Speg. Brown spots were caused by Fusarium
pallidorseum (Cooke) Sacc. They were present on 81.53 + 1% of leaves while 94.73+0.5% of the stems
had the spots. Both diseases occurred throughout the year. The inflorescence smut, incited by Tilletia
ayresii Berk occurred between June and November, and was found on 88.66+6% of the panicles.
The ovate spores of Phyllachora bonariensis produced germ tubes that penetrated the host leaves
through the stomata to colonize the, inter - and intra-cellularly. Tar spotted leaves lost 46.0% soluble
sugars, 27.8% protein, 62.30% free amino acids, 10.0% ascorbic acid and 78.50% chlorophyll. The
macroconidia of F.pallidoroseum germinated apically and intercalarily to produce germ tubes that directly
penetrated the host leaves and stems to colonise them intracellularly. Brown spotted leaves lost 41.89%
soluble sugars, 30.60% protein, 48.12% free amino acids, 10.90% ascorbic acid and 78.83 chlorophyll
while the infected stems lost 9.385% solubes sugar 37.20% protein 2.14% free amino acids 10.79%
ascorbic acid and 20.77% chlorophyll. Tilletia ayressi spores germinated on the stigma branches,
penetrated them directly and colonised the host intercellularly causing the florets to lose 96.46% soluble
sugars, 7.20% protein, 26.30% free amino acids, 6.81% ascorbic acid and 64.42% chlorophyll.
The plants used in the host range test were not susceptible to Phyllachora bonarienwsis and T.
ayresii. However, Sporobolus pyramidalis and Cucurbita maxima were slightly susceptible to F.
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palidoroseum. Guinea pigs fed on infected P. maximum plants manifested lung tissue collapse, hepatic
disintegration, myocardiac larceration, lowered packed cell volume and low heamoglobin concentration.
UL-219-BIY-98
ONABOWALE STELLA OLAOLUWA(MRS)
EVALUATION OF THE NUTRITIONAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CASSAVA BASED
POULTRY FEED
Detoxified Cassava at 44% level of inclusion was supplemented with soyabean flour and or beniseed
cake as novel protein sources in four types of feed formulations. The four types of cassava-based feeds
were coded as ECS-1, ECS-2, ECB-3 and ECB-4 depending on the variations in protein contents and
protein source. Whereas in feeds ECS-1 and ECS-2 the source of protein was solely soyabean (30% and
40% respectively), the protein source was soyabean and baniseed for ECB-3 and ECB-4 (15% :15% and
20%: 20% respectively) while synthetic methichine (0.05%) was supplemented in all feeds. The raw
cassava used in feed formulation was detoxified for the removal of hydrogen cyanide and mechanised
fermentation process over a period of 24 hours.
It was found that all the four types of cassava-based feeds formulated were acceptable to all stages
of the chickens: juvenile (Starter), growing (growers), mature/reproductive (layers), which fed on them
over two consecutive generations. Additionally, the chickens fed on cassave-based feeds grew
exponentially reaching maximum sizes in about 23 weeks, showing similarity in pattern and atimes
superiority in the amount of growth in chickens fed on the maize-based feed during parental and Fl generations with no negative carry over effects from one generation to the other. As was the case during
the parental generation, birds fed on the cassave-based feed ECS-1 during the F1 generation put on the
highest percentage weight increase (7,677%) which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the
percentage weight increases induced by the other cassave-based feed ECB-3 (6,433%) and maize-based
feed (6,425%) when the overall body weight change (growth) situation was considered. Chickens fed on
ECS-1 (cassava-based) also recorded greatest percentage increases in mean body weights, feed intake,
utilization and conversion efficiencies, highest number of total eggs laid, produced the largest egg mass
and albumen weight as well as highest mating success and hatchability compared to chicken fed on
other cassava-based feeds and control (pfizer) maize-based feed. Additionally, it was found in this work
that the eggs laid by chickens fed on cassava-based feeds contained higher calcium and phosphorous
contents than control and the carcass characteristics were not significantly affected by feed treatments
during parental and F1 generations.
Shelf-life studies and storage stability for safety of the cassava-based feeds to chickens
revealed that the nutritional efficacy and safe use of cassave-based feeds were maintained for not more
than 9 weeks under storage conditions in Nigeria (mean temperature of 27.0 + 0.50C and relative
humidity 80% R.H.). Beyond 9 weeks of storage reduced growth and mortality of young chicks were
observed and this was attributable to aflatoxin detected only after 9 weeks of storage.
Toxicological screening for safety of the developed cassava-based feeds for the presence of toxic
constituents revealed that low levels of toxins (cyanide, 0.22-2.40 mg/kg; trypsin inhibitor, 2.68-3.97
mg/kg; urease activity, 0.01-0.03 PH; oxalic acid, 0.61-0.73 mg/kg) were present in the feeds. At the
end of 44 weeks of being fed on test feeds, two of the selected toxins (cyanide and oxalic acid) analysed
were bioaccummulated at only low levels in muscles of F1 chicken (cyanide, 0.10 - 0.15 mg/kg; oxalic
acid, 0.16 -0.29 mg/kg) and these levels were only slightly higher than the levels of the respective toxins
detected in control chicken muscle, 0.08 mg/kg for cyanide or oxalic acid raised on maize-based feed.
Mammalian safety evaluation studies showed that 24h LD50 values of pure potassium cyanide, 3.63
mg/kg and potassium oxalate, 49.04 mg/kg were 45.4, 27.0 and 13.3 times higher with respect to
cyanide content and 613, 306.5 and 169 times higher with respect to oxalate content measured in
chicken muscles raised from the control maize-based feeds, ECS-1 and ECB-3 respectively at the end of
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F1
generation. Chronic toxicity test with pure potassium cyanide and potassium oxalate compound
showed that all suplethal concentration including those up to 1/100th LD50 vale brought about
significant reductions in feed intake and body weight increases in mice over 24 weeks of exposure.
Inclusion of 50% or 10% of minsed F1 chicken muscle raised on cassave-based feeds in the daily
diet of experimental mice resulted in exponential growth rate similar to control mice fed on only mouse
cube. Moreover, the levels of cyanide and oxalicc acid toxins detected in the muscle of mice that were
fed F1 minsed chicken muscle were again lower than the amount ingested over 24 weeks in daily diet.
Post-mortem examination of vital organs of parental and F1 chickens as well as mice fed minsed
chicken muscle or exposed to sublethal concentrations of potassium cyanide or potassium oxalate such
as the kidney, heart and liver showed to abnormalities including tumor or cancer development.
Genotoxicologial studies showed that pure potassium cyanide and potassium oxalate have potential
mutagenic properties as they brought about significant increases in the occurrence of sperm head
abnormalities and lower sperm counts in treated mice.
UL-220-BIY-03
OGUNWEMIMO KAYODE OLUSOLA
BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON THE GENUS IPOM OEA L. (CONVOLVULACEAE) IN NIGERIA
Ph.D. Cell Biology and Genetics (2003)
The genus Ipomoea L. in Nigeria was represented by 38 species distributed in 48 taxa
excluding a doubtfully persisting species (I. sepiara Roxb.).Herbarium and Field studies showed that four
taxa were widely distributed in different climatic zones, north and south. Nine taxa were found in the
savanna north while 17 occurred in the forest-south. Eight taxa belonged to the forest-savanna mosaic
regional transition zone while six were adapted to both the forest and the savanna climatic zones. Two
each were restricted to the mangrove Atlantic coast and the montane plateau regional transition zone.
Cultivated species (three) were rarely found in the wild. Distribution maps and a table showing the
composition and distribution of Ipomoea in Nigeria were supplied. The bioclimatic factors influencing the
distribution of these species were also discussed.
Scarification of seeds by concentrated H2SO4 significantly increased (p<0.001) the rate and percentage
of germination to maximal levels in most of the species. Concentrated HCI and 1% KMnO4 did not result
in appreciable increase for most of the species. Ipomoea obscura germinated faster (ET50:81/2 hrs.) than
the other species investigated when pretreated in conc. H2SO4. Ipomoea involucrate was the
slowest(ET50: 79days). Mechanical scarification of seeds significantly increased germination to 100% in
all species under 72hours. This result precludes other factors conferring dormancy apart from the seed
testa.
Taxonomic separation at seedling stage was made possible by observable variations in the structure of
cotyledon and the time and/or rate at which leaves were produced, stem became decumbent and shoots
produced branches. A dichotomous key for the identification of these species at seedling stage using
cotyledon characters was provided.
Third-two (88%) of taxa of Ipomoea were prostrate to climbing plants, three (6%) suberect (I. alpine, I.
argentaurata and I. asarifolia), Two (4%) shrub (I. carnea ssp. Fistulosa and I. verbascoidea) and one
(2%) tree (I. intrapilosa). Growth habit, combined leaf attributes (base, apex, margin, indumentum,
colour, sharp, length/breadth ratio) and floral features (peduncle indumentum, size, shape, and
indumentum of sepal, fruits and seeds, margin and dimensions of corolla, stamens, anthers and pistil
204
lengths, ovary indumentum, colour and shape of nectary disc) offer good diagnostic characters for
separation of different species or groups at subgeneric, specific and subspecific levels. A key for the
identification of the species based on these characters was constructed.
Stomatal Length/Breath ratio, index, frequencies and distribution were variously diagnostic for different
species, unlike size, epidermal cell outline and anticlinal wall patterns which exhibited great overlaps.
Paracytic type of stomata was basic to all the species in the genus but other related ones,
amphiparacytic, brachyparacytic, staurocytic, hemiparacytic and anomocytic stomata, were also
observed. Thirty new derivatives of paracytic, diacytic and anisocytic were also named. A new type
“Enatiocytic” with four subtype was described. Six forms of stomata contiguity, ‘Ambocytic’ were
recognized. The presence or absence and type of trichomes (unicellular or multicellular, glandular or
non-glandular) were useful; for broad classification of the species. A dichotomonous key based on
epiderminal characters was supplied.
The genus Ipomoea L. in Nigeria has been divided into six subgenra, Dasychaetia Hall. F., orthipomoea
choisy emend., Batatas (choisy) Grised. Emend., Quaamoclit (Moench) Hall. F. emend., Erpipomoea
Choisy emed. Based on overall similarities of observable morphological characters. Taxonomic studies
yielded 11 new combinations/circumscriptions, one at specific level and others at subspecific level.
Up to 70% of the perennials were vegetatively reproducible but the annuals were generally not.
Flowering in nature occurred from May through April in the south rainforest zone and (December)
February through November in most of the northern savanna/Sahel species. Time of opening and closing
of flowers and the duration were subject to changes in weather conditions. Annual species were
generally self-compatible (inbreeding) while the perennials were mostly self-incompatible (outbreeding)
with concomitant low fruit-set. A few, I. Mauritiana and I. asarifolia, I. Stolonifera and I. pes-caprea ssp.
Brasiliensis were strongly self-compatible.
Interspecific hybridization failed in the species investigated. However, successful F1 hybrids were formed
from intraspecific crosses between I. triloba var. genuine and I. triloba var triloba f. fecunda, ipomoea
trioba var. media may thus be a natural hybrid.
Chromosome counts revealved 2n=28,30 & 90 for taxa in the genus with preponderance of 2n=30.
chromosome sizes ranged from 0.86pm in I. btatatas to 2.94pm. in I. quamoclit and I.aduatica var.
polycarpa.
Ipomoea intrapilosa, i. carnea ssp. Fistulosa and i. verbascoldea were believed to be most primitive in
the genus owing to their growth habit.
UL-221-BIY-98
WOGU, AKAOMACHIDINAHUM
THE BIOLOGY OF LUDWIGIA L. (ONAGRACEAE) IN NIGERIA.
Ph.D. Cell Biology and Genetics (2003) 531pp.
Seed forms of 21 taxa (11 docuemented and 10 newly identified) belonging to 9 species of Ludwigia
L. (Onagraceae) were studied in the wild and later sowed in the Biological Garden of the University of
Lagos under controlled environment. Morphometric studies in the wild showed variation amongst the
taxa. The seeds were flattened in L. octovalvis complex, reinform in L. erecta, L. decurrens, L.
hyssopifolia, L. leptocarpa, L. affinis, L. abyssinica and L. adscendens subsp. Diffusa and round in shape
in L. stenorraphe. The seeds lay horizontally in the locules of all the taxa except those of L. adscendens
subsp. Diffusa where the seeds were vertical and pendulous and the testa cells fused with cells of the
seed locules. Uniseriate ovules were observed in the taxa with endocarp-clad seeds, the only exception
205
being L. hyssopifolia where the seeds in the upper portion of the capsule were biseriate and those in the
lower position of the same were uniseriate. Pluriseriate seeds were common in the taxa with free seeds.
The species of Ludwigia showed variation also in the time of initial germination and percentage
germination. The species with the highest percentage germination rate was L. erecta. This explains the
ubiquity of this species in nature. Modes of cracking of the testa at the onset of germination varied
amongst the species, resulting in 7 main germination variants. Seeds of all the species germinated in
sandy and loamy soils, but there was variation in the time and percentage of germination. Solutions of
CuSO4 annd H2SO4 were unsuitable chemical gents for scarifying the seeds of Ludwiga species while
KMnO4 solution for 2 hours was the most suitable chemical agent.
Mechanical scarification was the best method for the seeds enclosed in endocarp. Cleaning of the
seed testa epidermis and subsequently electron microscopy of the seeds showed interestingly varied
patterns formed by the exotegmen tuberculae amongst the species. The tubercles were raised in L.
erecta, L. decurrens and L. leptoarpa while the cell surfaces were depressed. In L. hyssopifolia, the
tubercles and the cell surfaces were at the same level. The tubercles, however, formed ridges in the cells
of the subspecies of Ludwiga octovalvis complex and L. erecta while the anticlinal walls in these taxa
were depressed. These tubercles, which appeared in the testa cells, were named exotegmen tuberculae
and varied in their shapes, sculpturing, density and distribution.
Nine new sub-species and one new variety of L. octovalvis complex were identified. The subspecies
were L. octovalvis subsp. Brevisepala, L. octovalvis subsp. Linearis, L. octovalvis subsp. Piloso-linearis,
L. octovalvis subsp. LinearisaαC, L. octovalvis subsp. Linearis
β, L. octovalvis subsp. Linearis θ, L. octovalvis subsp. Linearisδ, L. octovalvis subsp. LinearisΣ , and L.
octovalvis subsp. Piloso-linearisαB. The variety was L. octovalvis subsp. linearisαB
(a variety of L. octovalvis subsp. Linearis). Five major venation patterns were observed in the cotyledons
of 4-day old seedlings and these varied from those of mature leaves. Juvenile characters of the
seedlings varied also amongst the species.
Cuticular studies on the stem revealed two zones, astomatic (with no stomata but with trichomes or
trichome scars) and stomatic (with stomata). These two zones or bands continuously alternated with
each other in the epidermal strips. Stomatic zones were absent only in the stem epidermis of L.
adscendens subsp. diffusa (another indication that this taxon is one of the earliest offshoots to have
diverged during the evolution of this genus). Macromorphometric characters like leaf size, diameter of
open flower, petal, sepal, anther and fruit size showed variation. The largest flowers and floral organs
were observed in the obligate outcrossing taxa like L. adscendens subsp. diffusa and L. leptocarpa.
Consequently, the largest fruits were observed in these two taxa. Anova tests on these characters were
significant (p < 0.05).
Cuticular studies on the cotyledons of 4-day old seedlings, mature leaves, sepals, petals, anthers,
stigma and fruit walls showed significant variations in all the morphometric and qualitative characters
assessed. Primary, secondary and tertiary sculpturing of the epidermal cells were common in the
epidermis of these organs, but the levels varied amongst the species. Stomata were absent in the petals
of the Ludwigia species studied. Scanning electron micrographs of the receptive and non-receptive
stigmas, styles, anthers, and pollen exhibited gross variations that existed interspecifically and
intraspecifically. The endothetical cells of the antherns were polarized in the adaxial surfaces in all the
species except those of L. octovalvis subsp. breviosepala. Pollen grains were triaperturate, and semilobate to semi-angular in shape. Mesocolpia was convex in all cases and the grains were colporate. One
species with endocarp – clad seeds that shed its pollen as monads or single grains (L. adscendens subsp.
diffusa) was outbreeding, while others (L. abyssinica and L. hyssopifolia) that shed their pollen as
monads were antogamous. The only members of the taxa with endocarp – clad seeds, which shed their
pollen as tetrads or polyads, were L. affinis and L. leptocarpa and these were facultatively to obligately
outcrossing. The rest of the taxa were autogamous to rarely facultatively outcrossing. A lot of monads
and tetrads alike were observed in the pollen preparation of L. erecta. In the rest of the taxa, pollen was
shed as tetrads or clusters of tetrads (polyads held together by viscin threads and ektexine intermeshing
at the apertual regions, as well as by cohesion bridges below the apertual regions). All the grains were
fertile or almost so. Insect visitors to the flowers predominantly belong to the order Hymenoptera. Plant
height, form and architecture exhibited variation amongst the species in the angles of primary,
206
secondary, tertiary and quarternary branch formation and also in the pattern of module and metamere
development. This therefore results in a unique architectural pattern for each taxon.
Anatomy of the stems, petioles, midribs, anthers and fruits of the species revealed diversities in
organisation, structure and sizes of the internal organs. The presence of continuous sporogenous tissue
surrounding the pollen packets of L. octovalvis subsp. Linearis αC, L. octovalvis subsp. breviseopala and
L. adscendents subsp diffusa creates problems for the taxonomy of these three taxa and suggests that L.
octovalvis subsp. LinearisαC and L. octovalvis subsp. bevisepala should be upgraded to specific status.
Dual ovular supply through the transseptal and central bundles was characteristics of this genus.
Leakage of petroleum products into some waterways caused distortion in fruits of L. leptocarpa, and
resulted in vestigial seed development to undeveloped seeds in the fruits. Cytologial studies showed five
ploidy levels: diploid species with 2x = 16; triploid species with 3 x = 24; tetraploids with 4x = 32;
hexaploids with 6x = 48; decaploid species with 10x = 80, monodecaploid species with 11x = 88 and
two dodecaploids with 12x = 96. There was relative homogeneity with respect to chromosome sizes in
the species. Polymodal karyotype was common in the genus.
UL-222-BIY-04
OSANYINPELU, ABIODUN OLUROTIMI
INDUCED MUTATION STUDIES
UNGUICULATA (L) WALP).
Ph.D Genetics (2004) 157pp.
FOR
CROP
IMPROVEMENT
IN
COWPEA
(VAGINA
Elite cowpea varieties, IT84E-124 and Vita 7 of the International Institute to Tropical Agricultural,
Ibadan, were exposed to varying doses of chemical and physical mutagens. Optimum doses of 10mM
EMS for 6 hours and 0.1mM and 1.0mM NaN3 for 21 hours, determined from seedling growth tests, and
100R and 200R gamma radiation were applied to seed samples of each genotype. A total of 2000 seeds
from each cultivar/treatment were planted. The suitability and efficacy of the treatment regimes were
expressed in the germination percentages and the broad spectrum of morphological, physiological and
biochemical changes observed in the two cultivars. The 1.0mM NaN3 for 2 hours treatment was more
effective for induction of mutation than the other treatment regimes, and Vita 7 was found more
amenable to induced mutation breeding.
Vita 7 produced more lines with beneficial changes in their agronomic features while the 1.0nM
NaN3 treatment induced higher increases in yield components of the two cultivars. These would lead to
increased yield hectare. The IT84E-124 mutant progeny lines with aphid and bruchid resistance qualifies
will reduce yield loss due to these insect pests in the field and during storage without detrimental effects
on the environment. The change in the seed coat texture from reticulofoveate to favulariate pattern
observed in scanning electron microscopy and fat content increase might be responsible for the
resistance in the bruchid resistant mutant line. Nutritional evaluation and assessment of yield-attribute
traits of selected lines indicated the production of mutant lines without loss of quality while the SDS-PAG
electrophoresis and iso-electric focusing of seed protein confirmed induced molecular variations and
distinctness of the lines. A number of lines with particular traits were observed to be characterized by the
presence of specific polypeptide bands.
The low level of outcrossing found in cowpea plants could be improved by the new lines with
genetic male sterility. The different types of genetic male sterility were found to be determined by single
pairs of non-allelic genes tentatively designated ms5, ms6, and ms8. Linkage or pleiotropy of ms5, and
ms7 on petal form and plat size were observed. The inheritance of the leaf shape in cowpea was found
controlled by not only nuclear genes, but also by cytoplasmic factors. It was found that the gene for
lettuce leaf shape, symbolized here as ltl, is closely associated with the gene(s)/ lethal factor which
affects the development of the mature cowpea seed. The molecular size of the cowpea DNA was
established to be 23kb, as the molecular weight of the selected lines was the same as that for the
selected lines might be due to point mutations. The chromosome count form cytological analysis
207
confirmed that the cowpea diploid number is 22. There were no changes found in the chromosome
number of selected or mutant lines.
UL-223-BIY-04
ADEWUNMI, TAIWO IDOWU
A GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF GLYCAEMIC ACTIVITIES OF TWO
COMMON VERNONIA SCHREB. SPECIES IN RELATION TO TOLBUTAMIDE IN SPRAGUEDAWLEY (SPD) RATS.
Ph.D. Genetics (2004) 211pp.
A genetic and physiological study was carried out in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) – diabetic rats
to evaluate the possible anti-diabetic efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina and V. tenoreana in relation to
tolbutamide. Vernonia amygdalina and V.tenoreana are common and widely distributed dietary plants
that are also used for medicinal purposes. Considering the two plants, V.amygdalina, commonly called
bitter leaf, is more common. It is known among the Yorubas as ewuro oko. Tolbutamide is a commonly
prescribed antidiabetic drug, and it is used as a reference standard in the study. Two major categories
of animals – diabetic and nondiabetic – were used. Diabetes was induced by intravenous (jugular vein)
administration of streptozotocin at 45.0mg/kg-1 body weight (b.wt). The test substances (the plant
extracts and the drug) were administered orally by oro-gastric intubation.
Tolbutamide was the most hypoglycaemic in the nondiabetic animals causing a percentage change
in glucaemia of –50.0% (P < 0.01) as compared with that caused by V.amygdalina (-35.0%) and
V.tenoreana (-22.2%) dring the 180-minute fasting plasma glucose concentration monitoring period. In
the diabetic rats, the hypoglycaemic effect of V. amygdalina was consistent and substantial when
compared with those of V. tenoreana and tolbutamide that were not as pronounced. Similar pattern of
result was obtained for oral glucose tolerance test as assessed by the shape of the glucose tolerance
curve and the glucose tolerance index (GTI). V. amygdalina consistently reduced glucose tolerance curve
and the glucose tolerance index (GTI). V. amygdalina consistently reduced glucose tolerance in the
nondiabetic and the diabetic animals; it reduced the peak plasma glucose concentration by 2.3 and 10.6
mmol/l respectively (P < 0.05) in both categories. When the plant extracts were administered
respectively with tolbutamide as drug-extract combination, a very significantly hypoglycaemic action was
obtained especially in the case of V. amygdalina (P < 0.01). The effects of administering the plant
extracts and the drug as separate substances could not account or this observation.
Through selective breeding for two generations, it was possible to obtain two strains of rats that
differed markedly in their sensitivity to the hypoglycaemic effect of V. amygdalina – one group was
sensitive while the other was resistant. The F2 generation sensitive animals designated as S2 had a
percent change in glycaemia of – 49.1% as compared to their resistant counterparts (R2) with a highly
significantly lower magnitude of glycaemic reduction (-9.3%; P < 0.001).
The well-known association between diabetes and cardiovascular problems made it particularly
interesting and imperative to consider the effect of V. amygdalina on blood pressure and heart rate in
this study. The overall blood pressure lowering effect of V. amygdalina was most clearly noticeable with
the dose of 10mg/kg b.wt. At this dose, V. amygdalina reduced the systolic and the diastolic blood
pressure to a final mean arterial pressure of 60.3mm/Hg. This was significantly lower than the pretreatment value of 73.7mmHg (P<0.01). In vitro studies on relaxation response of isolated rings of the
aorta precontractedwith noradneraline showed that the vascular relaxant effect of V. amygdalina on the
vascular smooth muscle might partly account for the observed effect of V. amygdalina on the
cardiovascular system. Phytochemical screening of V. amygdalina and V. tenoreana for bio-active
constituents gave glycosides, saponins, and tannins, but no alkaloids were detected.
The results of this study showed that V. amygdalina might be of particular value in the treatment of
diabetes especially in those cases of diabetes complicated with hypertension. The need for collaborative
efforts between the orthodox and the traditional medical practitioners in health care delivery system
therefore cannot be overephasized.
208
UL-224-BIY-08
NJOKU KELECHI LONGINUS
EVALUATION OF GLYCINE M AX (L.MERRILL) AND LYCOPER SICON ESCULENTUM (MILL) IN
REMEDITATION OF CRUDE OIL POLLUTED SOIL.
The potentials of using Gycine max and Lycopersicon esculentum in remediating soil polluted with crude oil
were investigated. The investigation involved screening of four accessions each of the two crops for
germination, survival and growth. The mitotic divisions of the accessions of G. max were further examined.
The plant height, dry matter content, leaf area, chlorophyll content and pod production rate of the TGX
1440-1E accession of G. max were also assessed. This was followed by investigating the impact the TGX
1440-1E accession of G. max had on the characteristics of soil polluted with crude oil. The influence of the
addition of cow dung to soil polluted with crude oil was also determined. The microbial load and diversity
of the soil used in the studies were also carried out.
The accessions of G. max and L. esculentum responded differently crude oil pollution. L. esculentum had
greater survival while G. max grew better than L. esculentum. The rate of mitotic division in the accessions
of G. max was adversely affected by crude oil pollution. The growth performance of the chosen accession
(TGX 1440-1E of G. max) was hindered by crude oil pollution. However, the growth of the chosen
accession led to improved soil conditions and that was enhanced by the addition of cow dung to the
polluted soil. The quantity of crude oil added to the soils without cow dung had more effect on the pH and
organic matter content of the soil (p=0.621, p=0.767 respectively) than the days of sampling. In the case
of the moisture content, the days of sampling had greater effect than the quantity of crude oil added to
thee soil (p=0.215). The addition of cow dung to the soils had greater impact on the pH, moisture content
and the organic matter content than the amount of crude oil added to the soils and days of sampling. The
growth of the chosen accession increased the loss of crude oil from soil with 25g crude oil from 50% to
54% while the addition of cow dung led to higher loss of crude oil from 54% to 72%, 55% to 75% and
40% to 75% for 25g, 50g, and 75g treatments respectively. There was a significant difference (P<0.05)
among the quantity of crude oil lost in the soils not augmented with cow dung and there was a negative
correlation (r=-1) between the amount of crude oil lost from 25g treatment that lost from 50g and 75g
treatments. There was a significant difference between the amounts of crude oil lost from the soils with
cow dung and those lost from soils without cow dung. High microbial populations were recorded in the
vegetated soils and soils with cow dung. Though there was more microbial diversity in the vegetated soils
than in the non vegetated soils, there was no significant difference between the populations of microbes in
the vegetated soils and in the non vegetated soils. In addition, mixing of cow dung with the soils did not
have any marked effect on the diversity of bacteria population.
The implication of the findings of the study shows that G. max can be used to clean up soils with low level
of crude oil pollution to a manageable level in about four months. Also, the findings indicate that the
combination of cow dung and G. max can lead to the removed about 75% of crude oil within the same
period. This is significant because G. max is a widely acceptable plant due to its high nutritional values and
cow is readily available and not expensive as inorganic fertilizers. This implies that combination of cow
dung and G. max provides for an inexpensive and efficient means of cleaning up crude oil polluted soils
within a short period of time.
UL-225-BIY-09
ADEKOYA KHALID OLAJIDE
209
CHROMOSONAL AND RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA CHARACTERIZATION OF
THREE ACRIDID GRASSHOPPER SPECIES FROM CEMENT DUST POLLUTED AREA.
The three Acridoid grasshopper species; Acrida turrita (Linnaeus, 1758), Paracinema luculenta (Karsch,
1896) and Spathosternum pygmaeum (Karsch, 1893) collected from the Biological Gardens of University of
Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria (Non-cement dust polluted environment) and at Ewekoro in Ogun State (a
cement dust polluted environment) were used to assess the level of genetic diversity that might have been
caused by the long time exposure to the cement dust from the Ewekoro cement factory. The investigation
was designed to use the cytogenetic and random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) DNA characterizations of
the species to determine this and furthermore the molecular markers that will be useful for possible
classification of these species would be identified. The karyotypes and meiotic chromosome behavior
analysis in the three species from the two study sites were carried out. Three DNA (RAPD) markers were
screened. The study has shown that the characteristic conservation of karyotypes of the three species of
grasshoppers is still being maintained in southwest Nigeria despite the pollution tendencies of cement
dusts at Ewekoro. The standard karyotype of these species is 22 + XO in males and the mitotic and meiotic
studies suggests that the chromosome morphology can be described as “acrotelocentrics”. The grouping of
chromosomes by sizes revealed that Spathosternum pygmaeum can be grouped into nine and that
Spathosternum pygmaeum has undergone more chromosomal changes than the other two species during
the course of their evolution. The meiotic processes of these species in the two sites are normal and
chiasmate. The modal chiasma frequency per cell for A.turrita, P. luculenta and S. pygmaeum is 18, 17 and
16 respectively. The X-chromosomes of these species exhibit the reversal type of heteropynosis and are of
different sizes. The modifications done on composition to the extraction buffer for DNA analysis in
grasshopper species produced high integrity DNA and showed that the protocol is adequate for use as a
modified protocol for the insects DNA extraction. The discovery of the operon primer W05 as the best
among the tested primers for amplification of minute segments of DNA fragments in this group of insects is
also noted. At a truncated line of 0.52 similarity coefficients, all the three species sampled from Akoka,
have a single cluster and at 0.46 for those sampled from Ewekoro. This indicates close relationship among
the three genera which belong to the same family level. The lower similarity coefficient among the
Ewekoro sample suggests some measure of genetic differences between the populations. Further analysis
of the dendrogram generated from the molecular data suggests clustering of species along sex type basis
and sites of sampling. The molecular characterization studies showed that there is more diversity in Acrida
turrita, Paracinema luculenta and Spathosternum pygmaeum than revealed by cytogenetic and
morphological characterization. Furthermore, the potential detrimental effects of the exposure to cement
dust have been signaled by the molecular characterization of the species.
UL-226-BIY-09
AGUSIOBO MAUREEN NKEMDILIM
STUDIES ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF THREE TROPICAL SECONDARY
SUCCESSIONAL WEED SPECIES; CR OTON LOBATUS L., EM ILIA SONCHIFOLIA L., AND
SPIGELIA ANTHELM IA L.
Physiological and ecological studies were carried out on germination and growth of Croton lobatus, Emilia
sonchifolia and Spigelia anthelmia Preliminary experiments to the effects of 12hr L-D and continuous
darkness, soaking in water, soil moisture, water soluble extracts and temperature treatment on
germination of the seeds of the weed species were conducted in the laboratory. Field experiments were
also carried out to study their phenology, habitat effect (light and shade), effect of soil texture on the
weed species. Competitive interaction between pairs of the weed species and between each of the weed
species and two potherbs; Amarathus hybridus andCelosea argentea were also investigated. Percentage
germination, total dry weight, Leaf area, Leaf area ratio, Net assimilation rate, Relative growth rate, and
210
Root: Shoot ratio were examined under uniformly controlled environmental conditions. There were
significant differences in the percentage germination of C. lobatus and S. anthelmia in continuous darkness
(p< 0.05). There was also a significant differences in the percentage germination of E. sonchifolia and.S .
anthelmia seeds grown in E. sonchifolia and S. anthelmia water extracts respectively (p< 0.05). In the
three weed species, percentage germination increased with decreasing soil moisture regime, 20% soil
moisture being the most favourable for germination. High temperature was found to inhibit the
germination of C. lobatus while it increased those of E. sonchifolia and S. anthelmia. None of the three
weed species developed flowers and fruits in the shade. Shady habitat was found to reduce the dry matter
production in the weed species. There were significant differences in the mean dry weight of the three
weed species in the leaf area ratio of E. sonchifolia and S. anthelmia under light (p<0.05).
The growth of the weed species was found to be influenced by the different soil types. E. sonchifolia and
S. anthelmia thrived best in sandy loam while C. lobatus thrived best in loamy sand. The weed
speciesinteracted effectively with each other; C. lobatus and S. anthelmia were able to co-exist while both
of them were better competitors than E.
sonchifolia and thus can be used in the biological control of E. sonchifolia. The weeds reduced the yield
and leaf areas of both A. hybridus and C. argentea significantly (P<0.05).
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
UL-227-CHG-84
AKO. C.T.
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF C8 DEHYDROCYCLIZATION
BIFUNCTIONAL PLATINUM - ALUMINA CATALYST.
Ph.D Chemical Engineering (1984) 275pp.
REACTIONS
ON
MONO
AND
The dehydrocyclization of n-octane and iso-octane to ethyl benzene, o-, m-, and p- xylenes was
investigated on a mono - and bifunctional Pt/A12O3 catalyst, using pulse technique with hydrogen as
carrier gas at a pressure of 1.8 atm and between 563 and 7630K. Similarly, the isomerization of the C8 aromatics was also studied in the temperature range 513 - 6730K and 1.8atm pressure.
The total conversions of n-octane and iso-octane on bifunctional catalyst were found to decrease
with increasing temperatures for all pulse sizes investigated. On monofunctional Pt/A12O3, however, the
total conversion of n-octane increased with temperature, passing through a maximum at 6130K. The
total conversion of each of the xylene isomers and of ethyl benzene also went through a maximum as
the temperature increased.
There was a large initial production of iso-octane when n-octane reacted on bifunctional Pt/A12O3,
catalyst, the iso-octane production went through minimum as the temperature increased: For iso-octane
reaction on hifunctional Pt/A12O3 and n-octane reaction on monofunctional Pt/A12O3, however, there
was a large initial production of ethylbenzene which also went through a minimum as the temperature
increased.
Each of the yields of ethyl benzene and o-xylene went through a maximum as temperature
increased for n-octane dehydrocylization on acidic Pt/A12O3. As regards iso-octane dehydrocylization on
Pt/A12O3, O, p- xylenes yield went through their respective maxima. The same behaviour was observed
when n-octane reacted on monofunctional Pt/A12O3.
The selectivity of ethylbenzene to O-xylene increased with temperature for all pulse sizes
investigated, while that of ethylbenzene to iso-octane went through a maximum when n-octane reacted
211
on bifunctional catalyst. On mono-functional catalyst, however, the selectivity of ethyl benzene to oxylene decreased with temperature and passed through a minimum.
With respect to the reactions of the C8-aromatics on bifunctional and mono functional Pt/A12O3,
the onset of reaction occurs at a lower temperature and the initial rates were higher on the bifunctional
Pt/A12O3. Furthermore the bifunctional catalyst was found to be very selective in the production of pxylene and p- and o-xylene at temperature less than 563 and 5930K, respectively.
The Wei-Prater method was used for the calculation of absolute rate constants for ethylbenzene
isomerization on both catalysts. Generally, the rate constants were higher on bifunctional Pt/A12O3.
Estimated activation energies appears to account for the high yield of ortho from meta-xylene
during ethylbenzene isomerization on bifunctional Pt/A12O3.
UL-228-CHG-85
ABERUAGBA FOLORUNSHO
KINETICS OF SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISTICS
FERMENTATING BACTERIUM. BACILLUS SUBTILIS.
M.Phil. Chemical Engineering (1985) 146pp.
OF
&-AMYLASE
IN
A
GARI-
A batch fermentor was used for the kinetic studies of &-amylase synthesis by Bacilus subtilis - a
gari fermenting bacterium. There was synthesis of &-amylase in all the growth conditions considered.
This suggests that the enzyme - forming system is constitutive. Maximum synthesis of the enzyme,
however, occurred after the end of the logarithmic phase of growth.
The model for industrial &-amylase synthesis by bacteria as proposed by Terui et al (1967) did not
seem to apply to the &-amylase synthesis by the organism investigated. Possible reasons for these
results are discussed.
The &-amylase produced was characterized by generating kinetic data from hydrolysis of cassava
starch. Results showed Michaelis-Menten constant, km, of 5.0mg/ml and maximum rate of hydrolsyis,
Vm of 357.14pg.ml-min. The km values was in agreement with published results. However, the vm
value was about twice the published results.
The effect of temperature on enzyme activity was found for cassava starch hydrolysis. The
optimum temperature was 600C and the activation energy for enzyme reaction and denaturation were
21.2 kcal/gmole and 33.75kcal/gmole respectively. Both activation energies were within reported
literature values.
The effect of pH on &-amylase was also found for cassava starch hydrolysis. The optimum pH of
6.0 obtained was also in agreement with literature values.
UL-229-CHG-86
DANIEL BABASEHINDE AYO
PULSE MYCROCATALYTIC INVESTIGATION OF MODEL HYDROGENATION REACTION ON
PLATINIUM-RHNIUM\ALUMINIUM OXIDE CATALYST.
Ph.D Chemical Engineering 565pp.
The hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of benzene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane were
investigated on a 0.3% Pt- 0.3% Re on Al203 catalyst (Catalyst (A)) using the pulse micro-catalytic
technique. Reactions were carried out in hydrogen and in nitrogen containing 0.66% oxygen (labelled
212
N2/O2) under the following conditions: 4 atmospheres total pressure, 500C to 4000C and 120cm3 min-1.
Kinetic data were obtained on clean coked and CS2-poisoned catalyst. The theory of Sica et al (1) was
applied to extract kinetic parameters. The activation energies were found to be identical for reactions
carried out on coked, CS2-poisoned (at 3730C) and clean catalyst, thus suggesting that deactivation of
catalysts by CS2 and coke occur predominantly by geometrical blockage of active sites. A slight
enhancement of the selectivity for hydrogenation of cyclohexene to cyclohexane over dehydrogenation to
benzene by CS2 poisoning suggested that the poison also exerted some electronic effect on the
reactions. The u-6 bond shift mechanism of Ruiz - vizcaya et al (2) for the dehydrogenation of
cyclohexan on Pt/Pd catalysts was found to account for most of the observed kinetic phenomena.
The kinetic parameters determined by the pulse experiments were largely confirmed by continuous
(plug) flow microreactor experiments. The order of reaction was found to be zero and the activation
energy was found to be about 8 kcal/mole for benzene and cyclohexene hydrogenation to cyclohexane.
For cyclohexane dehydrogenation, the order of reaction ranged between 0.7 to 0.9 while the activation
energy varied more significantly. For the pulse experiments, it was 33 kcal/gmol (30000 - 3350C) and
16.5 kcal/gmol. (3350 - 3900C) while a single value of 24 kcal/gmol (3150 - 3750C) was calculated for
the flow experiments.
The deactivation of catalyst (A) by cyclohexene and cyclohexane in very dry and high purity helium
in the temperature range 3000C to 4000C and 4 atmosphere total pressure was studied. A model
developed in this thesis was used for data analysis. The deactivation of catalyst (A) by cyclohexane and
cyclohexene was found to be described by the relation.
da = kda
dt
With zero activation energy. Deactivation was rapid when catalyst surface was contacted with
oxygen before reaction.
Catalyst (A) was charaterised by means of the conventional H2/O2 titration in helium and by the
titration of H2 and O2 in N2/O2 carrier (a method proposed here). Charaterization was also done by
monitoring the Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) profile of oxygen adsorbed on the catalyst.
The
H2/O2titration and the TPD results suggest the existence of bimetallic clusters of Pt and
Re which segregates to Re-rich and Pt-rich clusters in the presence of oxygen. The observed increase in
the hydrogenolysis of cylohexane on oxidised catalyst is also consistent with this concept.
UL-230-CHG-86
ARIBIKE D.S.
COMPARATIVE KINETIC INVESTIGATION OF THE PYROLYSIS OF PURE HYDROCARBONS
AND THEIR MIXTURES.
The kinetic and product distributions of the thermal decompositions of the n-butane, n-heptane,
cyclohexane and methyl-cyclohexane as well as liquified petroleum gas (LPG), cyclohexane
methylcyclohexane (CYH-MCH) and cyclohexane - heptane - benzene (CYH-HEP-BEN) synthetic mixtures
were investigated in a stainless steel annular reactor at one atmosphere pressure and with excessive
nitrogen dilution. Experimental data were obtained over a wide range of conversions at temperatures
from 6400 to 8600C and residence times of 0.26 - 1.87 seconds.
Ethylene, propylene, methane and hydrogen were formed as major products of n-butane pyrolysis.
Besides, mole percent of propylene and methane did not change with temperature below 7600C, while
ethylene increased. Mole percent of propylene was considerably higher than that of methane in contrast
213
to the results of Blakemore et al (74) who observed equal molar amounts of these two products. The
ratio ([C3H6] + [CH4]}/{[C2H4] + [C2H6]) decreased with increasing temperature (conversion).
Methane, propylene and ethylene were the main products of LPG pyrolysis. Also methane
selectivity generally increased with residence time, while those of ethylene and propylene passed
through maxima. There is evidence of the accelerating effect of the H2S additive on the cracking
reactions of LPG. Relatively substantial amount of methane and less ethylene and propylene were
produced in the pyrolysis of LPG than pure n-butane.
In n-heptane pyrolysis selectivities of ethylene and methane increased steadily with conversion,
while propylene selectivity went through a broad maximum and those of the higher &-olefins (1-butene,
1-pentene and 1-hexene) decreased. R-k theory is inadequate in predicting the secondary reactions of &olefins, though it predicts their formation. N-heptane pyrolysis was well represented by first order kinetic
law; the estimated Arrhenius parameters are E = 206.1' kJ mo1-1 and A = 5.88 x 1010 sec-1.
Selectivities of ethylene, propylene and methane increased with conversion in cyclohexane,
pyrolysis while 1, 3-butadiene decreased. In addition, ethylene and propylene yields increased with
residence time at 7000C - 8600C, while yield of 1, 3-butadiene increased at 7000C - 8600C, passed
through a maximum at 6200C and decreased at 8400C. Similar observations were made by Levush et al
(30) in cyclohexane pyrolysis at 9000 - 13000C. Relatively lower selectivities of ethylene and propylene
and higher 1,3-butadiene selectivity were observed in cyclohexane pyrolysis than n-heptane.
Ethylene, propylene, methane and 1,3-butadiene were the major products of CYH-MCH pyrolysis.
Appreciable yields of benzene and isoprene were also formed. Selectivities of ethylene, methane and 1,3butadiene showed little or no change with increasing conversion, while propylene decreased
tremendously. Less methane, ethylene, 1,3-butadiene and hydrogen and more of propylene were formed
in MCH pyrolysis than cyclohexane. The Arrhenius plot of MCH pyrolysis showed appreciable curvature in
the region of temperature below 8000C; an evidence of strong surface effect and hence of
heterogeneous mechanism on the kinetics of MCH pyrolysis.
Ethylene, propylene and 1,3-butadiene were the major products of CYH-MCH pyrolysis. The order
of the quantities of ethylene formed from the pyrolyses of CYH-MCH, pure cyclohexane and MCH was:
Cyclohexane > CYM-MCH > MCH
Conversely more propylene was formed in MCH pyrolysis than the other two reactants. The
comparison of the variations of the major product yields and selectivities with temperature and residence
time for the three hydrocarbon reactants showed that the decomposition reactions of the components
play central role in overall mixture cracking. Comparison of the Arrthenius parameters of pure
components with those estimated for mixture cracking showed that cyclohexane strongly inhibited in
former slightly.
Ethylene, propylene, 1,3-butadiene, methane and hydrogen were the main products of CYH-HEPBEN pyrolysis. The order of the amounts of ethylene formed in the pyrolyses of CYH-HEP-BEN, pure
cyclohexane and heptane was N-Heptane > CYH-HEP-BEN > Cyclohexane.
Conversely, the order in the case of 1,3-butadiene was Cyclohexane > CYH-HEP-BEN > N-Heptane.
Selectivity to products of pure component decomposition was maintained in the mixture cracking,
confirming the results of Murata et al (36). There was strong effect of component interaction on the
overall decomposition reactions of CYH-HEP-BEN. Futhermore, higher yields of C2+C3 olefins and lower
yields of liquid products (C6+) were produced in CYH-HEP-BEn pyrolysis than CYH-MCH.
Mechanistic models that fit the pyrolyses of n-butane and n-heptane fairly well were developed.
Simulated radical concentrations showed appreciable changes with reaction time thus the assumption of
pseudo steady stage for radical concentrations is not valid in reality. Molecular model developed for
cyclohexane pyrolysis predicted the product distributions fairly well.
UL-231-CHG-88
ANAGHO SOLOMON GABCHE
214
KINETIC AND ECONOMIC STUDIES OF THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC OILS FROM SOME
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN NIGERIA.
A kinetic study for the conversion of pulverised agricultural wastes to bituminous oils was carried
out. The reactor used for the process was a 1/2 litre magnedrive high pressure autoclave operated
batchwise. The pulverised wastes were slurried in various solvents and reacted at temperature between
3000C and 3500C and an initial hydrogen atmosphere of 1Kg/Cm2 and 30kg/cm2. Two time zones, the
heat-up and the reaction times were identified. The heat-up time was shorter for the higher initial
hydrogen pressure. The reaction rates in all the solvents varied between 1.125 and 1.255g cellulose/litreminute, while the oil yields varied from 30% to 40% by weight of the cellulose fed. The oil products were
fouled to contain mostly unsaturated compounds.
The design of a 1000 tonne per day plant for the conversion of agricultural wastes, was carried
out. The solvent used for the design was gas oil, in which the reaction rate was found to be 1.255g/litreminute. A cost estimate for the process showed that the process could be energy rewarding as an energy
factor, X8 of 0.439 was obtained. The on-site unit cost of production was an attractive low value N46.11
per tones of product oil or $7.62/bb1.
Stability tests carried out on the product oil by using infrared spectroscopy and the Lassaigne's
Sodium fusion test showed that they contained oxygen and nitrogen. These gases which were originally
absent in the oils could only have been picked up from the atmosphere. The oils were therefore,
unstable on storage as their unsaturated nature caused from them to pick up atmospheric oxygen and
nitrogen.
UL-232-CHG-88
ONUKWULI DOMINIC OKECHUKWU
REACTIVITY OF SOME COMPLEX HYDROCARBONS ON CONSTANT AND VARIABLE ACTIVITY
REFORMING CATALYSTS.
The product distributions, kinetics and catalyst mortality of the reforming reactions of n-octane,
iso-octane and methylcyclophentane (MCP) were investigated on constant and variable activity Pt/A12O3
and Pt-Re/A12O3 catalysts. The Berty CSTR was used for data collection at total pressure of 1atm,
various reactant and H2 diluent partial pressures, W/F and temperature, depending on the reactant.
The dehydrocyclization of n-octane on 0.3% Pt/A12O3 catalyst was investigated at temperature
between 4000C and 4600C in H2. The products of the reaction were: hydrocracked products, iso-octane,
ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, O-xylene and toluene. Experimental data showed that the yields of
cracked products and aromatics generally increase with increase in W/F and temperature, but the
aromatic yield decreased with increased in n-octane partial pressure. Results obtained with varying
hydrogen partial pressures show that, at constant temperature, the total conversion and the yield of
aromatics each passed through a maximum.
Another n-octane isomer (1, 1,3-trimethyl-pentane was the sole product of the reaction) of 2,2,4trimethyl pentane (iso-octane) on Pt/A12O3 catalyst at temperatures between 3900C and 4300C. The
conversion of iso-octane on 0.6% Pt/A12O3 catalyst was found to be approximately the same as that
obtained with 0.3% Pt/A12O3 catalyst at the same conditions.
The reactions of MCP on 0.3% Pt/A12O3 and 0.3 Pt-0.3% Re/A12O3 catalyst were studied at
temperature between 3700C and 4100C and MCP partial pressures between 0.058atm and 0.1816atm. At
these conditions, the products of reaction were hydrogenolysis products, cylohexane and benzene. The
beneficial effect of rhenium in Pt-Re/A12O3 catalyst was clear from the total conversion and benzene
215
yield obtained with Pt/A12O3 (DRIED) catalyst. Experimental results showed that the total conversion
and benzene yield obtained with the Pt/A12O3 (DRIED) catalyst was about 1.5 times greater than that
obtained when the bimetallic catalyst was not dried before reduction. In addition to the high conversion
and high benzene yield, the dried bimetallic catalyst was found to be more stable than both the PtRe/A12O3 catalyst and Pt-Re/A12O3 (UNDRIED) catalyst.
Mechanistic kinetic equations of these reactions were developed on both steady and unsteady state
catalyst surfaces. The development of mechanistic rate equations for the surfaces state kinetics of noctane conversion was based on the mechanisms obtained from the modified reaction network proposed
by Ako and Susu1. Nineteen rate equations were derived and discrimination among rival models were
based on positiveness of rate and equilibrium constants, on the goodness of fit and also on the increase
of the value of the rate constants with increase in temperature. The rate models that best fitted the data
were based on:
1.
Dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and conversion of adsorbed n-octane to adsorbed isooctane as rate limiting step (Eqn. 3.1.5).
2.
Dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and desorption of adsorbed iso-octane (Eqn. 3.1.6).
3.
Dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and conversion of adsorbed iso-octane to adsorbed
ethylbenzene as rate limiting step (Eqn. 3.1.7).
4.
Dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and conversion of adsorbed iso-octane to adsorbed oxylene as rate limiting step (Eqn. 3.1.8).
5.
Molecular desorption of hydrogen and conversion of adsorbed n-octane to adsorbed iso-octane
as rate limiting step (Eqn. 3.1.13)
Good fit and positive values of rate and equilibrium constants were obtained when models eqns.
(3.1.7) and (3.1.8) were used to predict the conversion obtained with varying hydrogen partial pressures
at constant temperature.
The kinetic rate equations for the isomerization of iso-octane in the absence of coking (steadystate kinetics) were derived on the basis of the generally accepted mechanism for skeletal isomerization.
The rate models that best fitted the data were based on:
1.
Reaction of adsorbed unsaturated iso-octane on the acidic site to adsorbed iso-octane as the
rate determining step (Eqn. 3.1.25).
2.
Desorption of iso-octane from the acidic site as the rate determining step (Eqn. 3.1.27).
Kinetic rate equations for the aromatization of MCP in the absence of coking (steady state kinetics)
were derived on the basis of the reaction network proposed by this author (see chapter 6, section 6.1.3).
Eleven rate equations were derived and tested. Five out of the eleven models satisfied the set criteria
when Pt-Re/A12O3 catalyst was used for the conversion of MCP. The five rate equations that best fitted
the data were based on:
1.
The rate model is based on the dehydrogenation of adsorbed methylcyclopentene as the rate
determining step (Eqn. 3.1.44)
2.
The rate model is based on the conversion of adsorbed methylcyclopentene to adsorbed
olefinic hydrogenolysis products as the rate determining step. (Eqn. 3.1.46)
3.
The rate model is based on the hydrogenation of adsorbed olefinic hydrogenolysis products to
adsorbed hydrogenolysis products as the rate determining step (Eqn. 3.1.48)
4.
The rate model is based on the hydrogenation of absorbed cyclohexane to adsorbed
cyclohexane as the rate determining step (Eqn. 3.1.49)
5.
The rate model is based on the desorption of hydrogenolysis products as the rate determining
step (Eqn. 3.1.50)
Using the Pt-Re/A12O3 (DRIED) catalyst, however, only two rate equations (Eqns 3.1.48 and
3.1.49) satisfied the set criteria.
For deactivation kinetic studies of Pt-Re/A12O3 catalyst iso-octane and MCP were used as
reactants while for the deactivation kinetic studies of Pt-Re/A12O3 catalyst only MCP reactant was used.
The reactant and hydrogen partial pressures were varied. To describe the distribution of products with
216
time, and activity an a deactivation function of the non-separable type used. Model equations 3.2.11 and
3.2.19 were used to evaluate the constants of deactivation at various values of n (0, 1, and 2).
Catalyst mortality experiments were also carried out with all the reactants investigated. Seven
deactivation - regeneration cycles were carried out using iso-octane on fresh Pt-/A12O3 while forty
deactivation - regeneration cycles were carried out with MCP on the Pt-/A12O3 catalyst used previously
for the mortality study with iso-octane. Twelve deactivation regeneration cycles were carried out on dried
and undried Pt-Re/A12O3 catalyst using MCP. Two stability states, characterized by the difference in the
coke levels, were established in the life of Pt-/A12O3 during the mortality investigation with MCP. The
transition from the first state to the second state occurred in the 6th cycle. The coke level in the first
state was about 0.045gC while the coke level in the second state was about 0.09gC. The coking levels of
the reactants investigated were in the order MCP > N-Octane Iso-Octane.
UL-233-CHG-89
EKUMANKAMA ONU EKUMA
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR SOYMILK CONCENTRATION
Studies were conducted on soybeans to determine the pre-processing conditions of soaking and
blanching which inactivate the trypsin inhibitor and lipoxidase enzyme but maximize the protein
nutritional value of soymilk. Studies were also conducted on the concentration of soymilk to obtain the
processing condition that will maximize its acceptable solids content. Finally, mathematical models were
developed to predict the trypsin inhibitor activity in soymilk as a function of blanch time, blanch
temperature and pH of blanch liquour and to predict the viscosity of soymilk as a function of solids
content, pH and evaporation pressure.
In the pre-treatment state, the soaking and blanch liquours employed are water, sodium
bicarbonate and sodium carbonate solutions of varying concentrations and pH. Soaking time was varied
from zero to 21hrs. While the blanch time and temperature were varied from zero to 30 minutes and 800
to 1000C respectively. The evaporation pressure for concentration of soymilk was varied from 250 to 760
mmHg. The pH was varied from 4.5 to 9.0. Chemical additives used included sodium bicarbonate,
sodium suplphite and potassium phosphate.
Experimental results showed that soaking and blanching conditions that maximized the protein
nutritional value also inactivated the trypsin inhibitor and lipoxidase enzyme. The protein nutritional value
varied with blanch liquour in the order H2O blanching > Na2CO3 blanching > Na2CO3 blanching. It also
varied with soaking liquour in the order Na2CO3 soaking > H2O soaking > Na2CO3 soaking. The peak of
nutritional value was found to increase with soaking time.
This work observed that by destroying the trypsin inhibitor and other toxic substances in the
blanching stage instead of heat sterilization of soymilk, higher solids content can be obtained during
thermal evaporation of soymilk. Results obtained show that the viscosity as well as the maximum
acceptable solids content to which soymilk can be concentrated improved with decrease in evaporation
pressure and increase in pH. The use of chemical additives and defatted soybeans were found to
improve the maximum acceptable solids content.
Kinetic and empirical models that satisfactorily fit the inactivation of trypsin inhibitor were
developed. The activation energy and frequency factor were found to be pH dependent. The viscosity of
concentrated soymilk was well simulated by the empirical model developed. Mixed models from some
phenomenological equations did not satisfactorily fit the viscosity data. However, close fit was obtained
with the mixed model based on Roscoe's equation (145) when defatted soybeans were used to prepare
the soymilk. This confirms that fat clustering contributes appreciably to the viscosity rise.
217
UL-234-CHG-90
ABOWEI NESTOR M.F.
PREDICTIVE MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE SIMULATION OF PETROLEUM WEATHERING
PROCESSES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS.
Simplified, new and originally feasible predictive numerical models have been proposed for the
simulation of petroleum spills weathering processes once discharged into aquatic environments.
These original mathematical models predict spreading rate, spreading coefficient, dissolution rate,
dissolution coefficient, simultaneous dispersion-dissolution rate and dispersion coefficient of petroleum
spills once discharged into aquatic environments. Developed successfully herein are also original and
newly proposed predictive models for simulating very important subsidiary hydrodynamic phenomena of
petroleum spills spreading rate influencing factors namely: kinematic momentum, kinematic buoyancy
rate, boundary layer thickness, shear stress, drag, pressure distribution and spreading rate dimensions at
any point of spread of petroleum spills on aquatic environments.
The proposed modelling equations, which are experimentally and theoretically based, are
developed using various viable mathematical techniques namely: Integral-Laplace transformation and
Green's function by the adoption of Newman Approach and Doshi et al boundary layer conditions,
Bachinham P I theorem and Ratleigh Dimensional analysis, and simple Regression and Graphical
correlation techniques. The proposed modelling equations, which are semi-empirical are generalized and
have good stability behaviour and are easy to use.
Summarized computational flow schemes are developed for the solution of the proposed predictive
numerical models. The proposed computational flow schemes are simplified and generalized as well and
are easy to apply.
In addition, the influence of physical properties of petroleum spills and aquatic environment as well
as weather data on the general hydrodynamic movement of these weathering processes - spreading,
dissolution and dispersions including their coefficients have been carefully examined and presented. In
this regard the developed numerical models were tested by making use of the data obtained from
experimental analysis and field investigation of spillage case that occurred on the 27th February, 1988
along Baki Creek at NUN RIVER FLOW STATION SHELL P.D.C - OPROMA in Rivers State in Nigeria.
Results obtained show that extent of petroleum spills on stagnant aquatic environment is
influenced greatly by the petroleum spills and aquatic environment viscosity ratio. Other physical
properties namely: surface tension and density also influence its spreading mechanism but is not as
pronounced remarkable as the viscosity ratio of petroleum to aquatic environment. The dispersion and
dissolution rate of soluble petroleum droplets were found to be influenced by the dimensions of the
aquatic environment, characteristics flow regime, exposure time, the density and quantity of spilled
petroleum samples. The dissolution coefficients were found to be a function of the dimensions of the
aquatic environment and the velocity distribution and not dependent on the physical properties of
petroleum spills. While dispersion coefficients are dependent on both the dimensions of the aquatic
environment and the physical properties of petroleum spills.
UL-235-CHG-90
AJAYI OLUFUNMILAYO TOLULASE
CONTROL SYSTEMS DESIGN FOR NONLINEAR MULTIVARIABLE SYSTEMS.
The Linearising Transformation technique developed for single-input, single output systems has
been extended to multivariable systems. However this technique was found to be impractical for general
nonlinear multivariable systems because of the complexity involved, and the fact that you cannot always
218
guarantee a transformation. As a result, two alternative, more practical, controller design techniques
have also been developed for nonlinear multivariable systems. The first technique termed External
Systems Restructuring is designed primarily for state-space models, and uses the concept of a structural
modifier to design a controller with desirable features for the linearized process model. The second
technique, termed Direct Synthesis theory for linear systems. This technique is designed primarily for
transfer function models, and allows the pre-specification of a desired closed-loop process response; the
controller required to achieve this response is then synthesized. The resulting direct synthesis controller
is seen to be structurally similar to a multivariable-Pl-type controller. Different compensation options
have also been developed for use with this controller.
These controllers achieve decoupling of the system variables, compensate for both measurable and
unmeasurable disturbances, and, most importantly, take into account the unavoidable discrepancies
between actual plant response and model prediction. The control laws are practical in that they are easy
to understand, design and implement. The effectiveness of these techniques in controlling nonlinear
multivariable processes is demonstrated by simulation.
UL-236-CHG-90
AKINLADE OLATUNJI MONSURU
MODELLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOWNSTREAM PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN
NIGERIA.
Nigeria has ample oil resources, coal reserve and natural gas, but it depends largely on imported
petrochemicals. Nigeria has recently taken a decisive step towards self-sufficiency in petrochemicals'
production. In recognition of this development, it is deemed appropriate to develop a systematic method
to assist government in its decision-making to effect an orderly growth of the industry. This is the
primary aim of the present research work.
Nigerian petrochemical industry is classified into two broad categories, namely, the upstream and
the downstream petrochemical industry. Three developed models are used to predict the structure of the
downstream petrochemical industry in Nigeria. The models are linear programming model, mixed integer
programming model and goal programming model. Goal programming model is shown to be superior to
linear programming model due to its ability to incorporate multiple objectives and goals that are
invariable incompatible. The interaction of the technological and socio-politico-economic forces in Nigeria
dictates a number of objectives that must be incorporated in a realistic model of the Nigerian industry.
The goal programming model is applied to different priority structures to predict the structure of
Nigerian downstream industry. The primary aim is to be self-sufficient in petrochemicals through the
selection of technologies that will minimize the total production cost and feedstock consumption.
Therefore, the pre-emptive priority factors (P1i for i = I....,m,P2,P3,P4) in the multi-dimensional
objective function of the G.P. are chosen to be in accordance with the long terms objective of satisfying
the demand locally.
The minima and maxima of the goal targets are determined. G.P. model rectifies the shortcoming
of the L.P.model by substantially reducing the over production of petrochemicals.
On the tested priory structures, it is deduced that maximum goal target is a function of cost
coefficient and demand while minimum goal target is a function of cost coefficient, demand and priority
factor. It is noted that for the same goal target, most of the selected technologies are identical except
for a few chemicals, it is preferable either to shift to another process or to simply import the chemicals.
Process selections are also determined under limited investment which is an evitable constraint for a
developing country like Nigeria.
Sensitivity analyses are carried out to probe the perturbation of the petrochemical industry under
different scenarios brought about by the supply/demand patterns, fluctuations in chemical prices and
changes in technology capacity.
219
The industry is shown to be highly sensitive to environmental disturbances, and this is reflected in
the model's process selection. The capacity limitation test is advanced as a good substitute to feedstock
conservation index to test the impact of the removal of a process from the technology catalogue.
UL-237-CHG-90
ONYEGBADO OKECHUKWU CHARLES
THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN PULSE REACTOR ANALYSIS WITH APPLICATIONS TO
CATALYTIC REACTIONS NETWORKS.
An alternative model of the pulse reactor which does not neglect transport resistance and which is
good for all manner of complex reaction rate expressions and complex nonlinear adsorption equilibrium
has been developed.
The model predicts the reaction parameters: kinetic constants (surface reaction rate constants,
order of reaction and activating energy) and transport constants (axial dispersion coefficient, intraparticle
diffusion and adsorption isotherm constants) by fitting the theoretically pre-dicted conversion to the
measured experimental values. Efficiency of model in predicting the kinetic constants is greatly enhanced
by the independent estimation of a substantial number of the transport parameters appearing in the
model. In principle however no constant parameter needs to be independently estimated.
Established procedures for the independent estimation of so are reported. For the others, effective
procedures for their independent estimation have been developed in this study. The computational
scheme developed for the solution of the model equations of the pulse reactor has excellent stability
behaviour and is easy to apply. In this regard scheme has been tested using literature data in order to
demonstrate its widespread applicability.
By using an experimental pulse reactor arrangement incorporating a specially designed and
constructed atomiser/vaporizer device, relatively low temperature pulse mode vapour phase transfer and
hydrogenation of the high boiling methyl oleate has been achieved for the first time. The results
establish very firmly for the first time also that the hydrogenation of methyl oleate is a reversible
reaction. In addition the results rule out any possibility of a power law representation of the
hydrogenation rate data contrary to some of the previous workers. Langmuir-Hinshelwood type rate
expression shown to be more effective.
The developed pulse reactor model has been used to obtain from the experimental data surface
reaction rate constant and activation energy for methyl oleate hydrogenation as well as adsorption
isotherm constants for the product methyl stearate adsorption on supported Ni-catalyst which agree very
well with the literature data.
Finally, the results of using the experimental rig for the complex reforming reactions on pt/Al2O3
catalyst show that there is no phenomenological change in the mechanism of the reforming reactions on
both the regular pt/Al2O3 catalyst and on the so-called irreversibly carbided surface in disagreement with
some of the previous works.
UL-238-CHG-91
DOSUNMU OLUGBENGA OLUDOTUN
PARAMETRIC STUDIES OF THE PERFORMANCE OF FIXED-BED REACTORS.
220
Packed-bed reactors for catalytic processes, which predominate in the petroleum and
petrochemical industries, have been studied. They were classified, by the number of phases involved in
the reaction, into two, namely: gas-solid (two-phase system) and gas-solid-liquid (three-phase system).
The model of the reactors were obtained and rendered dimensionless. As a consequence, many
performance parameters manifested and their effects were subsequently studied. The orthogonal
collocation technique was employed to reduce modelling equations to algebraic equations which were
subsequently solved by a semi-adjusting step size Runge-Kutta algorithm.
The two-dimensional two-phase model was applied to the oxidation of SO2 in a catalyst-packed
tubular nonadiabatic-nonisothermal reactor. The model was validated using the experimental data of
Schuler et al., (1952). The effects of feed temperature T1, wall temperature Tw, modified Damkholer
numner, Dam and Lewis number, Le on the performance of a packed-bed tubular reactor for the
oxidation of SO2 to SO3 on platinum catalyst has been studied. The reactor model was solved for
conversion and temperature using othogonal collocation technique for T1= 4000C, Tw = 2000C, Dam =
25 and Le = 0.383 and consequently, the mean exit conversion and the hot spot temperature were
obtained. The results compared very well with experimental results. Parametric studies were then carried
out for T1 in the range 3000C to 1,0000C; Tw, 1000C to 3000C Dam, 15 to 100 and Le, 0.1 0 1.0. It was
found that the conversion at the exit and the hot spot temperature were significantly affected by the
values of the parameters. Consequently, an optimisation study was carried to determine the optimal
values of the parameter within the given ranges using mean exit conversion as the objective function. An
optimal value 47.2% was obtained with a corresponding hot spot temperature of 361.530C at T1 =
3500C, Tw = 1500C, Dam = 27.14 and Le = 0.31. The optimisation result shows that an improvement
of 21.03% would be obtained if the reactor were operated at the optimal conditions.
The three-phase model studied was that of a gas and a liquid flowing in the trickling regime over a
bed of catalysts. Three versions of the model studied, namely: the heterogeneous model: the pseudohomogeneous model; and the catalyst-particle model. The heterogeneous model incorporated a nonlinear kinetic rate expression: Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal types. The purpose was to study
the effect of partial wetting as well as the adsorption characteristics of the reacting species in a typical
trickle-bed reactor. The model was successfully applied to the experimental data obtained in the
hydrogenation of &-methylstyrene in n-hexane at 500C by Mills et al. (1984). The pseudo-homogeneous
model was used to study the effect of flow rate on the properties of the system while the catalystparticle model was proposed for considering the effect of partial wetting. The fluid flow rate effects were
studied using a pseudo-homogeneous model and the results showed that: the efficiency of the reactor
decrease with increasing Dag (Decrease in gas flowrate); and that efficiency decreases with increase in
Da1 (Decrease in liquid rate). The catalyst particles model was used with the following reference set of
non-kinetic parameters: B,A,w = 1, BiB, w = 100,Bip,w = 100, B1A,u = 50, B1B,u = 1, Bip1u = 1000Aw
= OB,W = Op,w = OA,u = Op1u = OA,w = 50. This condition describes a system for which the volatile
species on the wetted surface is much less effective than the non-wetted part, the nonvolatile species
transport is more effective than the transport of species in the wetted part. The result showed that the
catalyst effectiveness passes through a maximum for intermediate wetting efficiencies (i.e.0<nw<1). The
following were also evaluated: the effect of mass transfer to both the wetted and the unwetted surfaces;
the effect of an active or inactive catalyst; the effect of reversibility of the reaction; the effect of
adsorption of reactants and product on the catalyst surface; and the effect of product or solvent
inhibition.
UL-239-CHG-91
MANGA HORACE NGOMO
NOVEL REGENERATION FOR PROLONGATION OF REFORMING CATALYST LIFETIME.
221
The deactivation of Pt - Al2O3 reforming catalyst by coking was investigated by the performance of
several sets of deactivation-regeneration experiments in a Berty CSTR. The overall objective was the
prevention of catalyst mortality. Catalyst regeneration after deactivation was by a novel methodology,
introduced with a view to improving the life-time of the catalyst. The methodology, formulated from the
results of a systematic study of the nature and types of coke deposited during reforming of Pt-AI2O3
catalyst, hinged on the prolonged removal of toxic coke on the catalyst surface in order to delay its
accumulation to a lethal level. Toxic coke had been identified to be responsible for the mortality of the
catalyst lifetime by this methodology and the response of the catalyst in terms of coking were evaluated
by comparing the results obtained in this study with previous works. Hence several sets of multiple
deactivation regeneration experiments were performed in which the oxidizable and toxic coke deposited
after each run were quantified. The model reaction, the dehydrogeneration of cyclohexane on 0.3% ptA12O3 was performed at a reactor temperature of 4300C, reactant vapour pressure of 0.234 atm. and
carier gas flowrate of 100ml/min. Catalyst regeneration consisted of oxidation at 4300C with 2-3% O2 in
N2 carrier at a flowrate of 120ml/min followed by prolonged reduction of coke at 5000C in H2 at a
flowrate of 40ml/min. Results showed that the catalyst remain active even at the 52nd cycle when it was
terminated whereas catalyst mortality had been shown to have occurred at the 22nd cycle in a previous
experiment in which prolonged reduction was not used. The improvement observed here was a clear
manifestation of the success of this regeneration methodology.
The oxidizable and toxic coke values versus cycle numbers also showed oscillations in between
some fairly constant values. The oscillations suggested the occurrence of some reversible surface
changes. To probe the changes, the catalyst surface was characterized by the performance of titration
experiments cyle by cycle at 4300C after oxidation and after prolonged reduction. The dispersion of
metal sites on the support, which is the surface parameter generally used as a measure of potential
catalyst activity, was the parameter of interest in the surface characterization study. Results showed the
usually observed trend that the dispersions after oxidation are higher than those after reduction and the
average decline of dispersion from oxidation to reduction was calculated to be 39.25%. Whereas the
dispersion after oxidation stayed constant for almost 6 runs before decline, the dispersion after reduction
declined continuously from one run to another. Unexpectedly, it was observed that the cycles with low
dispersions were characterized by high toxic coke removal and high deactivation times.
Two theoretical models of the reaction-deactivation process were developed and the model
paramters estimated in a straight forward manner without decoupling the coking reaction from the main
reaction. The two models were found to adequately describe the deactivation run data. The modelling of
the deposition of coke in multilayers on real surface was presented and the results showed good
agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, a theoretical model of the effect of difussion in
the catalyst regeneration process was developed using Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics.
From the discussion of the results the following conclusions were drawn.
1.
The prolonged toxic coke removal in the highest possible quantity is responsible for the
prolongation of catalyst lifetime. An improvement of more than 2 fold (22 cyles in a previous work (6)
and 52 here) clearly indicated the toxicity of secondary coke and the efficiency of this regeneration
methodology.
2.
The secondary coke is deposited in layers in confirmation of previous results (9) and consists of
several types. The number of reducibles cokes formed may be dependent on the coking propensity of
the reactant used.
3.
A total of three types of coke are deposited on the catalyst surface: primary coke, secondary
coke and tertiary coke. The tertiary coke is graphitic in nature and cannot be removed even after very
prolonged reduction.
4.
The level of oxidizable and toxic coke with each cycle are generally characterized by oscillations
in between some fairly stable values. The catalyst surface is very unstable as shown by the occurrence of
redispersion. This instability partly explains the occurrence of the oscillations in the amount of oxidizable
and toxic coke with cycle number.
222
5.
No clear correlations exist between catalyst surface parameters. Where they do exist, they are
dependent on too many conditions. Hence the results from a reactive surface are an interplay of a lot of
factors many of which may not be easily understood.
6.
Specifically, no correlation exist between activity and dispersion. Toxic coke is more crucial in
determining catalyst lifetime than the level of dispersion.
7.
During multiple deactivation-regeneration cycles, the catalyst sinters during reduction and
redisperses during oxidation.
8.
The multilayer coking model on real surface adequately describes the data of residual activity
and coke content.
9.
The methodology for the straight-forward simultaneous determination of both reaction kinetics
and decay rates without decoupling the main reaction from the decay, used by Forzatti and Ferraris for
an integral reactor data is also applicable for mixed flow data generated in a CSTR.
10.
Catalyst regeneration is adequately modelled by Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics. The coke and
the gas consumption profiles increase and reduce respectively towards the centre of the catalyst due to
diffusional resistances.
UL-240-CHG-93
ONYEME OGHENERUEMU JONATHAN
DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OFFINGERPRINT INDICES FOR CRUDE OIL CHARACTERIZATION.
Multi-analytical approach incorporating gas chromatography, high performance liquid
chromatography, metal and ultimate analyses were used to generate fingerprint indices for the dual
purposes of characterization and identification.
The method is based on the use of the inherent chemistry of the crude oils, that is, the use of the
specific chemical compounds or ratios of chemical compounds original to the crude oils, to distinguish
among the samples. Since volatile hydrocarbons are removed from a crude by evaporation following an
oil spill, laboratory simulated weathering of test samples by distillation up to 2400C (4000F) was
conducted to derive relatively weathering insensitive parameters.
The chemical fingerprint indices used to discriminate among the crude oils used in the program
were unaffected by laboratory simulated weathering. Six Nigerian crude oils, Delta field, Forecados
blend, Bonny light, Bonny medium, Elelenwo field and Umuechem fields and Lagos Bar Beach Tar balls
were used in this study. The Six Nigerian crude oils were weathered for 10 and 21 days at 28-340C
under low and high seawater recirculation (washing) rates. The Tar balls provided a means of assessing
the extent of weathering achieved in the test facility.
The "weathered" and "unweathered" oil samples were analyzed by high performance liquid
chromatograph (Aromatics), gas chromatograph (in-Paraffins), emission spectroscopy (Vanadium),
absorption spectroscopy (Nickel), X-ray total sulphur and Kjeldahl total nitrogen techniques. Several
compound indices were found to be stable after stimulated weathering and showed the ability to help
discriminate among the crude oil samples.
The indices of interest include the ratio of Vanadium to Nickel (V/Ni), Sulphur to Nitrogen (S/N),
resolved group compounds of aromatic fraction:
1-Ring Aromatics
-------------Aromatics
4 + Aromatic
-----------;
Aromatics
Selected ratio of
dorminant n-paraffin compounds (nC17/C18); ratio of isoprenoid compounds (iC19/C20; iC20); and
resolved individual compounds of n-paraffin saturates:
nC15
-----------;
(nC15-nC25)
nC25
---------(nC15-nC25)
223
The application of statistical discriminant function analysis on the compounds of interest provided a
useful technique for the classification of the Six Nigerian crude oils. Discriminant classification template
for the six crude oil samples is produced. The result shows that detailed derivation of compositional data
of a crude oil sample is a prerequisite for any source identification system in passive tagging approaches.
A procedure for applying the developed characterization methods is described.
The method is applied in the first instance, to infrared spectrophotometric data obtained at four
frequencies for the Six (6) Nigerian crude oils. Statistical Discriminant Function Analysis facilitated the
inclusion of 12 ratios of infrared absorbance at these frequencies. In the second instance, the method is
applied to chemical fingerprints of five export crudes to the United States generated by Esso Research
and Engineering Company. These are Tia Juana Medium, Lago, Grand Isle Mix, Nigerian and Zuitina
crude oils. These chemical fingerprints provided a comparative base to test the ability of the developed
identification system.
The plot of the 1st and 2nd canonical variates shows distinguish features among crudes of different
origin. The masking of crudes of the same geographical locality suggests the need for inclusion of more
parameters in the discriminant test such as ratios of infrared spectrophotometric data in the near
infrared region and also the use of other instrumental analysis methods such as gas chromatography and
metal analysis. Classification based on ratios of infrared absorbances differentiated crudes from vastly
different geological origins with limited distinguish capability resulting from geochemical properties. The
crudes from the Western half of the Niger Delta were distinctly classified from their counterparts from
the Eastern half of the Niger Delta.
The discriminant templates generated from the compound indices are compared. The classification
model resulting from the chemical fingerprint indices distinguished among the crudes on both geological
and geochemical properties. The discriminant template of the chemical characteristics of the five export
crudes to United states showed more distinguishing capability since the crudes are vastly different in
origin and geochemical properties.
The result of the study aids source identification system, oil spill prevention/control planning and
paleontological studies.
UL-241-CHG-96
ABERUAGBA FOLORUNSHO
SELECTIVE AROMATIZATION DURING N-HEPTANE REFORMING ON FRESH AND DECAYING
PLATINUM/ALUMINA AND PLATINUM-RHENIUM/ALUMINA CATALYSIS
The selective aromatization during n-heptane reforming on fresh and decaying Pt/Alumina and PtRe/Alumina has been investigated in a microcatalytic reactor using a carrier gas containing Nitrogen
and/or Hydrogen at temperatures ranging between 4200C and 5000C, contact time (W/F) values ranging
between 0.83 and 3.75mg min/ml and at a total pressure of 4.0 kg/sq cm. Results obtained suggest
fundamental differences on both catalysts with carrier gas. On Pt/Alumina catalyst, aromatization with
complete demethylation is obtained in nitrogen at all temperatures, except 4200C where demethylation
is found to be incomplete. However, in hydrogen, demethylation is negligible on the Pt/Alumina catalyst.
With Pt-Re/Alumina, reaction in hydrogen predominantly produces methane while reactions in nitrogen
appear to impart intrinsic aromaticity to the bimetallic catalyst albeit with an attenuation of the overall
activity.
In nitrogen - hydrogen mixtures, demethylation activity seems to decrease with increase hydrogen
content on Pt/Alumina catalyst and found to be completely absent at 50% nitrogen. The threshold of the
introduction of intrinsic aromaticity on Pt-Re/Alumina was found to occur at 50% nitrogen; below this
value, the bimetallic catalyst reverts to a complete cracking catalyst.
Fresh Pt/Alumina and Pt-Re/Alumina were incorporated with carbon from Carbon-tetrachloride at
0
500 C and stabilized for 30 minutes under a carrier flow containing 75% hydrogen in nitrogen. On
224
reaction with pulses of n-heptane, there was no effect of this pre-treatment on Pt/Alumina catalyst.
However on Pt-Re/Alumina catalyst, a dramatic appearance of n-heptane aromatization to toluene was
instantly observed with simultaneous decrease in methane formation. More importantly, there were no
demethylation sites for the conversion of toluene to benzene. In order to certify that this dramatic effect
was due to carbon and not chlorine in the Carbon-tetrachloride, a similar injection of HCI was applied to
both catalyst at the same conditions. This chlorine addition neither affected the total conversion nor the
product distribution of the reaction on either the Pt/Alumina or the Pt-Re/Alumina catalysts. The
observed effect of carbon incorporation on Pt-Re/Alumina was explained by the production of more
efficient ensembles of platinum on the Pt-Re surface by the dilution of atomically dispersed carbon
favouring n-heptane aromatization. Additionally the carbon incorporated. Pt/Re/Alumina catalyst
exhibited more stability than the fresh Pt-Re catalyst. The lower stability of the fresh Pt-Re/Alumina
catalyst was attributed to the lower dispersion caused by the low sulphur content of the catalyst (50
ppm) as no additional sulphur was added to the catalyst during experimentation.
A preliminary test of the kinetic data obtained during n-heptane reforming on fresh Pt/Alumina and
Pt-Re/Alumina using Sica's method (1) of pulse kinetic analysis suggests a first order rate in n-heptane
with activation energies of 18.26 kcal/mol in nitrogen and 28.31 Kcal/mol in hydrogen for the
Pt/Alumina catalyst and 19.87 Kcal/mol in nitrogen and 20.85 Kcal/mol in hydrogen for the PtRe/Alumina catalyst. However, a comprehensive kinetic analyses of n-heptane reforming on fresh
Pt/Alumina catalyst in hydrogen carrier gas and on a carbon incorporated Pt-Re/Alumina catalyst in a
carrier gas consisting of 75% hydrogen in nitrogen suggests that, n-heptane reforming involves a series
of elementary reaction steps, with the reaction rate being determined by the rate of conversion of
adsorbed isoheptene to adsorbed methylcyclohexene viz:
-r =
K1fCN-K1rCr
1+KNCN+KCPCCP+KMCm+KBCB+KTCT+KH
on Pt/Alumina catalyst with activation energy value of 14.19 Kcal/g mole and
-r =
K1fCN-K1rCT
1+KNCN+KCPCCP+KTCT
on carbon incorporated Pt-Re/Alumina catalyst with activation energy value of 27.07 Kcal/g mole.
A first order rate of reaction with a first order deactivation rate appear to describe the experimental
data obtained during n-heptane reforming on decaying Pt/Alumina and the deactivation rate constants
obtained suggested the following order of deactivation,
440 C < 460 C < 480 C < 500 C
UL-242-CHG-98
OGOGO OZEMIYA EMMANUEL
SINTERING INDUCED AROMATIC SELECTIVITIES DURING n-HEPTANE REFORMING ON PTALUMINA AND PT-REALUMINA CATALYSTS
The effect of sintering on aromatic selectivity during n-heptane reforming was studied on
0.3%Pt/AI2O3, 0.6%Pt/AI2O3, and 0.3%Pt-0.3%Re/AI2O3 commercial catalysts in a microcatalytic
reactor using hydrogen carrier gas at 5000C at a pressure of 4 kg/cm2. The primary products of nheptane conversion on fresh 0.3% Pt/AI2O3 catalyst were methane, toluene, with subsequent
225
production of benzene from toluene demethylation. On fresh 0.3%Pt-0.3%Re/AI2O3 catalysts, the only
product was methane. To induce sintering, the catalysts were treated with oxygen at a flow rate of 60
ml/ min. pressure of 2 kg/cm2 and temperature ranging between 5000C to 8000C. All the catalysts
(0.3%Pt/AI2O3, 0.6%Pt/AI2O3, and 0.3%Pt-0.3%Re/AI2O3) exhibited enhanced aromatisation
selectivity at the different oxygen sintering temperatures studied. The reaction product ranged from only
toluene at 5000C sintering temperature to predominantly cracked product at sintering temperature of
6500C and no products at sintering temperature of 8000C on the 0.3%Pt/AI2O3 catalysts. On
0.6%Pt/AI2O3 sintering at 5000C produced only toluene, and only methane was produced at 6000C from
n-heptane conversion.
There was a sharp difference between the product distribution obtained at the sintering
temperatures on the monometallic and bimetallic platinum catalysts. On the 0.3Pt-0.3Re/AI2O3
catalysts. Only methane was produced at a sintering temperature of 5000C while only toluene was
produced at a sintering temperature of 8000C.
The total conversion was complete (XT=1.0) for sintering temperatures < 6500C and dropped
below unity at sintering temperatures > 6500C on the 0.3Pt/AI2O3 catalysts and on the 0.3%Pt0.3%Re/AI2O3 catalysts, the total conversion was complete at all the sintering temperatures (5000C8000C) investigated.
Chemisorption was used to characterise the oxidized and reduced 0.3%Pt/AI2O3, 0.6%Pt/AI2O3,
and 0.3%Pt-0.3%Re/AI2O3 catalysts. The oxidation was carried out in oxygen, atmosphere and the
reduction in hydrogen atmosphere. The oxidation (oxygen sintering) temperature ranged between 5000C
and 8000C while the reduction (hydrogen sintering) temperature was constant at 5000C.
The dispersion of the 0.3%Pt/AI2O3 catalysts ranged from 0.5 at 5500C to 0.11 at 8000C sintering
temperature. The average particle diameter was 2.020 n, at 5500C and 9.56 nm at 8000C. After
reduction in hydrogen at each sintering temperature the dispersion value ranged from 0.33 at 5000C to
0.09 at 8000C, and the average particle diameter was 3.03 nm at 5000C and 11.11 nm at 8000C.
For the 0.6%Pt/AI2O3 catalyst, dispersion ranged from 0.3 at 5500C sintering temperature to
0.172 and 8000C sintering temperature. The average particle diameter was 2.756 nm at 5500C and
4.872 nm at 8000C. And after reduction in hydrogen, the dispersion and the average particle diameters
were 0.2975 and 3.361 nm respectively at 5500C, and 0.112 and 8.929 nm respectively at 8000C.
The dispersion of the bimetallic catalysts (0.3%Pt-0.3%Re/AI2O3) was 0.554 at 5500C sintering
temperature and 0.298 at 8000C sintering temperature. The average particle diameter was 1.805 nm at
5500C and 3.356 nm at 8000C. After reduction in hydrogen, the dispersion and the average particle
diameter were respectively 0.475 and 2.105 nm at 5500C, and 0.240 and 4.167 nm at 8000C.
Interestingly, the total conversion was 100% at all the oxygen treatment temperatures for the 0.3%Pt0.3%Re/AI2O3.
The normalized dispersion profiles were found to be similar for all the catalysts investigated.
Generally, the dispersion went through a maximum and then decreased. However at all treatment
temperatures the 0.3%Pt-0.3%Re/AI2O3 catalysts was found to redisperse while the Pt/AI2O3 catalysts
sinter and redisperse at different temperatures. Also the particle diameter increased with the sintering
temperature for all the catalysts investigated.
The turnover numbers evaluated for both 0.3%Pt/AI2O3 and 0.3%Pt-0.3%Re/AI2O3 catalysts
reveal that the turnover number changes from 0.06994 to 0.2557 as the dispersion changes from 33%
to 9% on the 0.3%Pt/AI2O3 catalyst while on the 0.3%Pt-0.3% Re/AI2O3 catalyst, the turnover number
changes from 0.122 to 0.065 as the dispersion varies from 37.1% to 24%.
226
The Koros-Nowak test was used to check for the presence of internal heat and mass transfer and
the Boudart's criterion for structural sensitivity was also used to test for the structure sensitivity of the nheptane reforming reaction.
The Koros-Nowak test shows that there is absence of internal heat and mass transfer while
Boudart's criterion for structure sensitivity suggests that the n-heptane reforming reaction on the
0.3%Pt/AI2O3 monometallic catalyst is structure insensitive and structure sensitive on the 0.3%Pt0.3%Re/AI2O3.
UL-243-CEG-99
WILLIAMS FASOLA ALMORUF OLAJIDE
MODELLING, SIMULATION, DYNAMIC
DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER SYSTEMS
RESILIENCE
ANALYSIS
AND
CONTROL
OF
Dynamic mathematical models of a number of industrially important distributed parameter systems
(such as various types of double pipe heat exchanger systems; heat conduction in long thin rods being
heated at one or both ends; isothermal tubular reactors with various reactions kinetics, etc.) are first
derived; and the important, dimensionless parameters which characterize the behaviour of each system
are identified. To simulate the static/dynamic behaviour of these systems, the mathematical models are
lumped using orthogonal collocation as the main numerical technique. The resulting equations are then
solved using an appropriate method. Results show that, in general, 2-4 collocation points are sufficient
to accurately simulate the steady-state behaviour of the distributed parameter systems studied. To
accurately simulate the dynamic behaviour of systems described by parabolic - and hyperbolic-type
partial differential equations, it was found that 3-5 and 3-10 collocation points respectively are required;
the higher number of collocations points being necessary when a hyperbolic system is subjected to sharp
gradients or abrupt changes at any of its boundaries. Dynamic resilence analysis and simulation results
showing the effects of the characteristic, dimensionless parameters on the steady-state and dynamic
behaviour of the systems are presented and discussed.
The design of single-input, single-output (SISO) and multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) controllers
for distributed parameter systems are based on the early lumping approach. For SISO lumped models of
distributed parameter systems, a new method for the design of PID-type controllers is presented. In the
new method, the PID-type controller parameters are obtained directly as a function of some parameters
in the transfer function of the lumped system model, a filter parameter, and a weighting factor. By
employing a simple iterative algorithm, the final PID controller parameters are automatically determined
through the use of the maximum amplitude ratio criterion to guarantee stability robustness. The superior
performance of the new method is shown through several examples including a heat exchanger, and two
tubular reactor systems. Similarly, a new, optimal, non-predictive controller design method for SISO
systems with time delays (which may be considered a special class of distributed parameter systems) is
presented. The superior performance capability of the new method is demonstrated in simulation
applications to a heat exchanger system, and a system, and a discrete-time model of a stirred mixing
tank system, both of which have significant time delays.
For MIMO control of distributed parameter systems, a general, practical design methodology is
developed based on lumped parameter models. The methodology addresses key issues such as
modelling, selection of best control/measurement structure and formulation of the actual controller
design task as a model predictive control problem. The multivariable model predictive control law which
is solved using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method, is very easy to compute, can be easily
tuned on-line (when necessary), has excellent stability/robustness properties, and can handle square, as
well as non-square systems. Although the use of the SVD method for the computation of model
predictive control laws is not new, the approach employed in our methodology is entirely different and
more straightforward. Furthermore, the control law provides the choice of blocking of manipulated
variables (in addition to the number of retained singular values) for tuning the controller. The
227
methodology is demonstrated by application to two distributed parameter systems taken from the
literature: a two-point, distributed heat conduction system, and a three-input, non-isothermal tubular
ammonia reactor system. The methodology allowed the rapid determination of the best
control/measurement structure(s) is each case. Under nominal, model/plant mismatch and significant
measurement noise conditions, the performance of the model predictive controllers are found to be
vastly superior to those of the multivariable PI controllers designed for the heat conduction system
(using the characteristic locus method), and the multiloop PI controllers designed for the ammonia
reactor system.
UL-244-CHG-02
GIMBA ABDULLAHI SULEIMAN BAH
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF GAS-CONDENSATE RESOURCES
The effective determination of the producing life of a petroleum reservoir, the evaluation of its
performance and the diagnosis of its operational problems require the knowledge of pressure (or flow
potential) distribution and decline during all stages of depletion. It is also necessary to know the pressure
distribution at the beginning of the time period for which the prediction is to be made in order to have
meaningful future performance prediction. This pressure distribution is found by finding the solution to
the modelling (governing) equations that describe the multi-component, multi-phase flow in subsurface
porous media of petroleum reservoirs. These modelling or governing equations are usually a set of
complex, nonlinear partial differential equations, and were derived in this work for a gas, black oil and
gas-condensate reservoirs respectively. These equations were derived from the basic principles of the
conservation of mass and energy, Darcy’s law and equation of state, combined with reservoir
engineering concepts.
Various mathematical transformations that facilitated the solution of the model equations were
elaborated. The numerical method of finite difference approximation and the method of weighted
residuals (MWR) were compared. From this, a novel reservoir simulation technique incorporating the
concept of the computational method of orthogonal collocation approximation (OCA) was developed. The
OCA technique is used to solve transport problems by fitting a trial solution at selected points called
collocation points. The procedure has proved to be superior in computing time than the traditional finite
difference method that has hitherto been applied.
The new simulator was tested on a gas reservoir with a known analytical solution. The new
simulator predicted pressure profile was compared and tested with the known analytical solutions. The
results show significant deviations between the two methods at the early stages of the producing life of
the reservoir, but a good agreement was achieved after 16 days with an average deviation of 2%. This
was considered acceptable since the magnitude of the reservoir pressure was very high. The new
simulator also has the added advantage of the taking care of these nasty initial and boundary conditions
of reservoir modelling better. It could also emphasize selected points in the reservoir, such as production
and injector wells.
The new simulator was adapted for black oil and used for the parametric study of the depletion
performance of the Afia field, Eastern Offshore, Nigeria, for the period 1993 to 1997. A good history
match of reservoir pressures from bottomhole pressure survey, static pressure, wellhead pressures, gasoil ratio (GOR), gas rate, water cut, water rate, oil rate and cumulative oil production was achieved. Well
pressures were predicted to within 5%, while cumulative oil production was determined to within 2.3%
accuracy. Performance prediction for the period 1997 to 2001 was also carried out for the field. The
results indicated a cumulative oil production of 7.67 x 106 m3 for the period in question. This
represented an average final recovery of 49%. This is a tantalizing prognosis for assorted practical fluid
recovery developmental schemes.
Finally, a 3-dimensional multiphase, equation of state compositional model that took into
consideration gravity and capillary effects was derived to simulate the behaviour of gas-condensate
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reservoirs. The model used the Peng-Robinson equation-of-state. The new simulator was modified to
account for the compositional behaviour. The modified simulator (now called OCA simulator) was
validated using data from M3U/MVR-52 and S3M/SG-44 reservoirs in the MATA-R/Zapatos field and
Napiri field respectively. These fields are located in the greater Oficina area of Easter Venezuela
sedimentary basin. The reservoir data from these fields were compared with the results obtained by the
OCA simulator, and also by the finite difference based simulator. Production and pressure history were
matched satisfactorily, with the OCA simulator showing a slight variation of 3% with the field data.
Having proved its efficiency, the OCA simulator was then solely used to predict the optimum exploitation
scheme for the two reservoirs - MVR-52 and SG-44. The results showed that the best future exploitation
scenario for the M3U/MVR-52 reservoir was the simultaneous gas injection in both the eastern and
western zones of the reservoir. This could fetch an additional 3.6 MMSTB production of condensate
liquids, representating a 14.4% increase. For the S3M/SG-44 reservoir, the best future exploitation
scheme is pressure maintenance by gas injection and the simultaneous production of wells from both the
gas-condensate and black-oil zones.
In summary, this work has developed a composition-based model for gas-condensate reservoir
incorporating the effects of gravity and capillary forces. Secondly, a new methodology has also been
developed for the parametric study of petroleum reservoirs. Hence a new vista has been opened in the
evaluation and management of reservoir development strategies.
UL-245-CHG-03
USMAN, MOHAMMED AWWALU
A PRESSURE DROP METHODOLOGY FOR THE RETROFIT OF HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK.
Ph.D. Chemical Engineering (2003) 186pp.
The state-of-the art methodology for accomplishing the retrofit of heat exchanger network is
fraught with two main problems, namely, discrepancies in the area predicted at the targeting, synthesis
and detailed design stages, and the lack of consideration for the operability, flexibility and controllability
of the network. This work sought to address these two problems with the view to narrowing the disparity
between prediction and reality.
An improved model was developed for area prediction based on the allowable pressure drop for the
streams. The validity of the methodology was tested using two case studies from the literature. Having
established its validity, it was then employed to the pre-heat train of Port-Harcourt refinery. The results
obtained in all case studies reveal a difference of less than 2% between targeting, synthesis and detailed
design with the new methodology. This is contrary to the difference of as high as 59% between
targeting and detailed design obtained with the state-of –the-art methodology. There is therefore an
excellent agreement between the three stages of process integration arising from the new methodology.
A sensitivity analysis model was also developed to take account of the flexibility, operability and
controllability requirement of the network in the retrofit procedure. The model was validated using two
case studies from the literature and subsequently applied to the retrofit of the pre-heat train of the PortHarcourt refinery. It has proved to be a very effective tool for discriminating between the various
modified forms of network during retrofit with a view to establishing their compatibility with the base
case network.
Thus, an entirely new methodology for accomplishing process retrofit that guarantees optimum
energy recovery that is practically realizable has been developed.
UL-246-CHG-04
ABHULIMEN KINGSLEY EROMOSELE
MODELLING AND DESIGN OF PIPELINE NETWORK LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM.
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Ph.D. Chemical Engineering (2004) 324pp.
This research work presents findings on the development of a suitable model for the detection of
leaks, applicable to gases and liquids, flowing in short and long pipeline systems under steady and
unsteady state conditions. The model is based on the stochastic measurement of pressure and velocity
of the fluid system, and on the use of the concept of the Liapunov stability criteria to evolve a model for
pipeline leak detection. in this work, a model for leak detection applied to pipeline network system has
been developed. The model represent an important deviation from current leak detection models
available in literature. The application of the Liapunov stability criteria defines a system as the
equivalence of a position vector systemand the disturbed phase. we have used this concept in defining a
criterion for leak detection, i.e., a flow system is stable (no disturbance), when the jacobean of the flow
vector is equal to unity in absolute terms. Outside this, the system is unstable, It was further deduced
that a leak is suspected in the system when at least one of the eigenvalues of the jacobean matrix is less
than -1, and a surge is present in the system, when the eigenvalues of the jacobean matrix is greater
than one. The flow model was developed from the Navier stokes equation stokes equation and the
prandtl correlation for turbulent flow for liquid pipeline systems. A second order non-linear equation
evolves, which was solved by the implicit finite difference model. The steady gas flow model and the
energy model were solved as a pair of simultaneous nonlinear equations containing two unknown
variables V (Specific Volume) and T (Temptation), using a generalized Newton Raphson method with a
relaxation factor to limit the correction in each iteration. the transient gas flow and energy model was
solved simultaneously for specific volume and temperature using the modified Euler predictor corrector
model. A leak detection factor k1 which allows the user to embark on a leak detection test at various
values of k1 at different position was determined. The leak detection model was also used to predict
leaks in complex pipeline network systems. The model captures the transient flow propagation for
leaking pipeline system, by incorporating a leak factor. The method of characteristics and an implicit
finite model was then use to solve the flow equation. The simulation of a typical complex SPDC (shell
petroleum Development Company) pipeline network system was achieved by decomposing the network
into a system of loops consisting of interconnecting nodes. The result of simulation for all pipeline ties for
the SPDC pipeline network system show that pressure measurements are more sensitive parameters for
leak detection than volume measurements. The new model for pipeline leak detection proves adequate
for leak detection, from simulation studies of shell’s pipeline Network System. The pipeline system was
also analyzed for both single and double leak system at varying leak factor magnitude. A leak detection
model for gas pipelines was also developed; the model took care of transients associated with density
and temperature variations. A stability model that uses the nature of eigenvalue as a criterion for leak
detection for gas pipelines. However, gas pipeline leak detection model could not be validated, because
of non-availability of industry data for gas pipelines. In this research work however, we have developed a
computer program in FORTRAN language for simulation studies for gas pipelines, for use by future
researchers in the field.
UL-247-CHG-05
BABALOLA, FAITH UCHENNA
EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY OF MULTICOMPONENT MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS OF CHEMICAL
MIXTURES.
Ph.D Chemical Engineering (2005)
Chemical systems exist in either equilibrium or non-equilibrium states. Only systems at stable
equilibrium states can be formally characterized. The criteria for the coexistence of phases that are in
equilibrium are the quality of temperature (T), pressure (P), and component chemical potential (Pi) in all
the phases. These criteria are very useful in predicting phase behaviour of chemical species. For an
equilibrium state to be regarded as stable, with respect to minor perturbations, it must be able, on the
removal of the perturbation, to revert to its original state of equilibrium. There is the need to establish
230
the conditions for stability of a system before it can be effectively handled and optimally managed. This
has been applied to reservoir fluids, which are made up of thousands of compounds. In this work, the
equation of state (EOS was employed in the Helmholtz free energy representation of the criterion for the
limit of intrinsic stability to develop a model for the determination of stability limits of some pure
substances, which are representative of the common structural groups found in reservoir fluids. The
paraffins were represented by n-hexane; the baphthenes by cyclohexane, while benzene represented the
aromatics. The stability limits of these compounds were determined at selected temperatures using an
EOS-based model.
Next, we developed a new mixing rule, termed the ‘expanded geometric average’ for the application
of EOS-based models to simple mixtures of binary and ternary systems. Our simple mixtures were made
up of representative paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic compounds as mentioned above. These
mixtures were all found to be unstable at the selected temperatures. For the purpose of this work, our
model, based on the Helmholtz free energy criterion of intrinsic stability and our new mixing rule were
however validated with a binary system of 80% ethane and 20% n-butane,, whose stability limit was
determined to be 2.0 bar at a temperature of 292.6K; in agreement with literature values.
A major aspect of this work was to extend our Helmholtz free energy representation of the criterion
for intrinsic stability to multicomponent, multiphase mixtures with particular bias to reservoir fluids.
Having shown that for such complex system, the attractive force parameter ‘a’ of the Peng-Robinson EOS
should be treated as a variable and not as a constant as is conventionally done, a new approach, called
the variable parameter ‘a’ approach (VPAA) was developed for application to complex mixtures.
Interestingly, this approach was found to eliminate the need to tune an EOS. Tuning is an elaborate and
an expensive process by which an EOS is calibrated or ‘forced’ to match existing data before the resulting
EOS-based model can be used with confidence. In this work, the need for tuning as is conventionally
done in the oil industry is attributed to the methodological errors carried into EOS-based models by the
errorneous assumption that parameter ‘a’ of an EOS for complex mixtures is a constant. Our new
approach did not require mixing rules; neither did it require binary interaction parameters or coefficients
(BIP or BIC) since these serve as correction factors to account for the error admitted into a model by the
approximation of parameter ’a’ to a constant.
The model developed here was used for the first time to determine the stability limits for different
crude oil from three oil wells. The results show that the VPAA can be used to determine the stability
limits of multicomponents, multiphase systems. The VPAA has an advantage of higher efficiency and is
more economical. The accuracy of our results shows the superiority of our approach over conventional
approaches. Our results come in graphical illustrations that show at a glance the phase behaviour of all
the liquid and vapour phases present in an oil well, with clear indication of the stability limits of the
phases (where they exist) at the selected temperature.
Finally, a modification was done on the model developed by Firoozabadi and Pan (2002). Their
model, which was used for stability testing of multicomponent mixtures at a given pressure value was
modified for wide pressure range application and used for stability testing of crude oil over a wide
pressure range.
UL-248-CHG-07
AFOLABI, TINUADE JOLAADE
CORRELATION OF EQUILIBRIUM DATA FOR MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION DESIGN.
The most pertinent problem which must be solved in the design of multicomponent distillation
process is the evaluation of the vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) ratio and enthalpy (liquid and vapour)
values of each component in each of the stages. Good experimental data are not easily obtained but
require considerable experimental skill, experience and patience. It is therefore of economical necessity
to consider techniques for estimating vapour-liquid equilibrium and enthalpies data for multicomponent
mixtures. This research work aims at searching and studying the existing VLE data and correlation of
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some petroleum compounds and analyzing their suitability in their present form and developing new
analytical expressions suitable for computer-aided design.
Several different approaches, such as the convergence pressure concept, equation of state and
the application of the principle of corresponding sates, have been tried for the correlation of VLE data of
hydrocarbons for years. All the resulting correlations, though in wide use, cannot satisfy the need for
generality in their present form. They are restricted by variables such as temperature range, pressure
range, type of system and polarity of systems.
The comparison of some of the correlations in the literature with experimental data showed that
Peng-Robinson (PR) and Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) correlations can be used in the pressure range,
1000< P < 5000 kPa while Chao-Seader correlation can be used for pressures below 4137 kPa.
DePriester’s charts are not suitable for prediction because they are only useful for aliphatic hydrocarbons
of system pressure ranging between 101.38 and 5000 kPa and temperature between –70 and 200 0C.
Winn’s charts have their limitation in that they cannot be used for system pressures below 690 kPa
having convergence pressures above 690 kPa. A comparison of the analytical and graphical correlations
shows that for Methana-Ethane-Propane system, the effect of varying the composition at constant
temperature and pressure on K-values is not accounted for in the DePriester and Winn’s graphical
representations. It is advisable to use analytical correlations for systems of this kind. Winn’s charts and
its Hadden and Grayson extension give the most precise vapour-liquid equilibrium values especially for
the four-and-five component systems. It is therefore the best available correlation even though very
cumbersome and limited in application. They are also useful in this computer age except they can be
transformed to suitable forms that are adaptable for computer application. Alternatively, for computer
aided design, Pen-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong or Chao-Seader’s correlations may be more suitable
depending on the prevailing operating conditions.
Six regression models; linear polynomial (quadratic and cubic), exponential, logarithmic and
power law were utilized in deriving suitable VLE analytical expressions by performing a least-squares
analysis on existing VLE data. A comparison of the six models suggests that the power law model can
consistently predict K values fairly well for light and heavy hydrocarbons.
The application of the developed VLE analytical correlations to computer aided multicomponent
distillation designs and comparison with some existing ones shows that it is not enough that a property
model (VLE) predicts well, the model must also have continuous first order derivative to be useful in
computer aided design.
A general procedure has been developed that can be used for complex systems like petroleum
compounds by modifying the “θ -method” of convergence to handle situation in which discontinuity can
be encoutered.
UL-249-CHG-07
OYEKUNLE LAYIOYE OLA
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF CATALYST DEACTIVATION DURING HYDROTREATING OF
RESIDUAL HEAVY OIL FRACTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CATALYST DESIGN.
The catalyst system for fixed-bed heavy-oil hydrotreating processes usually consists of different
types of catalysts designed to promote hydrodemetallization (HDM), hydrodesulphulrization (HDS), and
hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactions to desired levels. The overall catalyst life is determined by the
performance of the individual catalysts in different reactors. Therefore, information on activity and
deactivation behaviour of the individual catalyst is highly desirable to design improved catalysts that can
prolong catalyst life, increase stream efficiency, and improve process economics. In the present work,
sufficient information on the operation of hydrotreating processes and the catalysts used has been
collected to enable stepping up from experimental data to model development.
Thirteen models of the Hougen-Watson type were developed and tested for HDS of benzothiophene
and thiophene, which form the major part of sulpur usually present in residual oils. Model discrimination
232
based on the positiveness of the rate and equilibrium constants, revealed that four of the models
satisfied the set criteria. One of these models corresponds to that proposed by Kilanowski and Gates
(1980) for benzothiophene and the one derived by Satterfield and Roberts (1968) for thiophene. A new
model, which was determined by variance function analysis, suggests that the HDS of both
benzothiophene and thiophene assumes a dual site mechanism and is first order in sulpur compound and
second order in hydrogen.
The kinetics of HDS reaction of residual oils at temperatures of 320-440 0C was explored leading to
the development of a power law model. This model revealed a reaction order, which decreased with
increasing temperature from 4.33 to 1.42 while the rate constant increased with temperature from 0.312
to 10.847 kg/mol.h. The activation energy of 101.0 kJ/mol and a frequency factor of 3.42x 108 were
also recorded.
A simple pore-plugging model for a second reaction has been proposed to describe catalyst
deactivation in residuum HDS. The pores of the catalyst are plugged due to metal sulphide deposits, a
reaction occurring in parallel to HDS. Computational results indicate that the rate of deactivation decays
linearly with time. Catalysts lifetimes have been predicted at limiting values of activity for a single,
isothermal catalyst particle. Drop in activity correlates well with the quantity of metals deposited within
the catalyst pores, and the effectiveness factor changes significantly with catalyst age. Excellent
correspondence was observed between the results of numerical calculations and those reported in the
literature. The total life of a catalyst increased with increasing initial pore size from 64 to 480 days.
The developed mathematical model has applied to catalyst systems with different pore structures.
Catalysts with macropore, micropore and bidispersed pore structures were simulated for HDM reaction
which usually leads to steady accumulation of metals during HDS and catalyst lifetimes were also
predicted. Simulation results showed that effectiveness factor reduced progressively with the increasing
age of the catalyst while catalyst activity decayed with time both linearly and nonlinearly depending on
the pore structure. Predicted lifetimes for the different pore structures show that catalyst can deactivate
within 5-15 months. It was revealed that a pore structure in which the pore diameter is enlarged
increased HDM activity and will be very effective for improving metal resistance because pore-mouth
plugging can be curtailed. This is due to the fact that large pore diameter catalysts provide easy access
to large reactant molecules. The simulation results were found to be in good agreement with the
experimental data reported in the literature. It is concluded that mathematical models will find useful
application in the design and prediction of catalyst deactivation for the purpose of optimizing plant
operations in hydrotreating processes.
UL-250-CHG-07
OWABOR, CHIEDU NGOZI
SUBSTRATE BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIODEGRADATION OF NAPHTHALENE ANTHRACENE
AND PYRENE ON CONTAMINATED AQUEOUS-SOIL MATRIX.
The focus of this research work is the microbial dynamics of the biodegradation of a mixture of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene, anthracene and pyrene in an aqueous-soil matrix.
The soil used in these studies was characterized as highly porous with a sand-clay ratio of 85-14%. The
microbial growth study was characterized by an initial lag phase, a rapid and an exponential increase in
cell biomass, a stationary phase and finally a death phase. The growth and consumption rates estimated
using the Monod kinetics showed that all the (bacteria and fungi isolated from the indigenous soil and
used in this study exhibited a high metabolic affinity for naphthalene.
Respirometric studies conducted to measure the level of microbial activity and PAH
biodegradation in the soil microcosm reaction indicated that a reasonable degree of PAH acclimation was
achieved in the reaction, with a net cumulative oxygen uptake and carbon (iv) oxide evolution attaining
their maximum limit within 60 days of exposure. Result on the batch adsorption/desorption kinetics and
eqilibria depicted that the desorption rate was slower than the adsorption rate. The cumulative extent of
desorption for three PAHs suggested that the desorption step was rate limiting for biodegradation. The
degree of partitioning was found to be dependent on their solubility and diffusivity in the aqueous
233
phase. A realistic adsorption-reaction-desorption mechanism suggested a time dependent degradation of
the PAHs describing the adsorption of the solute on the soil particle surface.
The exponential nature of the experimental biodegradation kinetics data for naphthalenne,
anthracene and pyrene was fitted with a kinetic model for both single and multisubstrate catalysis using
the twin concepts of rate-determining step (RDS) and steady state approximation (SSA). This model
predicted the experimental profile of the biodegradation behaviour: an initial rapid decrease in the
concentration of the PAHs followed by a significantly slower rate of degradation. The RDS model gave a
better prediction as its reaction rate constant (k) closely fitted the experimental value. Prediction by the
SSA model was not feasible as a comparative analysis of both single and multisubstrate results show that
the SSA overestimates the biodegradation rates
The method of temporal moment (MOM) and a nonlinear least square curve-fitting program CXTFIT were
used to estimate the transport parameters and degradation rate constants. Estimation of the transport
parameters and the pore-water velocity, V for non-reactive solute was aided by the use of only the first
normalized moment. The dispersion coefficient, D, first order degradation rate constant (λ) and the
retardation factor ( R ) were estimated using both first and second normalized moment. The observed
results suggest that napthalene would elute first before pyrene and anthracene, in the following order:
naphthalene> pyrene> anthracene.
The solution to these model equations was achieved by the use of the backward finite difference
scheme. The estimated transport parameters and diffusivities were used to reduce the dimensionality of
the search process. Results obtained showed that naphthalene was more selectively degraded than
pyrene and anthracene. The residual concentration of these PAHs in the axial and radial directions were:
naphthracene (1.16E-5 and 1.48mg/1); pyrene (3.11E-4 and 1.58mg/1) and anthracene (7.67E-4 and
1.61mg/1). The resultant effect is the occlusion of the compounds within the fissures and cavities of the
soil particles, which renders them not readily bioavailable and thus inaccessible to microbial degradation.
The developed approach in this research work thus shows the practical effects of intrinsic
kinetics, rate-limited desorption and mass transfer resistances on the outer surface and within the pores
of the soil particle.
UL-251-CHG-08
EVWIERHOMA ERAKPOWERI THOMAS
SEPERATION OF THE SYLENE ISOMERS AND ETHYLBENZENE BY REACTIVE DISTILATION.
During the last decade, there has been a rapid upturn of interest in reactive distillation. The chemical
process industry recognizes the favorable economics of carrying out reaction simultaneously with
distillation for certain systems and many new processes are being built based on this technology.
In this work, equations of a reactive distillation column were described and derived for a multi-component
system. New sets of transformed composition variables were defined. These sets allow for the
computation of the concentration profiles along the column and therefore a simple relationship between
the reflux and reboil ratios. The system was assumed to be in both chemical and vapor-liquid equilibria.
The new sets of transformed composition also help to eliminate the source term accounting for chemical
reaction in the conservation equations; in other words, the transformed variables provide a way of
reducing the dimensionality consistent with the Gibbs phase rule.
The complexity of the equations characterizing reactive distillation systems can be diminished by ensuring
that, in the case of complex reacting systems, only the very minimum of reactions are considered. So, in
the complex reactions where there are a myriad of single reactions to be considered, there is need to
ensure that only independent set of reactions are considered. Therefore, there is need to consider how to
achieve this objective. A computer-assisted procedure was developed for the determination of independent
elementary steps in reactive schemes. The procedure facilitates the rapid reduction of large mechanistic and
molecular reaction schemes into independent sets of reactions. The procedure was tested on some
examples taken from the pyrolysis literature. These are the mechanisms for n-butane pyrolysis,
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cyclohexane pyrolysis' and some selected reactions of the mechanistic and molecular steps in n-heptane
pyrolysis.
Although, the reaction system considered in this work is not complex enough to warrant the use of this
concept of independent reaction, it is obvious that this topic is essential in any general kinetic schemes. For
future developments of reactive distillation applicable to any reactive system, simple or complex, the role of
the concept by independent reaction is assured.
Reactive distillation, a new separation process was employed to separate meta – and para – xylene
mixture. A third component, di-tertiary butyl benzene was intentionally introduced (as a reactive entrainer)
to react with m- xylene. The alkylation reaction complex, tertiary- butyl-m-xylene on reacting with more
benzene liberated the m-xylene in another reaction step. The phase diagram in terms of the new
composition variables was constructed. The residue curve maps in the transformed composition variables
for the reactive mixture at equilibrium provide information on the feasibility of separation and even column
sequencing of a desired separation.
The separation of C8 close boiling aromatic compounds- a more complex system, using reactive distillation
was done. A separation based on alkylation, separation of the alkylated products and their subsequent
dealkylation and the final separation produced the high grade pure xylenes and ethylbenzene compounds.
Meta, para, ortho – xylenes and ethylbenzene form a close boiling mixture and they are isomers of C8
compound. A fifth component, di-tertiary butyl benzene, was intentionally introduced into the system (as a
reactive entrainer) to react with o- xylene and ethylbenzene with the aid of the highly selective iron
chloride (FeCl3 ) catalyst in the first column. The separated alkylated complex, tertiary- butyl-o-xylene and
tertiary- butyl-ethylbenzene, liberated the o-xylene and ethylbenzene in another reaction step on reacting
with more benzene. AlCl3 catalyst allows the reactive entrainer to react with m- xylene to form a complex :
tertiary- butyl-m-xylene. This complex was separated and dealkylated in another step. The new variables
represent the surfaces embedded within the mole fraction coordinate space in a simpler way, thus giving
an easier visualization of the diagrams of the combined phase and chemical equilibria. This made the
determination of the feasibility and sequencing of the distillation columns easier.
UL-252-CHG-08
IKIENSIKIMAMA SUNDAY SUNDAY
THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPERICAL PVT CORRELATIONS FOR PREDICTING RESERVIOUR
FLUID PROPERTIES FOR NIGER DELTA CRUDES
Empirical PVT correlations study was undertaken for Niger Delta crudes. Ten different fluid properties were
studied; these are the oil formation volume factor (FVF), pressure, solution GOR, oil compressibility, and oil
viscosity all investigated at bubblepoint.
Also same properties were studied for under saturated oil except for pressure and GOR. Other properties
investigated are viscosity below bubblepoint and dead oil viscosity. In this work, two different types of
empirical PVT correlation studies were done: correlations comparative and correlations development
studies. The data for these studies were obtained from 250 PVT reports for differential liberiation process
form 102 oil fields in the Niger Delta. This information consists of 250 datasets for oil at bubblepoint, 1543
datasets for undersaturated oil, 1270 datasets for oil below the bebble point and 246 datasets for dead oil;
fluid properties.
In the comparative study, all available existing empirical PVT correlations for the properties under
study were compared to experimental data and the best performing correlations for the different fluid
properties selected for the Niger Delta crudes. In the correlations development study, multiple linear and
non-inear regressions with non-liner least squares curve fits via MATLAB and the inbuilt Microsoft Excel
Solver functionalities were used to develop new and improved empirical PVT correlations for the different
fluid properties for the region. These correlations so developed performed better than the best existing
empirical PVT correlations for the region in parameters such as ranks, mean relative absolute errors and
correlation coefficients. For all these studies, both quantitative statistical calculations and qualitative-
235
performance plots, analyses were done. Also a general procedure for choosing the best empirical PVT
correlation for fluid properly prediction or PVT history match for practicing engineers was established.
Finally, the results of the business (oil and gas) impact assessment study using the development
correlations, show clear indications of improvement in reserve estimation and prediction for better
hydrocarbon accounting. This would lead to more accurate field appraisal and more precise field
development plants for oil exploration in the region.
UL-253-CHG-08
JAIYEOLA ADELEKE
KINETIC MODELLING OF COMPLEX
REFORMING REACTIONS NETWORKS ON PLATINUM-ALUMINA AND SILICA-ALUMINA
CATALYSTS.
The Kinetic analysis of three complex reaction networks of catalytic reforming reaction systems has been
studied. The complex systems of reaction networks were first fashioned into a system of single reactions.
Each single reaction is then delineated into a sequence of elementary reaction steps. The principles of rate
determining step, steady state approximations and microscopic reversibility were then invoked for
necessary
simplifications.
Kinetic and equilibrium parameters for models of complex chemical must be determined prior to use in
analysis, stimulation and reactor design.
Innumerable ways have being suggested to obtain the best eliminate of the parameters from
experimental data for any proposed model. Some of the methods are only successful for small reactions
describable by simple rate equations and are often not feasible for most realistic and complex reactions.
Integration of simple rate equations can be performed analytically leading to simple expressions for the
time-concentrations profiles. However, for many complex systems of reaction networks, a search for an
analytical solution can be demanding, challenging and a tremendously arduous or completely elusive.
Furthermore, because of the complexity of the integrated time-concentrated profiles, more than one set
of rate constants arise leading to a local minimum. In order to obviate the numerous dangers inherent in
some of the procedures in stimulating kinetic data, the Tikhonov regularization algorithm was used in this
work for the conversion of concentration-time data directly into the concentration reaction rate data
without going through any rate mechanism or model. Tikhonov regularization is a relatively complicated
mathematical technique which has proven very successful for solving practical inverse problems.
Mechanistic Kinetic models were formulated based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW)
approach to describe the kinetics of n-octane dehydrocyclization on acidic platinum-alumina catalyst in a
micro catalyst rector with hydrogen carrier at 1.8 atmospheric pressures and the temperature range 563673 K. sixteen rate models were derived by assuming single site mechanism on uniformly active catalyst
sites and discrimination among the rival models was based on the positiveness of rate and equilibrium
constants, on the goodness of fit and also on the increase on the value of the rate constant with
temperatures. Model 3 was finally elected because it satisfied the discriminating criteria the most.
The activation energies for the forward and reverse steps in the retained model were calculated to be
18.342 kcal/gmole and 16.444 kcal/gmole with its pre-exponential factors being 1.525 X 107 and 2.1154 X
10 respectively. The heat of adoption calculated from the Arrhenius plots of in K vs. T using the absorption
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equilibrium constants was found to be 28.102 kcal/gmole. The entropy of adsorption was calculated as
37.252 cal/ gmole.
From the plot of overall thermodynamic equilibrium constants with the reciprocal temperatures, the overall
enthalpy of adsorption for the model was calculated as 285.946 kcal/ gmole, while the entropy of
adsorption was calculated as 476.403 kcal/ gmole. The result of the mechanistic kinetic modeling of noctane dehyrocyclization obtained in the present work is in excellent agreement with that of Onukwuli
(1988) who obtained values of 1.516 x 10 for the frequency factor during n-octane dehydrocyclization in a
berty CSTR in the temperature range 673 K-733 K at a total pressure of 1 atmosphere, using various
reactants and hydrogen diluents partial pressures.
Eleven mechanistic kinetic rate equations were derived for the system of ethyl-benzene isomerization on
acidic platinum-alumina catalyst in a micro catalyst reactor and a temperature range of 513-673 K at 1.8
atmospheres. The derivation was based on the generally accepted format of LHHW mechanism. Four
models 4, 6, 7 and 8 were retained. In this analysis, the sum of squares of the difference between the
experimental and calculated values in the best fitting rate equations show the lowest value of the objective
function for model 4 (r) while models 6, 7, and 8, all have the same values of objective function. In all the
four models, the F test were found to be significant for temperatures between 593 K and 613 K while only
models 4 and 7 satisfied the thermodynamic adequacy test.
Consequently, model 4, (r) was chosen as the rate determining step since it has the lowest value of the
objective function and satisfied all discriminating criteria far better than other models among the set.
These results support a stepwise mechanism of reactions which involves inter-conversion of adsorbed
mate-xylene to adsorbed ortho-xylene and a subsequent adsorption of the specie as the rate determining
step in the LHHW manner. From the Arrhenius plots of rate constants (forward and reverse) and the
thermodynamic equilibrium constant for ethyl-benzene isomerization on acidic platinum-alumina catalyst,
the activation energies for the forward and reversed reactions were computed as 52.31 and 29.42
cal/gmole respectively, while the pre-exponential factors were 2.8492 x 10 and 6.2823 x 10 respectively.
The overall heat of adsorption for the reaction was calculated as 171.82 cal/ gmole with its pre-exponential
factors being 1.212 x 10.
Finally, mechanistic kinetic studies for the system of butenes isomerization on silica-alumina catalyst in
an integral reactor at 428-473 K in helium carrier and at 1-butene partial pressure of 0.5 atm. was carried
out based on formulation of two separate mechanisms. Seven kinetic models were proposed from the first
mechanism while for the second mechanism another set of eight kinetic models were proposed. Only two
models fitted the data well and were therefore retained. The other models were partially fitted and
generally presented results that are not in agreement with known physicochemical criteria. These two
models correspond to adsorption of butanes as the rate controlling step in mechanism 1, while in
mechanism 2; it is that step which corresponds to the surface inter-conversion of adsorbed 1-butenes to
both 2-cis butenes and 2-trans butanes that is the rate controlling step. Discrimination between the two
models was then carried out using the various statistical indices.
The F-Tests were significant for the rate equations and the correlation coefficients were generally
found to be between 0.7715 and 0.9964. the best fit obtained mainly at 443 K and 458 K for model 1.
However, in model 2, the correlation coefficients lie between 0.7598 and 0.9998 and the best fit was
obtained at all temperatures except at 473 K. model 2 gave a better fit amongst the two models, it is
therefore chosen as more appropriate.
From the temperature dependences of the rate and adsorption equilibrium constants in model 2, the
activation energies of the forward and the reverse reaction steps were calculated as 40.554 and 28.441
kcal/ gmole respectively. Their pre-exponential factors were calculated as 2.330 x 10 and 3.372 x 10
respectively. The adsorption coefficient obtained for the model showed the expected trend of decrease in
the values adsorption coefficients with temperature and the heat of adsorption calculated from the its
Arrhenius plot was found to be -91.2291 kcal/ gmole. The negative value obtained for the heat of
237
adsorption further justifies the choice of model 2 as the best confirms the rate determining step in the
isomerization of butenes on silica-alumina catalyst.
UL-254-CHG-08
OLUFEMI BABATOPE ABIMBOLA
CHARACTERIZATION OF LOCALLY PRODUCED DIAPHRAM CELLS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
CAUSTIC SODA.
Detailed characterisation of relevant cell components, modelling and model validation of the electrical
power utilisation and productivity estimation of a locally fabricated Diaphragm Cell was carried out with
accurate results.
The results of experimental parametric studies and parametric simulation of a locally fabricated
Sliding Cathode Diaphragm Cell (SCDC) was also carefully utilised in arriving at some useful considerations
in the fabrication, operation and optimisation of an improved locally fabricated Expanded Area Diaphragm
Cell (EADC). This was achieved by considering the basic parameters that affect the economics of any
electrochemical process and some criteria that relate directly to the design of any cell hardware. The
operation of the EADC showed a considerable improvement over that of the SCDC. By using a lower
current density and voltage with about 400% increase in the cathode area of the EADC over that of the
SCDC, the cathode current efficiency was improved by 145% with an efficiency value of 95% similar to
those obtainable in the industry.
The contribution to knowledge is pivoted upon the application of relevant information, process
parameters and design criteria in the electrochemical industry for the characterisation, fabrication and
operation of locally produced Diaphragm Cells with performances that compare favourably with some
current trends in the electrochemical production of caustic soda.
UL-255-CHG-09
LATINWO GANIYU KAYODE
THE PREDICTIVE EFFECTS OF FILLER MATERIALS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
FLEX IBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM.
In this study, the use of purely inorganic filler materials to influence the mechanical properties of flexible
polyurethane foam has been investigated. The fillers were calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), and
kaolin (Al4Si4O10(OH)8) of volume fractions ranging from 0 – 40 wt%. Each of the filler content ranges was
investigated at the following average particle size distributions: 0.06, 0.5, 3.5, 10, 20, and 841 µm. The
experiment was performed in a discontinuous foaming process based on a completely randomized design
of experiment with varying filler types, volume fractions, and particle size distributions to produce
reinforced flexible polyurethane foam with the amount of the chemical components chosen to obtain a
target density of 25 kg/m3. The chemicals (polyol, isocyanate, surfactant, and catalysts) were conditioned
to temperatures of between 18 – 22 OC and the foams were produced at atmospheric pressure of
760mmHg and relative humidity of 55 ± 5 %.
The mechanical properties analyzed from the foam samples collected from the top, middle, and bottom
sections of the foam blocks are Indentation Force Deflection quoted at 25, 40, and 65 % Indentations,
Tensile Strength, and Elongation-at-Break. Averages of the values obtained from the foam samples are
reported for these properties.
238
It was found that flexible polyurethane/filler composite foam with calcite and dolomite as the filler and of
particle size distributions of 0.06, 0.5, and 3.5 µm showed considerable improvement of mechanical
property, specifically in Indentation Force Deflection. The property, however, deteriorated with particle
sizes of 10, 20, and 841 µm. This observation can be explained by the intercalation of filler particles in the
polyurethane foam mass. The fine fillers (0.06, 0.5, 3.5 µm) are deposited on the cell strut where they
interacted with polyether soft segment, immobilizing them and reduced the tendency with which they are
drained by gravity and capillary suction into plateau border areas. Presence of filler on the cell strut gave
enhanced strength to the polyurethane polymer.
The coarse fillers are collected on the plateau border area. Here, they enhance the capillary pressure
draining of the polyether soft segment from the cell strut. The cell strut become thinned and weakened to
support load. This resulted in reduced Indentation Force Deflection of the foam with the use of coarse filler
of particle size distributions (10, 20, and 841 µm).
The Tensile Strength and Elongation-at-Break deteriorated for all the fillers, at their volume fractions and
particle sizes. It was also observed that kaolin reduced the mechanical properties at all the volume
fractions and particle sizes considered.
The morphological parameters of the reinforced flexible polyurethane foam were studied using Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). The relationships among the morphology and the mechanical properties of the
reinforced foam were investigated. The parameters studied were the average cell sizes and cell structure
description. Influence of the fillers on the foam density and compression set were evaluated. It was found
that the presence of dispersed filler in the polymer matrix greatly reduced the cell size and increased cell
density when compared to neat polyurethane foam processed under identical conditions.
Based on the hypothesis that temperature gives information about the sequence of formation of the
chemical species (allophanate and biuret) that are responsible for characteristics exhibited by flexible
polyurethane foam materials, mathematical models were developed to theoretically predict the mechanical
properties of flexible polyurethane foam. First, a physico-chemical model was developed to predict the
temperature profiles of the foaming process, the results of which was incorporated in Black-Box models
that predict the quantitative mechanical properties of flexible polyurethane foam. In both cases, the
theoretically determined results agree well with the experimental data.
CHEMISTRY
UL-256-CHM-78
EGUAVOEN OSAYANMO
THE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUENTS AS REVEALED IN THE KINETICS OF THE
REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTED ANILINES WITH PICRYL CHLORIDE.
Ph.D Chemistry (1978) 304pp.
Arrhenius parameters have been measured for the reactions of picryl chloride with the
following substituted anilines in acetenitrilo: 3-amino-, 3-emthylanilines, 3-x-5-methylanilines (X = CH3,
NO2, OME, F, CI, Br, or I), 3-amino-5-nitro-, 3-fluoro-5- methylsulphonylanilines, 3,5-X2anilines. (X = F,
CI, Br, or I). The overall effect of a meta amino group in the nuclephile and the substrate is an electron
releasing one in marked contrast to the behaviour of a meta methoxy group in the two systems. For both
the 3-halo-5-methyl- and symmetrically disubstituted anilines, the span of reactivity is small and the log
A fator increases with increase in activation energy. The effect of substituents in 3-nitro-, 3-methoxy-, 3fluoro-, 3-bromo-, and 3-iodo-5-methylaniline and 3,5-difluoroanilines is additive but not for the rest of
the compounds investigated. Attempts have been made to systematize deviations where they occur. In
the series so far investigated, deviations are small and to a large extent systematic. With two strongly
deactivating substituents, except in the case of 3,5-dimethylsulphonyaniline the nucleophiles are less
239
reactive than expected (negative deviations). In contrast, positive deviation is observed with two weakly
deactivating substituents. With one activating and the other deactivating, or with two moderately
deactivating substituents, the deviations are either negligible or positive. Unexpectedly, with one
moderately deactivating and another strongly or weakly deactivating the deviations are also positive.
The 3-x-4-disubstituted anilines, with the exception of 3,4-dimethyllaniline, violated measured rate
constants seriously the additivity principle. The measured rate constants were higher than the ones
calculated on the basis of additivity of the free energies of activation. The interaction between two
substituents ortho to one another seems polar rather than steric in origin.
UL-257-CHM-83
EZEANI EMMAN CHIKE
KINETICS OF THE REACTIONS OF
SUBSTITUTED ANILINES IN BENZENE.
NITRO-ACTIVATED
DIPHENYL
ETHERS
WITH
The kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of nitro-activated diphenul ethers with
substituted anilines in benzene have been investigated. The reactions except that of 2, 6-dinitro phenyl
2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ether are base catalysed. For some of the nucleophiles the rates decreased with
increasing temperature in the range 5 - 350C resulting in negative enthalpies of activation (~HN-4.1 to
20.0 kJmol-1). This can be rationalised in terms of a step-wise mechanism involving (at least) a preequilibrium. The catalysis of the mono-nitro substituted diphenyl ethers involves two aniline molecules
and proceeds by temperature - independent rates while that of the dinitro substituted ones involve one
aniline molecules and proceeds by temperature - dependent rates in the above temperature range. The
results are interpreted in terms of a cyclic mechanism assisted in special cases by steric factors.
UL-258-CHM-84
UKWUEZE CHUKWUEMEKA ALBERT
AN INVESTIGATION OF II-COMPLEXES FROM DISUBSTITUTED ACETYLENE AND COPPER (I)
COMPOUNDS.
This thesis is concerned with the attempted preparation and characterisation of complexes from
disubstituted acetylene and copper(I) compounds. A brief introduction to modern copper chemistry is
followed by more specific background information concerning the formation of copper cluster complexes
and mixed copper (I) salts.
Complexes from copper (I) cyanide, -bromide, and -chloride, with 1-bromo-3-methylbut-1-yn-3-o1,
1-bromo-3-methylplent-1-yn-3-o1, 1-chloro-3-methylbut-1-yn-3-o1,
1-chloro-3-methylplent-1-yn-3-o1,
4-hydroxy-4methylhex-2-yn-nitrile, hexa-2, 4-duyne-1,
6-diol, 4-methylhex-2-yn-4-o1, and 4-methoxy4-methylhex-2-yne, respectively in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and then in dimethylform-amide (DMF)
were prepared and characterise.
Although no definite information concerning the overall geometry of the complexes could be
obtained probably due to the special property of copper (I) salts in forming mixtures of salts, the
structure of (CuCN)2 2DMSO, isolated from (CuCN)4, (DMSO)2.Me2(C(OH)C = C-Br has been
investigated by X-ray crystallography. Characterisation of these complexes was therefore by elemental
analysis for copper and halogens by complexo-metric and precipitation titration, and spectroscopic
studies involving infrared, 1Hnmr and UV spectra of the complexes.
240
Complexes were investigated in solution by GLC using retention time characteristic of the
components of each complex in an attempt to establish their stoichiometry.
UL-259-CHM-85
HOGAN EPHRAM-BASSEY
STUDIES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF LONG CHAIN ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS.
M.Phil Chemistry (1985) 140pp.
This thesis is in two parts.
Part 1 involves a study of the straight chain alkanes containing many carbon atoms. These are
important analogues of polyethylene, a versatile industrial raw material. Although they can be derived
from natural fats or waxes or from ethylene oligomers, they are never obtained pure. The physical
properties of linear polyethylenes can be better understood if pure paraffins of comparable chain length
could be synthesised and analysed. Here long chain aliphatic compounds with butyl side chain which
could be used as models for low density polyethylene have been synthesised. The method employed was
first proposed by M.C. Whiting et al. The original schemes are reviewed. By this approach a number of
long chain aliphatic compounds with a butyl branch had been synthesised. 12-Bromododecanol was
converted to 12-bromododecanal (2) via oxalyl chloride oxidation in DMSU. The aldehyde obtained was
protected by acetalisation with ethane-oil but subsequently regenerated with toxic acid for use in a
Grignard reaction with bromo-butane affording 16-bromoheexadecan-5-o1 (4), which was oxidised with
Jones' reagent to 16-bromohexadecan-5-one (5). The ketone was coupled with octylphosphonium
bromide in a witting reaction to give 20-bromo-9-butyleicos-8-ene (6). By a similar couplin-reaction with
12-bromododecanal ethylene acetal via Grignard synthesis, a C24 secondary bromoalcohol (9) was
obtained and this on dehydration gave acetalised 24-bromotetracos-12-enal (10). Cis- and trans- 24bromotetracos-12-enal ethylene acetalised aldehydre via Witting reactions. Another Witting reaction
involving the acetalised 24-bromo-13-butyl-tetracos-12-enal and trans 24-bromotetracos-12-enal gave
48-bromo-37-butyloctacont-12,24,36-trienalethylene-acetal (16). This, on hydrolysis to the corresponding
aldehyde followed by Witting coupling with octylphophoium bromide finally gave 45-butythexapentacont8,20,32,44-tetraene, a C56 compound 920)-.
Part II of the work deals with attempted synthesis of 8-hydroxy-5,6-octadienoic acid, a natural
product isolated as its methyl ester from the tree Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae family). Subsequent
structura studies carried out were by spectroscopic methods. No previous synthesis of such a compound
was recorded. Here butyn-1,4-diol was converted to amixture of 1,4-dichloro-but-2-yne and 4-chloro-1hydroxybut-2-yne. These were separated by fractional distillation under reduced pressure. 4-Chloro-1hydroxybut-2-yne was reduced to buta-2,3-dienol by lithium aluminium hydride in dry ether. The
hydroxyl group was protected by pyranylation. Attempted lithiation with either n-BuLi or ButLi followed
by alkylation with Br(CH2)3C1, was not successful even with a variety of catalyst, including hexamethylphophosphoric triamide (HMPT). However, subsequent attempted lithiation followed by a nucleophilic
reaction with benzophenone showed that lithiation actually took place but no alkylation was achieved.
May-be the lithio derivative expelled the anion of 2-tetra-hydropyranol, giving vinyloacetylene. Its lithio
derivative then reacted with benzophenone to give, 1,1-diphenyl-pent-2-yn-4-en-1-o1 which further
reacted with another molecule of benzophenone to give the unexpected 2,2,4-triphenyl-3-(prop-2-ene-1one)-5,6-benzopyran.
UL-260-CHM-86
FAMILONI BABAFEMI OLUWOLE
STUDIES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF TRICYCLIC QUINAZOLINES
241
In this work the synthesis, reaction and physiological activities of pyrrolo (2, 1-b) quinazoline 46,
pyrido (2, 1-b) quinazoline 70, thiazolo (2, 3-b) and (4, 3-b) quinazolines 35, 33 are reviewed.
Synthesis of pyrrolo-, pyrido- and thiazoloquinazolin-ones were attempted starting with the
condensation of -o-nitrobenzoyl chloride 326A and 5-methyl 1-2 nitrobenzoyl chloride 326B and
pyrrolodine-2-carboxylic acid 382, piperidine-2-carboxylic adid 352 and thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 366
respectively. The N-(nitrobenzoyl) cycloamine acids obtained in each case were utilised in attempted
formation of the corresponding endocyclic iminium salts which were expected to serve as synthons for
the formation of tricylic-quinzolinones reducibble to quinazolines. All attempts to generate the iminium
salts either via the use of phosphorus oxychloride on the acids or silver trifloromethane sulphonate on
the corresponding acid chlorides were unsuccessful. This may be due to the ready cleavage of the
carboxamide bond in the presence of amine nucleophiles used on the iminium ions. Further mechanistic
interpretation is provided and discussed.
Efforts were therefore directed towards the use of non-carboxamide containing precursors for the
formation of the iminium salts. Condensation of o-nitrobenzyl bromide 381 and 5-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl
chloride 389 with either pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acid or piperidine-2-carboxylic acid 383 and N-(2nitrobenzyl) piperidine-2-carboxylic acid 385 in very low yields due to competing solvolysis of the halides.
However, condensation with thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid gave good yields. 3-(2-nitrobenzyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 388 and 3-(5-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl) thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 390 were
each smoothy converted to the corresponding N-(nitrobenzyl) thiazolidinium salt with phosphorus
oxychloride. N-(2-nitrobenzyl)-4-ethylamino thiazolidines 392 and 395 were obtained from these salts by
reaction with ethylamine. The 3-(2-nitrobenzyl)-4-ethylamino thiazolidine 392 and 3-(5-methyl-2nitrobenzyl)-4-ethylamimno thiazolidine 395 obtained were reductively cyclised with iron in acetic acid to
the new 3,3a dihydro-4H-thiazolidine (4,3-b) quinazoline 393 and 7-methyl-3, 3a-dihydro 4H-thiazolo
(4,3-b) quinazoline 397 respectively.
The mode of cyclisation of the diamines 392A and 396 involving adjacent aryl- and alkyl-amino
groups has been explored for the first time. The generation of N-unsubstituted tricyclic thiazolo (4,3-b) quinazoline irrespective of the nature of amine has been used to establish the loss of the aliphatic
alkylamino group.
UL-261-CHM-89
ADEYEYE ADENIKE ADENRELE (MISS)
STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SOME BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES AND SYNTHESIZED MODEL
TRISACCHARIDES
Ph.D Chemistry (1989)
This thesis reports the structures of five bacterial antigens as well as the syntheses of four model
oligosaccharides. The bacterial antigens investigated are the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from
Brucella abortus strain 7 Mustapha, Campylobacter coli Labet 227, Escherichia coli 0149 and the capsular
polysaccharide from streptococcus pneumonia type 37.
The techniques of investigation were sugar analysis, methylation analysis, specific degradation
studies and n.m.r. spectroscopy.
The polysaccharide from Brucella abortus (B.abortus was found to be homopolymers of 1,2-linked
4-formamido-4, 6-dideoxy-&-D-mannopyranosyl units.
Campylobacter coli Label 27 was found to synthesize only the core. Two oligosasaccharides
labelled OS (I) and (OS II) glucose, galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose and very small quantities of heptose.The O-antigen polysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0149
was composed of trisaccharide repeating-units having the structure A.1.
->4)-B-D-GlcpNac-(1->3)-2-D-GlcpNAC-(1->3)-B-L-Rhap-(1->
/\
242
46
\ /
C
/ \
H3C COOH
A.1.
The capsular polysaccharide elaborated by Streptococcus pneumonia type 37 was found to consist
of disaccharide repeating units having the structure A.2.
->3)-B-D-Glcp(12
l
l
B-D-Glcp
A.2
Four model trisaccharides were synthesized for structural and conformational studies are listed (a)
to (d).
a. &-D-Glucose-(1->2)-&-D-Glucose-(1
->3)-&-D-Glucose1->OMe
b. &-D-Glucose-(1-2)-&-D-Glucose-(1
c. B-D-Glucose-(1-2)-&-D-Glucose-(1
d. B-D-Glucose-(1->)-a-D-Glucose-(1
->3)-a-D-Glucose1->OMe
Extensive conformational analysis studies on the trisaccharides are reported using the HSEA
calculation techniques. The n.m.r. and conformational studies showed that the changes in the
glycosidation shifts from the n.m.r. spectra of disaccharides can be used for those of related
trisaccharides with the additivity of the glycosylation shifts of the 1-->2 and 1->3 disaccharide units
taken into consideration.
UL-262-CHM-89
AKPOJIVI ERAKPOWERI RAYMOND
THE KINETICS OF REACTIONS OF AMINES WITH ACTIVATED SUBSTRATES, DIFFERENT
BEHAVIOUR OF AN ORTHONITRO AND A CYANO SUBSTITUENT AS AN ACTIVATING GROUP
IN AROMATIC NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION.
Arrhenius paramters have been measured for the reactions of picryl chloride with the following
anilines in acetonitrile: 2-OMe - 5 - X anilines (X = F, CI, Br, I, Me, COMe, SO2Me or CF3), 2, 4 - (OMe)2
- 5 - CI aniline, 3 - amino acetophenone, 2 - 6 - X2 anilines (X = F, Et), 2, 4, 6 - X3 anilines (X = F, Me),
2, 3, 4, -2, 4, 5, - and 3, 4, 5 - trichloroanilines. With the constant ortho methoxy series, the reactivity of
the halogens follows the same sequence as that for 3-halogeno- anilines except that iodide is the most
reactive in the latter series. The span of reactivity is small; there being a factor of 1.3 between the most
and least reactive amines. In the disubstituted series the effects of 2 - OMe - 5 - X anilines (X = Me,
COMe, So2Me or F) on the free energy of activation are additive. In the case of the other amines, there
are negative deviations from the additivity principle. Appropriate linear free energy relationships have
been applied to these reactions and the value of p determined.
The rate constants for the 2, 6 - series are considerably less than expected due to steric congestion
in the transition state. The trichloro-substituted anilines show positive deviations from the additivity
243
principle and this is explained in terms of buttressing effect. All the results have been rationalised in
terms of movement of the transition state along the reaction co-ordinate.
A systematic investigation of the reactions of piperidine, n-butylamine, morpholine, benzylamine
and aniline with 2 - CN - 4 - NO2PhX (X = F, Oph) in acetonitrile, D.M.S.O. and benzene has been
undertaken. The rate constants are compared with those of corresponding reactions of 2, 4 - (NO2)2 PhX
(X = F, Oph) obtained from the literature under the same experimental conditions. The kinetic behaviour
of the 2 cyano substituent parallels that of 2 - nitro group in most cases in both base catalysed and
uncatalysed systems. The ratio KNO2/kCN has been measured and it is found to contain an appreciable
contribution from the base assisted departure rate coeffi ient (k3B) in a catalysed system. A quadratic
dependence of the second order rate constant on amine concentration has been found for the reaction of
aniline with 2-CN-4-NO2 PhF in acetonitrite and a tenable explanation has been advanced to explain this
seemingly anomalous result.
The reactions of 4-NO2-2-CF3 PhF with pioeridine, n-butylamine, morpholine and to theoretical
prediction, only the reaction of abnormal behaviour is still unclear; only speculative explanation based
on steric effect is adduced for the absence of catalysis observed for the reactions with the other amines.
UL-263-CHM-89
GRAHAM-ODE ELIZABETH ALEXANDRA (MRS)
STUDIES IN THE CHEMISTRY AND PROPERTIES OF 7, 8, 9, 10-TETRAHYDRO PYRIDO (1, 2A) AQUINOXALIN-6-ONES.
This thesis reports the results of investigations into the chemistry and properties of the new
heterotricycle: 7, 8, 9, 10-tetrahydropyrido (1, 2-a) aquinoxalin-6-one.
The chemistry and properties of quinoxalines, pyrrolo (1,2-a) quinoxalines and pyrido (1,2-a)
quinoxalines are reviewed.
A re-investigation of the methods of synthesis of the title compound and some of its derivatives
was undertaken. Condesation of pipecolinic acid with the appropriately substituted 1-fluoro-2nitrobenzene in ethanol basified wih 10% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution followed by cyclization of
the resulting N-(2 - nitrophenyl) piperdine-2- carboxylic and with alkaline sodium dithionite was
developed as the optimum method. The 2-fluoro-and 3-methyl- derivatives of the heterotricycle were
prepared in this manner. The sodium dithionite reductive cyclization method however proved ineffective
when there was another reducible group in the acid adduct. In this case selective hydrogen transfer
reductive cyclization of the methyl ether of the carboxylic acid, via palladium on carbon, was the
preferred method. The 3-nitro derivative of the heterotricycle was available only by this method.
The reactions of 7, 8, 9, 10-tetrahydropyrido (1,2-a) quinoxalin-6-one with electrophilic reagents
have been studied. The tetrahydropyioxalinone was found to be completely unreactive to some reagents
and in several other instances, intractable mixtures of compounds were obtained.
Nitration of the heterocycle was however achieved with a mixture of potassium nitrate and
sulphuric acid, giving the 2-nitro compound. Attempted nitration with concentrated nitric acid alone, or in
other solvents, gave ring opened products, as the tricyclic skeleton is readily cleaved under these
conditions.
Bromination of the heterocycle was examined under four different conditions in order to delineate
the role played by the amine and amide nitrogen atoms in directing electrophilic substitution into the
aromatic ring. With one mole equivalent bromine in acetic acid and with bromine in bioling hydrobromic
acid, two different monobromo derivatives were obtained. Mixtures of products were obtained, on the
other hand, from the reactions of the heterocycle with N-bromosuccinimide in 50% sulphuric acid and
also with excess bromine in acetic acid.
1H-NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancement studies involving the amide N-H of the 7,8,9,10tetrahydropyrido (1,2-a) quinoxalin-6-ones have been used to fully assign for the first time, the aromatic
244
proton signals of the pyrido (1,2-a)quinoxalin-6-ones as well as to unambiguously characterize the
products of nitration with potassium nitrate/sulphuric acid and bromination with one mole equivalent
bromine in glacial acetic acid as the 2-nitro-; and 3-bromo compounds respectively.
Attempted N-alkylations of 7,8,9,10-tetrahydropyrido(1,2-a) quinoxalin-6-one by the conventional
methods of reaction with an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydride or
sodium methoxide were unsuccessful. A convenient and mild method of N-alkylation of the heterocyclic
compounds via a phase transfer process was however developed. N-alkylation of the
tetrahydropyridoquinoxalinones were accomplished in a solid-liquid two-phase system consisting of
powdered sodium hydroxide/potassium carbonate suspended in benzene, in the presence of a catalytic
amount of tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen sulphate. Good yields of the relatively more soluble N-alkyl
products were obtained.
Several attempts at selective replacement of the 6-oxo group in the title compound with chlorine
by reaction with phosphoryl chloride were unsuccessful and gave rise to a suspected polychlorinated
compound.
Products of attempted oxidation with manganese dioxide and alkaline potassium ferricyanide are
described.
Full assignments of the 1H and 13C-NMR resonance of the new heterocycle 7,8,9,10tetrahydropyrido (1,2,-a) quinoxalin-6-one and some of its derivatives are reported for the first time.
Unambiguous assignments were made by extensive NOE experiments in conjunction with the use of 2D
one-bond and long rage 13C:1H chemical shift correlations.
The replacement of hydrogen with deuterium has been known to produce shifts in the position of
the neighbouring carbon-13 NMR signals. The magnitude of these effects has recently been shown to
possess a stereochemical dependance. Exchange of the amide N-of the7,8,9,10-tetrahydropyrido (1,2-a)
quinoxalin-6-ones with deuterium induces shifts in the carbon-13 resonances of the heterocycle.
Evidence is presented in this work to show that the magnitude of the deuterium isotope effect on these
carbon-13 NMR resonance bears a geometrical relationship to the N-H.
Fungicide activity of the tetrahydropyridoquinoxalinones, their precursors and N-alkyl derivatives
are also reported for the first time.
UL-264-CHM-89
OLADELE OLUFUNKE ABIODUN
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TWO NIGERIAN BRYOPHYTE SPECIES: RHACOPILUM
AFRICANUM AND FRULLANIA SPONGIOSA
The chemical constituents of two Nigerian bryophyte species have been investigated for the first
time. The study is restricted to the secondary metabolites of those plants.
The moss Rhacopilum africanum gave among other constituents, a new chlorine containing
biphenyl - 3 hydroxy-4 chlorobiphenyl. The gross structure of this hydroxybiphenyl has been established
on the basis of its gas-liquid chromatography 1r, pmr, 13C-nmr and mass spectroscopic properties.
Secondly, a Nigerian liverwort species Frullania spongiosa has been examined. A new bibenzyl-2acetyl-3, 4 dihydroxystilbene has been isolated and characterised among other constituents.
Characterisation was based on the data obtained from Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and Mass
spectra (MS); and also by correlation of the new compound with that of authentic analogues: lunularic
acid; 3, 4 dihydroxybiphenzyl-2-carboxylic acid and the corresponding methyl ester; Methyl lunularate.
The new compound tentatively named Acyllunularin is useful as a chemotaxonomic maker of Frullania
spongiosa and has assisted in classifying the liverwort; as belonging to the Frullania chemotype III.
UL-265-CHM-89
UWAKWE UCHE PATRICK
245
EFFECT OF SOLVENT AND NUCLEOPHILIC BASICITY ON THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEOPHILIC
DISPLACEMENT AT ARYL CARBON.
The kinetics of the reactions of pyrrolidene, piperidine, n-butylamine, morpholine and benzylamine
with 2,4-dinitro-6- methylphenylphenyl ether in acetonitrile, dimethylsuphoxide and benzene have been
investigated. All the reactions in acetonitrile and those of pyrrolidine, piperidine and morpholine in
dimethyl-sulphoxide are base catalysed. The results confirm that the decomposition of the intermediates
to the products takes place by a unimolecular mechanism. In the case of the reactions of n-butylamine
and benzylamine, the observed second order rate constants kA are almost insensitive to increases in
amine concentrations. The value of k3/k2 which is the index of measuring catalytic efficiency are
temperature dependent so that it is possible to minimise the catalysed and the uncatalysed step by
temperature variation. Reactivity sequence: n-butylamine > pyrrolidine > piperidine observed runs
counter to the normal trend in archtypical SNAr reactions and the formation and decomposition of
Jackson-Meisenheimer complexes. In benzene, the reactions of these amines exhibit upward concave
curvature typical of reactions involving poor leaving groups in non-polar aprotic solvents.
The kinetics of the reactions of 3,5-diniro pyridinephenyl ether with aniline in acetonitrile
dimethylsulphoxide, methanol and benzene and of the same substrate with piperidinem n-butylamine
morpholine and benzylamine in acetonitrile and benzene have also been studied. The reactions of aniline
in aceyonitrile and methanol are a linear function of the amine concentration and the mechanism of the
uncatalysed path is the unimolecular decomposition of the intermediate. No catalysis is found in the
reaction carried out in dimethylsulphoxide and this records another example of a change from protic to
dipolar aprotic solvent. The reactions of the other amines are catalysed in a linear fashion in benzene
and acetonitrile. In the latter solvent, the SB-GA mechanism is in operation for the reactions of piperidine
and morpholine while the others follow the unimolecular decomposition of the intermediate. K3/k2
values are also temperature variant in acetonitrile and are smaller in the 3,5-dinitro pyridinephenyl ether
than in the 2,4,6-trinotrophenyl phenyl ether.
The reactions of aniline with 3,5-dinitropyridine phenyl ether, 2,4,6-trinitrophenylphenyl ether and
4-nitrophenyl-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ether in methanol are subject to general base catalysis. For the
reaction of 2,6-dinitrophenylphenyl with piperidine, specific base catalysis is observed. General base
catalysis is a consequence of rate-limiting deprotonation of the zwitterionic intermediate complex;
specific base catalysis reflects rapid equilibrium deprotonation of the zwitterion followed by a
spontaneous non-catalysed leaving group expulsion.
The reaction of 3,5-dinitropyridine phenyl ether with aniline in benzene is catalysed by the
nucleophile, 2-, 3- and 4-nitroanilines. Mechanism is proposed to rationalise this result.
The reactions of 2, 6-dinitrophenylphenyl ether with piperidine n-butylamine, morpholine and
benzylamine in acetonitrile, dimethylsulphoxide and benzene and of piperidine and n-butylamine alone in
methanol in the presence of 0.1m amine hydrochloride have been investigated. The results are
compared with the corresponding reactions of 2, 4-dinitrophenylaphenyl ether, 2,6-dinitrophenylphenyl
ether shows greater reactivity with n-butylamine and benzylamine than 2, 4-dinitrophenylphenyl ether in
benzene while the order of reactivity is reversed in the reactions of piperidine, n-butylamine, morpholine
and benzylamine in aceotnitrile, dimethylsulphoxide and methanol. This is explained in terms of free
rotation in conformation of the two ortho nitro groups which facilitate the transfer of a proton to the
leaving group. The lower reactivity of 2,6-dinitrophenylphenyl ether with piperidine and morpholine than
2,4-dinitrophenylphenyl ether is a reflection of same sort of steric effect.
In the search for electrophilic catalysis, the effects of lithium perchlorate and piperidine
hydrochloride on the reaction of 2,6-dinitrophenylphenyl ether with piperidine in diemthylsulphoxide have
been investigated. The second order rate coefficients. kA decrease with increase in the concentration of
the salts. A tentative explanation based on the differences in the stabilisation of the initial and transition
states by lithium and piperidiniumi ions has been suggested.
246
UL-266-CHM-90
FAMILONI BABAFEMI OLUWOLE
SYNTHETIC APPROACHES TO SOME SULPHUR-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES
This thesis is in two parts. The first part deals with metalation of aromatic compounds with
organolithium reagents as a route to sulphur-containing heterocycles.
As the studies are directed towards synthesis of new aromatic sultones: benzooxathins;
comppounds with an ortho-B- hydroxy group contiguous to an aromatic sulphoramdes were required.
Consequently N-t-butylbenzenesulphonamide was lithiated with n-BuLi to obtain the corresponding 2litho species which were quenched with a variety of expoxides as electrophiles.
The reactions gave the appropriate alcohols in low yields. The alcohols were converted to alkyl
halides on which heterocyclisation were attempted with sodium hydride. Dehydrohalogenation products
were obtained instead.
Metalation of the tertiary sulphonomide:N-(benzene-sulphonyl) piperidine gave the corresponding
anion but the desired corresponding compounds were not obtained. Benzylic metalation was considered
as an alternative method of introduction of the B-hydroxy functionality. N-t-butyl-2-methylbenzene
sulphonamide was lithiated and coupled with benzophenone to give a carbinol which on cyclisation did
not give the desired sultone but gave a new benzothiazine.
Benzylic lithiation of ethyl 2-methylbenzenesulphonate gave anions which were coupled smoothly
with a range of electrophiles giving a variety of new substituted benzene sulphonates.
Metalations of ethyl 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulphonate gave the 2-lithiomethyl anion mainly, giving
credence to a predominant coordination mechanism in benzylic lithiation.
In attempts to obtain new pyridine-fused sultones, 2 and 4(N,N-dialkylamino) sulhonylpyridines
were lithated with IDA to give a 3-lithio species in both cases. These were coupled with benzophenone to
give pyridine carbionols. Thermal cyclisation of the six carbionols gave two new pyridine-fused sultones.
N-t-butylpyridine-3-sulphonamide was also metalated with LDA to give 4-lithio compounds which were
quenched with benzophenone and carbon dioxide furnishing a carbinol and an acid respectively in good
yields. The latter acid was cyclised with PPA or phosphorous oxychloride to give isothiazolo (5,4-c)
pyridines.
Part II of the thesis deals with the synthesis of pyrido (1, 2-b) 1,2,4-benzothiadiazines and its
substituted analogues via readily generated endocyclic iminium ions. Appropriate sulphonyl chlorides
were condensed with piperidine-2-carboxylic acid. Five benzene analogues were obtained in good yields.
N-(Arylsulphonyl) tetrahydropyridinium salts were obtained region-specifically and in high yield by
smooth triflate-assisted decarbonylation of the corresponding N-(arylsulphony) piperidine-2-carboxylic
acid chlorides at room temperature. These iminium salts were converted to the corresponding
nitroamines. These compounds underwent a smooth reductive exo-tet cyclocondensation reaction to give
corresponding new 9-substituted tricyclic azacycles: 1,2,3,4,11,11a-hexahydropyrido (1,2-b) - 1,2,4benzothiadiazine-6,6-dioxides.
UL-267-CHM-90
OGUNSULIRE OLATUBOKUN FELICIA (MRS)
EXTRACTION OF WATER SOLUBLE ALKALOIDS FROM HUNTERIA UMBELLATE
This thesis describes the extraction, isolation, purification of water soluble alkaloids from the seed,
leaf and heart bark of the plant Hunteria Umbrellate. Characterization of the alkaloids was achieved via
spectroscopic methods. A total of ten carbazole alkaloids were isolated, two from the seeds and four
each from the leaves and bark. Those from the seed and one from the leaves are inferred from the data
available to be dimeric. Structures are proposed for most of them, but the lack of some essential facilities
do not allow for an unambiguous structural assignment.
247
UL-268-CHM-91
OKIEI OHIFEME WESLEY
THE HYDROLYTIC ACTIVITIES OF TRYPSIN AND THROMBIN ON NEW ARGININE
SUBSTRATES
Twenty one new chromogenic arginine anilide substrates, N&-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-arginine-X-substituted anilide (where X = -F, -CI, -Br, -I, -No2, -CF3, -CH3 or -OCH3 at the ortho, meta or para position
of the aniline ring) were synthesized using the phosphorus pentioxide method in diethyl phosphite.133
These substrates are suitable for studying the electronic effects of substituents on trypsin (E.C. 3.4.21.4)
as well as thrombin (E.C. 3.4.21.5) hydrolytic activities. The substituted aniline released after enzymatic
hydrolysis of sub-strate was quantitatively determined by the Bratton-Marshall reaction.193 The catalytic
rate constant, kcat and the Michealis-Menten constant KM for the enzymatic hydrolysis of each substrate
were determined and found to differ significantly for the various substrates. It was observed that the
more the electron donating power of the group attached to the aniline moiety of substrate, the higher
the rate of hydrolysis. Binding of the substrate is found to be enhanced by electron-withdrawing
substituents. The Hammett plots of the catalytic rate constant kcat- against the values of substituents at
370C gave a fair correlation with negative p values of 0-85 and -1.091 for trypsin and thrombin
respectively. These negative p values indicate (1) the developmnet of a positive charge on the leaving
group in the transition state and (2) electron-donating substituents on the aniline moiety of substrate
increases the numerical value of kcat. The binding site of trypsin was found to be more flexible than that
of thrombin and lower KM values were observed in the trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of the substrates.
The inhibitory effect of some chitin heparinoids such as sulphated chitin and sulphated carboxymethyl chitin on the hydrolytic activities of trypsin and thrombin was also investigated. The double
reciprocal plots of the rate of hydrolysis against substrate concentration in the presence and absence of
inhibitor suggest a noncompetitive inhibition of both enzymes. However, heparin was found to be 1.8
times and 2.5 times more effective than sulphated carboxymethyl chitin and sulphated chitin respectively
in inhibiting the activity of thrombin in the presence of antithrombin-III.
UL-269-CHM-96
ODOZI THOMAS ONYISI
THE PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME NIGERIAN COATING GRADE KAOLINITES
Ph.D Chemistry (1996) 344 pp.
Eight Nigerian Kaolinites, two primary, two hydrothermal and four secondary clays have been
compared with two commercial grade coating clays, to ascertain their suitability as coating pigments.
Properties investigated included:- morphology of clay particles, distribution of particle size, mineralogy,
crystallinity, chemical composition, flow behaviour, etc. Results showed that a significant proportion of
Nigerian Kaolinite contains silica and other impurities. The implication of the observed mineralogical
heterogeneity of the kaolinites (examined by X-ray, infra-red and thermal analyses) on the applicational
and functional properties of coatings are discussed.
The presence of kaolinite in these clays was indicated by the sharp infra-red bands due to hydroxyl
groups at 3690, 3660, 3640 and 3617 cm-1 and the basal X-ray reflections at 7.15A and 3,57A0. The
most striking feature in Alisimic clay is the broadening and tailing-off of the 10A0 peak to higher dspacing at 17A0 which suggests the presence of expanded clay.
The intensity of the III basal reflections of the X-ray peaks of Agenebode, Auchi, Nsu and Iganke
kaolinites revealed significant quartz contamination while the presence of a weak 002 X-ray reflection in
Niger, Nsu, Alisimie, Oza-Nagogo and Igbanke kaolinites indicate the occurrence of a trioctahedral illite.
248
Of the kaolinites studied only the commercial American grade kaolinite and the Nigerian kankara
kaolinite displayed thermal profiles of a well crytallized clay.
Statistical analysis using rank correlation coefficient method showed that improved crystallinity of
clays by optimization of particle size and distribution was found to be peculiar to the secondary kaolinites
only.
From the rheological features of kaolinites - dispersant systems, a new model based on viscometric
data has been proposed for estimating the state of optimum dispersion of kaolinites. The model based
on Casson's equation takes advantage of the sensitivity of the yield point parameter, Co, to chemical
dispersant action"
C1/2 = C01/2 + C001/2 D1/2
The solution properties of percol and cato polymer flocculants in various media were studied by
viscometric and surface tension approaches in order to ascertain their flocculating efficiency. Specifically,
the percol and cato flocculants were investigated in water-salt, water-alchohol, water-dimethyl
formamide (DMF) and water-hydrocarbon mixtures. The influence of ionic strength and temperature on
the size or conformational properties of the polymers was also studied.
The long-and-short range interaction forces characterized by unperturbed dimension (UD), the
rigidity factor, Ko; the characteristic ratio, C~ and thermodynamic properties such as the second varial
coefficient (A2), excluded volume parameter (B) and the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (Xm) were
determined using stock-Mayer-Fixman equation.
The results show that the formation of interchain associations led to decreases in the percol and
cato polymers dimensions, whereas the addition of hydrocarbon solvents gave a five fold decrease in the
intrinsic viscosity or hydrodynamic volume of the polymers with the conformational parameters changing
very little.
The resulting data also show that both increase ionic strength and the addition of hydrocarbon
solvents led to decrease in the size of the polymer flocculants while in the presence of divalent salts or
ions, the polymer flocculent chains assume globular configuration. In the absence of added electrolytes,
the percol polymer floccylant behaved as stiff rods and a random coil configuration, typical of uncharged
polymer. In the presence of added electrolyte, the Cato polymers coil more than the percol polymer and
its rigidity factor, ko, had the highest value. These conformational changes on addition of electrolyte and
hydrocarbon solvents have been interpreted in terms of simultaneous decrease in electrostatic repulsion.
Generally, all the thermodynamic parameters, excess free energy change ( GE), the excluded
volume (B), the osmotic second varial coefficient (A2) and the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (Xm)
were at their optimum near equimolar volume fraction of 0.45 for percol-polar solvent systems.
The fitting of Huggin's and Fuoss's equations to the solution behaviour of the percol and cato
polymer flocculants was found to hold only in their lineatized forms and within a narrow concentration
range.
The application of altered free volume state (AFVS) model for describing the structures of percol
flocculant in solution was tested and found inadequate.
A modified version of the AFVS model, designated "MAFVS" was developed in the course of this
study applied and proposed for elucidation of the structural transition in the percol polymer semi-dilute
solutions. The proposed model equations using viscometric and surface tension approaches provide
predictive basis for assessing the flocculating efficiency of percol or other polyelectrolyte in terms of
______
a1/4
nsp/C = fsA 1
- Bn/fs
----- --Bn
O
- BY/fs
= BY/fs
A
1
C1/2
249
Bi, Ba and E and their dependence on other polymer overlap concentration, C with the other
parameters designated respectively as polymer segment interaction, immobilization and correlation
length parameters. Similarly, since the interaction of polymer flocculants in solution is governed by Lewis
acid - base or hydrogen bonding interaction and Van der Waals forces, the flocculating efficiency of
percol was also gauged from this end. Results indicate that in a good solvent the interaction energy of
percol is determined by repulsive Van der Waals forces and in a bad solvent by attractive lifhitz-Van der
Waals forces.
To establish the optimum conditions for percol-induced flocculation of kaolinites turbidity-time
measurements was used to characterise the kinetics of flocculation as a function of percol flocculant
concentration, kaolinite particle concentration, half-life and the duration of flocculation reaction. Results
show that a critical percol flocculation concentration exists, below which the system is stable and above
which flocs. are in equilibrium with single kaolinite particles. An attempt has therefore been made to
correlate these critical percol concentration points with the modes or mechanisms of kaolinite particle
flocculation.
Following this, the flocculation mechanism of the kaolinites induced by percol polymer flocculant
was investigated using absorption and sedimentation techniques.
In analysing the effect of percol polymer concentration, three different domains were found: at low
concentration the kankara kaolinite flocculated by charge patch mechanism at intermediate
concentrations by particle bridging and at high concentrations, re-stabilisation of deflocculation occurred.
In the case of the American kaolinite two major domains were found, at intermediate concentration it
flocculated by particle bridging mechanism and at high percol concentrations re-stabilization and
deflocculation occurred. A correlation which links flocculation mechanism to the morphology of the
kaolinites has also been suggested.
A steady shear viscosity of the kaolinites flocs has been measured as a function of shear rate, floc
concentration and temperature. It was found that the floc suspensions were shear thinning but the
viscosity data could not be fitted into the hard-sphere hydrodynamic model for flocs produced by
particles bridging mechanisms, suggesting that collodial interactions are not important and that
hydrodynamic effects dominate their viscous responses. The hard sphere model was however found to
be satisfactory for the flocs (kankara floc-1) produced by charge patch mechanism. The differences in
the floc's response to shear action have been attributed to the extent of percol flocculant absorption on
the kaolinite's surface.
The microstructural interpretation of the viscous properties is suitable for explaining the shear
thinning behaviour observed experimentally. The rheological results were also further quantitatively
analyzed using the elastic floc model. Good agreement between experimental and calculated parameters
was obtained for flocs produced by particle bridging flocculation mechanism.
Experimental evidence for the rheological behaviour of the kaolinite flocs was supported by i.r
spectroscopic data, manisfested by extensive hydrogen bonding reaction.
UL-270-CHM-97
ADAMS LUQMAN AYODEJI
STUDIES IN NOVEL
HETEROCYCLES.
APPROACHES
TO
CARBOLINES
AND
2,
3-BENZOTHIAZINE
This thesis is in two parts-, the first deals with the exploitation of the burgeoning Combinational
Directed ortho Metalation (DoM) and the Heteroring cross coupling reactions as viable synthetic
strategies in the approaches to heterocycles especially B- and s-carbolines.
In these studies, the synthetic approach to the B-carboline nucleus commenced with the
preparation of two appropriately substituted coupling substrates; (i) 3-fluoro-4-iodopyridine, and (ii) 2(pivaloylamino) phenyl boronic acid or its methoxy derivatives. Synthesis of the dihalopyridine compound
250
commenced from 3-amino pyridine which was diazotised resulting in 3-fluoropyridine. Subsequent
regioselective metalation and use of iodine as electrophile gave the required dihalopyridine.
The requisite boronic acids were obtained starting from aniline, or o-, m-, and p-anisidines. The
amino group were converted to the pivaloylamino group. These substrates were then subjected to the
selected DoM conditions to afford the boronic acid compounds.
Cross coupling reactions between the dihalopyridine and various substituted benzene boronic acids
to give the appropriate biaryls, mediated by tetrakis-(triphenyl phosphine) palladium (o) as catalyst were
investigated.
These latter substrates were further regioselectively metalated with n-BuLi in the position-2 of the
pyridine moiety, and the resulting lithio specie quenched with various electrophilic reagents viz., I2,
CH3I, C2H5I, CH3CHO, PhCH2CHO, to afford the tri-substituted pyridine intermediates.
In some instances, the lithio specie was transmetalated with zinc, and the resulting organozinc
intermediate, enabled the desired aryl zinc-haloarene cross coupling process to give new trisubstituted
triaryl compounds.
In a final step, cyclisation of the biaryls was achieved in refluxing pyridinium chloride to afford the
desired C-1 functionalised B-carboline derivates.
Similarly, the approach to the 8-carboline required as coupling substrate: the 3-fluoro-2iodopyridine in the series of reaction as for B-carboline synthesis above. Regio-, and chemoselective
metalation of 3-fluoro-4-iodopyridine resulted in the desired 2-iodopyridines via an iodo migration.
The appropriate biaryl compounds were obatined from cross coupling between 3-fluoro-2iodopyridines and 2-(pivaloylamino) phenyl boronic acids, and the final cyclisation step was assisted with
boiling pyridinium chloride to obtain the target s-carboline compound.
Part II of the thesis deals with the exploitation of two independent strategies en route to the novel
3-substituted, and 3,4-disubstituted bicyclic 2,3-benzothiazine 2,2-dioxides, as well as the unknown
tricyclic pyrrolo-, and pyrido[1,2-c](2,3)benzothiazine 2,2-dioxides.
These strategies include:
(a)
via the intramolecular heterocyclisation reactions of endocyclic N-(a-toluenesulphonyl)
glycinium salts. The common reaction in the synthetic pathways to these new bicyclic and tricyclic series
of heterocycles involved a condensation reaction in basic media of a-toluenensulphonyl chloride with the
various glycinyl acid derivatives, as well as pyrrolidine-, and piperidine-2- carboxylic acids.
And from these acid adducts, the endocyclic minium ion intermediates generated in situ finally
underwent 6-exo-trig cyclisation reactions to afford new heterocycles.
(b)
via the combinational DoM and cross coupling reactions en route to the novel tricyclic
heterocycles. In this regards, suitably substituted substrates were strategically prepared;
(i)
(ii)
N-Boc-2-iodo pyrrolidine with o-methylphenyl boronic acid, and
N-Boc-2-tributylstannyl pyrrolidine with o-bromo toluene.
Unfortunately, the desirable Pd(0) catalysed cross coupling reactions to the het-biaryl compound;
2-(N-Boc-2-pyrrolidinyl) toluene were unsuccessful.
UL-271-CHM-02
ATASIE, VIOLETTE NKECHI
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF STERIC AND ELECTONIC EFFECTS IN SNAr REACTION
MECHANISM
The relative importance of steric and electronic effects in determining the Kinetic forms of the base
catalysed path in aromatic nucleophilic substitution in non-polar aprotic solvents has been assessed. To
this end, the second-order rate constants KA for the reactions of aniline in benzene with X-phenyl-2,6,6-
251
trinitophenyl ethers [X = H, 2-CH3, 3-4-CH3, 2-4-CH3, 4(CH3,)2, 2-6(CH3,)2] were determined as a
function of nucleophile concentrations. The values of KA increase rapidly with amine concentration. The
plots of KA versus [aniline] for the substrates exhibit a curvilinear response which is concave upwards
towards the rate constant axis. Further, the plot of KA/[Aniline ] against [Aniline] gave straight lines with
intercepts which is consistent with the reaction being third order in amine term in the rate law.
Comparison of the second-order rate coefficient KA under the same experimental conditions shows
the reactivity of the substrates decreases in the order [H>4-CH3>3-CH3>2-CH3>2-4-(CH3)2>2-6(CH3)2] which can be rationalized on the basis of the nucleofugicity of the leaving groups.
Whereas a 4-methyl group decreases the rate constant by a factor of 1.2, a 2-methyl group gives a
10-fold reduction which is manifestation of the operation of some form of steric effect. The introduction
of 2,6-dimethyl groups as the leaving group of the substrate reduces the rate constant by a factor of
1636. This unfavourable steric congestion at the reaction centre does not result in any change of
reaction mechanism, since the Kinetic form is the same.
The results are at variance with those of Banjoko et al. in which they observed a change in the
Kinetic form for the reactions of aniline with ethers containing unsubstituted or mono nitro-substituted
leaving groups from a third order dependence on aniline concentration to a second order dependence for
leaving groups containing 2,4-, 3-4- ad 2, 5-dinitro groups to KA = K1 for the 2,6- dinitrophenoxy group.
This was ascribed to changes in the transition states for the decomposition of the intermediate form
eight-to six-to four-membered rings (containing two, one or no molecules of aniline respectively) brought
about by increase in the leaving group ability of the nucleofuge.
Since a methyl group has almost the same Van der waal radius (2A0) as a nitro group, the change
in the Kinetic form in the nitro series may have stemmed largely from a change in the electronic effects
of the substituents. The role of steric effect in bringing about such a change in mechanism must be
minimal.
The Kinetics of the reactions of X-phenly 2,4,6-trinitro phenyl ethers [X = H, 2-CH3, 3-CH3, 4-CH3,
4-CI, 4-Br, 3-NO2 or 4-NO2] with aniline in benzene was investigated at four different temperatures in
order to ascertain the effects of temperature on the rates of reactions. The overall rate is a combined
effect of the rates of two routes, one of which remains constant [Route I] and the other decreases
[Route II] with rise in temperature. The rate coefficient KA of the reactions determined over a
temperature range 10-40OC fell into two distinct categories, depending on whether the leaving group
contains electron withdrawing or electron donating groups. For the mono-methyl-substituted di-phenyl
ethers [X = 3 -CH3, 4-CH3, 2-CH3 or H] the overall rate decreased with increase in temperature, while
for electron withdrawing substituents [X=4-CI, 4-Br 3-NO2 or 4-NO2] KA were invariant at all amine
concentrations within the temperature range [10-400C]. This is in agreement with the observation of
Banjoko et al. in the reactions of mononitro-substituted phenyl phenyl ethers (X =2-NO2, 3-NO2 or 4NO2] with aniline in benzene. A similar trend was also observed by the same authors in the reactiions of
substituted aniline with 2,4,6-trinitro phenyl phenyl ether in benzene.
In this investiagtion k’ values are constant (Route I) and k” decreased (Route II) with rise in
temperature for electron donating substituents in the leaving group. For electron withdrawing
substituents, k’ and k” remained invariant with increase in temperature. The activation energy for Route
I was slightly positive and decreased as the leaving group becomes better. The Ea for Route II was
negative. The relative contribution of the two routes to the overall rate varies with the nucleofugacity of
the substrate, and concentration of the nucleophile. As a result, the effect of temperature on the overall
rate for some reactions are either negative or constant. This unusual temperature effect on the overall
rate does not strictly support Hirst’s mechanism.
The effect of various hydrogen-bond acceptors on the reaction in benzene of aniline with 2,4,6trinitro phenyl phenyl ether was also investigated. These additives consist of variety of substances
252
ranging from anisole through nitrobenzene to dimethyl dulphoxide and covered a range of pKHB values
from 0.020 to 2.53. Anisole and N, N-dimethyl aniline with low pKHB of 0.02 and 0.45 respectively did
not produce any acceleration; for the other additives, the value of KA have a linear dependence on their
concentration, i.e., KA = k’ + k” [B]. A good number of the additives like DABCO, pyridine,
nitrobenzene and 3-nitroaniline strongly catalysed the reaction, i.e., (k3 /k2>>50). Catalysis by
chclohexanone, acetone and acetonitrile may be regarded as mild on the basis of their k3 /k2 values
which are between 5 and 50. An approximately linear relationship exists between the logarithm of the
slopes of these correlations and the hydrogen bonding parameter pKHB of all the additives. While this
may be valid for additives which are much less basic than the nucleophile yet for much more basic
additives, catalysis is possible by the species PH+ and its homoconjugated PH+P. Under these conditions
the plot kA versus [additives] should be curvilnear upwards. That such plots are liner over the entire
range of the concentrations of pyridine and DABCO, casts slight doubt on the operation of homo-and
hetero-conjugate mechanisms in benzene.
UL-272-CHM-02
BABATUNDE ALICE IBITOLA
MIXED-SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE MECHANISM
OF AROMATIC
SUSBSTITUION REACTIONS IN NON-POLAR APROTIC SOLVENT.
NUCLEOPHILIC
The Kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of nitro-activiated ethers with secondary and primary
amines were investigated in mixed solvents; benzene-methanol and benzene-acetonitrile mixtures. The
reactions of phenyl 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ether with piperidine, aniline, 1-2-diaminobenzene and 1,4diaminobenzene and that of 2,4,6-trinitroanisolel with cyclohexylamine were catalysed by either one or
two molecules of the nucleophilic amines while the reaction of phenyl 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl with
cyclohexylamine was not base-catalysed.
Addition of small amounts of hydrogen-bond donor solvent, methanol to the benzene medium of
the reactions studies produced two conflicting effects, wich are initial rate diminution up to certain
percentage methanol followed by increase in some reactions and continuous rate increase in others.
These observations are rationalised in terms of the effect of amine-solvent interaction on the
nucleophilicity of the amines and interplay of catalysis by solvent molecules when feasible through cyclic
transition state.
The addition of small amounts of hydrogen-bond acceptor solvent, acetonitrile to the benzene
medium of the base-catalysed reaction of phenyl-2,6,6-trinitrophenl ether with aniline and that of the
uncatalysed reaction of the same substrate with cyclohexylamine produced continuous rate increase.
This effect is interpreted as arising from the enhanced nucleophilicity of the amine-acetonitrile
aggregrate, which attacks the substrate in the first-step of the reactions.
UL-273-CHM-02
FASINA TOLULOPE MOJISOLA
STUDIES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF CONJUGATED PHENYLACETYLENES AS MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
MATERIALS
This thesis is in two parts. Part I deals with studies on the synthesis and investigation of structureproperty relationships of novel conjugated phenylacetylenes. A series of novel donor-acceptor conjugated
phenylacetylenes were synthesized in which systematic changes were made in both the conjugated
length and donor-acceptor strength. Synthetic schemes for all the new alkynes were designed via the
253
palladium/copper catalysed cross-coupling of aryl halides and terminal alkynes and the compounds were
obtained in good yields.
Studies on the effects of these structural changes in the novel compounds of the spectroscopic and
electronic properties of the molecules were investigated. It was generally found that increase in the
donor strength of the phenylacetylene resulted in an increase in the energy of its intramolecular charge
transfer band. All the compounds studies exhibited solvent dependent emission properties.
Investigation of the liquid crystalline property of these conjugated alkynes revealed that three of
the compounds [Me2CO2PhCCPhCCPh] 8d,
[Me2C02PhCCPhCCPhNH2] 8f and [PyCCC6F4CCPy] 10
exhibit liquid crystalline mesophases.
X-ray structural analysis of three of the novel/acceptor compounds confirmed that all three
compounds a crystallize in non-centrosymmetric space groups. These compounds based on the packing
modes, are expected to exhibit nonlinear optical behaviour.
An investigation of the donor-acceptor interaction through the conjugated framework shows that
the acetylene bridge allows communication between the donor ad acceptor groups without being altered
electronically. Hence, the charge-transfer character in the ground state in not highly delocalized.
In addition, a series of novel selectively fluorinated 1,4-bis (4’-ethynyipyridy) benzenes 9-12 and
9,10-bis (4’ethynylpyridyl) anthracene 13 were prepared for studies on the effect of fluorine groups on
the molecular packing properties and for use as ligands in our supramolecular chemistry studies. The
crystal structures of 1,4-bis (4’ethynyl-tetrapyridyl) 2,3,5,6-fluorobenzene 10 and the anthracne
derivative 13 were solved.
Part II is concerned with the construction of supramolecular assemblies using conjugated
phenylacetylenes.
Four novel coordination compunds were obtained from the reactions of M(NO3)2 salts (M=Zn or
Co) and the pyridyl bidentate spacer ligands 9, 10 and 13 obtained in Part I above at room
temperature. All the compounds exhibits the same metal/ligand ratio of 2.3.
Hydrothermal synthesis of metal coordination polymers using the previosuly unknown compound,
benzene hexa(benzoic acid) (BHB-H6)) as ligand was studied. The novel compound BHB-H6 was
obtained from cyclotrimerization of 1,2-4(4’-methylbenzoate)ethne. Using the BHB-H6 as ligand and
reaction with appropriate nickel (II) and copper (II) salts resulted in the formation of two novel metal
coordination polymers.
The X-ray structural analysis of the copper polymer 24 revealed an electrically neutral porous
two-dimensional network polymer composed of dimeric copper carboxylate units.
Each Cu (II) atom assumes an octa-coordinate environment being bonded to four carboxylate
oxygens of the ligand and linked to the other Cu atom to form a dimeric carboxylate unit with Cu-Cu
separations of 2.587(4)A0. The octahedral coordination of each Cu2+ ion is completed with an axial
acqua ligand opposite the Cu-Cu vector. This aqua ligand is hydrogen bonded to the next layer giving a
pseudo three-dimensional unit. A0 view down the cell shows it consists of one-dimensional cavities about
9 A in diameter, using the atomic centres of the carboxylate oxygens as points of the triangle.
The thermal analysis of these polymers indicates that the framework is stable up to 2400C. The
result that the structural integrity of the compound is retained during the heating and cooling cycles with
loss of the axially coordinated water molecules being a reversible process.
The nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm study on compound 24 gave the following
values: Brunauer-Emment-Teller (BET) surface area 43.13 + 2.868 m2/g, Langmuir surface area of
77.8538 + 9.2664 m2/g and caviy diameter 9.0971A0.
Although quite stable, the porosity of the polymer was much lower than those of known zeolites. It
is envisaged that increase in reaction temperatures and time will afford three-dimensional structures with
porosity comparable to the zeolitic materials.
254
UL-274-CHM-04
ISANBOR CHUKWUEMEKE
THE EFFECTS OF ORTHO AND PARA SUBSTITUENTS ON THE MECHANISMS OF
NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION(SNAR) REACTIONS IN DIPOLAR APROTIC
SOLVENTS.
Kinetic studies are reported for the reactions with aniline in acetonitrile of a series of X phenyl 2,4,6trinitrophenyl ethers (X = H, 2-, 3-, 4-CH3,4-CI, 4-Br, 2,4-(CH3) 2, 2,6-,(CH3) 2,2-,3-,4-NO2,2,4-,2,6(NO2) 2). X-ray crystal structure of X = H, 2,6-(CH3) 2 and 2,6-(NO2) 2 are reported and provide
evidence for steric crowding around the 1-position of these molecules. Nevertheless the kinetic data
show that increasing substitution does not sterically inhibit nucleophilic attack by aniline and an ‘early
transition’ state is likely. In general, the reactions are base catalysed. This is interpreted as rate limiting
deprotonation of the zwitterionic intermediates. Only with the dinitro-derivatives, is an uncatalysed
reaction involving intramolecular proton transfer observed and when X = 2, 6-(NO2) 2 this pathway
takes all the reaction flux. In contrast the corresponding reactions in DMSO involve both uncatalysed and
base catalysed pathways. Reactions with N-methylaniline are extremely slow, but values of rate
constants for the reaction of 4-nitrophenyl 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl ether were measured using 1H NMR
spectroscopy. The value of the parameter K1kAn is lowered by a factor of 105 for N-methylaniline
relative to aniline in both acetonitrile and in DMSO. This reduction is attributed to increased steric
hindrance both in the formation of the intermediate and to proton transfer.
Kinetic studies have been carried out for the reactions of substituted 1-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-Zbenzenes (Z = H,CF3, COOCH3, CN, NO2), 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitro-6-Y-benzenes (Y = H, CF3, -N=, NO2),
phenyl-2,6-dinitro-4-Z-phenyl ethers (Z = H, CF3, COOCH3, CN),and phenyl-2, 4-dinitro-6-Y-phenyl
ethers (Y = H, CF3, -N=,NO2) with three aliphatic amines; n-butylamine, pyrrolidine and piperidine in
acetonitrile. The kinetics studies indicate that the reactions of the chloro compounds are not base
catalysed and gave excellent linear free energy correlations. Reactions with the phenoxy derivates were
all base catalysed; except with n-butylamine. Spectroscopic data show there was no accumulation of
intermediate along the reaction pathways. When the substituents were varied in the para position, values
of the rate parameter kAM /k1 increase in the order H < CF3 < COOCH3 < CN < NO2 reflecting the
activating power of the 4-substituents. Despite the large difference in the activating powers of
substituents Z, values of kAM /k1 show only a small dependence on the nature of Z. There is only a
factor of ca 11between the lowest and the highest values. Variation of the substituents in the ortho
position gave values of kAM /k1 in the order – N = >>H> NO2; this sequence does not reflects the
electron withdrawing ability of the substituents but more in accord with the steric bulk of the substituents
(Y). These kinetic results for base catalysis of the substitution processes are consistent with rate limiting
proton transfer. Hence, the rate constants for proton transfer from the Zwitterionic intermediates are
largely determined by steric factors in accord with the proton transfer (RLPT) mechanism.
The reactions of the aliphatic amines with 2-phenoxy-3,5-dinitropyridine and 2-ethoxy-3,5dinitropyridine in DMSO result in the rapid reversible formation of anionic σ-adduct at the 6-position.
Kinetic studies show that proton transfer from the initially forced zwitterions to base may be rate limiting.
Slower reactions results, except in the case of 2-ethoxy-3,5-dinitropyridine and piperidine, in
displacement of the 2-substituent via intermediates which have lower thermodynamic stabilities than
their 6-isomers.
Base catalysis in the substitution process is attributed in the case of 2-phenoxy-3,5-dinitropyridine to
rate limiting proton transfer from the zwitterionic intermediates, but in 2-ethoxy-3,5-dinitropyridine to
acid catalysis of ethoxide departure (SB-GA) mechanism. X-ray crystallography of 2-ethoxy-3, 5dinitropyridine shows a planar non-strained structure although the structure of 2-piperidino-3,5dinitropyridine shows distortion resulting from steric interactions of the 2-and 3-substituents. Kinetic and
255
equilibrium results are compared with those for related reactions of the more sterically strained 2,4,6trinitrobenze derivatives.
Results for the reactions of 2-phenoxy-3,5- dinitropyridine and 2-ethoxy-3,5- dinitropyridine with
pyrrolidine in three dipolar aprotic solvents are compared. Values of the equilibrium constants for σadduct formation decrease in the order DMSO >DMF>> acetonitrile, while values of the rate constants
for proton transfer are in the reverse order.
UL-275-CHM-08
OYEYIOLA ADERONKE OLUWABUKOLA CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS, SEPERATION REMEDIATION
OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC METALS IN THE SEDIMENTS OF THE LAGOS LAGOON SYSTEM.
Ph.D Chemistry (Analytical Chemistry) (2008)
The Lagos lagoon system is the main water body in Lagos State and it is highly polluted. It receives
enormous amount of domestic and industrial wastes from rivers and creeks. In this study, three main
Lagos trans-urban streams Odo-Iyaalaro, Shasha and Ibeshe creeks that empty into the Lagos Lagoon
were examined. For the study, samples were collected bimonthly for a year and the physicochemical
properties of both the water and sediments were determined. The pseudototal heavy metal
concentrations in surface sediments were determined and the quality of the data were checked with two
standard reference materials-CRM BCR 143 and GLAURM.
Odo-Iyaalaro was observed to be a polluted water body, with high concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn,
with mean concentrations of 21.3 mg/kg, 138.7 mg/kg, 118.6 mg/kg, and 777 mg/kg respectively at point
5, and 34.4 mg/kg, 184.8 mg/kg, 153.5 mg/kg and 1044 mg/kg respectively at point 6. In Ibeshe creek,
Cu showed the highest concentration of 332 mg/kg at point B which is a point close to a shoreline textile
industry. Enrichment factors, using Fe as a normalizer, showed that Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in sediments of
Odo-Iyaalaro and Shasha creeks, and Cu in Ibeshe creek, were products of anthropogenic sources. It also
showed that Cr in the Lagos Lagoon sediments was of natural origin. Principal component analysis
showed that organic matter builds aggregates and flocs, which effectively concentrate potentially toxic
metals and sink down to form a ‘fluffy layer.’
In order to determine the potential mobility and bioavailability of these metals, speciation of the metals
was carried out using sequential extraction. Three different sequential extraction procedures (Tessier’s
method, Original BCR and modified BCR) were compared, and the modified BCR was then used. The
quality of the data in this determination was also checked with standard reference materials: BCR 701 and
GLAURM. Analyte recoveries from the direct aqua regia digestion utilized were acceptable. Generally, Cd
and Zn were found to be mostly present in the acid exchangeable fraction with a range of 40.3-77.2%,
and 17.6-87.3% respectively. Cr and Cu were found to be distributed between the oxidisable fraction and
the residual fraction. Pb was found to be mostly associated with the Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides,
and significantly present in the residual fraction, with values ranging from 13-70% and 14-66%
respectively.
Potential techniques for the remediation of the PTMs were explored. Four of the most polluted samples
were used. Sequential extraction was performed on the samples to determine the fractionation pattern of
the metals, and to predict the efficiency of remediation. The efficiency of batch extraction and column
leaching of the metals from the sediments using EDTA were compared. The removal of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and
Zn, were 48-87%, 3-7%, 18-48%, 8-73% and 8-80% respectively for the batch extraction, while in the
column leaching technique, 46-66%, 3-7%, 15-57%, 10-59%, and 9-47% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn
respectively were removed. EDTA was able to remove metals in the acid exchangeable and the reducible
fractions effectively. This study has proved that heap leaching is a promising approach for the remediation
of metal polluted sediments after dredging.
UL-276-CHM-09
OLUSEYI TEMILOLA OLUWAFUNMILAYO
256
DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION AND
REMEDIATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE SEDIMENTS OF THE LAGOS
LAGOON SYSTEM.
Concerns about the effect of organic pollutants on humans and the environment have existed for a long
time. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present a danger due to their potential carcinogenic and
mutagenic capabilities. PAHs are rapidly sorbed to particles and incorporated into aquatic sediments.
Sediments therefore represent the most important reservoir of PAHs in the marine environment. About
80% of the industries in Nigeria are located in Lagos and they all discharge their effluents into the lagoon.
Other sources of pollutants into the lagoon include domestic and municipal wastes. This study examined
three trans-urban water bodies of the Lagos lagoon system; Odo Iya alaro, Ibeshe and Shasha creeks that
receive domestic, municipal and industrial effluents, which are eventually emptied in to the Lagos lagoon.
Sediment samples were collected bimonthly from 21 sampling points for a period of one year for the
analysis of PAHs, n-alkanes as well as organic carbon, pH and particle size distribution. Analytical methods
for extraction such as Soxhlet, mechanical shaking and ultrasonication were investigated for the
determination of the 16 USEPA priority PAHs pollutants in sediment samples. The clean-up and preconcentration procedures were optimised by using both the conventional method (i.e. column packing with
silica gel) as well as the solid phase extraction (SPE). Chromatographic conditions were optimised for the
separation of PAHs using Gas Chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometric (MS) detection (GC-MS) and
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using UV-DAD and fluorimetric detection with
programmed excitation and emission wavelengths. The use of mathematical and statistical multivariate
analytical tools for data analysis -‘Chemometrics’ on PAHs and n-alkanes from the Lagos lagoon and the
adjoining creeks was employed. Remediation of the PAH contaminated sediments involving the use of
Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP), Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Superheated Water Extraction
(SWE) were also investigated.
The optimised ultrasonic extraction procedure utilizing four 15-minutes extraction cycles at 50 ºC and SPE
clean up with tetrahydrofuran: acetonitrile (1:1) and subsequent separation by gradient reversed phase
HPLC with fluorimetric detection extracted the PAHs from the certified reference material CRM 131-100
with recoveries ranging from 64.9 % to 119.7 %. This was employed as the analytical method for the
extraction, clean up, preconcentration and instrumental analysis of the PAHs in the surface sediments of
the Lagos lagoon system. The distribution of the PAHs in the sediment samples had large variations among
the sites investigated. The concentration of total PAHs (∑PAHs) ranged from 10 to 6,449 µg/kg and
showed a strong influence from anthropogenic inputs. In general, naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene,
fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b) fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene were
the dominant PAHs found in the sediments. The concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons (C9 – C38) in
the sediment samples studied ranged from 15 to 148 µg/g dry weight and their distribution showed large
spatial variations at various sampling points.
To determine the main source of PAHs to the sediments of the Lagos lagoon system, molecular indices of
selected PAH isomeric pairs were used to distinguish between the PAHs of diverse origins in the samples.
The calculations obtained from this study suggest that the distribution of PAHs in the surface sediments of
the Lagos lagoon system is derived from both petrogenic and pyrolytic sources. This was found to be
consistent with the distribution pattern of petrogenic n-alkanes found in the same sediment.
For the sediment remediation studies, the optimum ratio for the effective degradation of five selected PAHs
(naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene and chrysene) investigated was found to be 5:5:5 (acetic acid:
hydrogen peroxide: water) for 24 hours using the advanced oxidation process (AOP). All the five PAHs
were reduced by 60-100% of their original concentration. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) employing
CO2 had the highest removal of PAHs at 90 ºC, pressure of 250 kg/cm2 and extraction time of 30 minutes.
257
Using superheated water extraction, the highest percentage removal of PAHs was found for the 2-and 3ringed PAHs at an extraction temperature and time of 250 ºC and 40 minutes respectively. Generally, for
the three remediation techniques studied the low molecular weight PAHs gave the highest removal from
the sediment samples.
The concentrations of PAHs that was determined for the surface sediments in the Lagos lagoon system,
were below the Effects Range Low (ERL) level of 4000 µg/kg, proposed as the Sediment Quality Guidelines
to marine ecosystems The contamination by hydrocarbons in the Lagos lagoon system sediments is
relatively low at the present time, even though there are some localized areas of high hydrocarbon and
PAHs concentrations. This thesis provides a necessary baseline for the assessment of hydrocarbon and
PAH contamination in the sediments of the Lagos lagoon and the adjoining creeks as well as serving as a
comparison for future studies in the study area.
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
UL-277-CEG-76
ALUKO MOFOLORUNSO TIMOTHY
THE UPGRADING OF PRIVY METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL BY THE BIODISC PROCESS
Ph.D Civil Engineering (1976) 289pp.
This thesis describes studies carried out on the septic tank and the nightsoil used methods of
sewage disposal in Lagos and other parts of Nigeria.
A background survey of the problems of waterborne sanitation in Nigeria is given. Even though
these problems will make municipal waterborne sanitation remain for a long time an unaccomplished
ideal in most towns in Nigeria and other developing countries, this work holds that where the right
conditions exist, certain sections of such towns could be provided with limited waterborn sanitation
facilities. A survey is made of a number of such facilities in the Lagos Area in educational institutional,
hospital, army barracks, housing and industrial estates in which these conditions exist.
Results are reported of laboratory scale model tests to show that only a little strip at the bottom of
the standard circular design of the soakaway that has been used in the Nigerian building practice for
some four decades is effective in leading away tank effluents; suggestions for an alternative design are
made.
A critical appraisal is made of the empirical formula for converting the percolation rate of water in a
soil to the rate of sewage loading on the soil, together with a suggested modification of the original
American method for percolation tests in the sandy-laterrite soils of Lagos.
The results of six-year study on the water table in parts of Lagos are reported. They indicate that
the water table is too near ground level to make the septic tank system an effective method of sewage
disposal in these low lying areas of Lagos.
The biodisc process is discussed together with the results with the laboratory scale model in the
treatment of milk, domestic sewage, nightsoil and industrial wastes obtained from different parts of the
Lagos Metropolis Area. The results show that the process is efficient in the Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Suspended Solids (SS).
The thesis ends with a design for converting a septic tank into a biodisc plant, and discussion on
the possibilities of the biodisc process as an inexpensive alternative to the septic tank in the low-lying
areas where the tank is ineffective, and to the relatively expensive package plants based on the
Activated Sludge Process now existing in a number of institutions in the Lagos Area. It is hoped that the
findings in these studies will be a contribution towards the solution of the serious problem of sanitation in
Nigeria and other countries with similar problems.
258
UL-278-CEG-76
SOMOLU O.A.
A STUDY OF BOX GIRDER BEHAVIOUR BASED ON EXTENSIONAL AND BENDING PLATE
THEORIES.
The thesis deals with the study of box girder behaviour under load and examines the deflexion and
membrane stresses which arise as a consequence of loading.
A survey of the existing methods of analyses is carried out and two are outlined.
A method of deriving the equation for transverse deflexion of a plate.
(1)
with all its edges simply supported, and
(2)
with two opposite edges clamped while the other two are simply supported, is outlined. This
method does not seem to have been previously recorded in any test on plate bending theory.
The methods of analysis of a trapezoidal (cross-section) box girder, employing both membrane and plate
bending theories are fully discussed, and a new displacement method and formulation is presented.
In both cases, computer programmes are used to solve the resulting system of equation and the
results obtained agree with physical conjecture. A verification of the new displacement method is done
by comparison with an earlier work (25).
Effective width factors obtained from the different methods of analyses are compared with each
and other and also with the results obtained in an earlier work (25) for this type of structure.
An examination is also made of the
influence of the disposition of the loading (symmetrically
arranged point loading) and the inclination of the web effective width factors.
The validity or otherwise of using effective width concept for design of box girders is also discussed
in the light of theoretical
results.
The efefct of side (web) inclination (of the box section) on longitudinal stress distribution across
the cross-section is also studied.
UL-279-CEG-82
OYEGOKE SUNDAY EDWARD
THE INVARIANTS OF WATER WAVES BREAKING ON BEACHES WITH VARIABLE SLOPE
The breaking of water waves is examined experimentally on four different laboratory beach slopes
of 1:40, 1:20, 1:10 and 1:5. Several measurements of shoalling variables are made in the wave tank
both before and after wave breaking. The variables measured in the breaker zone include breaker height
and depth, plunge point (when applicable), breaker travel distance, end of aeration, run-up and rundown points.
Graphical techniques and the statistical method of least squares are used to investigate the various
relationships that exist between breaker and deep sea parameters. In order to make the conclusion of
the analysis undertaken to be of wider applications, the data published on the subject by several
accredited investigators such as Iversen (1952). Galvin (1968), Iwagaki et al (1974) and Van Dorn
(1978) are re-analysed and their results are compared with those arrived at through the analysis of the
data obtained in this experimental investigation. In several cases, the agreement is remarkably close. On
the whole, the joint analysis of the data from the study with those of the other investigators present a
more complete picture of the shape and kinematics of breaking waves.
In the shoalling Zone where turbulence limits the application of detailed analysis, the laws of
motion are derived as time and depth averaged equations.
A numerical model is also developed that uses one form of the two dimensional Boussinessq
equations formulated in terms of mass and momemtum conservation laws. Differential equations are
approximated by finite difference scheme that employs a three level preissmann scheme so as to provide
259
the high order of accuracy needed to simulate the various non-linear terms of the governing equations.
The numerical model developed is used to simulate the propagation of solitary waves in a channel of
constant depth.
UL-280-CEG-85
AYANKOGBE A. SUNDAY
SIMILITUDE IN COASTAL MOVABLE BED MODELS WITH RESPECT TO LITTORAL DRIFT.
M.Phil. Civil Engineering (1985) 159pp.
While highlighting the current trend in movable bed modelling that advocates a semi-empirical
approach to the deduction of scale laws, it is noted that such an approach has not been 'formalised'.
Therefore an attemot has been made to systematise in a detailed manner, a technique of
investigation utilising such an approach for coastal movable bed models that involve littoral drift.
The scale laws have been deduced mainly from well established theoretical and empirical relations,
most especially, that which exists between the littoral drift along a coast, G, and the energy flux of the
waves causing it, Ea first suggested by Bagnold (1973):
G = AEa
Thereafter, a movable bed model of Victoria Beach, Lagos was built in the modelling facilities of
the Hydraulics Research Unit of the University of Lagos to test the validity of the theoretical
development. Two main confirmations were sought from the experiments:
(a)
Does the variables A in the above equation remain constant in any given model situation?, and
therefore, can its scale be obtained empirically?, and
(b)
Are the semi-empirical scale laws deduced from theory valid?
The Experimental Results show that indeed, the variable A has a constant value in a model, once
the basic scales have been chosen, and therefore its scale may be deduced empirically. Secondly, and
more importantly, it was shown that the scale laws obtained are valid, though care must be taken to
ensure the correct deduction of the scale of the sine of the breaker angle, when waveheights are
exaggerated.
UL-281-CEG-86
TAOREED OYEKANMI BADMUS
A BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD
HETEROGENOUS POROUS MEDIA.
M.Phil Civil Engineering (1986) 87pp.
FOR
THE
EFFECTIVE
PERMEABILITY
OF
AN
Ground aquifers are naturally characterized by properties which vary in space. In this regard, the
simulation of flows through such media is most difficult. This is because, the governing differential
equation turns out to have non-constant coefficients.
Within the last decade, various analysts have proposed different methods of simulating above
flows, each claiming some success but increasing interest is being developed in determining an
equivalent homogenous medium (EHM) to replace the heterogenous one.
The idea of the equivalent homogenous model (EHM) is to determine an equivalent medium whose
flow characteristics would be similar to and which can therefore replace the heterogenous medium. In
groundwater aquifers or porous media in general, the variable property of interest in this regard is the
Hydraulic Conductivity/Permeability of such equivalent homogenous models. The integral equations are
derived so as to minimise the variation in flow characteristics between the equivalent model and the
260
heterogenous one. The advantage of the effective permeability (or the EHM) model is that the governing
equation turns out to be the Laplace's equation. It is therefore easily solved, requiring less computer
running cost. The new integral formulation is applied to a few problems for which exact analytical
solutions are available.
UL-282-CEG-87
OWOPUTI OLUSOLA LAWRENCE
A PERTURBATION BOUNDARY ELEMENT CODE FOR GROUNDWATER FLOW IN ZONED
HETEROGENEOUS AQUIFERS.
M.Phil. Civil Engineering (1987) 89pp.
A numerical method to solve the problem of viscous flows in a two-dimensional heterogeneous
porous medium is presented. The formulation utilizes the combined theories of Pertubation, Boundary
Element and Zoning.
The general solution scheme involves the perturbation of the piezometric head into some series,
leading to the decomposition of the governing equation into a combination of a Laplace's equation and a
sequence of Poisson's equations. The Boundary Element Method is used to solve these equations. The
first-order solution is obtained from the Laplace's equation while the subsequent ones are obtained from
the Poisson's equations. An automatic mesh generation is developed for the purpose of carrying out area
integrations in the right hand side of the Poisson's equations. With a view to achieving both convergence
and accuracy, the varying nature of the properties is confined to specific regions through zoning. The
numerical code to accompany these numerical processes is developed.
Numerical experiments are performed on simple problems whose solutions can be obtained
analytically. The effects of zoning on convergence and accuracy are well discussed for the two types of
permeability field and its logarithm are later linearized for the purpose of improving the convergence and
accuracy of the solutions. Exact solutions of the perturbed equations for a one-dimensional flow are
presented for comparison with the numerical results.
UL-283-CEG-89
OSHO ADEKUNLE PATRICK
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF SOIL CUTTING.
The objective of this work is first to determine experimentally the horizontal and vertical force
components of the operative forces during soil cutting. Since previous work in soil cutting had been
empirical and involved curve fitting techniques therefore the second objective is to predict these
horizontal and vertical force components. In order to achieve these objectives a special apparatus was
designed and fabricated for experimentation. It comprises the soil bin, the horizontal and vertical
carriages, the proving rings, carriage seat frame, soil hopper, manually operated jack, and the blades. In
order to reduce cost and weight of the apparatus, and also because of the limited space available, the
carriages and the cutting blades were made of aluminium.
In order that this investigation can be applied to a variety of soils, Ogun river sand and beach sand
were chosen because they are granular materials, but with different angles of inte rna l friction. Black
cotton soil was chosen because it is a cohesive soil which possesses both cohesion C and angle of
inte rna l friction 
. All the soil sa m ple s we re a ir drie d, in orde r to ha ve a good control to obta in re pe titive
results. In order to predict accurately, the horizonal and vertical operative forces in soil cutting, it is
essential that some specific properties of the soil be known. The soil properties chosen for this work are
cohe sion, C, a nd a ngle of inte rna l friction, . The se soil properties were determined using triaxial
261
apparatus. Also the shear box apparatus, imposing directional horizontal failure plane was used to
de te rm ine the va lue s of cohe sionle ss soils.
The cutting blades inclination B0 to the vertical was varied from O0 to 750 in increments of 150.
The soil bin was filled with soil by the soil hopper, whilst the blade was inserted and pushed horizontally
by manually operated 10 tonne (98.07 KN) jack, at a horizontal speed of about 0.11 cm/sec. The soil
bin perspex glass enabled the tests to be observed visually. The horizontal and vertical force components
operating during soil cutting was measured by standard Wykeham-Ferrance proving rings, with
maximum load of 200 kgf (1962 N) and with E.L.E. dial gauge of 0.001N/division (0.0254 mm./division).
It wa s found tha t the soil prope rtie s C a nd use d by Coulomv a nd Te rza ghi in the e xpre ssion, C =
C + 6 ta n we re found to be true . Howe ve r the soil pla stica lly slip line configura tions in soil cutting show
that whereas 100% of the angle of internal friction, is mobilised for cohesive soil, typified by black cotton
soil a t fa ilure , only a bout 80% of the a ngle of inte rna l friction 
, is m obilise d for cohe sionle ss soils, Ogun
rive r sa nd a nd be a ch sa nd, a t fa ilure , the m obilise d va lues of the soils were therefore used to evaluate
the horizontal and vertical components of operative forces in soil cutting. Other soil parameters like void
ratio, and a new soil particle size distribution parameter index (SPI)
0.025
SPI = (Dmax - Dmin) 100
EDX/distribution
dervied from grading tests, are found to be true in evaluating these horizontal and vertical components
of operative forces. From these findings, empirical formulae were derived, which will be of great benefit
and advantage to design engineers, who can quickly estimate the horizontal and vertical components of
the operative forces during soil cutting. It was found that as blade inclination Bo and width-to-depth of
cut ratio w/d, increased, the horizontal component of force in soil cutting, decreased. The horizontal
force decreased by 93%, when width-to-depth of cut ratio w/d = 1, and blade inclination B0 increased
from O0 to 750. The passive rankine force is less than the horizontal components of the forces in soil
cutting. These forces like the Rankine force are proportional to the square of depth of cut, for vertical
blades, that is, blades with inclination B = O0, the horizontal components of the forces can be evaluated
by multiplying the Rankine force by constant K which is 7.025 for cohessions soils and 1.06 for cohesive
soils. The present work also shows that the optimum performance of the blades occurred at an angle of
inclination B = 570 for cohensionless soils. Whilst the optimum performance of the blade for cohessive
soils occured at a blade inclination B = 450.
A theoretical solution of the boundary energy theory which considers the kinematics of the soilblade system, predict most accurately the horizontal and vertical components of operative forces in soil
cutting, than any other theory hitherto in use. The maximum and minimum errors in horizontal
components of forces for Ogun river sand, at blade inclination B0 from zero up to the optimum
performance of the blade, were 10.6% and -5% respectively. Similarly the maximum and minimum
errors in horizontal components of forces at same blade inclination, for beach sand and black cotton soil,
taken in pairs were (9.2% -23.2%) and (2.8%, -0.47%) respectively. At a blade inclination of B = 300,
and & = 1/2, the e xpe rim e nta l a nd the ore tica l horizonta l com pone nts of force s, ta ke n in pa irs for Ogun
river sand were (130N, 126N) and error of 3%. Whilst for beach sand and black cotton soil, at the same
blade inclination, the values were (100N, 101N) an error of -1% and (135N, 135N) an error of 0%
respectively. Similarly experimental and theoretical vertical components of forces, taken in pairs, at blade
inclination B = 300 a nd d = 1/ 2
, for Ogun rive r sa nd a nd bla ck cotton soil, a t sa m e bla de inclina tion,
the values were (40N, 27N) and 58N, 55N) respectively.
UL-284-CEG-90
OSIFALA B.G. KEHINDE
262
BOND CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED STEEL REINFORCEMENT
M.Phil Civil Engineering (1990) 151pp.
This thesis gives a report of investigation carried out to determine the bond characteristics of
locally manufactured steel reinforcement with a view to justify the adoption, in the Nigeria Code of
Practice NCP.1:1973 of provisions for bond in the British CP 114. 35 beams with lap splices of
reinforcement with varying lengths and diameters were tested. 25 of these were reinforced with high
yield steel bars, (HY 16, HY20, HY25) while the remaining 10 had mild steel bars (R16, R20, R25, R32).
The ultimate moment from the tests were used to determine the stress developed in the steel rods. The
test bond stresses were compared with the theoretical bond stresses obtained using an equation derived
from a non-linear regression analysis of test data from previous research. The effects of parameters
affecting bond of locally manufactured steel reinforcement were found to be similar to those
manufactured elsewhere. Bond efficiency of locally produced steel bars was found to compare favourably
with those produced in other parts of the world.
UL-285-CEG-98
JIKI PETER NYITYO
NON-LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS OF IMPERFECT BEAM COLUMNS.
Ph.D Civil Engineering (1998)
In the present investigation, the effect of imperfections such as cracks and initial crookedness as
well as that due to non-linearities on the stability of beam-columns have been considered. In order to
examine the effect of cracks on stability of beam-columns, an expression for the local stiffness due to an
edge crack in a rectangular beam-column was derived. The non-dimensional crack stiffness K* was the
used to derive expressions for reduced stability loads in imperfect beam-columns using Liapunov's direct
method. A similar expression for calculation of reduced stability loads in imperfect beam-columns was
derived using matrix displacement method of analysis. As the method of matrix displacement method of
analysis proposed herein depends on prior knowledge of crack point displacements, a finite element
stress analysis was carried out to obtain the required crack-point displacements and also to examine the
stress variations in the pre-cracked and uncracked beam-column models i.e. pin-pin and cantilever
beam-column models. A finite element computer program CNODE. FOR which is a stress analysis
program was developed using the Constant Strain Triangle (CST) element. Beam-column models without
edge cracks were first examined using the stress analysis program. Then cracks were introduced and the
program was run again. Results were obtained and both crack displacements as well as variation in
stresses due to the presence of edge cracks were studied in details.
Non-linear effects were also examined. First of all element stiffness matrices were derived using
existing formulations for non-linear structural analysis and the present formulation and the two were
compared. In each of the formulations used, the second order non-linear element stiffness matrix N2
depends on the square of the slope. To obtain the slope, a large displacement or non-linear analysis
using predictor-corrector method was carried out. The result of the PREDICTER-CORRECTOR analysis
was later used to complete the element stiffness matrix N2 and hence form the stability equations. The
stability equations were solved on the program NLSTAB.FOR developed for that purpose, to obtain
stability loads. A linear stability analysis was also carried out to show that linear stability analysis is a
special case of non-linear stability analysis. The linear stability equations were solved using another
program LSTAB2.FOR which was developed for the purpose for linear stability analysis. Both results of
non-linear and linear stability analyses obtained were then discussed.
The effect of initial crookedness was also examined using Perry-Robertson equation which has
hitherto been used only for axially loaded columns. However, due to beam-column effects, the PerryRobertson's equation was modified to include effects due to transverse loads, cracks as well as non-
263
linearities. The combined effects of cracks, initial crookedness and non-linearities on stability of imperfect
beam-columns were finally examined and conclusions made.
Finally, all the computer programs mentioned above were developed and tested by the present
investigator using fortran 77 or WATFOR 77 compiler.
UL-286-CEG-99
AGBEDE ISAAC OLAJIDE
GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF "iGUMALE" SHALE IN NIGERIA.
Igumale town is the headquarters of Ado Local Government Area of Benue State in Nigeria. Many
buildings in Igumale have cracks on their walls and floors. The access roads within Igumale are of poor
quality. This study is concerned with the understanding of the mineralogy of "Igumale" shale so as to
explain its geotechnical properties. Soil and rock samples obtained from Igumale were identified and
subjected to geotechnical, mineralogical and chemical analyses which included: classification tests,
engineering strength tests; identification clay and nonclay minerals by X-ray diffraction (XRD)
techniques; chemical composition by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses. Also, subsidiary tests which
included scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to
complement the findings of the XRD and XRF analyses. Classification and engineering strength tests
showed that "Igumale" shale are mainly silty clay and have very high swelling and shrinkage potential. Xray diffraction studies showed that the shale contained a high percentage of mixed layer illite/smectite,
high percentage of kaolinite, virutally no illite and nonclay minerals. Chemical analyses suggest that the
soils are residual in nature and also show that there was no amorphous material present in the soil. The
mineralogical analyses explained the highly expansive nature of the soil which is thought to be
responsible for the cracks in the buildings.
UL-287-CEG-99
FALADE FUNSO ALPHONSUS
UTILIZATION OF BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE FOR LOW-COST HOUSING.
In Nigeria like other developing countries and also to a certain extent in industrialised ones,
housing shortage problem is assuming increasing dimension because of consistent increases in the costs
of building materials. Particularly affected is the low-cost housing sector. Today among the constituents
of reinforced concrete structures, the cost of steel reinforcement represents a substantial part of total
construction cost. This had led to research investigations on local fibres as alternative material to
reinforcement in concrete structures.
In this study the potentials of bamboo (Bambusa Vulgaris) as reinforcement in concrete are
investigated. The variables are: (1) Reinforcement volume fractions, (2) Type of reinforcement (bamboo
splints and mild steel), (3) Reinforcement surface conditions (Plain and bitumen coated with sharp sand)
and (4) Curing ages (7, 14, 28 and 90 - days). Five reinforcement volume fractions were considered. In
the absence of any standard for incorporating bamboo in concrete, reference was made to clauses 3.12,
5 and 3.12.6 of British Standard BS 8110 which stipulate a minimum of 0.24% and a maximum of 4%
reinforcement volume fraction for mild steel in beams. The percentages selected are: 0; 0.67; 1.34; 2.01
and 2.68 expressed as percentage of gross sectional area of the beam (150 x 150 x 750 mm). The zero
percent bamboo content (plain concrete) was the control experiment. At 0.67% reinforcement, beams
were cast with steel reinforcement coated and uncoated bamboo splints (separately). Horizontal and
vertical spacers were provided to hold the main reinforcement in position. The length of the main
reinforcement was 720 mm while the spacers have lengths of 120 mm (Horizontal) and 40 and 60 mm
(vertical).
264
The results showed that the higher the reinforcement volume fraction the higher the strength of
the beams. Bamboo splints imparted post-cracking strength to the beam specimens. Strength was
observed to improve by up to 134.65% above the strength of unreinforced beams at 28 - day curing age
for 2.68% reinforcement content. For the same age and percentage reinforcement, the strength of steel
reinforced beams was found to equal 1.5 times the strength of bamboo reinforced beams. Deflection
increased with increase in reinforcement volume fraction but decreased with age. Plain concrete
specimens showed no ductility wth brittle failure occurring shortly after the appearance of the first crack.
In reinforced beams, failure was characterised by the formation of vertical flexural cracks originating
from the tension face of the beam. The crack width increased in percentage reinforcement but decreased
with age.
Application of bitumen and sharp sand on the surface of bamboo splints initially reduced bond with
concrete matrix but improved age. The coating prevented rapid absorption of moisture by the splints and
loss of tensile strength.
Tests of bamboo splints retrieved from unloaded beam specimens at different ages showed
reduction in strength and increase in moisture content.
A theoretical model which considered the variation in strength of node and internode of bamboo
splints was formulated to guide the incorporation of bamboo in concrete. The result obtained are
comparable with model proposed for steel reinforced concrete and also the experimental results.
A comparison of cost of unreinforced and reinforced concrete beams using steel and bamboo was
carried out based on some proposed cost equations. The results showed that the use of bamboo splints
resulted in savings of 2.54% in the concrete volume as against 0.67% reduction in concrete volume for
steel reinforced beam. The cost of steel reinforced beam was 28.67% above the cost of unreinforced
concrete while the cost of bamboo reinforced concrete was 0.70% lower than the cost of unreinforced
beam. The cost of bamboo in beam was 6.30% the cost of steel in beam of the same section and
comparable strength.
Generally, the results showed that bamboo can be used to replace steel in concrete for low-cost
housing projects where limited load - carrying capacity is required.
UL-288-CEG-99
RAJI SABURI ATANDA
A NINE - NODE LAGRANGIAN SHELL ELEMENT FOR THE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF
SHELL STRUCTURES.
This researh work deals with the development and application of efficient shell element for the
analysis and structural optimisation of various linear, elastic shell structures.
The first part of the thesis is concerned with the development of a versatile shell element by
attempting to improve the Nine-Node Lagrangian shell element. Reduced and selective integrations were
performed on the element and several bench-mark tests were carried out in order to determine the
accuracy of the shell element. Comparisons were also provided with the performance of some well
known elements.
In the second part of the thesis, sensitivity analysis and structural optimisation were performed on
various shell structures using the improved Nine-Node Lagrangian shell element that was developed. The
sensitivity of the displacements and stress resultants were evaluated using the forward finite difference
method. Algorithms for structural shape definition and automatic mesh generation were presented with
the basic formulation for shell structures.
Finally, several benchmark examples of shape optimisation of plates and shells were carried out
using standard free-form shell structures like cylindrical vault, spherical shell, clamped quadratic shell
and series of plates. The composition of the strain energy of the shell structures was observed during the
structural optimisation to study the energy distribution for the optimum structures. Various computer
265
programs were developed, documented and tested during the research work which will be of immense
benefit for academic and further research works on shell structures.
UL-289-CEG-03
ADEYEMO, EMMANUEL ADENIYI
PREDICTION OF RESIDUAL BRIDGE DECK CAPACITY OF STOCHASTIC MODELING AND
CALIBRATION OF DETERIORATION PROCESSES.
Ph.D. Civil Engineering (Structures) (2003) 185pp.
The relationship between the residual bridge deck capacity of reinforced concrete (Sla-on-Beam)
bridge decks over their design life and the corresponding deterioration are established. Bridge elements
are classified into environments to allow for differences in deterioration rates through multiplicity of
Markov chains.
Markov chains are invoked to model and calibrate deterioration processes which in turn produce
parameters of deterioration processes. Element level reporting and quantitative condition ratings are
introduced which aid the determination of normalised remaining flexural and shear strengths and
residual capacities as functions of deterioration indices.
For the determination of the residual live load capacity or rating in a bridge’s life by Markov chain
modeling, bridge deck sub-divided into segments with environmental quantification, produces calibrated
mathematical power-law model which enables the determination of deterioration in bridge’s lifetime.
The normalised remaining strength and present-day strength in the bridge’s lifetime coupled with
the stresses resulting from full-scale structural analysis of the deck under highway loadings contributes
to prediction the residual deck’s live load capacity and rating. By this the fundamental basis for
producing a comprehensive bridge management system is established.
UL-290-CEG-05
OSIFALA KEHINDE BABAJIDE GABRIEL
STUDIES IN IMPROVEMENT OF BOND BETWEEN
REINFORCEMENT IN HUMID ENVIRONMENT.
Ph.D Civil Engineering (Structures), (2005)
CONCRETE
AND
COATED STEEL
This thesis gives a report of an extensive investigation carried out on bond between concrete and
coated reinforcing bars, to find a cheaper and more efficient material for use in coating reinforcing bars.
Ways of improving bond strength of coated reinforcing bars were studied. Effects of parameters, such
as, increased cover, top and transverse reinforcements were investigated on coated reinforcing bars.
One hundred and seventy five (175) full size beams of varying lengths and sectional dimensions
with lapped spliced bars in constant moment region were cast and tested in a third point loading system.
The beams were cast with three high yield bar diameters; namely 16mm, 20mm and 28mm.
Coating materials were applied independently, in sequence, and as a mixture stirrups, made of
8mm and 10mm diameter bars, were introduced over the lap in an attempt to study improvement of
stirrups on bond performance of coated bars. The effect of increased cover, top reinforcement and extra
thickness of tyrolin were also investigated on coated bars.
The ultimate moment from the tests were used to determine the stress developed in the steel
rods. The ratio of the test bond stresses and the theoretical bond stresses, obtained using a semiempirical statistical regression expressions developed from extensive test data, were used for comparison
of the various parameters.
The bond strength and efficiency of Vinyl Chloride were found to be better than that of Epoxy in
all the bar diameters tested. Coating factor was determined for Epoxy and Vinyl Chloride on the three
bar diameters tested.
266
Transverse reinforcement, application in sequence of epoxy, tyrolin were found to improve bond
efficiency of coated reinforcing bars. Extra thickness of tyrolin was also found to further slightly increase
the bond efficiency of epoxy – tyrolin coated bars.
Bond resistance increased with increased concrete cover but the increase was found not to be
proportional to the thickness of the cover.
Coated bars used as top reinforcement exhibit a lower bond efficiency than coated bars used as
bottom reinforcement. The reduction (location) factor was determined at 300mm and 500mm depths for
16mm, 20mm and 28mm diameter bars.
UL-291-CEG-07
AKIIJE ISAAC
AN ANALYTIAL AND AUTOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN.
Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering (2007) 278pp.
The geometric design of highways requires a large number of iterations and repetitive tasks of
analysis and drafting in order to prepare plan, profile and cost estimate. The conventional manual
design technique is time consuming, requires use of draftspersons, and often-times the individual
engineer does not have the ability to achieve the required high standard of precision and graphic
presentation in a timely and cost-effective manner. On the other hand, integrated programs used in
advanced countries had been found to be generally expensive in developing and underdeveloped
countries. Consequently, the study presented in this thesis is intended to produce a well-defined, global,
robust and generalized analytical and autographic method of solving highway geometric design
problems.
The proposed method in this study is a digital interactive modelling and simulation technique of
making computations, preparing drawings and cost estimation for the geometric design of highways
while utilizing Excel Spreadsheet for analysis and plotting, and AutoCAD for graphics. This was achieved
by linking objects strategically developed both in Spreadsheet and AutoCAD through the Object Link
Embedment (OLE) capabilities of the programs to produce plan, profile and cost estimate. In the
process, modules were developed, and templates and standard data discs created for the developed
modules for further routine work.
The new method was compared with two other methods, namely, conventional manual method and
digital interactive specific purpose application integrated software (AutoCIVIL) in the geometric design of
a 5km Okeonigbin-Ijara-Isin road. The newly developed method in this study successfully completed
alignments combination of the road at optimal level. A comparison of asset costs showed that the newly
developed method is cheaper than the other procedures.
The conclusions drawn from the study include the development of a new analytical and autographic
method, which incorporated hardware and application software to achieve the high-speed and high-level
accuracy required in the geometric design of highways.
The new added knowledge offered by this study for highway geometric design methodology is in the
following areas:
·
Development of logical model objective functions for the optimisation of highway geometric
design.
·
Development of an algorithm to elicit steps of using Excel Spreadsheet and AutoCAD
strategically for achieving the analysis and drafting required for the preparation of plan, profile and
project cost.
·
Development of a flow chart that is efficient for the optimisation of cost, time, environmental
impact assessment (EIA) and acceptable quality of design work under the constraint of budget.
The exact contributions offered by this study to highway geometric design include, (a) the enhancement
of the competence and productivity of a highway engineer in an electronics office due to the use of GPS,
267
Total station, GIS and Internet for e-design and (b) the enrichment of the professional course contents
needed for national development.
It is recommended that Nigerian engineers must take full globalisation advantage by utilising
readily available IT facilities as elicited in this research to enhance highway geometric design. Also, the
potential for further work on this study is high, particularly modifications of highway geometric design in
an open source environment through the Internet.
UL-292-CEG-08
AKANBI EZEKIEL OLATUNDE
A GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL PLAIN SANDS’ OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
AS SUBGRADE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL.
Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering (Geotechnics and Foundations) (2008)
The ‘Coastal Plain Sands’ (CPS) of southwestern Nigeria is a problematic soil whose behaviour under road
infrastructure has been detrimental to the durability and stability of roads and highways in the region. The
purpose of this study is to examine critically the structure and textural variation of CPS, and assess the
various pedogenic and environmental factors (including geochemical and mineralogical composition) that
combine to influence the behaviour of the soil as a subgrade and road construction material.
The vertical, lateral and topographic variation of the basic geotechnical properties of the soil were assessed
through detailed study of retrieved soil samples from surface and subsurface deposits of CPS. The effect of
submerged subgrade was simulated with pretest soaking of soil samples between a period of 1-21 days.
Apart from the basic index property tests, the Engineering laboratory tests carried out include the CBR, the
West African Compaction test, permeability test, the physico-mechanical and physico-chemical tests.
Unless otherwise stated, all the tests were carried out according to BS 1377:1990. The pedogenic factors
of basic oxides geochemistry and clay mineralogy were assessed through the AAS and the diffractometer
tests respectively.
The results of the investigations revealed that the textural characteristics and gradation of CPS vary widely
from fine grained clay/silt fractions to coarse grained sand/gravel particles. CPS soil samples from surface
deposit and flattish poorly drained terrain are more fine grained than the subsurface deposit and soil
samples from well drained terrain. The surface deposits of CPS tend to be more plastic than the subsurface
deposits. These affects significantly the geotechnical parameters of plasticity index (PI), CBR, compaction
characteristics and the permeability of the studied soil in the contrasting environments. For instance, the
surface and subsurface CPS samples investigated have an average PI of 23.2% and 20.7% respectively.
The average soaked and unsoaked CBR of the Ibafo CPS surface deposits are 108% and 40% respectively.
The corresponding values for the subsurface deposits are 122% and 63%.The geotechnical parameters
assessed in relation to geochemical content revealed that the presence of ferric iron oxide and sesquioxide
in CPS is detrimental. This is because they give the soil a false granular structure (which breaks down in
water), and inhibit the normal surface activities of clay such that shrinkage and swelling parameters are
inaccurately measured. The CPS deposits and soil profiles studied are basically lateritic, with the silica
sesquioxide ratio varying from 1.19 to 1.6.The effect of water on the clay minerals in the soil is such as to
make the soil effectively hydroscopic. The outcome of this investigation shows that illite whose presence
(10-21%) in the soil is surbodinate to kaolinite (whose content vary from 32-62%), has a domineering
influence on the studied soil. While the concentration and distribution of illite is higher in the flattish poorly
drained terrain, kaolinite has a higher concentration in well drained terrain and lower soil profile. This
affects the geotechnical properties of the CPS and therefore influences the general stability of the roads
and highways in the study area. The empirical relations between geotechnical and
geochemical/mineralogical parameters of CPS give correlation coefficients of -0.4 to +0.8. Chemical
stabilization of CPS with Terralite, a mineral flux, revealed that a stabilized subgrade could remain
submerged for years without collapsing.
268
It is concluded that inadequately examined and misleading classification of problem soil as good subgrade
or subbase material contribute immensely to frequent failures and instability of our roads and highways.
UL-293-CEG-08
AKANMU JAMES OLUNIYI
AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODEL FOR THE OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHIRORO
RESERVOIR.
Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering (Water Resources) (2008) 143pp.
Reservoir operation is a complex problem that involves many decision variables, multiple objectives as well
as considerable risk and uncertainty. Traditionally, reservoir operation is based on heuristic procedures,
embracing rule curves and subject judgment by the operator. Established rule curves, however, do not
allow a fine-tuning of the operations in response to unconventional changes in the prevailing conditions.
This research establishes an analytic and more systematic approach to reservoir operation, based not only
on traditional probabilistic/stochastic analysis, but also on the information and prediction of hydrologic
events and advanced computational technology in order to operate the reservoir optimally and sustain the
generation of firm energy from hydropower reservoir.
The thesis presents the status and potentials of hydropower in Nigeria and establishes a mathematical
model for hydropower generation, as primary input into a decision support system for hydropower
reservoir operation. Primary attention was paid to factors like resevior inflow; head and turbine discharge
and uses stochastic tools in a hybrid environment of artificial neural network in the Matlab toolbox and
Excel for the analysis of data. The framework is validated on Shiroro hydropower reservoir.
Results and analysis show that the accuracy of prediction suing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for inflow,
the discharge and head are 92.2%, 82.5% and 99.7% respectively. Also the plot of prediction validation,
training and test errors were simulated for 30days. Furthermore, linear regression analysis also established
convergence between the netural network outputs and the corresponding targets.
CLINICAL
PATHOLOGY
UL-294-CPA-86
OGUNLEWE OLAJAYE
"STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME TRACE-ELEMENTS AND STEROID
HORMONES IN PROSTATIC DISORDERS AMONGST NIGERIANS"
Ph.D Clinical Pathology (1986) 165pp.
Benign hyperplasia and carninome of prostate are prostatic disorders commonly found in aging
males. These diorders are reported to be less common amongst Nigerians, though there has been no
concrete pathophysiological evidence to support this observation.
The exact aetiology of these disorders has not been resolved, but some factors have been
identified as being contributory to their development. Amongst these factors are androgenic hormonal
control and the influence of some trace-elements on the metabolic activities of the gland.
We investigated the interrelationship between these factors in Nigerians with a view to elucidating
any physiological differences that may exist between Nigerians and other peoples.
Our results showed that the extracellular hormonal millieu of the prostate gland in Nigerians is not
significantly different from those of Caucasians in Europe and North America. Plasma testosterone levels
in healthy Nigerians, aged between 50 and 90 years (15.5 + 0.4)nmol/1 SE) is comparable to the levels
269
reported for caucasians of a similar age group in Germany and England. This level is also significantly
higher than the levels in age-matched cancer patients (10.9 + 0.7)nmol/1) (P<0.001), but not
significantly different from the levels in age-matched BPH patients (14.9 + 0.4 nmol/1 SE: P>0.10).
Levels of other androgens were not different between the three groups. Plasma levels of zinc were
higher in BPH subjects and lower in cancer patients compared wih healthy controls, while plasma
cadmium was higher in cancer patients.
Intraprostatic DHT was elevated in hyperplastic tissues (4.9 + 0.2 ng/g) relative to normal tissues
(1.7 + 0.18 mg.g) ad malignant tissues (1.7 + 0.2 ng/g). In contrast, testosterone and A-Dione were
found in greater concentration in malignant tissues (7.9 + 0.6 ng/g and 4.6 + 0.3 ng/g respectively)
than in BPH (0.5 + 0.3 ng/g; 0.2 + 0.01 ng/g and normal tissues 0.3 + 0.05 ng/g; 0.2 + 0.03 ng/g).
Zinz was significantly concenrtrated in hyperplastic tissues (17.9 + 0.6 umol/g or 1170 + 39.2
ug/g) and Normal tissues (12.1 + 0.8 umol/g; 791 + 55.5 ug/g) than in malignant tissues 2.9 + 0.4
umol/g; 189.6 + 26.1 ug/g). A greater proportion of zinc and DHT were located in the nuclear fraction
of hyperplastic tissues. In contrast, the cytoplasmic concentration of zinc was inversely proportional to
DHT concentration in these tissues. Cadmium accumulated more in malignant tissues (28.9 + 0.37
nmol/g) compared with normal 3.8 + 0.63 nmol/g) and hyperplastic tissuess (14.6 + 1.1 nmol/g).
The results suggest an interrelationship between the concentration of zinc and accumulation of
DHT, especially in the nucleus of hyperplastic tissues.
Results of in vitro experimental studies involving additions of varying concentrations of exogenous
zinc and cadmium aptly supported the above findings. Additions of low concentration (10-5 to 10-12M)
of exogenous zinc enhanced the activities of 5 & reductase and 3 & hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase
(Reductase) in the conversion of testosterone to DHT and DHT 3 & diol in hyperplastic tissues, whereas
concentrations higher than 10-5M inhibited the reaction. Similar results but to a lesser degree were
obtained with carcinomatous tissues. Experiments with cadium also showed similar efefcts on the
transformation of testosterone to DHT.
This study shows the intracellular and extracellular hormonal environments of the prostate gland in
Nigerians is not different from that of Europeans. However, the interrelationship between plasma and
tissue concentrations of zinc and androgens, appears to affect the levels of androgens available to the
prostate, which in turn could promote or prevent the processes culminating in prostatic disorders.
UL-295-CPA-88
WAKWE CHUKWUMA VICTOR
"PLASMA ZINC, COPPER, IRON AND HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE"
M.Phil Clinical Pathology (1988) 62pp.
Several authors have documented interactions between zinc, copper, and iron in various
mammalian species. These three elements which have vital haemopoetic functions that are both
interdependent and interrelated have common binding sites on transport compound in the testine.
Studies on post-absorptive interaction of the metals have been scanty.
Plasma zinc, copper and iron were measured from children who had genotypes SS and AS. Children
who had genotye AA were used as controls. Plasma zinc was found to be significantly higher in children
with genotype SS (139.3 + 33.76 ug/dl) than in children with genotype AS (102.2 + 21.83 ug.dl)
(P<0.001) and children with genotype AA (105.9 + 22.76 ug/dl) (P < 0.001). There was no significant
difference between the values obtained in genotypes AS and AA.
Plasma copper was not significantly different in all the three genotypes.
Plasma iron was significantly lower in the AS group 76.9 + 21.02 than in the genotype AA group
94.3 + 16.05 ug/dl (P < 0.02) but not with the genotype SS group 97.3 + 30.36 ug/dl (P < 0.1). There
was no evidence that the metabolism of iron, copper and zinc was affected by one another.
The haematological indices of the children with AS genotype were found to be similar to those of
the AA genotype used as controls. These values were significantly different from those of the genotype
SS group who had lower values for the haemoglobin (P < 0.001), haemarocrit (P < 0.001) and the red
270
blood cell count (P < 0.001), than higher values for the white blood cell count (P < 0.001), the platelet
count (P < 0.001).
There was no correlation between the plasma zinc and the haematological indices when the
genotype were taken separately. However plasma copper had a positive correlation with the WBC count
in the genotype AA and SS but not in the AS group. Plasma iron was also found to correlate positively
with the haemoglobin vales for the genotype SS but not with the genotype AS and AA.
UL-296-CPA-00
AFONJA OLUMUYIWA ADEBAYO
PLASMA ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES IN NIGERIANS
Ph.D (Clinical Pathology) (2000)
The alkaline phosphatase enzyme (Orthophosphoric monoester pohosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.1.)
exists in various isoforms in mammalian plasma and tissues. Physicochemical methods are used to
separate the alkaline phosphatases and study each of them individually.
This study has set out to:
1.
determine the reference intervals of plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in healthy Nigerian
subjects;
2.
define the alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in healthy Nigerians.
3.
examine plasma alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in normal and abnormal pregnancy;
in sickle cell disease (SS) and sickle cell trait (AS): common genetic disorders in Nigerians.
It is intended that the research findings will be useful in the diagnosis and management of
diseases which affect the plasma levels of the alkaline phosphatases.
The population in an urban area was used. Healthy individuals were drawn from the population
attending the casuality departments of health centres and hospitals in the Lagos metropolis, for minor
cuts and from staff and students of various schools and establishments within the same metropolis.
Pregnant and sickler individuals were also drawn from clinics in the same hospitals and health centres as
for the healthy individuals.
Alkaline phosphatase hydrolyses sodium diphenyl phosphate; the phenol released is estimated
colorimetrically. This easy and reliable method is used in many laboratories in the country and the
reagents are stable even at room temperature; it was standardised against the more method of the
hydrolysis of sodium paranitrophenyl phosphate in which paranitrophenol is measured colorimetrically. A
good correlation was found between both methods. Chemical methods of the inhibition of intestinal and
placental alkaline phosphatases by L-phenylalanine and of the inhibition of the liver and bone alkaline
phosphatases by L-homoarginine were used for differential analyses of the isoenzymes. Physical
methods of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate paper and heat-sensitivity were used for the
identification of isoenzyme patterns. Haemoglobin electrophoresis was carried out to determine the
haemoglobin genotype.
This study has defined the reference ranges for plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in Nigerians in
relation to age and sex.
Plasma total, heat-labile, L-homoarginine sensitive and L-phenylalanine sensitive alkaline
phosphatase activities in K.A. units/dL for healthy male Nigerian adults 20 to 80 years of age are 4.5 to
16.8; 1.1 to 4.4; 2.9 to 14.1; and 0 to 4.1 respectively. The corresponding values in female adults are
4.0 to 15.4; 1.0 to 4.7; 3.2 to 14.2; and 0 to 4.1 respectively and in children of both sexes, 0 to 15 years
of age are 7.3 to 22.5; 4.8 to 16.8; 4.7 to 19.2; and 0 to 3.7 respectively.
The enzyme activity is high in the first year of life; the value decreases but remains higher than the
adult level until about the age of eight years in both sexes. There is a second rise between the ages of 9
and 15 years, a period which coincides with the pubertal growth spurt. The adult level is reached after
271
the age of 8 years in both sexes, but it is higher in males than in females. There is also a slight rise in
both sexes after the age of 50 years.
Three serum isoenzymes having a2, pre-B and y mobilities and corresponding to liver, bone and
intestine isoenzyme respectively were identified in healthy Nigerians on cellulose acetate electrophoresis.
All normal adults had liver isoenzymes and 12 per cent of males and 10 per cent of females had the bone
isoenzyme. Children always had the bone isoenzyme and the plasma level varied with the rate of growth
in them. Subjects with blood groups A and AB had no intestinal isoenzyme while only 2.6 per cent of
blood group B and 2.0 per cent of blood group O subjects had the isoenzyme.
In pregnancy, the total and heat-labile plasma enzyme increased significantly, the increase being
more in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia pregnancy. There is a relationship between the plasma placental
and plasma total alkaline phosphatase ( the pregnancy alkaline phosphatase index) after 36 weeks
pregnancy; a low index occuring in eclampsia.
Total and heat-labile enzyme activities were significantly higher in both sexes during crises than in
the steady state in sicklers, the increase being more in males than in females; total activity was also
lower in heterozygous, AS males and females. Three important observations were made in sickle cell
anaemia, a genetic disease common in Nigerians. Firstly that the increase in plasma activity of the heatlabile isoenzyme, most of which is of bone origin distinguishes the homozygous sicklers in bone crises
from those in haemolytic crises. Secondly that even when the clinical signs and symptoms of the crises
have abated, metabolic processes involved in repair of the bone damage that had occurred, continues.
Thirdly, that in the steady state, sub-clinical bone damage occurs which are immediately followed by
continuous osteoblastic activity and produced a rise in plasma alkaline phosphatase; this is further
evidence of the probable association of alkaline phosphatase with the osteoblasts.
In hepatobiliary disease, the slow liver isoenzyme was always incerased. The intestinal isoenzyme
appeared in many cases of cirrhosis (in blood groups B or O) but fast liver and bile isoenzymes were
occasionally seen in miscellaneous cases. All patients with bone disease had an increased bone band
when there was increased total plasma alkaline phosphatase and increased osteoblastic as did some
patients with chronic renal failure.
In conclusion, reference ranges have been established for the measurement of plasma total and
isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in various age groups, sicklers and pregnancy. It is therefore
possible to elicit disease patterns and progress by comparison of routine laboratory results with the
established reference intervals and patterns. Alkaline phosphatase is useful in the diagnosis and
management of tumours; this aspect and its genetic coding are currently being investigated.
CLINICAL PHARMACY AND BIOPHARMACY
UL-297-CPA-05
AINA, BOLAJOKO AJOKE
STUDIES ON THE RATIONAL USE OF CHLOROQUINE IN THE
UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA IN LAGOS STATE GENERAL HOSPITALS.
Ph.D Clinical, Pharmacy and Biopharmacy (2005)
MANAGEMENT
OF
Malaria is a curable and preventable disease and it is a major public health problem in Nigeria and
Chloroquine is still the first line drug in its treatment in Nigeria. Inappropriate prescribing which is the
failure to prescribe drugs in accordance with guidelines based on scientific evidence to ensure safe,
effective and economic use, is an irrational drug use behaviour. Increased benefits from chloroquine or
a slow down of progression to resistance could be achieved by improving prescribing practice, drug
quality, and patient compliance.
The objectives of the study were to determine the impact of two modes of educational intervention
on chloroquine prescribing pattern of prescribers in Lagos State General Hospitals, to determine the
quality of chloroquine dosage forms available in these hospitals and to undertake cost effectiveness
analysis of chloroquine tablet and injection.
272
The study was carried out in all the ten General Hospitals under Lagos State Hospitals Management
Board. One hundred prescriptions each for adults and children at each hospital were systematically
sampled between January and December 2000. Where there were fewer than 100 prescriptions all the
prescriptions available were sampled for quantitative analysis. Questionnaires were distributed to
prescribers between November and December 2001 for quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Quality of the chloroquine dosage forms available in the hospitals was determined using British
Pharmacopoeiea methods.
The cost effectiveness analysis of chloroquine tablet and injection
chloroquine was calculated. Educational intervention took place between January and February 2002.
Seminars were presented in 8 out of the 10 hospitals. Among the 8 that had seminars, 4 hospitals had
educational posters while the other 4 had plastic boxes describing correct doses of chloroquine left
behind. Two hospitals served as control.
There was significant increase in the percentage of prescriptions with correct dosage of chloroquine
post-intervention compared with pre-intervention (p < 0.01). There was association between
intervention and correctness of dosage of chloroquine prescribed (p < 0.001). There was association
between the mode of intervention and dosage of chloroquine prescribed (p < 0.001). There was also
association between the dosage of chloroquine and the different dosage forms of chloroquine prescribed
(p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the group with plastic box and the group with
poster in percentage of correct prescriptions (p > 0.05).
There was no statistically significant difference in percentage of correct prescriptions between 1
month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months post intervention hence outcomes of intervention was
sustained.
The tablets passed the quality tests more than the two other dosage forms. Tablet chloroquine was
more cost effective than injection chloroquine.
The conclusion from this study is that educational intervention improved the prescribing pattern of
chloroquine. Tablet should be encouraged more than injection because it is safer and more cost
effective. There is need to determine the quality of chloroquine available in our hospitals.
UL-298-CPA-07
SULEIMAN, ISMAIL AYINLA
PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY AND RESISTANCE IN
LAGOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA.
Ph.D. Clinical Pharmacy (2007)
Health care costs are escalating worldwide, and the health systems seem to be increasingly
unable to support these rising expenses. With the depreciating value (loss of potency) and life span of
anti-bacterial agents due to resistance, information relating to resistance and their use has become
critical for efficient policy. Hence surveillance and cost-effective studies are essential.
The goal of the study was to provide information that can be used for sound health policy, which
in turn can facilitate affordability and access to drugs, reduce wastage from irrational practices and
improve overall efficiency. The objectives were to determine the degree of bacterial resistance in Lagos
metropolis and to evaluate antibacterial utilization, its cost effectiveness and cost implications.
Epidemiological studies of bacterial resistance was carried out using Antibacterial Susceptibility
Testing Results (ASTR) of 3900 bacterial isolates from four hospitals in Lagos metropolis and those of the
bench work, for the four commonest species of bacteria (E.coli, S.aureus, K. pnuemoniae, P.
aeruginosa). Drug utilisation evaluation (DUE) was by examining 525 Out-patient case notes of disease
conditions with antibacterial agents as the mainstay of therapy. These include, tuberculosis (TB),
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and ear, nose and throat infections (ENTIs).
Pharmacoeconomic evaluation (PE) was carried out using information from DUE, literature, and
prospective ASTR, Epi info, a soft ware and Microsoft excel were used for data analysis. Chi-square test,
Sign test, and sensitivity analysis were also used to compare degree of resistance and costs where
applicable.
273
Resistance rate is very high particularly to affordable agents. For example, resistance of E.coli to
amoxicillin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole was 86.9%, 91.0%, 82.2% for retrospective study and 100%,
93.7% and 93.7% for the prospective study respectively. Resistance is equally on the increase for
cephalosporins and quinoless. For ciprofloxacin, intermediately susceptible and resistant E.coli isolates
were 8.0% and 15.0% respectively for retrospective study and 0.0% and 28.1% for ceftriaxone in the
prospective study.
DUE in LUTH indicates that selection of antibacterial agents is largely empirical, and there is no
comprehensive data bank of resistance pattern to facilitate this either. Cases with microscopy culture
and sensitivity (m/c/s) were 7.7% and 46.1% for ENTIs and STIs respectively. Test of cure rate was rare
and highest with STIs at a value of 11.9% for patients with positive m/c/s results. Diagnostic test rate
for TB was very high (98.8%) but liver function tests was rare at a rate of 8.6% despite the use of
isoniazid and rifampicin, which can adversely affect hepatic functions.
It was evident that more effective drugs can be arrived at using pharmacoeconomic evaluation.
Pharmacoeconomic evaluation also indicates that cost attributed to infectious diseases is enormous. For
instance national cost implications of TB is in excess of #5.8 billion for drugs alone and that of ENTIs is
in excess of #10 billion annually.
The conclusion from this study is that surveillance of bacterial resistance is virtually not existing
and should be stepped-up with improved capacity building in facilities, standardized reports and
complete documentation. Antibacterial agents were not as rationally used as expected. In addition,
pharmacoeconomic evaluation and drug utilisation evaluation can improve the quality of services
delivered. It is recommended that both should be incorporated into the national drug/health policy of
the country for improved efficiency and their implementation monitored and evaluated regularly for
compliance or otherwise.
UL-299-CPA-08
YUSUFF KAZEEM BABATUNDE
PHAMARCISTS’ PARTICIPATION IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF MEDICATION HISTORY IN
AMBULATORY CARE SETTING: A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL (U.C.H),
IBADAN
Ph.D. Clinical Pharmacy (2008) 140pp
The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency and depths of medication history documented
in medical records by physicians, and assess the impact of pharmacists’ participation on the frequency and
depth of medication history information documented. The clinical importance of the medication history
information acquired by pharmacists, and the physicians’ and pharmacists’ knowledge and attitude to key
issues concerning patient medication history were also assessed.
The study consisted of baseline, pilot and post-pilot studies. The baseline phase was divided into two
stages. The first stage involved a cross-sectional retrospective review of stratified random samples of 900
case notes of patients that attended the nine medical outpatient clinics in 4 weeks at University College
Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, and Southwestern Nigeria. The second stage was a cross-sectional survey of 93
physicians in the Department of Medicine and 49 pharmacists at the study site with pre-tested structured
knowledge and attitude questionnaires. The pilot study phase was a pharmacist-conducted cross-sectional
medication history interview of randomly selected 324 patients with pre-tested medication history data
sheet over a 4-week period. The post-pilot study involved an assessment of clinical importance of 226
medication use-related errors extracted from medication history acquired by pharmacists by 3 independent
assessors. These assessments were carried out with a modified index for categorizing the severity of
medication errors. Student t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare means. Post-hoc comparison
was done with Tukey’s HSD test. Chi-square, Fisher’s Exact, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were
used to compare proportions.

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