Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research - ILVO

Transcription

Institute for Agricultural
and Fisheries Research
Activity
report
2006
Flemish government
Institute for Agricultural
and Fisheries Research
Activity
report
2006
Flemish government
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be
Flemish government
Responsible publisher
Prof. dr. ir. Erik Van Bockstaele
Coordination
Photographs
Lay-out
Translation
How to order
dr. ir. Johan Van Waes, Nancy De Vooght, Karin Van Peteghem
ILVO
Nancy De Vooght
Frank Lunn
by e-mail
[email protected]
by telephone +32 (0) 9 272 25 00
by mail
Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96, B-9820 Merelbeke
mention “Activity Report 2006”
9
1. Management and Units
12
1.1 Animal Sciences
14
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 Functional Animal Nutrition
Animal Husbandry and Welfare
Fisheries
15
16
19
1.2 Social Sciences
20
1.3 Plant Sciences
22
1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 Applied Genetics and Breeding
Growth and Development
Crop Husbandry and Environment
23
27
29
1.4 Technology & Food
30
1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 Product Quality and Innovation
Food Safety
Business Unit and Service Centre
Agricultural Engineering
32
33
34
34
2. Important research results
37
2.1
Animal Sciences
37
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.1.8
Milk urea concentration as an indicator of the N excretion of dairy cows into the
environment
37
Reducing ammonia emissions from pig houses through feeding strategy
38
Research into alternatives for antimicrobial feed additives
39
Qualitative feed restriction in beef cows
40
Early and reliable detection of boar taint
41
Integration of animal welfare in the food quality chain
42
Value creation in Belgian sea fisheries
44
Biological fisheries research: there is more to it than just counting fish
46
2.2 Social Sciences
48
2.2.1 2.2.2 Modelling the agricultural sector
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
48
50
Table of contents
Introduction
Table of contents
2.3 Plant Sciences
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.8 New insights into the origin of the cultivated apple (Malus x domestica)
52
Valorisation of the genetic diversity of wild roses
53
Breeding for resistance against nematodes in green manure crops (catch crops)54
Inventorising predatory mites in tree nurseries
55
Infectivity under field conditions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepdonicus,
causal agent of bacterial ring rot of potato
57
Population dynamics of the rootknot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi under
different field crops and black fallow
58
Fifteen years of cooperation with the former Eastern Block countries: The
democratisation process and the acquis communautaire
61
SANCO EC - trial for grasses
63
2.4 Technology & Food
2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 Residual enzyme activity in UHT-milk and milk powders
64
Effect of a changed milk fat composition on the quality and processability
of milk
65
Mechanisation: A good application technique for more efficient
entomopathogenic nematodes
67
Livestock engineering and constructions - Automatic detection of lameness
in dairy cattle
69
Protection and safety engineering - Ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated
buildings
71
PCBs in eggs originating from different production systems
73
Residue formation of sulphonamides in honey by migration from contaminated
beeswax
74
Bacteriological contamination and infection of shell eggs in the production
chain
75
Identification and harmful effects of the aerobic spore microbiota in raw milk 76
Reduction of Salmonella shedding by mid-chain fatty acids and botanic
compounds in a in vitro simulation of the pig’s cecum
77
2.3.6 2.3.7 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.4.8 2.4.9 2.4.10 3. Extra highlighted
3.1 Comparison of hygiene status and animal welfare in furnished cages and noncage systems for laying hens
Dietary ω-3 fatty acids: effect on performances and incorporation in milk and
meat using the rabbit as model
2006: A productive publication year for ILVO-fisheries
Social Sciences Unit: new paradigms
Centre for Plant Diagnosis: in the spot Measuring residual nitrates in soils: elevated nitrogen utilisation as solution?
Cooperation of ILVO-T&V with Flanders’ FOOD projects
3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 52
64
78
78
79
80
82
84
85
87
3.9 4. Role of ILVO-T&V in the Belgian National Reference Laboratory (NRL) Consortium
for GMOs
88
PreventAgri Vorming/Formation encourages safety in agriculture and horticulture
89
Public Service 91
4.1 Reference laboratory for research on animal nutrition and the nutritional value of
animal products
91
4.2
Social Sciences
92
4.3
Centre for Diagnosis of Plant Pests
92
4.4
Varieties developed by ILVO-Plant - Cultivars on variety lists and commercialised
94
4.5
TAD FarmCOMPOST
96
4.6
Variety Testing – Post-control trials – Seed Testing Laboratory
98
4.7
Addition of accredited laboratory analyses in the framework of food authenticity
and food safety 100
4.8 New hygiene directives in the pilot plant
102
4.9
TAD “Hoevezuivel” - Farm dairying in practice 102
4.10
Agromech
103
4.11
AgriCONSTRUCT
104
4.12
Laboratory for Spray Application Techniques
104
4.13
Quality control in connection with the maintenance of milk instalations
105
5. Publications
106
5.1
Articles published in journals and included in the Science Citation Index
106
5.2
Other scientific articles
107
5.3
Books and chapters in books
108
5.4
Proceedings and abstracts of symposia and congresses
108
5.5
Vulgarised articles
112
5.6
Ph. D. theses
114
5.7
ILVO communications
114
5.8
Policy-relevant notes and reports in the framework of mandated and other tasks
114
6. Theses and training reports
117
7. Communication
118
7.1 7.2
Press contacts and visits of Belgian and foreign delegations
118
Activities, workshops and courses organised by or in cooperation with ILVO 119
Table of contents
3.8 Introduction
Dear reader,
This is the first activity report of ILVO, the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research. Since 1 April 2006, both
the former Agricultural Research Centre (CLO) and Centre for Agricultural Economics (CLE), together with their
corporate identities were merged into the newly established ILVO. From 1 January 2007 the funds for developing
sustainable agricultural systems were transferred to ILVO
(unit Social Sciences).
ILVO is an internal independent agency with a corporate
identity and comprises four units, each with several research areas. The management agreement with the Minister competent for ILVO provides the contours in which
ILVO, as a scientific institute, will carry out its mission of
basic and policy-supporting research and services. Performance indicators quantify the results obtained.
The structure of ILVO has been elaborated in the past year
and efforts were made to organise and develop human
resource management, research policy, internal and external communication, cooperation and supporting services. This process is not completed yet, but I am grateful to
all staff for their positive attitude and cooperation towards
the transformation process that occurred during 2006.
The results of a personnel survey showed great satisfaction
concerning the labour conditions and value-perceptions.
Based on these results we will try, where possible, to set up
suitable transformation routes.
frastructure and support from the Agency for Facility Management should eventually solve various infrastructure
problems.
In the past year ILVO was an open house. There were
internal team-building sessions per unit, thematic meetings with colleagues from other entities within the Ministry
of Agriculture and Fisheries, visits and consultations with
Minister Fientje Moerman, ‘Boerenbond’, experimental
research and extension centres, cabinet members and
students. ILVO was also often referred to in the press. For
2007, we foresee ILVO cooperation in Agriflanders and
the Flanders’ Day on 16 April. In June we will celebrate
75 years of agricultural research in Flanders with the anniversary of the founding of the former Plant Breeding Research Station, the activities of which are now integrated
in ILVO-Plant Sciences.
Finally, I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all
staff and all those who were directly or indirectly supportive in realising the functioning of ILVO and who have put
their trust in ILVO. I am also much indebted to all audit,
supervisory management and advisory bodies for their essential and much appreciated support for ILVO.
Enjoy reading this activity report,
ILVO believes in:
- a positive future for Flemish agriculture and fisheries
- objective, integral and independent research within a scientific organisation
- internal and external cooperation.
ILVO’s core business is to be found in the area of:
- the execution of qualitative prominent research and public service for the policy-makers and the sector
- the valorisation of research results
- the dissemination of research results through open communication.
High quality research relies on both human resources
and facilities. Both the expansion of the scientific staff and
the ILVO-PhD-fund will strengthen the critical mass. The
step-by-step implementation of the Master plan for the inErik Van Bockstaele,
Administrator-General of ILVO.
Administrator-general (N)
Prof. dr. ir. Erik Van Bockstaele
COWEDI (N + N-1 + GD + sci. dir.)
internal advice
Consultation Organ Government/Policy - ILVO
Research Director (Prof. dr. ir. Maurice Moens)
Research support services
- project control, scientific equipment, sci. output
- IT and statistics (dr. ir. Koen Grijspeerdt)
Communication Director (dr. ir. Johan Van Waes)
Communication cel
Advisory organ: BOC, Ethical Commission
Social Sciences
head of the unit (x)
Research Area
-Functional Animal Nutrion dr. ir. Ludwig Lauwers
dr. ir. Gerard Huyghebaert
ir. Dirk Van Lierde
-Animal Husbandry and Welfare
Prof. dr. ir. Daniël De Brabander
-Fisheries
dr. Kris Cooreman
Head of a research area: scientific director
(x) function still open
10
Board CP (Corporate Personality)
General Director
ir. Joris Relaes (detached)
Management Committee
Animal Sciences
Advisory Committee with working groups for each
knowledge unit - External advice
MSS (Management and Supporting Services)
- secretariat
- management of Staff and Control
Financial Services
- financial and operational audit (x)
- finances en budget, accounting (Funding + CP)
Support
- environment, safety, welfare (ir. Frank Lagaisse)
- IT, facility services, logistics, general infrastructure
Plant Sciences
Research Area
-Growth and Development (x)
-Applied Genetics and Breeding
dr. ir. Johan Van Huylenbroeck
-Crop Husbandry and Environment
Prof. dr. ir. Lucien Carlier
-Crop Protection
dr. Martine Maes
-Business Unit and Service Centre (x)
Technology & Food
Research Area
-Agricultural Engineering
Prof. dr. ir. Bart Sonck
-Food Safety
dr. Marc Heyndrickx
-Product Quality and Innovation
dr. Marc De Loose
-Business Unit and Service Centre
dr. Lieve Herman
Corporate Personality Management
Commission
Members ILVO:
- Prof. dr. ir. Erik Van Bockstaele,
administrator-general, Chairman
- dr. ir. Kristiaan Van Laecke,
scientific attaché
- Prof. dr. ir. Daniël De Brabander,
scientific director
- dr. Lieve Herman,
scientific director
- ir. Dirk Van Lierde,
scientific director
Leading official of the department Agriculture and
Fisheries:
- Mr. Jules Van Liefferinge,
secretary-general
Representative of the Flemish Minister competent for
science and technology:
- dr. Monika Sormann (until 31/08/06)
- dr. Kathleen D’Hondt (since 01/09/06)
Representative of the Flemish Council for Agriculture and
Horticulture:
- Mr. Jos Matthys (until 31/12/06)
- Mr. Philippe Appeltans (since 01/01/07)
Representative of the Inspection of Finances:
- Mr. Kurt De Bruyne, inspector-general
Expert policy domaine Agriculture and Fisheries:
- ir. Hector Willocx, projectleader ALV
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1. Management and units
Management
ILVO - Management
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prof. dr. ir. Erik Van Bockstaele, administrator-general
Prof. dr. ir. Maurice Moens, research director (since 1/04/06)
dr. ir. Johan Van Waes, communication director (since 1/04/06)
ir. Frank Lagaisse, prevention, safety, environment and welfare
dr. ir. Koen Grijspeerdt, IT (since 1/04/06)
ing. Steven Cools, IT
ing. Sabine Nelis, IT
ing. Ellen Claeys, IT
André Roelandts, coordination
Mission ILVO
ILVOs mission consists of the execution and
coordination of policy-supporting scientific research
and the accompanying public service with a view to
sustainable agriculture and fisheries in an economic,
ecological and social perspective.
Based on scientific disciplines ILVO will build up the
necessary knowledge for improving products and
production methods, for monitoring the quality and
safety of the end products and for improving the
policy instruments as a basis for the development
of the sector and rural policy. ILVO will inform the
authorities, the various sectors and society at regular
intervals.
12
Some figures about the staff of ILVO on 31/12/06
Flemish government
Male/FTU
Female/FTU
Total/FTU
Average age
A-level
55/53.0
27/19.9
82/72.9
44
B-level
16/16.0
20/17.7
36/33.7
36
C/D-level
68/64.9
70/49.6
138/114.5
47
139/133.9
117/87.2
256/221.7
45
Total
Corporate personality ILVO
Male/FTU
Female/FTU
Total/FTU
Average age
A-level
43/42.0
52/49.8
95/91.8
31
B-level
23/21.9
32/26.9
55/48.8
30
C/D-level
55/53.1
28/21.7
83/74.8
38
Total
121/117
112/98.4
233/215.4
34
General total
Male/FTU
Female/FTU
Total/FTU
Average age
A-level
98.95.0
79/69.7
177/164.7
37
B-level
39/37.9
52/44.6
91/82.5
33
C/D-level
123/118.0
98/71.3
221/189.3
44
Total
260/250.9
229/185.6
489/436.5
39
13
Functional Animal Nutrition
Animal Sciences
1.1
14
Scheldeweg 68
B-9090 Melle
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 26 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 26 01
[email protected]
Scientific director
Scientific director
dr. ir. Gerard Huyghebaert
Prof. dr. ir. Daniël De Brabander
Researchers
Researchers
lic. Johan Aerts
dr. ir. Johan De Boever
dr. ir. Evelyne Delezie (since 1/10/06)
dr. ir. Sam Decampeneere
dr. ir. Marijke Lippens (until 30/06/06)
dr. Sam Millet
ing. José Vanacker
dr. ir. Nathalie Warnants (until 30/06/06)
ir. Marijke Aluwé (since 01/09/06)
ir. Stephanie Buijs (since 06/10/06)
ing. Marc De Paepe
dr. ir. Leo Fiems
dr. Nicoline Geverink
ir. Luc Maertens
lic. Griet Nijs
dr. Frank Tuyttens
lic. Els Van Poucke
dr. ir. Monique Van Oeckel
1.1.1 Functional Animal Nutrition
In the domain of Functional Animal Nutrition applied scientific research on animal production is carried out aimed
at matching the supply of nutrients with the requirements
of cattle, pigs and poultry, taking into account on the one
hand a minimum output of minerals into the environment
and on the other hand the production of milk, meat and
eggs with a high nutritional and health value.
Research into nutrition physiology through digestion and
balance trials results in a more correct feed evaluation
and contributes to an improved nutrient provision for the
different animal species and hence to a better nutrient efficacy and a lower environmental pollution. The development of invitro techniques as fast evaluation tools may reduce the number of experimental animals. In this respect,
our reference laboratory plays an important role not only
by implementing new analytical techniques but also by the
ISO 17025 guarantee for quality analyses on both animal
feeds and animal products, which is very important for an
overall quality control in the food chain.
sion into the environment. At the same time, a residue
evaluation will be done for anticoccidials and therapeutic
medicines in eggs and broiler meat. Besides, there is a
need for new dietary strategies to improve N- and P-utilisation and to reduce N- and P-excretion by poultry (laying
hens, broiler chickens, turkeys) through research on the
effects of multiphase feeding, precision feeding, adapted
amino acid profiles, an adapted Ca/P-balance, vitamin
D3 and analogues, exogenous phytase, etc.
Another objective of functional animal nutrition is to improve, through dietary manipulations, not only the animal
physiology and health but also the general and specific
quality (with an additional health value for the consumer)
and the image of the final product (meat, milk and eggs).
In this way the enrichment is possible with n-3 and n-6
poly-unsaturated fatty acids, anti-oxidants and trace minerals.
Research topics with dairy cattle are: the use of grains as
concentrate replacement, the incorporation of leguminosae in the ration and the use of by-products originating
from the production of biofuel. Besides, a project is started to investigate if and how the rumen degradable protein balance (DPB) of dairy cattle rations can be lowered
by, for example, improving the synchronisation of energy
and protein in the rumen and/or by using rumen protected
protein sources. Lowering the DPB reduces the N excretion into the environment. Moreover, protecting soya protein against rumen degradation and the use of rapeseed
meals may strongly reduce the import of soybean meal.
A project is running with meat pigs to reduce the ammonia
emission from pig houses by means of feeding measures.
The intention is to evaluate the impact of different feeding
strategies and additives on the true ammonia emission,
measured under Flemish conditions. Another research
project is looking at the impact of dietary protein levels
below the optima for maximal performance on nitrogen
excretion and meat percentage of meat pigs, in order to
find an optimum that takes into account economy as well
as ecology.
Because of the recent ban on feed antibiotics, there is a
continuous need for an objective evaluation of a range
of alternatives, e.g. probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, acids,
yeasts, etheric oils and even anticoccidials. The physiology at intestinal level is thereby very important for both intestinal health and nutrient utilisation with a direct impact
on the zootechnical performance and the nutrient emis-
15
1.1.2 Animal Husbandry and
Welfare
This research domain focuses on key aspects of cattle,
pig and poultry husbandry in general as well as on animal welfare in particular. Although the research topics are
often related to animal nutrition, they concern the wider
perspective of livestock production.
1.1
Animal Sciences
An important focus of the research on cattle is on the development of feeding strategies for suckling cows. According to the cross-compliance of the European Common
Agricultural Policy, the total area of permanent grassland
in Flanders should be maintained. On the other hand, the
cattle herd is decreasing. Consequently, more attention
has to be paid to a maximum and efficient valorisation of
grassland. Following the period with restricted feed intake
in winter, suckling cows are able to replenish their body
reserves during the pasture period.
16
Concerning pig husbandry, group housing of sows and
castration of piglets are important research topics. Legislation stipulates that by 2013 pregnant sows ought to be
housed in groups. This implies an adapted feeding strategy. Restricted feed allowance, which is common practice for individually housed sows, can be applied in group
housing conditions but requires a high investment. Our
research focuses on the ad libitum provision of fibrous
feedstuffs, ensiled roughages and wet by-products as an
alternative strategy with likely animal welfare benefits. In
addition, we investigate on 40 sow units the effects of
the environment, management and animal parameters
on production data, animal health, animal welfare, dust
concentration, sanitary status and ammonia concentration in the sow house to help the pig farmer choosing a
group housing system suited to the farm conditions and
management.
Another hot issue in pig husbandry is the surgical castration of male piglets which is a routine practice to prevent
the occurrence of boar taint. Research to reduce boar taint
without castration and to reliably detect boar taint in living
pigs as well as in pig carcasses is on-going. The extent to
which boar taint can be reduced by dietary manipulations,
choice of breeds, reduced slaughter weight and hygienic
measures is being investigated. Furthermore, we aim to
identify behavioural or physiological risk-factors in young
pigs that predict the likelihood of developing boar taint
when they reach slaughter age.
Regarding poultry production, our research focuses on the
evaluation of different housing systems for laying hens (furnished cages and non-cage systems) and on reducing the
negative consequences of metabolic stress in broiler chickens. The continuous breeding efforts to increase growth
have delivered broiler strains with exceptional growth performances (2.0 kg at 5 weeks of age). However, such a
selection has also led to some negative responses. Using
both a modulation of the growth curve as well as growing
strains with a slower growth rate, we aim to improve meat
quality characteristics and to contribute to a more sustainable broiler chicken production.
Across the main livestock species groups, animal welfare
research focuses on the development of objective, valid
and innovative indicators of animal welfare. We provided
evidence, for example, that the degree of (fluctuating)
asymmetry is a promising indicator of how well an animal
has been able to cope with stress during its development.
These separate welfare indicators are subsequently aggregated into a protocol for evaluating the general state
of welfare. Within the EU-project ‘Welfare Quality’, the
Animal Science Unit contributes to the development of an
EU-standard for evaluating the welfare of farm animals.
These protocols are then used for investigating issues that
are highly relevant to our agricultural policy, such as the
stocking density in livestock production. The stocking density of livestock is of paramount importance for profitability and animal welfare. In an on-going research project
we aim to find a compromise between profitability and
animal welfare concerns. Therefore, the relationships between stocking density-profitability and between stocking
density-animal welfare are being determined for two relevant model animals, broiler chickens and rabbits. The
importance Flemish citizens allocate to this topic is being
explored too.
Calf-hutches
17
Fisheries
Animal Sciences
1.1
18
Ankerstraat 1
B-8400 Oostende
Tel.: +32 (0) 59 34 22 50
Fax: +32 (0) 59 33 06 29
[email protected]
Fisheries
Scientific director
dr. Kris Cooreman
Researchers
ir. Karen Bekaert
ing. Fernand Delanghe
lic. Daan Delbare
Ir. Wim Demaré
ir. Jochen Depestele
ing. Sabrine Derveaux
lic. Fanny Dooms
lic. Hans Hillewaert
MSc. Stefan Hoffman
dr. Kristian Hostens
lic. Bart Maertens
MSc. Ine Moulaert
dr. Koen Parmentier
dr. ir. Hans Polet
MSc. Wang Qian (since 16/10/06)
dr. Frank Redant
lic. Hendrik Stouten
ir. Kris Van Craeynest (since 1/10/06)
MSc. Els Vanderperren
ing. Johny Vanhee
ing. Willy Vanhee
lic. Jan Wittoeck
1.1.3 Fisheries
The core tasks of the Research Area Fisheries (D-VI) are
situated in the field of fisheries biology, aquaculture and
restocking, technical fisheries, and the quality of the marine habitat and its biological resources. This mission
complies with the provision of scientifically sound policy
advice on fisheries, mariculture and the environment, as
requested by national and international governmental bodies and professional sectors.
The unfavourable economic circumstances (high fuel
costs, more rigorous policy measures, and an increasing
exploitation of the sea) undermine the fisheries sector thus
rapidly that the existence of the Flemish fishery is in danger. On the initiative of the Agriculture and Fisheries Policy Area, a Task Force has been established to work out
solutions that can guarantee the liveability of the sector on
short, mid and long-term. The initiatives undertaken by the
technical fisheries research group of D-VI are focused on
energy saving adaptations, reduced by-catches, alternative fishing methods, new target species, quality aspects of
landed fish and reconversion. D-VI investigates, in a multidisciplinary approach, how the Belgian fleet composition
can be adjusted to a rational and sustainable exploitation
model.
Besides fisheries, also other anthropogenic activities have
a (negative) effect on the marine habitat and especially
on marine biodiversity. The studies of the environmental
monitoring group of D-VI emphasise the importance of
the benthic life in and on the seafloor, because any loss
of suitable habitat can induce changes in the diversity and
density of the benthos, which leads to changes in the food
web structure and to less exploitable fish. These long-term
programmes mainly focus on the biological and (bio) chemical effects of dredge dumping, sand and gravel extraction, wind mills and fisheries on the Belgian part of the
North Sea.
The quality of fisheries products is important to both consumers and producers. Within this theme, D-VI carries out
research on the genetic authenticity of fish, shellfish and
crustaceans, and on the levels of contaminants in sea fish
and fish from the Flemish surface waters (mainly eel). D-VI
develops a system to evaluate the freshness, safety and
nutritional value of various seafood products. In addition
to the accreditation for chemical and biochemical analyses, the implementation of an accreditation system for fish
quality and for the assessment of authenticity is worked
out in more detail.
The national data gathering program in support of the
European Common Fisheries Policy is the central theme
of the biological fisheries research in D-VI. The research
focuses on population dynamics, stock size, discards and
exploitation of commercial fish (e.g. sole, plaice, cod and
whiting) and crustaceans (mainly langoustines and brown
shrimp). Fisheries advice, based on the data thus collected, and the evaluation of the European fisheries advisory
process, represent a considerable added value for D-VI.
In addition, studies are conducted in the field of aquaculture and restocking, focusing on the cultivation and regeneration of commercial fish species on land (mainly sole,
turbot and sea bass), and of commercial shellfish in the
open sea (blue mussel). D-VI investigates how wild fish
populations can be replenished through the restocking of
cultured fish, how cultivation methods can be improved
and how the environmental impact from mariculture can
be reduced. The genetic research on rotifers as food for
larval fish is equally part of this aqua- and mariculture
research.
19
Social Sciences
Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109, bus 2
B-9820 Merelbeke
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 23 40
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 23 41
L&[email protected]
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/l&m
The new Social Sciences unit was set up in the course of
2006. The scientific part of the former Centre for Agricultural Economics (CAE) is part of ILVO since 1 January
2006. From 1 January 2007 on, part of the staff of the
Flemish Policy Research Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
will join the unit.
Scientific directors
In 2006 the research assigned to the CAE was continued, while a vision for the unit’s future was developed (see
further in “Extra highlighted”) and new research was started in view of the mission that is put forward for our unit:
dr. ir. Ludwig Lauwers
ir. Dirk Van Lierde
1.2
Researchers
20
ir. Dakerlia Claeys
ing. Anne-Marieke Cools
(until 31/03/06)
ing. Joost D’Hooghe
ir. Lieve De Cock
ir. Karen De Mey
ir. Sven Defrijn
(since 6/11/06)
ir. Bruno Fernagut
ir. Hadewych Georges
(until 31/03/06)
ir. Kristof Geutjens
(until 31/03/06)
ir. Eva Kerselaers
ir. Nicole Taragola
ir. Jef Van Meensel
ir. Anneleen Vandenberghe
(until 31/03/06)
ir. Hilde Wustenberghs
to present and clarify, on a scientific
basis, the social choices concerning
a sustainable and competitive Flemish
agriculture and fisheries.
Flemish agriculture and horticulture need to stay competitive, while faced with important economic, technological, institutional, demographic and social developments.
Good craftsman-ship no longer suffices. Managerial and
entrepreneurial skills have a growing importance. To keep
up and improve good entrepreneurship and to meet growing societal demands related to environmental sound
production and animal welfare constant innovation is essential.
More than other sectors, agriculture and horticulture are
allied with the environment, as they work directly with and
in nature. Sustainability and corporate social responsibility
thus are of vital importance. Therefore the Social Sciences
Unit not only works on the economic pillar, but also on the
ecological and the social pillar. The fact that the research
deals with all social concerns is reflected while naming
the unit.
Sustainable agriculture needs a multidimensional approach. A holding’s or the sector’s performance needs to
be assessed broadly, on the basis of data on all dimensions of sustainable agriculture. In integrated evaluation,
the three pillars are weighed against each other.
Moreover, attention given to the countryside is growing
and the rural area gets attributed a whole range of functions. On the one hand it concerns ‘new’ functions, such
as recreation, tourism, biodiversity conservation. On the
other hand, the role of agriculture in sustainable rural development remains an important topic. Diversification and
multifunctionality are key factors in this matter. Rural development indicators are an interesting tool to gain insight in
the specific needs and opportunities of the countryside.
In the changing surroundings “What if …?” becomes
an often-heard question in the agricultural community.
Both policy makers and farmers are wandering about the
consequences of certain decisions (changes in subsidies,
tradable production rights, stricter environmental regulations, innovative products or production methods, etc.).
The Social Sciences Unit is developing simulation models
to answer these kinds of questions.
Finally, when using models or in innovative research in
general, it is very important to have good communication
between researchers and their customers (farmers or policy makers). Research is done on the appropriate organisation of knowledge exchange and into the optimisation
of the knowledge flow.
Research themes 2006
Management and innovation on agricultural and horticultural holdings
· Management of glasshouse holdings
· Information and Communication Technology (ICT) adoption in horticulture
· Radical innovation in agriculture and horticulture: the case of conversion to organic farming
Sustainable agriculture: corporate social responsibility
· Nutrient and pesticide use: current situation and
possibilities for reduction
· Study on the socio-economic impact of different
housing systems for laying hens
Integrated evaluation of economic and environmental
aspects
· Evaluation of new technologies to improve economic and environmental performance of animal production
farms
· Ecologically adjusted production analysis models
· Space as a meta-dimension over the other
functionalities of the environment
Rural development and diversification of agriculture
· Rural development and policy indicators
Models for policy analysis
· Farm model to estimate the economic potentiality of conversion from conventional to organic farming
· Evaluation of the environmental impact of agriculture with agri-environmental indicators
Analysis and optimisation of the knowledge flow between
researcher and client
· Facilitating knowledge flow in the modelling process
· Optimisation and structuring of Flemish research in organic agriculture
Service
· Spin-off of indicator research to various monitoring assignments, such as the annual Flemish environmen-
tal report (chapters in MIRA-T and background
documents) and indicator calculations for OECD and EUROSTAT
· Advice concerning policy issue
· Participation in diverse stakeholder and feedback
groups and refereeing of policy preparatory docu-
ments
21
Applied Genetics and Breeding
Growth and Development
Plant Sciences
1.3
22
Caritasstraat 21
B-9090 Melle
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 29 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 29 01
[email protected]
Scientific director
dr. ir. Johan Van Huylenbroeck
Researchers
ing. Wendy Aartsen (until 21/06/06)
ir. Joost Baert
ing. Evelien Calsyn
dr. ir. Els Coart (until 20/10/06)
ir. Hervé De Clercq
ir. Ellen De Keyser
ir. Jelle De Keukeleire
dr. ir. Jan De Riek
ir. Angelo De Witte
ir. Barbara Duquenne (until 30/09/06)
dr. ir. Tom Eeckhaut
ing. An Ghesquière
Msc. Hossein Hosseini
dr. ir. Veerle Lamote
dr. ir. Leen Leus
ing. Marianne Malengier
Msc. Lina Maloukh
Msc. Khosro Mehdikhanlou
dr. ir. Hilde Muylle
ir. Georges Rijckaert
dr. ir. Isabel Roldan-Ruiz
dr. ir. Inge Van Daele
ir. Katrien Vandepitte
ing. Sabine Van Glabeke
dr. ir. Kristiaan Van Laecke
ir. Katrijn Van Laere
ir. Muriel Vandewalle
ir. Gijs Van Ranst
dr. Rebecca Zwart
1.3.1 Applied Genetics and
Breeding
The key research tasks of the unit focus on the generation
of new knowledge and policy support in the field of plant
genetics and breeding. A multidisciplinary approach and
the integration of knowledge from different research domains are essential to achieve the proposed goals.
Breeding activities are focused on the development of
pre-breeding material. A reduction in the use of chemical
pesticides is the basis for a sustainable agriculture and
horticulture. Improving the resistance to diseases and
pests is a priority in this respect. The selection for improved resistance is among other things based on the natural
variation. Diseases of priority for ryegrass and leek are
rusts; for clover: Sclerotinia and mildew; for roses: mildew
and black spot; for azalea: Phytophtora and Cylindrocladium; for green manure crops: nematode resistance and
for wheat: Fusarium head blight. The selection of pest and
disease resistance is a combination of a proper knowledge
of the pathogen and its interaction with the crop, as well
as the availability of efficient screening techniques. This
is the basis for the development of DNA-marker assisted
selection strategies for ryegrass, wheat and leek.
A better use of nitrogen and quality are important points of
attention in the creation of new varieties of fodder crops.
A higher nitrogen use efficiency by grass and a higher
amount of water-soluble carbohydrates leads to smaller
N-losses. Clover is an alternative N-source for grassland
replacing mineral N-fertilisation. The search for new clover
cultivars contributes to the reduction of external N-input in
dairy farms and limits N-losses into the environment.
In ornamentals, there is a great demand for novelties with
clear esthetical benefits. In order to maintain the international position of the Flemish ornamental sector, technological innovations that accelerate or improve the breeding process, are extremely important. Thus, for instance,
novel techniques are applied to enable interspecific crosses and/or to circumvent crossing barriers.
One of the tasks of the unit is to search for alternative
applications of crops. In chicory, we investigate the heritability of inuline chain length, in view of applications in the
food and non-food sectors. In hop we try to enhance the
biosynthesis of prenylflavonoids. The production of bioactive components with a large economic value in plants
can offer important advantages. Furthermore, research
is conducted to optimise crops in view of the production
of bio-energy. The potential of various woody crops for
combustion are studied. Concerning biodiesel, a higher
seed production in rapeseed is envisaged using genetic
approaches.
In the framework of international agreements, maintaining the genetic heritage is an important aspect. For this
purpose, gene banks were created for important Flemish
agricultural and horticultural crops with the aim of maintaining genetic biodiversity on the one hand and for the
exploitation of interesting characteristics in the development of sustainable agriculture and horticulture on the
other hand.
The application of new developments in biotechnology
and bio-informatics in combination with field and glasshouse trials requires a multidisciplinary approach. Close
collaboration with other institutes guarantees that optimal
results will be obtained.
Services
It is important that research results are transferred to the
sector concerned. Our results are widely disseminated by
issuing publications, organising demonstrations and lectures and providing services.
Our multidisciplinary and creative approach to breeding
contributes to high qualitative seed and starting material
for small and alternative crops in Flanders. The benefits
of research and selection are also widely distributed internationally. More than one hundred cultivars have plant
breeder rights or appear on, at least one variety list.
Seed merchants carry out the production of certified seed
and the final commercialisation. Cuttings of ornamentals
are produced and sold through external companies in collaboration with the azalea innovation fund or Best – Select.
In addition to the research activities focused on product
improvement and innovation we manage several services
for the government and the professional sector. From research the essential expertise is developed for the genetic
identification of varieties using molecular markers. These
techniques are applied to determine purity, homogeneity
23
and to ascertain whether the cultivar is true to type. Our
laboratory is equipped with a flow cytometer to do ploidy
analysis specifically adapted to the requirements of third
parties (research institutes, universities and companies).
Regular contact with different sectors gives valuable feedback about our research, helping to ensure that our efforts
are successful. Our unit is involved in EU-framework programmes, R&D projects and the SME-programme of the
Flemish government.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Development of markers for assisted breeding and sustainable agriculture
Breeding and molecular genetic research on
agricultural and horticultural crops towards the
production of biopharmaceutics, functional food and biofuel
Alternative induction of polyploidy in ornamentals
Improving disease, pest and stress resistance
Fast determination methods and DNA-markers for
nutritional value and nitrogen use efficiency of Italian ryegrass and grass-clover
Genetic diversity of agricultural and horticultural
crops and analysis of the potential use of wild types
Study of the biodiversity of populations of wild species
Pre-breeding and interspecific crosses in diverse crops
Research towards optimising seed production
techniques
Services
-
-
-
-
24
Technological advice on applied biotechnology for
the ornamental sector
Collection and maintenance of the genetic patrimony of fodder crops, open field vegetables and
horticultural crops
Development of cultivars, production and delivery of starting material
Tracing, authenticity control and ploidy analysis.
25
Scientific director
dr. Martine Maes
Researchers
Prof. dr. Bobev Svetoslav (from15/07 until 30/09/06)
ir. Casteels Hans
ing. Crepel Caroline (until 30/09/06)
dr. Cottyn Bart
ir. Damme Nicole (since 16/10/06)
dr. ir. De Bode Jane (since 01/09/06)
ir. De Dobbelare Isabelle
dr. De La Peña Eduardo
dr. ir. De Wael Lutgart
dr. ir. Heungens Kurt
ir. Hoedekie Annemie
lic. Van Droemme Joachim
ing. Van Poucke Kris
ir. Van Vaerenbergh Johan
ir. Vercauteren Annelies
dr. ir. Viaene Nicole
lic. Waeyenberge Lieven
ir. Wesemael Wim
ing. Witters Johan
1.3
Crop Protection
Plant Sciences
Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96,
bus 2
B-9820 Merelbeke
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 24 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 24 29
[email protected]
26
1.3.2 Crop Protection
There are four disciplines in our Crop Protection research
unit: bacteriology, mycology, entomology/acarology and
nematology.
Our research is targeted on the development of sustainable pest and disease control strategies. The activities can
be situated into three domains:
1) development of fast methods for identification and detection of the pathogens,
2) study of the biology and epidemiology of the pests and
diseases, and
3) research on alternative pest and disease control methods, such as biological control or the induction of general disease defence through interference with the plant
growth process. Artificial inoculation methods are developed to enable the screening of disease resistance levels
in plants and the evaluation of control measures. DNAbased methods are developed and routinely applied for
identification and detection of specific pests or diseases
and for microbial ecology studies. With these methods it
is possible to trace the target pathogens in the complex
environment of the crops. Specific sampling schemes are
developed where needed.
The Crop Protection unit also contains a Diagnostic Centre, in which plants and plant products are analysed for
the presence of quarantine and regulated pests, and in
which disease and pest symptoms as well as non-infectious diseases are diagnosed. The services of the Diagnostic
Centre are available to the government, plant breeders,
experimental stations and the general public. Indirectly,
the Diagnostic Centre also serves a monitoring function
for current phytosanitary issues in the sector, and needs
for further research can be defined.
Methods for detection and diagnosis of plant pathogens
• Development of molecular diagnostic methods
for plant parasitic nematodes, fungi, bacteria
and insects
• Development and validation of tests for the
detection and identification of plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and nematodes
Research on specific pests and diseases
• Bacterial diseases of leafy vegetables, with a focus on lettuce and leek
• Phytophthora ramorum on Rhododendron and in forestry
• Puccinia horiana on Chrysanthemum
• Colletotrichum acutatum in strawberry
• Xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry
• Ecology of Ralstonia solanacearum and
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus
• Biology and control of the root knot nematodes
Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax in field
production of vegetables
• A survey of plant parasitic nematodes in grass fields and cyst nematodes in field cultures
• Spider mites in tree-nurseries
Disease control
• Safe recirculation of nutrient solutions in soilless
cultures through effective sterilisation techniques
• Enhancement of disease resilience through the use of composts
• Inventorising the natural enemies of spider mites
in tree nurseries
• Inventorising the natural enemies of aphids and
the witlof chicory fly in the culture of witlof chicory roots
• Scientific support of the warning system for pests in
ornamental plants
• Optimising the management of insect pests
(especially grubs) using entomopathogenic
nematodes
Explorative basic research in the interface of agriculture
and the green environment
• Bleeding disease of horse chestnut
More expertise
• Watermark disease of willows
• Interaction between plant parasitic nematodes
(Pratylenchus spp.), helm grass and natural
nematode antagonists in a dune environment
Services
• Diagnostic Centre for Plants
Artificial inoculation methods for screening of plant resistance and for evaluation of control strategies
27
Crop Husbandry and Environment
Plant Sciences
1.3
28
B-9820 Merelbeke
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 27 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 27 01
[email protected]
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/Plant_nl/T&O.htm
Scientific director
Prof. dr.h.c. dr. ir. Lucien Carlier
Researchers
dr. ir. Barbara Chaves (since 1/03/06)
ir. Sofie Devacht
ing. Nadine De Bel (until 31/07/06)
dr. ir. Alex De Vliegher
ing. Hendrik Engels (until 31/05/06)
ir. An Jamart (until 30/06/06)
dr. ir. Peter Lootens
ing. Bram Marynissen
ing. Anja Ritserveldt
dr. ir. Bart Vandecasteele (since 1/09/06)
ing. Kurt Vandenhecke (since 1/07/06)
ing. Walter Van Keirsbulck
ing. Chris Van Waes
ir. Koen Willekens
1.3.3 Crop Husbandry and Environment
The mission of the research domain “Crop Husbandry and
Environment” is to explore research activities in order to
maintain a sustainable agricultural and horticultural production. The domain examines the impact of agricultural
activities on yield and quality and on the environment, in
the framework of a multifunctional goal for a sustainable
agriculture and horticulture.
Caring for quality is a permanent concern and the accreditation of some chemical analyses (crude ash, crude
protein, crude fibre, NDF, ADF, ADlignin and starch) according to ISO 17052 is in the final phase.
On the social level, there is a permanent concern for a
good communication with all the actors: the Government,
the producers and the consumers. An annual update of
the descriptive and recommended list for agricultural species is edited. The cooperation with the activities of the
Agricultural Centre for Forage Crops is very intensive, and
advice and support is given.
There is an extensive networking on national and international level, covering different EU actions, COST activities,
federal and Flemish cooperation programmes with countries in Central and Eastern Europe, etc.
The applied fundamental research in crop husbandry pays
special attention to the C storage capacity of grasslands
and urban ecosystems, the influence of tillage activities on
erosion, nitrate leaching, the use of farm-made compost
and the influence of a lower input of external production
means on yield and quality of agricultural productions and
their environment. The further development of organic farming and the co-existence with classic and GMO farming
is under investigation.
In the frame of the EU
Regulation 53/2003,
the VCU trials of all
agricultural species and
the DUS tests of some
species for the redaction of the national catalogue of agricultural
species are carried out
as a mandated activity
for the Administration
ABKL. For DG SANCO
visits to the “comparative trials” for grasses
will be organised in
2006-2007.
The fundamental ecophysiological research focuses on
the photosynthesis of crops (grasses, maize, chicory …)
in stress situations. Research is developed for a morphological characterisation of crops and varieties by image
analysis.
Preparations are made to organise an event in 2007 for
‘75 years of plant breeding research in Merelbeke’ and
the 14th EGF symposium in Gent on 3-5 September on
the subject ‘Permanent and temporary grassland: plant,
environment and economy’.
Research themes Crop Husbandry and Environment
Sustainable crop production systems
• Grass/clover, production and feeding value
• N-efficiency of forage crops
• Energy crops
• Co-existence (GMO, non-GMO, organic farming)
• Minimum tillage, soil food web and use of compost.
Evaluation of plant species and varieties
• Redaction of new criteria in the frame of e.g.
changed legislation
• Varieties for organic farming.
Plant characteristics: morphology, physiology and developing processes
• Morphologic characterisation of plant parts via image
analyses
• Developing screening techniques for cold stress
based on plant physiology.
Plant quality, water and soil management
• Optimising and quantification of C-storage under grassland
• Research on chemical, physical and physicochemical and non-destructive analysing techniques for the
evaluation of plant material, soil, substrate, manure and water.
Services
• DUS and VCU research (national and EU variety
catalogue for agricultural crops), descriptive and
recommended variety list and support of the seed
control
• Technological Advisory Service FarmCOMPOST
• Laboratory: quality/composition of plants, soil,
substrate and water
• Cooperation Flanders with Central- and
Eastern-Europe
• Damage on pastures and arable land by wintering geese
29
Technology & Food
1.4
30
Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115
B-9820 Merelbeke
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 28 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 28 01
T&[email protected]
T&[email protected]
Brusselsesteenweg 370
B-9090 Melle
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 30 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 30 01
T&[email protected]
Scientific directors
Product Quality and Innovation
dr. Marc De Loose
Food Safety
dr. Marc Heyndrickx
Business Unit and Service Centre
dr. Lieve Herman
Prof. dr. ir. Bart Sonck
Researchers
Product Quality and Innovation
lic. An Braekman
dr. Katleen Coudijzer
dr. Jan De Block
ir. Isabel De Boosere
ing. Willy De Ville
ir. Sofie De Wispelaere
ir. Barbara Duquenne (since 01/10/06)
lic. Saskia Leleu (since 13/11/06)
lic. Sophie Marchand
Msc. Asad Maroufi
ing. Martine Merchiers
dr. Nina Papazova
ir. Karen Smet
dr. ir. Isabel Taverniers
Researchers
Researchers
Food Safety
dr. Nadine Botteldoorn (until 31/03/06)
dr. apr. Els Daeseleire
lic. Valerie De Jonghe
dr. ir. Koen De Reu
ing. Herman De Ridder
dr. ir. Hendrik De Ruyck
dr. Johan Goris (until 30/06/06)
dr. ir. Koen Grijspeerdt
dr. ir. Winy Messens
ir. Sigrid Ooghe
drs. Davy Persoons (since 06/11/06)
lic. Bjorn Possé (until 31/01/06)
ing. Wim Reybroeck
dr. Patsy Scheldeman
dr. ir. Els Van Coillie
ir. Els Van Pamel (since 01/11/06)
ir. Geert Van Royen
dr. ir. Geertrui Vlaemynck
lic. Hadewig Werbrouck
ir. Jeroen Baert
ing. Katrien Boussery
ir. Pascal Braekman
ir. Eva Brusselman
ir. Hendrik Cnockaert (until 30/09/06)
dr. ir. Peter Demeyer
ing. Geert Dhaenens (from 28/08 until 31/10/06)
dr. ir. Willy Dierickx
dr. Nicoline Geverink (until 30/06/06)
ing. Els Goossens
ir. Veerle Hostens (until 31/03/06)
ir. Nele Lauwers (since 24/07/06)
ir. Ludo Maeghe (since 01/07/06)
ir. Willem Maertens
lic. Griet Nijs (until 30/06/06)
ir. David Nuyttens
dr. ir. Teunis Bastiaan Rodenburg (until 30/06/06)
dr. Frank Tuyttens (until 30/06/06)
ir. Jürgen Vangeyte
ing. Annelies Van Nuffel
lic. Els Van Poucke (until 30/06/06)
ir. Stijn Windey
31
1.4.1 Product Quality
and Innovation
B-9820 Merelbeke
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 28 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 28 01
B-9090 Melle
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 30 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 30 01
T&[email protected]
http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/T&F/Product_quality
T&V-PI performs research aimed at improving the functional quality of food as well as the control of the authenticity
to better protect the consumer and to improve the market
position of the Flemish producer in the framework of durable production and processing methods.
For fraud control, methods are tested to determine the
species and treatment authenticity and extensive research
is carried out concerning genetic modified organisms
(GMOs). The last item deals with GMO characterisation
and detection, and with the correct implementation of the
GMO regulations in the EU, inclusive aspects of co-existence and non-GMO agriculture systems.
Chemical-physical and technological research is carried
out for innovative functional food products and quality improvements connected with stability, composition, taste, processing and shelf life
of dairy products. Product development
on the scale of the farm dairy producer
is another important aspect.
T&V-PI is involved in many bilateral,
national and international research
projects and its research is based on
a multidisciplinary approach and close
cooperation with other institutes. The
obtained knowledge is valorised by the
publication of results and the organisation of seminars and workshops.
32
T&V-PI – Research themes 2006
Authenticity
• Methodology development for stability, shelf life and taste of dairy products
• Methodology development for authenticity of
product composition and processing (milk, milk products, honey)
Product quality
• Stability of dairy products with long shelf life
• Characterisation of psychrotropic Pseudomonas and its heat-resistant enzymes in raw and heat processed milk
Product development
• Processing and quality of milk with modified milk fat composition (functional food)
• Development of functional drinks with health
promoting properties
• Development of dairy products for dairy farm producers
GMOs
•
•
•
Integrated approaches for screening and
identification of GMOs (including non-approved GMOs)
Co-existence and traceability of GMO and
non-GMO supply chains
Sustainable introduction of GMOs in European agricultural systems
1.4.2 Food Safety
B-9090 Melle
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 30 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 30 01
T&[email protected]
http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/T&F/FS_Food_safety
T&V-VV performs research for the improvement of the microbiological and the chemical safety of food products to
better protect the consumer and to improve the market
position of the Flemish producer in the framework of durable production and processing methods.
Food safety is very important for the consumer. Much attention goes into research concerning microbiological
safety. Here, molecular identification and typing techniques play an important role. Animal experiments will probably be replaced by in vitro techniques. Research is carried out on the behaviour of zoonotic micro-organisms in
the food production chain and the virulence for humans
and animals as well as on farm management adaptations
reducing pathogens and harmful bacteria. The effect of
these different measurements is quantified by risk assessment.
Chemical food safety is another important research item.
Detection methods for tracing contaminants and residues
of veterinary drugs are being developed. New screening
methods are tested and chromatographic methods are
developed for confirmation. The latter will assist in tracing
the contamination source and remediation suggestions
will be formulated. The reduction of problems with veterinary drugs at farm level receives much attention and the
influence of poultry housing systems on chemical contaminants is also being studied.
T&V-VV – Research themes 2006
Microbiological safety of food
• Detection, identification and typing of new
microbiological risks as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, pathogenic viruses and shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli and moulds
• In vitro techniques (cell cultures, fermentation) for
the study of the interaction of the pathogen-host relation
• Differentiation of pathogens based on virulence towards animals and humans and influence of sublethal stress on virulence
• Presence of pathogens and spore-forming flora on the farm
• Influence of housing systems on the presence of pathogens
• Control of the contamination risk of broiler flocks and pigs with Campylobacter and Salmonella
• Bacteriological contamination and infection of shell eggs in the production chain
Chemical safety of food
• Sample preparation based on new technology as “Molecularly Imprinted Polymers”
• Pyramid structure for detection of coccidiostatics in eggs
• New screening methods for antibiotics
• Study of the source of veterinary drug residues in food products and migration of veterinary drugs
in honey
T&V-VV is involved in many bilateral, national and international research projects and its research is based on
a multidisciplinary approach and close cooperation with
other institutes. The obtained knowledge is valorised by
the publication of results and the organisation of seminars
and workshops.
33
1.4.3 Business Unit and Service
Centre
B-9090 Melle
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 30 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 30 01
T&[email protected]
http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/T&F/Business_unit
In T&V-BU very important activities concern reference
working and consultancy towards the government, laboratories, dairy industries, small and medium enterprises,
farmers, etc. For this, ring trials (for the dairy sector, spray
nozzle manufacturers, etc.) are organised and consultancy is concentrated in dedicated Technological Advisory
Services.
For the service towards private companies, T&V-BU is
equipped with accredited laboratories, test halls, a renewed workshop and a pilot dairy plant. In this pilot plant
equipment is available for extrusion and production of
cheese, milk powder, drinks, desserts and ice cream and
this on a semi-industrial scale. This equipment is used in
technological research projects and in private research for
the food industry. The test halls can be used for technological research into agricultural engineering. The machine
shop is equipped to construct specialised experimental
set-ups.
T&V-BU – Themes 2006
Reference working and consultancy
• Reference working on analyses for food
authenticity and food safety (including GMO
detection and platform for food safety and GMOs)
• Reference working for the “Melkcontrolecentrum-
Vlaanderen”
• Consultancy for the governments on authenticity (including GMOs), food safety and food quality
• Expertise in evaluation and Flemish authorisation of food quality regulations
• Spray techniques: Accredited inspection of
sprayers and accredited laboratory for spray
technology
• TAD Hoevezuivel ( Farm Dairying): New practices and technologies on dairy farms
• TAD Agriconstruct: Construction and renovation of buildings and materials in agriculture and
horticulture
• TAD Agromech: Mechanisation in agriculture
and horticulture.
34
Public service
• Laboratory analyses concerning food authenticity
and food safety (including GMO analyses)
• Technological trials for feed and food
transformation
• Technological experiments on agricultural
engineering
• Control: Management of approved dairy
technicians
• Preventagri Vorming: Safety and health of
workers in agriculture and horticulture.
1.4.4 Agricultural Engineering
B-9820 Merelbeke
Tel.: +32 (0) 9 272 28 00
Fax: +32 (0) 9 272 28 01
T&[email protected]
http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/T&F/AT_Engineering
The Agricultural Engineering Research Group carries out
applied scientific research and gives advice and services
on the development of advanced techniques, the integration and evaluation of new and existing techniques for
innovative animal and environment-friendly agricultural
and horticultural production systems. Besides the conventional technical competences (like mechanics, study of the
strength of materials, electro mechanics, pneumatics, hydraulics, measuring – steering – controlling techniques,
sensor techniques, etc.), modern mathematical and IT
competences are used, such as image analysis techniques,
simulation models, data-based modelling, computer fluid
dynamic models, computer aided design programs, etc.
The applied scientific research on agricultural engineering
focuses specifically on the following research topics:
• Livestock Precision Farming: development of au-
tomatic systems for measuring, monitoring and management of the interactions animal-human-
environment
• Farm Buildings: design and optimisation of farm building constructions applying advanced techno
logies; optimisation of animal house equipment and climate according to the requirements of the farmer and the farm animals
•
• •
•
Labour Organisation, safety and farm
management: improvement in production
systems with a view to an efficient and effective labour organisation, safety and management on agricultural farms and horticultural enterprises
Environmental Protection: research on the impact
of agricultural activities on the environment and research on environment-friendly production systems
Agro mechanisation: the development of
measuring techniques, procedures and
equipment to determine the technical
characteristics of agricultural and horticultural machinery. New techno logies are applied for
the optimisation of the performance of these
machines, for improving the quality of the
products and for the protection of the
environment
Harvesting, post-harvesting, storage and
processing technology: the development, the
optimisation and evaluation of harvesting and
post-harvesting machines. The study of storage
and processing of agricultural and horticultural products will be carried out in collaboration with the Product Quality and Innovation Research Group. The main target is to maximise the quality of the harvested, stored and processed products.
T&V-AT-Research themes 2006
Techniques for sustainable animal husbandry
• Sustainable material use for agricultural construc
tions
• Continuous monitoring of milking systems
• Development of measuring techniques for the de
termination of group and animal-related indices (e.g. body dimensions and conformation of farm animals)
• Research into the sustainability of elements for construction, equipment and enrichment of
animal houses
• Automatic detection of lameness with cattle
•
•
•
•
Group housing of sows
Evaluation of the housing of poultry vis-à-vis
animal welfare and animal health
Cooperation with the development of a
European standard for monitoring animal welfare
Animal-friendly alternatives for castrating male
piglets and other mutilations
Environmental technology
• Study and prevention of dust emissions in
agriculture
• Ammonia emission reduction in animal
husbandry using new housing concepts
• Spreading techniques for animal slurries and
mineral fertilisers (slurry injection, rotary disc spreaders for artificial fertilisers)
• Reduction of dust and ammonia emissions
Sustainable agricultural mechanisation and post-harvest technology
• Optimisation of spraying technology with field,
orchard and lance sprayers
• Harvest, post-harvest and conservation
techniques of crops and vegetables
• Reduction in non-target contamination by crop protection products (drift reduction with field sprayers, optimisation of spraying techniques in horticulture)
• Measuring procedure for orchard sprayers and lance sprayers
• Agro textiles and membranes
• Soil improvement and erosion control
Measuring and encouraging farm animal welfare. The
research domain Agricultural Engineering assisted in
the following projects that were transferred during the
course of 2006 to the research domain Cattle Husbandry and Animal Welfare – Animal Science Unit:
• Research on the effects of animal house
enrichment on the welfare of farm animals
• Research into indicators for animal welfare
(fluctuating asymmetry amongst others)
35
36
2. Important research results
2.1.1 Milk urea concentration as an
indicator of the N excretion of dairy
cows into the environment
Animal Sciences
Results of recent trials raise questions on the reliability of
MUC as sole parameter to estimate N excretion. In a feeding trial, two basal rations with respectively 100% prewilted grass silage (PGS) and 100% maize silage (MS) were
compared. Diets were supplemented to achieve for each
cow 105% of its energy and protein requirements. MUC
was significantly different, viz. 146 mg/l for 100% PGS
versus 217 mg/l for 100% MS. Predictions based on these
values will result in strongly different N excretions, whereas
one would expect similar N excretions from rations with
the same nutrient supply. This was confirmed by balance
trials with the same two diets. N excretion was almost identical, 392 and 389 g/day for respectively 100% PGS and
100% MS, but again MUC was clearly higher for MS (252
mg/l) than for PGS (168 mg/l). This discrepancy may be
due to differences in urine production, caused by the different mineral contents of the diets. Therefore, a trial was
set up with 18 Holstein cows where a maize silage ration
was supplemented with either 380 g potassium chloride
(KCl) or 510 g sodium chloride (NaCl), in order to obtain
comparable Na and K contents as in PGS diets. Results
indicated that NaCl and KCl decreased MUC with 22%
and 10%, respectively. This confirms the need for further
research to find one or more additional milk parameters
that improve the estimation of N excretion.
2.1
Previous research showed that milk urea content (MUC)
is related to the nitrogen (N) excretion of dairy cattle into
the environment, more particularly that through urine. On
the other hand, it appeared that the N excretion through
faeces is strongly correlated with milk production. Based
on balance trials a model was developed at the Animal
Science Unit to predict total N output through faeces and
urine from milk production and MUC. However, there
were indications that the model was less accurate for rations deviating from a classic basal ration, consisting of
about half maize silage and half prewilted grass silage on
dry matter basis.
37
2.1.2 Reducing ammonia emissions
from pig houses through feeding strategy
Animal husbandry is responsible for 95% of the ammonia
emissions in Flanders, 55% of which originates from pig
husbandry. According to a European directive (2001/81
EC) the ammonia emission in Belgium has to be reduced with 13% in 2010, relative to 1990, which means a
reduction of 40% for Flanders. Twenty-five percent less
ammonia emission needs to be realised with low emission
spreading of manure and a further reduction with 15%
by low emission housing concepts, feed adaptations and
other measures. Additionally, the IPPC directive (Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control, directive 96/61/
EG) needs to be fulfilled for farms with more than 2,000
fattening pig places or 750 sow places in 2007. The issuing of a (new) exploitation permit will include among
other things emission norms for ammonia. These norms
will be based on the European list of Best Available Techniques. Hitherto, the government only takes into account
the ammonia emission reductions obtained with adapted
manure spreading and storage techniques and by constructional aspects. From the farmers building new pig
houses important (financial) efforts are required to build
low emission animal houses, while farmers with existing
infrastructure remain (temporarily) undisturbed. However,
38
each pig farmer could help to cut down the ammonia
emission by non-constructional measures such as through
nutrition. Different feeding strategies are currently tested
on a pig farm, in cooperation with the Technology and
Food Unit. A first strategy is the use of diets with a reduced protein level that meet the daily requirements for ileal
digestible amino acids, by supplementation with synthetic
amino acids. It has repeatedly been proven that reduced
protein diets diminish the nitrogen excretion without impairing animal performances. However, quantitative data
concerning the resulting ammonia emission and its reduction in practice are still missing and will be generated in
this project. Furthermore, four feed additives are tested
which have already demonstrated either in the laboratory or under experimental conditions that they can exert
a beneficial effect on the ammonia emission by different
mechanisms. Benzoic acid leads to a lowered urinary pH;
enzymes result in a better digestion; clay minerals bind
ammonia; and saponins inhibit urease activity responsible
for the production of ammonia from manure. From the
first results under practical circumstances the tested additives seem capable of reducing the ammonia emission
with 13 to 24%. However, it is important to confirm these
results with the currently running replicates.
2.1.3 Research into alternatives for
antimicrobial feed additives
Livestock performance and feed efficiency are closely interrelated with the intestinal health status as a basis for
the general health. At intestinal level there is a three-way
interaction between (1) the host as characterised by its
intestinal morphology, its digestion physiology and its immunity, (2) the microbial load and mutual balance and
(3) dietary characteristics such as nutrients and feed additives (see figure). Antimicrobial feed additives have made
a tremendous contribution to the profitability of intensive
husbandry and provided people with healthy and nutritious poultry products. As a consequence of the increasing
concern about the potential for antibiotic resistant strains
of bacteria, the European Commission decided by invoking the precautionary principle to ban all commonly used
feed antibiotics from January 2006 onwards.
Besides adapted management practices, there are a number of non-therapeutic alternatives, including enzymes,
(in)organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, herbs and ethereal oils, immuno-stimulants. Exogenous enzymes improve
ileal digestibility, thereby limiting indirectly overloading of
the microbial flora. The impact of organic acids on the
microbial flora depends on the chemical characteristics
of the various acids. The probiotic potential of microbial
strains depends on their genetic stability and intestinal
metabolism and colonising capacity. Prebiotics either as
‘non-digestible feed ingredients’ or as alternative binding
sites have some selective effects on the intestinal microflora. The challenge for using herbs and ethereal oils is to
relate their anti-microbial activity to some specific components. Some nutritional factors can modulate (in)directly
the immuno-reactivity at the intestinal associated lymphoid
tissue, providing protection against bacterial adhesion.
There might be additional effects by specific combinations
of these additives. Other on-farm management practices
may be incorporated into a multifaceted intervention programme “biosecurity” that could limit the transfer and colonisation of pathogens.
It must be emphasised that some of these strategies are
only measures that will help to partially compensate, but
not replace, antimicrobial growth promoters, and will work
through ‘indirect’ mechanisms. There is, however, no clear
view on the ultimate net cost of the ban on zootechnical
performance, morbidity and mortality, slaughter-yield and
condemnations and return-on-investment for these alternatives. Any additional cost may be, at least partially, offset by the benefits of increased consumer confidence.
Research at the Animal Science Unit on broilers and
slaughter pigs, however, shows that there is no alternative
currently available which is as efficient and consistent as
the antimicrobial feed additives. Moreover, there are still
many questions concerning the action mechanisms and
the circumstances that are required to maximise their effectiveness. More research is needed to establish the interaction between feed additive and diet characteristics and
the effect of combinations of different feed additives.
Macrostructure of the intestinal epithelium
39
2.1.4 Qualitative feed restriction in
beef cows
Foreign and also own research has shown that beef cows
can be temporarily fed below their energy requirements.
Although double-muscled cows have a lower body fat
content compared to other cattle breeds, they can mobilise some reserve tissue. Body reserves are replenished
without any negative consequences on body weight change, calving interval and milk yield of the cows, and birth
weight, development and mortality of the offspring, when
a moderate energy restriction is followed by a period
where a good diet is fed to appetite. In the first experiment
cows were confined in tie stalls and fed a restricted maize
silage based diet. However, the practical application of
such a feeding system may be difficult. Double-muscled
cows are mostly kept in loosehouses, because this is less
time-consuming and needs lower investments for housing.
When fed in group, some animals with a higher social
order consume too much, so restricting severely the feed
intake of the other cows. Moreover, this is bad for animal
welfare. The intention of the second experiment was to
enable a reduction of the dietary energy density, so that
an ad libitum intake would still result in a restricted energy
intake.
Ten non-lactating Belgian Blue double-muscled cows
were fed initially a basal diet consisting of 80% maize silage and 20% wheat straw. Animals were not pregnant
or less than 3 months. Parity averaged 1.9. Every four
weeks the amount of maize silage was reduced by 20%units, while the amount of straw was increased by 20%
40
up to 80%. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.5
kg of a mineral-vitamin premix and a variable amount of
protected soybean meal and urea to maintain the dietary
concentration of the protein values DVE and OEB. The
diet was prepared with a self-feeding wagon.
Net energy value for lactation of the diet decreased from
5.74 to 3.54 MJ per kg dry matter (DM) as a consequence
of the increasing inclusion rate of straw. Moreover, intake
was reduced by up to 25% with increasing level of straw.
Energy requirements for maintenance, as applied for dairy
cows, were met for 84% when the diet containing 80%
straw was fed. This study showed that the coefficient of
variation for daily DM and net energy intake was relatively
low, ranging between 8 and 11.5% for the consecutive
sub-periods. More than 80% of the variation in daily DM
and net energy intake could be explained by the net energy content in the DM of the diet, or the concentration of
crude fibre or NDF. From these results, we can conclude
that poor quality roughages can be utilised by doublemuscled dry cows or during the first months of gestation,
knowing that these animals are able to build up their body
reserves during the grazing period. The combination of
maize silage and straw may be replaced by hay from an
agri-environmental management or from grass seed production.
2.1.5 Early and reliable detection of
boar taint
Animal welfare is gaining more importance in livestock
production. Questions have been raised therefore on the
ethical aspects of male piglets castration. Nevertheless,
castration is necessary to prevent the occurrence of boar
taint. Boar taint is a distinct and unpleasant odour, flavour
or taste that can be present in pork products and is revealed when the fat fraction in meat is heated. The production
of boar taint is influenced by the male sex hormones, and
therefore castration is an effective way to prevent the occurrence of boar taint. As boar taint is unwanted by the
consumers, farmers have to take measures. Research is
performed in the Animal Science Unit to get rid of boar
taint without castration. Changing the diet may influence
the occurrence of boar taint. Besides, the project looks at
the influence of slaughter age in different pig breeds on
boar taint production. Finally, the effect of hygiene in the
finishing house on the prevalence of boar taint is studied.
The effect of the different treatments is tested by laboratory
analyses of the meat and the fat as well as by taste panels.
The taste and flavour of the meat and the fat is judged by
an expert panel, with members trained for the detection
of boar taint, as well as by a panel with unbiased consumers.
It is expected that the prevalence of boar taint can be
diminished by proper feeding, pig breed choice, adapted
slaughter weight and hygienic measures. Totally avoiding
boar taint with these measures seems unrealistic, and therefore it is necessary to find a way to detect boar taint on
living animals as well as on pig carcasses. If a reliable
detection of animals with boar taint is possible, it might be
sufficient to take these animals out of the normal production line, and minimise the losses in this way.
Therefore, this research project will evaluate whether or
not physiological parameters and behaviour can predict
whether an animal will develop boar taint. Besides, techniques like the use of an e-nose or a soldering iron will be
tested for a rapid detection of boar taint in the slaughter
line.
By diminishing the prevalence of boar taint on the one
hand, and by a rapid and reliable detection of the animals
still producing boar taint on the other hand, we hope to
find alternatives for castration.
41
2.1.6 Integration of animal welfare in
the food quality chain
Animal welfare is of considerable importance to European
consumers. Nowadays, food quality is not only determined
by the overall nature and safety of the end product but
also by the perceived welfare status of the animals from
which the food is produced. A European standard for farm
animal welfare could contribute to informing consumers
about the production systems, and improve farm animal
welfare. The fact that improving the animal’s welfare can
positively affect product quality, pathology and disease
resistance also has a direct bearing on food quality and
safety.
One of the aims of the project is to develop an integrated
standardised methodology for the assessment of welfare in
cattle, pigs and poultry from farm to slaughter, based on
animal measures. First step is defining a list of measures
(from existing knowledge) that could be used under practical conditions - from farm to slaughter - and that cover
the different dimensions of welfare. Next, the validity, repeatability and on-farm feasibility of the measures will be
checked. A comprehensive assessment of animal welfare
will then be built by integrating the validated measures.
This protocol will be tested and validated.
The EU funds the Welfare Quality project: a project designed to develop European standards for on-farm welfare
assessment and product information systems. The project
aims to accommodate societal concerns and market demands, to develop reliable on-farm monitoring systems,
product information systems, and practical species-specific strategies to improve animal welfare. The project focuses on three main species and their products: cattle (beef
and dairy), pigs, and poultry (broiler chickens and laying
hens). Thirty-nine institutes and universities (representing
13 European countries) with specialist expertise participate in this integrated research project. The project started in
May 2004 and will take five years to complete.
The Animal Science Unit is involved in developing the protocol for pigs. We tested the validity of a lameness score
as a parameter for monitoring the welfare of sows and
fattening pigs on-farm and at slaughter. This research was
conducted together with the Zootechnical Centre, Catholic University of Leuven and IRTA (Monells, Spain). Furthermore, we will be involved in integrating all measurements
done on pigs in a draft protocol.
Guilts in group housing
42
43
2.1.7 Value creation in Belgian
sea fisheries
From an economic point of view, the situation of the Belgian sea fishery fleet is clearly unfavourable. According to
the industry, the main causes are the high fuel and material costs. The most heard solutions given by the industry
are higher quota or subsidising fuel costs (or a combination of both).
However, the solution is not as univocal and simple. Subsidising a variable cost like fuel and raising the fishing
quota are not sustainable solutions. In other words, it is
necessary to search for real long-term solutions for the
Belgian fleet by conducting a thorough economic study,
focusing on the cost-effectiveness of the fleet and taking
into consideration ecological and social issues.
ILVO-Fisheries, in collaboration with the faculty of Economics and Business Administration and the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering of Ghent University, has started this
determines the value creation strategy that is decisive for
fishermen or ship owners. How the value of the captured
fish can be ‘silvered’ through selling is no part of the value
creation strategy.
This study fits in a broader project to develop a long-term
strategy for a sustainable Belgian sea fishery. The four
cornerstones supporting this strategy are: the profitability
of the fleet, the ecological integrity of the marine ecosystem, the application of modern fishery technologies and
attention for education and the social life of fishermen.
The study of value creation strategies will form the basis of
the economic component of the long-term strategy developed by ILVO-Fisheries.
The surplus value of this economic study lies in the combination of the two main objectives:
How sustainable is the present “industry concept” for fisheries?
exercise under the denominator of “value creation strategies” in the Belgian sea fisheries by using fleet dynamics
as a tool. In the context of the Belgian sea fisheries, “value creation” means catching fish, but many kinds of fish
can be caught in different ways and on a variety of places (the “strategy”). The combination of strategic choices
44
1)
the development of a value creation strategy by using
fleet dynamics to make the primary sea fishery
industry economically sustainable. Several variations of the value creation strategy will be tested by means of a simulation model of the sea fishery. The model will include economic data, costs, revenues and
2)
operational characteristics of different fishing
methods;
the examination of how different stakeholders
(industry, administration, science, policy) learn from the solutions that are handed by the simulation
models.
The final goal is to stipulate how policymakers can ensure
the acceptance of the selected value creation strategies by
the primary sector.
In a first step, the current ‘industry recipe’ (how the fleet
operates now) will be mapped to determine its sustainable
value creation. This means that ILVO-Fisheries will investigate how the current fleet is structured, and what economic dynamics are active nowadays. Through a simulation
model of the fleet activities, the sustainability of its value
creation will be evaluated.
In a second step, alternative value creation strategies will
be examined through the simulation model. These strategies question the current industry recipe, and take into
account new fleet structures (with their economic parameters), other vessel types and alternative fishing methods.
Again, the main issue is the sustainability of their value
creation for the Belgian sea fishery.
The comparison of the different strategies should deliver
the best solution to reform the industry in a structural way,
aiming at a sustainable fishery. However, the selection of
the best option does not automatically lead to its implementation. This raises the second research question: to
what extent can this type of research contribute to an effective change in the operational management and attitude of the fishing industry? The project investigates how
the presented alternative strategies - developed in the simulation model - can be adopted by the industry. Because
of its rather traditional and conservative attitude towards
changes, the sea fishing industry is a good target group
for this kind of studies.
To conclude, it can be stated that, besides recognising the
economic problems of the sector, the overall aim of ILVOFisheries is to get a clear view on its value creation strategies, with the intention to guide the industry to a more
sustainable sea fishery.
45
2.1.8 Biological fisheries research:
there is more to it than just counting
fish
The management measures in support of the European
Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) are based on scientific
advice that is accomplished through interaction between
different advisory bodies. Key players in this process are
the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
(ICES, with headquarters in Copenhagen) and the European Commission’s Scientific, Technical and Economic
Committee on Fisheries (STECF).
ICES was established in 1902, to promote marine research in the North-East Atlantic Ocean and to coordinate
the research activities of its member states (20 at present,
amongst which Belgium). In the beginning, ICES was a
mostly scientific forum with emphasis on fundamental fisheries research, but for some decades now, it has become
the major fisheries advisory body for the North-East Atlantic. Each year, ICES issues management advice for over
150 commercial fish and shellfish stocks upon request
of, amongst others, the European Commission and the
North-East Atlantic Fisheries Council (NEAFC). ICES’ management proposals and the associated catch predictions
are based on hundreds of thousands of data collected by
its member states (amongst others through market and atsea sampling, and fishery-independent stock surveys with
research vessels) and on the use of analytical and predictive models which have largely proven their dependability.
In addition, the elaboration of the advice is subjected to
strict rules, governed by the principles of the precautionary
approach.
For its advisory tasks, ICES can rely on a multitude of specialised expert groups, which can roughly be sub-divided
into two groups: the permanent, regional assessment working groups on the one hand (stock evaluations and catch
predictions) and the supporting, methodological working
groups on the other hand (refinement of evaluation techniques). ILVO-Fisheries is actively involved in about ten of
these groups, including the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak, the Working Group on the Assessment of Northern
Shelf Demersal Stocks (with responsibilities over, amongst
others, the Irish Sea) and the Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf Demersal Stocks (with responsibilities over, amongst others, the Celtic Sea).
Before ICES releases its fisheries advice (in November),
the reports of the assessment working groups are critically
evaluated by the Advisory Committee on Fishery Management (ACFM), the highest advisory body on fishery-related
46
Plenary meeting of the STECF Sub-group on Research Needs, presided
issues within ICES. At the meetings of the ACFM (which
are regularly attended by experts from ILVO-Fisheries), the
outcomes of the working groups are checked for quality
and mutual consistency, and the advice is compared to
the most recent management rules laid down by the endusers (European Commission, NEAFC, etc.). Once released, the management advice goes to the client groups,
who then translate the scientific advice into TAC proposals
(Total Allowable Catches) in the interest of, for example,
the European Council of Ministers.
As the geographical and thematic responsibilities of ICES
are limited, a second and at least equally important advisory body has been established within the European
Commission, viz. the Scientific, Technical and Economic
Committee on Fisheries (STECF). The STECF focuses on,
amongst others, the mixed fisheries advice (the so-called
multi-fleet and multi-species approach to fisheries management) and the economic aspects of the European
conservation measures. To that aim, the STECF can count
on a number of permanent expert groups (such as the
Sub-group on Review of Stock Status and the Sub-group
on Economic Affairs), together with a varying number of
ad hoc study groups which are convened to advise on
specific problems (e.g. the recovery plans for cod, the
economic impact of a series of alternative management
and especially the smaller member states have difficulties
to meet the tight quality requirements. The consequence
being, that harmonisation, cooperation and task-sharing
have become the new creed to the data collectors.
Co-operation in the broad field of data collection is a
complex issue, with many players involved. ICES, for
example, has dedicated working groups who take care of
the planning of the international sea-surveys (such as the
Working Group on Beam Trawl Surveys and the International Bottom Trawl Survey Working Group) or the methodological improvement of data collection (such as the
Planning Group on Commercial Catch, Discards and Biological Sampling, PGCCDBS). PGCCDBS also organises
workshops and ring tests (amongst others on the ageing
of fish and the identification of maturity stages) that help
standardising the analytical methods used.
d by Frank Redant (ILVO-D-VI)
plans for plaice, etc.). Also at this level, ILVO-Fisheries is
strongly involved, with participants to advisory groups on
a wide variety of topics.
It goes without saying that international cooperation is a
prerequisite to the stock evaluations and the elaboration
of management proposals. The vast majority of fish stocks
in the European waters are fished by different countries
and thus, the merger of national data to international datasets is an essential first step in the process. One of the
results being, that international cooperation has become
a second nature to assessment biologists.
Over the past years however, international cooperation
has become increasingly important at a lower level too,
viz. at the level of the policy supporting data collection
itself. Since 2002, data collection in support of the CFP
is subject to a number of EU Regulations (Council Regulation 1543-2000 and Commission Regulations 16392001 and 1581-2004), commonly known as the Data
Collection Regulation (DCR). The DCR puts heavy duties
onto the member states, with its far-reaching obligations
to collect extensive biological and economic data on their
national fisheries and fishery-related activities. The stakes
are high (which is perfectly defendable, as unreliable or
incomplete data are of no use to the stock evaluations)
At the regional level, cooperation between the data collectors is ensured through the Regional Coordination
Meetings (RCMs), where the task allocation with regard
to biological data collection (which member states do
what, where and when) is discussed, not only with a view
to harmonising data collection but also to make the process more cost- effective. For the moment, there are seven
RCMs, viz. for the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the NorthEast Atlantic, the North-West Atlantic, the Central Atlantic,
the Mediterranean and the highly migratory tuna species.
Staff members of ILVO-Fisheries take part in two RCMs,
viz. the one for the North Sea and the one for the NorthEast Atlantic.
Finally, at the level of the European Commission, there is
the STECF Sub-group on Research Needs (SGRN), which
has an important controlling and advisory task in the fields
of biological and economic data collection, on the Commission’s and the member states’ behalf. The SGRN is
responsible for the follow-up and the evaluation of the
member states’ national data collection programmes and
for the triennial revisions of the DCR. Also in this area,
ILVO-Fisheries plays a prominent role, with attendants to
both the half-yearly plenary meetings of the SGRN and the
ad hoc workshops on the revision of the DCR.
47
2.2.1 Modelling the agricultural
sector
2.2
Social Sciences
For a long time, agricultural policy was focused on adjusting the aggregated outcome of individual farm decisions
concerning the supply of commodities and the demand
for production factors, in which the game of demand and
supply resulted in an equilibrium. Policy intervention was
restricted to market and price
corrections to safeguard farmer’s
income. Econometric sector models were reliable instruments for
ex ante evaluation of the impact
of these interventions.
48
Over the last decade however, agricultural policy has been
changing drastically. With environmental and sustainability concerns entering the public debate,
new types of policy instruments
emerged. In addition, under
pressure of several international
negotiation rounds, farmers are
increasingly confronted with trade
liberalisation: price and production linked intervention decreased and were partly replaced by
direct income and rural development support, production rights
and other instruments. Instead of
the average response of the sector, changes in individual farms’
activity mix and the interactions
between different farms become
more and more important. Even
when policy is organised at a
supra national level, outcomes
highly differ according to farm
type and farm location. The use
of farm level models, in contrast
with sector models, generates
an added value with respect to
this evolution. Such models offer
more insight in the effectiveness
of specific policy measures, taking into account as much farm
specific factors as possible. The information obtained can
be applied for purposes such as diagnosis and recommendations for farmers, the supplying and processing sectors
and policy-makers. Moreover, due to the ever-increasing
power of computer processors, the simulation techniques
are much improved. As a consequence, models are no
longer restricted to the aggregated optimisation of supply
and demand anymore.
The SEPALE-model (Dutch acronym: Systeem ter Evaluatie
van de Politiek aangaande Landbouw en Leefmilieu, system for evaluation of the agricultural and environmental
policy) has been developed during an IWT project which
ended at the beginning of 2006. The model is based on
assumptions of the economic and production-technical
choice behaviour of the farmer, with data from arable,
cattle and dairy farms of the FADN data network of Flanders.
SEPALE is a farm level model. According to the context
in which the policy simulations are desired, farms can be
selected on specific characteristics such as economic size,
geographical position and technical orientation. This flexibility enables to run simulations for certain farm types and
regions separately. Although SEPALE is not an aggregate
supply model like other well- known models (CAPRI, SELES, etc.), the modelling technique of SEPALE relies on
PMP (Positive Mathematical Programming) as well. This
modelling technique warrants a reliable reproduction of
the supply behaviour of farmers, based on the production
behaviour of those farmers.
Through farm level optimisation, besides price shocks,
quota restrictions, subsidy and income effects, SEPALE
also can simulate internal exchange of production rights
and factors. Even though not the entire selection of Flemish farms is included in the model, it nevertheless can
be considered as a supply model, since aggregating the
farms provides a representative picture of the sector.
In a first series of model applications, the impact of the
Mid-Term Review, the Sugar Reform and a set of rape
seed applications for biofuel production were analysed
by simulations of the model. The Sugar Reform was an
ideal policy case because it enclosed four main policy instruments: intervention price reduction, quota reduction,
intervention price compensation and coupling of the compensation. Insight in this complex matter of policy instruments was facilitated by running model simulations. The
results showed amongst others that only a quota reduction
would have a strong effect on the supply of sugar beets
(figure 1).
and their farm gate surplus. By integrating a production
function, substitution between manure, fertilisation and
concentrate use by increasing manuring limits were simulated. The results showed that the environmental pressure
(measured as farm gate N surplus) decreases at first, but
from a critical threshold on, starts to increase again, in
spite of stricter manuring limits. (figure 2).
Figure 2: Impact of the manuring limits on the N farm gate
surplus of dairy farms.
At the end of 2006, a new IWT-project started: Price
creation and allocation of rights in agriculture and horticulture. A quantitative descriptive system of all kinds of
exchangeable rights will be developed, based on the SEPALE model.
Figure 1: Effect of price and quota reduction on supply of sugar
beets
The most recent developments concerned the integration
of environmental indicators related to nitrogen. For arable, cattle and dairy farms, the most important components of the nitrogen flow were incorporated in the model.
This enabled simulating the effect of policy instruments on
farm gate surplus, split up into soil balance and ammonia emission. Starting from the N flows in the farm gate
surplus and the cattle’s feed requirements, more dynamic
manure excretion coefficients were estimated. Also, scenarios with respect to the manure policy could be simulated. For this, the dairy farms in the model were divided
into four groups, according to their degree of manuring
49
2.2.2 Corporate social responsibility
(CSR)
As in other economic sectors corporate social responsibility has become an important issue in farm and horticultural business management. In socially responsible
or sustainable business management economic results,
social and environmental concerns, or the three P’s: “Profit”, “People” and “Planet” are integrated in the business
operations. Corporate social responsibility implies that the
business manager or farmer takes up responsibilities that
go beyond the strictly economic responsibility for his/her
business or farm. Research on corporate social responsibility of Flemish farmers and horticultural entrepreneurs
is actually rather scarce. The Social Sciences unit tries to
meet this problem, as is demonstrated in some recent research projects. As an illustration, two projects of the past
research period are highlighted. Both projects were realised for the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and
carried out in close cooperation with stakeholders within
the sector and researchers from other institutions.
Nutrient and pesticide use in Flemish horticulture: current situation and possibilities for
reduction
In the first research the current situation on the use of nutrients and pesticides in Flemish horticulture and the possibilities for reduction were studied. This research was done
in collaboration with four research centres in Flanders: the
research centre of Hoogstraten, the research centre for
vegetables of Kruishoutem, the research centre for ornamental plants in Destelbergen and the research centre for
fruit in Gorsem. The four centres provided technical expertise for each of the four subsectors of the horticultural
sector: greenhouse vegetables, open air vegetables, ornamental plants and fruit. For each of the four subsectors
a committee of experts was created, made up of about 15
experts in plant protection and nutrient use per subsector.
The same research method was used in each of the four
subsectors. First of all an inventory was made of the use
of plant protection products and nutrients in Flemish horticulture. The data used were taken from the Flemish horticultural accountancy data network, completed with data
from special inquiries. The second, and most important
part of the research, made an inventory and evaluation
50
of reduction techniques for nutrients and plant protection
products. For each of the four subsectors an inventory was
made. From the list of possible reduction techniques in
every subsector ten promising techniques were selected.
There were seven reduction techniques for plant protection products and three for nutrients. The aim of the research was to make up an accurate image of the actual
potential of each technique to reduce the environmental
impact for each subsector. The research had to give concrete information on the environmental impact that can be
realised on the one hand and the possible impact on the
economic, technical and organisational aspects on farm
level on the other hand. The collected information allowed an evaluation of the techniques according to their
potential to reduce the environmental impact.
To collect this information two methods were used: first
of all expert groups tried to obtain an insight in the feasibility of each technique and the limiting conditions and
thresholds for adoption on farm level, secondly a detailed survey was performed at horticultural holdings in order to identify the perception of horticultural entrepreneurs
with regard to the proposed techniques.
We found that there are still possibilities to reduce the use
of plant protection products and nutrients. Many entrepreneurs did know the proposed techniques, and some
of them already introduced them or intended to introduce
them at their holding. It appeared that there is a need for
demonstrations of these techniques and that the horticultural entrepreneurs are in favour of more research and
more information on environment-friendly production.
If these demonstrations can prove that these techniques
have no negative impact on the economic results of the
holding, most horticultural entrepreneurs are willing to
apply them and to adapt their management. In this way it
is possible to produce in a more socially responsible way.
The research demonstrated that a more socially responsible farm management could be applied when it fits within
the economic objectives of the horticultural holding.
Study about the socio-economic impact of
different housing systems for laying hens
A second research project dealing with socially responsible farm management was a study about the socio-economic impact of different housing systems for laying hens.
This research was done in collaboration with the Animal
Science Unit of ILVO and the Provincial Centre for Practical Applied Poultry Research in Geel. The study was carried out to examine the impact of EU-Directive 99/74/EU,
which bans conventional cages for laying hens from 1
January 2012. From 2012 on only furnished cages and
alternatives - floor housing and aviary systems - will be
allowed. First of all a literature review was made to work
out the qualitative and quantitative consequences of the
different systems on the production results of laying hens.
Consequences in the economic field (costs of investments,
fixed and variable costs, profitability, etc.), consequences
in the social field (working hours, working conditions, sanitary conditions, etc.) and impacts in the fields of food
safety, environment, etc. were studied. In a second part of
the research an inquiry was made at holdings that already
introduced the new systems. Based on the results of the
literature review and the results of the inquiry the advantages and disadvantages of the different housing systems for
laying hens were formulated. The research also contributes to a better insight in corporate social responsibility.
2
1
3
Furnished cage: 1. perch 2. litter area 3. nestbox
51
2.3.1 New insights into the origin of
the cultivated apple
(Malus x domestica)
2.3
Plant Sciences
Apple (Malus x domestica) is one of the most important
fruit crops in the world and also very important for Belgium (the average annual apple production in our country is about 390,000 tonnes). Many varieties were grown
in the past in Belgium by a tremendously active peasant
population. However, when growers started to produce
apples not only for the local market but also for export,
the importance of high yielding varieties for production
on large scale increased. Nowadays, as a result, apple
production is dominated by a few superior cultivars, which
have been derived from a limited number of parents. The
question has been raised whether this limited genetic basis can jeopardise future breeding efforts in apple. If the
genetic basis of the breeding programmes is too limited,
inbreeding may become a serious problem making breeding progress impossible. Germplasm that can be used
to increase the diversity in apple
breeding programmes include
both old (obsolete) varieties and
wild relatives. Old regional varieties contain useful variability (e.g.
with regard to disease resistance)
to enrich gene pools of contemporary breeding programmes
significantly. At present old apple
varieties, which are no longer important in apple production but
which have an indisputable cultural-historical value, are maintained in collections. Mainly two
organisations focus on the conservation of old regional varieties
in Belgium: CRA-W and NBS.
52
one duplication in the chloroplast matK gene in M. sieversii. It has also been suggested that M. sylvestris, a native
wild apple species in Western Europe, might have contributed little or even nothing to the origin of the cultivated
apple. To unravel the relationship between M. sylvestris
and its domesticated relative M. x domestica, we studied
chloroplast DNA variation in 634 wild and 422 domesticated accessions originating from different regions. Sixtyeight genotypes belonging to 12 other wild Malus species,
including 20 M. sieversii accessions were also included
in the analysis of chloroplast diversity. Marker techniques
were developed to type a formerly described duplication
and a newly detected polymorphism in the matK gene.
Chloroplast DNA variation was further investigated using
PCR-RFLP as DNA-marker technique and haplotypes
were constructed based on all mutational combinations.
A closer relationship than presently accepted between
M. sylvestris and M. x domestica was established at the
cytoplasmic level, with the detection of eight chloroplast
haplotypes shared by both species. Hybridisation between
M. sylvestris and M. x domestica was also apparent at the
local level with sharing of rare haplotypes among local
cultivars and sympatric wild trees. Indications of the use
of wild Malus genotypes in the (local) cultivation process
of M. domestica and cytoplasmic introgression of chloroplast haplotypes into M. sylvestris from the domesticated
apple were found. Only one of the M. sieversii trees studied displayed one of the three main chloroplast haplotypes shared by M. sylvestris and M. x domestica. This is
surprising as M. sieversii has formerly been described as
the main maternal progenitor of the domesticated apple.
This study hereby reopens the exciting discussion on the
origin of M. x domestica.
Also other Malus species can be
used to increase the diversity of
apple breeding programmes. In
this case, the wild species which
were involved in the origin of the
cultivated apple are the best candidates. But up to now, the origin
of the cultivated apple remains
unclear. Currently, the most
plausible theory, based mainly
on morphological and molecular
evidence, points to M. sieversii, a
wild species from Central Asia, as
the most likely maternal ancestor.
This is based on the presence of
large fruits and the occurrence of
Malus sieversii - collection Geneva (US)
2.3.2 Valorisation of the genetic diversity of wild roses
Worldwide, roses are the most important cut flower and
garden plant. Although the existing variation in colours,
flower forms and growth habitus is very broad, the genetic basis of the cultured rose is rather small. Studies have
demonstrated that only around ten rose species are at the
origin of the cultured roses. Several useful and desirable characteristics not present in modern roses can still
be found in wild species. The use of this genetic diversity
in rose breeding programmes is an important stimulus for
the protection of these wild species in our countries. An
increased habitat fragmentation and import of foreign
seeds and plants constitute an important threat. The above-mentioned factors were the central idea behind the European project GENEROSE. The latter describes not only
the genetic structure and the characteristics of wild roses
but also the experiments to transfer the interesting traits of
wild roses in modern roses.
A first step in this process was the inventorising of the remaining interesting genetic resources within Europe. In
Flanders the first inventory was made in 1996. This led to
the discovery of some unexpected species, varieties and
hybrids and a few valuable locations. In addition it was
demonstrated that determination of wild rose species is
complex and that correct naming of the species in situ depended on the experience and the insight of the biologist.
The complex taxonomic structure of the subgenus Rosa
could be confirmed based on an in-depth morphological
study and two molecular techniques used viz. AFLP and
microsatellites. The Flemish roses can be divided in three
sections or groups: Pimpinellifolia, Caninae and Synstylae.
The section Caninae is the best represented throughout
Europe and can be separated in different subsections. For
Flanders these subsections are: Vestitae, Rubigineae, Tomentellae and Caninae. Neither the morphological study
nor the genetic analysis supports the splitting- up of the
last two subsections. We therefore propose to classify also
R. tomentalla under the subsection Caninae.
Very typical for the rose family (Rosaceae) is the possibility
to cross with each other species belonging to the same genus. In nature several hybrid forms can be found. Some of
these spontaneous hybrids are considered as fixed species
(i.e. R. stylosa), whereas others are sterile (i.e. R. x irregularis). The genetic techniques used and the performed
controlled test crosses could not always give an univocal
answer to the formulated hypotheses in relation to the origin of these hybrids. However, the supposed parental species of R. henkeri-schulzei, R. stylosa and R. x irragularis
could be confirmed. Furthermore, the clonal behaviour of
Rosa canina var. andegavensis
R. arvensis and R. spinosissima populations was confirmed, but also the presence of different genotypes within
one population seemed to be important.
All the collected European genetic material was screened
for resistance to the most important rose diseases (black
spot, rust, powdery mildew and downy mildew). Adapted bioassays and infection protocols were developed to
screen at both laboratory level and under greenhouse
conditions. Finally, some promising and interesting genotypes from wild species were selected.
When crosses between wild species and modern roses are
made, the difference in ploidy level plays an important
role. Culture roses are mostly tetraploids (2n=4x), what
means that they have from each chromosome four copies. The related wild species are predominantly diploid
(2n=2x) or in case of the Caninae pentaploid (2n=5x).
Interspecific hybrids give therefore triploid (2n=3x) progenies, which are difficult to use in further breeding programmes. Different strategies as chromosome doubling
and haploidisation are currently investigated. The results
obtained so far demonstrate that both techniques can be
used in roses, but their efficiency is low. The inheritance
of traits from wild roses in modern cultured roses was demonstrated both morphologically and using molecular
markers.
53
Heterodera schachtii
the harvested crop by the distribution chain or the food
processing industry. This is the case for potatoes, scorsonera, carrots, etc.
Modern Flemish agricultural management uses more
green manure crops, which is advantageous because of
the fixation of nitrogen at the end of the season, the improvement in soil structure, the support of organic matter
and prevention of soil erosion. On the other hand there
is an increased risk of pests and diseases by using these
catch crops. Breeding for resistance against nematodes
in these green manure crops is therefore the appropriate
strategy.
In the green manure crops such as fodder radish and
white mustard, the breeding goals are fast covering of the
soil, late flowering and very importantly nematode resistance. Ten years of research at ILVO-PGV has led to a
biotest for screening individual plants for their resistance
against beet cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii). Plants
are grown in a pure sand substrate under a controlled
environment of temperature, humidity and light. The sand
is calibrated and the fraction used has a diameter smaller
than those of the cysts. About two weeks after drilling the
plants are individually infected with J2-larvae of the beet
cyst nematode. Resistance screening itself takes place
54
Our programme uses annual types of brassica green
manure crops, thus we can screen a new (already improved) generation every year. Individual resistant plants are
selected out of the most resistant populations and are the
basis of new varieties.
The ability of the plant to increase or to reduce the population of nematodes is given by the multiplying index: the
pf/pi-score. This ratio expresses the final population (pf ) to
the initial population (pi) and is a measure of the level of
resistance of the plant. A pf/pi-score below 1.00 means
that the final population is lower than the initial population. A score of 0.10 represents a final population that
is 10% of the initial population. In case of a pf/pi-score
higher than 1.00 there is an active multiplication of the
nematode population. The ranking of resistance in classes by the ‘Deutsche Bundessortenamt’ is the European
standard. The highest resistance class is class 1 with pf/pi
0.00 to 0.09.
The recurrent family selection method practised at ILVO
has resulted in a list of commercially available varieties
with a high degree of resistance against the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Resistant cultivars of fodder radish are Maximus (class 1), Nero, Sixtus, Cassius
and Sirius. Three new cultivars are actually subjected to
official trials. The ILVO varieties of white mustard with high
resistance are Rumba, Polka and Chacha. See table below.
fodder
radish
The economic impact of plant parasitic nematodes in
agricultural and horticultural crops is often underestimated. In Flanders the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne
chitwoodi and M. fallax on maize and carrots, the cyst
nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis on
potatoes and Heterodera schachtii on beet and spinach,
can cause huge yield losses. A low nematode population
level retards plant growth and results in yield reduction of
the crop. In the case of higher population levels, the damage affects on quality aspects, resulting in the refusal of
eight to twelve weeks after drilling, by washing the roots
onto a sieve and counting the number of cysts. This biotest
is performed three times a year.
white
mustard
2.3.3 Breeding for resistance against
nematodes in green manure crops
(catch crops)
Cultivar
Pf/pi-score
Maximus
0.082
Nero
0.106
Sixtus, Cassius and Sirius
0.100 - 0.200
Rumba
0.113
Polka
0.137
Chacha
0.182
With breeding for resistance against nematodes in green
manure crops ILVO contributes to the demand for high
performance varieties in Flemish agriculture.
White mustard
2.3.4 Inventorising predatory mites in
tree nurseries
Pests of agricultural importance cause yearly a lot of problems for many farmers and nurseries. Also in tree nurseries, which are responsible for half of the total production
value of the ornamental plant culture, there are regular
problems with injurious insects and mites.
In recent years, especially the phytophagous mites, including eriophyoid mites (Eriophyoidea) and spider mites
(Tetranychidae), give rise to more problems in tree nurseries. The feeding injury caused by those mites depends
on the species and goes from leaf discolouration to total
plant deformations. These symptoms lead to unmarketable plants and result in economic losses for the nurseries.
Despite the attention that has been paid to environment
and biodiversity, application of broad-spectrum pesticides
is still common in this sector. Frequent use of these pesticides results in environmental contamination and has to
be reduced where possible. In the framework of the national reduction plan, a warning system was set up in 1997.
This system enables the grower to apply insecticides at the
right moment. Owing to this system of guided chemical
control, the traditional calendar spraying is avoided and
the numbers of sprayings are drastically reduced. To proceed in reducing pesticides biological control will be the
only alternative. To control mites, releasing commercial
predator mites can be an option but it’s not evident to use
them outdoors. In contrast to the knowledge of biological control of pests in orchards, little is known about the
occurrence of natural enemies of mites in tree nurseries.
After interviewing growers and personal field observations, a suspicion of the existence of a natural equilibrium
of spider mites arises in some production areas of tree
nurseries. Further registration of predators and pathogens
of spider mites has to lead to a better insight in this matter. A study of natural enemies of spider mites is currently
done at Plant-GB. The purpose of this research is to list
new and endemic tetranychids and to study the complex of
their natural enemies. The emphasis goes in the first place
to the main plant inhabiting predatory mites and mite pathogens. The objective is to obtain knowledge about the
phenology, the occurrence and parasitism or predation
capacity of these natural enemies. Besides the study of
their biology, the effect of pesticides on non-target predatory mites will be observed.
To establish the potential of predatory mites in tree nurseries, a preliminary study has been performed. During the
growing season, tree species (viz. Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Tilia cordata, Quercus robur, Salix alba, Acer
pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, Sorbus aucuparia and
Taxus baccata) were fortnightly observed by taking leaf
samples from an unsprayed field.
Besides the survey, attention was also paid to the optimisation of the sampling techniques for further field observations.
55
In the laboratory, mites were extracted from the collected plant material using the Berlese funnel technique. The
isolated mites, which belong to the Mesostigmata and
Prostigmata, were identified in 12 families: Phytoseiidae,
Ameroseiidae, Tydeidae, Cunaxidae, Bdellidae, Tarsonemidae, Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, Anystidae, Eupodidae, Erythraeidae and Stigmaeidae. Because of the great
importance of Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae as predatory
mites of spider mites they were identified to species level
using phase-contrast microscopy.
All together 12,105 mites were extracted from the collected plant material. More than 60% of the identified mites
belong to the family Phytoseiidae. Representatives of this
family were detected in all the samples during the sampling period. Amblyseius andorsoni was the most abundant species and was found on every tree-species. The occurrence of A. andorsoni can be very important, because
this predatory mite is already reared for controlling spider
mites and eriophyoid mites in greenhouses. Anthoseius
rhenanus and A.bakeri were found in huge numbers on F.
sylvatica, this in contrast with Typhlodromus pyri, another
Typhlodrominea mite. Beside the European beech, A. rhenanus was found on Carpinus betulus. Little is known
56
about the predation of Anthoseius spp. on Tetranychidae
in tree nurseries. Because of the high numbers of Anthoseius spp. and the frequency with which they were found,
further research has to be done to see which role they
can play in biological control. Neoseiulus californicus was
found on both Tilia species and Fagus sylvatica. Neoseiulus reductus was determined on Tilia cordata and, according to the literature; this is a new report for Belgium.
Euseius finlandicus was only found on Quercus robur.
Zetzellia mali, a stimaeid mite, was often determined on
Sorbus. This mite is known as a predator of Panonychus
ulmi. It feeds on the eggs and immature stages of this
spider mite. Because P. ulmi is already reported in tree
nurseries (e.g. on Ribes and Prunus), the occurrence of
these predatory mites is advantageous.
This preliminary study shows the potential of predatory mites in tree nurseries. Further research has to lead to an
alternative control of phytophagous mites instead of using
acaricides.
2.3.5 Infectivity under field conditions
of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.
sepdonicus, causal agent of bacterial
ring rot of potato.
Potato ring rot is caused by the plant pathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Specific plant health requirements (Directive 2000/29/EC and
Directive 93/85/EC) are imposed in the EU to protect the
potato production against the introduction, establishment
and spread of this organism. Reliable and relevant information on ecology and epidemiology should be available
to set up appropriate quarantine constructions resulting in
a sustainable protection. Control strategies implemented
after a confirmed presence of the pathogen target functional eradication and may jeopardise operational farm
economics.
For many years, sporadic interceptions in potato imports
were the only encounters with ring rot until the disease was
diagnosed in the domestic potato productions of 2002
and 2003. In particular the occurrence in seed potatoes
resulted in great concern when infection was confirmed in
seven clonally related seed lots from which the origin after
five field generations was traced back to a single source
produced from mini tubers. Remarkably, not any suspicion was encountered during seven years of multiplication,
neither by visual inspection nor by lab testing. Moreover,
three seed lots showed levels of contamination far below
0.5% which were almost undetectable at the sampling
standard applied at that time. Ring rot tubers were only
found in three out of forty-seven contaminated samples
which implies that latent infections were common.
A major obstacle for the scientific underpinning of eradication regulations is the erratic occurrence and unpredictable nature of the disease which can slumber for many
years due to latent infections. Depending on the potato
variety, infected seed tubers produce more or less undetectable infection in the progeny tubers. A low transmission rate from one field generation to the next may possibly
be caused by the restricted migration of the pathogen in
the vascular ring of the seed tuber.
The possibilities for survival outside the potato tuber are limited, unless diseased tubers contaminate materials used
in potato culture such as crates, jute sacks, rubber from
conveyor belts or metal from planting machines, harvesters or grading equipment. The ring rot pathogen remains
remarkably persistent in a sort of bacterial paste which
sticks firmly to the surface of the material and requires
pressurised decontamination. Under dry and cool conditions (below 10°C) the bacterium remains viable and
virulent for many months. Contamination of potato tubers
through contact is therefore considered high risk for ring
rot and potato lots for which contact with an infected lot
has been ascertained are also removed from the trade.
However, efficiency of disease transmission through contact is lacking substantial evidence.
Potato ring rot
During the past three years, field studies on infection and
transmission of C.m. subsp. sepedonicus were performed
under bio-security conditions to elucidate some of the
aforementioned blind spots. Each of the experiments was
secured by rows of buffer plants which also allowed us to
study field transmission due to sprinkler irrigation.
Differences in disease transmission via seed tubers were
analysed by inoculating low levels of the pathogen on vascular tissues either at the stolon end or at the apical bud
end. Infection developing from the apical bud resulted
in a substantially higher disease incidence than infection
developing from the stolon end: 80% of the plants with
infection in the progeny tubers vs. 90% of the plants with
no detectable infection in the progeny tubers. This result
clearly suggests that seed tubers in which infection has not
spread from the heel end into the vascular ring are likely
to produce undetectable infection in the following potato
generation.
The risk of infection through contact contamination was
analysed by pressing the cut surface of a ring rot tuber on
intact seed tubers either at the stolon end or at the apical
bud end. Infection of C.m. subsp. sepedonicus was demonstrated in 3.1% of the potato plants grown from seed
tubers which were contaminated at the stolon end and in
12.5% of the potato plants grown from seed tubers which
were contaminated at the apical bud end.
During the three years of field experiments, all buffer
plants remained free of infection which is considered to be
57
indicative of the absence of plant-to-plant transmission.
If cutting of seed tubers was prevented, and the mother
tuber was the only source of infection then a significant
dilution of infection in the progeny tubers occurred with
a tenfold reduction of the contamination level after two
years of multiplication. A high number of samples is then
required to detect these levels of infection in a seed potato
lot and testing in the official programmes is now being
concentrated on the superior seed potato classes.
Plants
We are also investigating latent infection of C.m. subsp.
sepedonicus during tissue culture multiplication, production of mini tubers and following field generations. After
several dose-response experiments, we succeeded in infecting potato plantlets of the varieties Agria, Désirée and
Santana using very small quantities of ring rot bacteria to
that extent that infection was not visually expressed during
the culture period. Shoots were snapped off potato plantlets grown from tissue culture in peat substrate and were
placed with the fraction edge in a diluted suspension of
C.m. subsp. sepedonicus. These shoots were cultivated
under a sub-optimal regime for ring rot expression to finally produce mini tubers. The pathogen was monitored
serologically in the stem of the potato plants end at the
heel end of the mini tubers. Latent ring rot infection was
demonstrated in eighteen mini tubers which were produced by seven plants. Only two mini tubers had infection
levels higher than 106. However, infected plants also produced mini tubers without detectable infection. We look
forward to analyse the progeny tubers from the first field
generation, in particular the productions of negatively
tested mini tubers of infected potato plants.
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a major problem in the culture of field vegetables for the food
canning industry in the Belgian provinces Antwerp and
Limburg. Meloidogyne chitwoodi has a wide host range
and has multiple generations during a crop-growing season. It causes severe damage to economically important
crops such as potato, black salsify and carrot. In 1998
M. chitwoodi was listed as quarantine pest in the EU. To
secure the culture of field vegetables against this pest it is
important to detect a M. chitwoodi infestation as soon as
possible.
The multiplication of nematodes strongly depends on the
host plant. As the growing season continues, the number
of nematodes increases. Meloidogyne chitwoodi can develop several generations per season and therefore, even
with low initial densities, can lead to severe infestations.
When roots are harvested, they take away a part of the nematode population from the field. Root-knot nematodes
are obligate plant parasitic and die when there is no host
plant available. Roots or root pieces that remain in the soil
can help nematodes to survive adverse conditions. Meloidogyne chitwoodi can build up high population levels but
their number decreases markedly during winter and under
black fallow. Through frequent soil sampling in infested
fields, knowledge of the increase or decrease of the soil
population under different field crops and black fallow is
amassed. The dynamics of the nematode population are
not restricted to the upper soil layers. Nematodes are mobile and can migrate in the soil under the influence of
the host plant (deep rooting systems), the water table and
the temperature. From these deeper soil layers nematodes
can infect subsequent crops. This is important in developing an adequate soil sampling strategy.
Cms infected plants
bacterial ring rot plants
plants with Cms infected mini tubers
Dose response of bacterial stem rot infection in potato plants
58
2.3.6 Population dynamics of the
root-knot nematode Meloidogyne
chitwoodi under different field crops
and black fallow.
On two natural infested fields, the population dynamics
of M. chitwoodi are monitored since spring 2004 through
monthly in-depth soil samplings. Soil samples are taken
up to a depth of 70 cm. Per soil layer of 10 cm nematodes
are extracted with the automated zonal centrifuge technique and counted under a binocular.
After summer barley and winter fallow the population of
M. chitwoodi was very small in field 1 and was situated
mainly in the upper 20 cm of the soil. Under the influence
of carrot the population increased significantly and shifted
to deeper soil layers. The highest numbers were found immediately after harvest in the soil layer from 20 to 30 cm.
In the spring of 2006 a peak in the population occurred
after a decrease in the winter. This can be explained by
the hatching of juveniles from eggs. The highest increase
of the population was recorded in the soil layers from 20
to 40 cm depth. On field 2 the population increased substantially in the deeper soil layers under beet. After the
culture of beet a classical soil sampling results in a serious underestimation of the present nematode population.
Figure 1A
Infestation of M. chitwoodi on scorzonera
Figure 1B
The population of M. chitwoodi decreased strongly under
bean, cv. Polder and this decline continued under marigolds, Tagetes patula cv. Single Gold. More than one and
a half year after the culture of beets, the numbers of M.
chitwoodi were still the highest in the soil layers from 20 to
40 cm depth. To detect 50% of the actual soil population,
soil sampling up to 40 cm depth was necessary.
Figure 1C
Figure 1: Population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on
field 1 during 3 years. A: summer barley 2004, B: carrot 2005,
C: spring 2006
59
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
Figure 2C
Infestation of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on carot( Daucus carota)
Figure 2D
Figure 2: Population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi
on field 2 during 3 years. A: beet 2004, B: bean 2005, C:
marigolds 2005, D: spring 2006
60
The detection chances for M. chitwoodi are the highest
immediately after harvest. However, the history of the field
needs to be taken into account. The influence of deep
rooting crops on the vertical distribution of M. chitwoodi is
still perceptible one year after the crop. Based on the research on the population dynamics of M. chitwoodi under
different field crops, a better soil sampling strategy can be
developed and the detection changes for this quarantine
organism can be enhanced.
2.3.7 Fifteen years of cooperation
with the former Eastern Block
countries: The democratisation process and the acquis communautaire
Framework
In 1990 the Belgian Government launched the so-called
PHARE help programme for Poland and Hungary, later on
extended to all Central and Eastern European countries,
by analogy with the same named programme of the European Union and somewhat comparable with the Marshall
plan after WW II between America and Western Europe.
In 1992, the Flemish Government started a programme
for the Cooperation of Flanders with Central and EasternEurope in all sectors where it had authority according to
the regionalisation. This programme is still running. Between 1992 and 2006 Flanders spent about 85 million
euros in 650 subsidised projects.
From the beginning the Research Station of Plant Breeding
(RvP) and later the Department of Crop Husbandry and
Ecophysiology (DFE) were actively involved in these programmes (see table).
Activities
Up to now projects are finished or are still in implementation. In the Czech and Slovak Republic, Poland, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia, we
stepped in on domains where, based on our experience,
we could cooperate to transfer knowledge in the democratisation process and later on concerning the EU acquis
communautaire. The thread through all the projects was
the “improvement in yield and quality of grassland” related to variety trials, carbon storage, erosion prevention,
nutrient management, etc., be it in classic or organic farming.
spoken press, Flemish and foreign, was interested in our
activities and many times a press article was published or
a radio interview was broadcasted. In final project seminars, we always stressed and underlined the Flemish message of cooperation and transfer of knowledge to the audience and to the farmer. Manuals, courses, books and
articles about the project subjects were written in English
and mostly also translated in a foreign language (Bulgarian, Romanian Latvian, etc.).
Conclusion
The benefit of these projects is often questioned. They
have nothing to do with acquirement of scientific knowledge or with a scientific research programme. It is the
transfer of our knowledge to colleagues in C&E Europe
for implementation in practice. After 15 years one can
observe that a lot has changed in the good sense. Tens
of colleagues from C&E Europe visited our institute and
learned about our practice of good grassland management in all its aspects. A very important networking and
cooperation was built up. The iron curtain between us and
them was broken up and despite the completely different
backgrounds of centralised versus decentralised economy, we understand each other much better now. It was a
fascinating and fruitful experience.
Now that Bulgaria and Romania will also become EU
members from 1 January 2007, this chapter of cooperation will be closed as the task is fulfilled. The cooperation
will be continued, but on another basis and with other
financial sources.
Projects were only financially supported by the Flemish
Government if they were selected in Flanders and in a
Central and Eastern European (C&E) country by the selection commission ad hoc. Our networking in and our
knowledge of C&E Europe was also appreciated by others
and our cooperation was demanded by the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering of the University of Ghent, the Belgian Farmers Union, Semper b.v.b.a., Agriv, v.z.w.
We had the opportunity to meet interested ambassadors.
Their moral support was well appreciated for the many
days and weeks away from home. Also the written and
61
x
x
Flanders C&E EUR
grass and forage crops
Flanders C&E EUR
variety trials
x
x
Handbook
“grass seed multiplication”
x
x
x
x
4 trial locations and handbook
“variety trials” also in Bulgarian
x
x
x
x
Flanders C&E EUR
organic farming
x
4 pilot farms and handbook
“growing maize”
Contacts with Flemish growers for the Bulgarian
market
x
Flanders C&E EUR
erosion prevention
2 trial locations and handbook
“postcontrol”
NIRS instrument in ABI Sofia
Manual “NIRS analyses”
x
Flanders C&E EUR
leguminous crops
8 pilot farms and handbook
“Leguminous crops for cattle”
10 pilot farms in Bulgaria with erosion prevention
x
Furthermore projects in cooperation and coordinated by:
The Faculty of Bioscience Engineering of the University of Ghent:
1) Nutrient balances in Hungary
2) Nutrient balances in Bulgaria
Agriv v.z.w.:
1) UPOV membership and post-control of seeds in Lithuania
2) Pilot farm “grassland management” in Romania
Semper b.v.b.a.: post-control of seed production in Croatia
62
Pilot farms and lucerne variety with decreased lignin
content
x
x
Flanders C&E EUR
maize
Flanders C&E EUR
azaleas
Networking with scientific institutes
Several publications and books
“grassland management”
“Cultura pajiştilor”
Flanders C&E EUR
postcontrol
Flanders C&E EUR
NIRS analyses
Output
Slovenia
Phare programma
seed production
x
Latvia
x
Romania
x
Bulgaria
Hungary
Phare programme
grassland improvement
Slovakia
Poland
project
Czech Rep.
Projects coordinated by ex-RvP-DFE in Central and Eastern Europe
Country
2 pilot farms per country and handbook “organic
farming”
also in Bulgarian and Romenian
2.3.8 SANCO EC- trial for grasses
In 2005, ILVO Plant-TO started a trial with grasses on
behalf of the EU Commission DG SANCO (Health and
Consumer Protection). This project includes comparative
tests and trials on seeds/plants that are delivered by the
official inspection services of the EU member states. The
aim of a project like this is to evaluate the inspection services on the one hand and to introduce the new member
states into this kind of inspections on the other hand. The
general aims of the project were formulated as followed:
Where appropriate, to monitor the action taken by the
Member States relating to samples that failed to
meet the standards in the previous trial.
To monitor whether changes in seed quality result from
measures taken under official supervision under
Commission Decision 98/320/EC.
To develop in a harmonised way an understanding of
the requirement that the seed shall have adequate
identity and purity with regard to variety, together
with the development of appropriate standards for
the acceptance and rejection of seed lots.
certified seed. Based on these tests, 18 of the delivered
seed lots failed: 8 for emergence, 8 for contamination
with other seed of other species and 2 for purity.
In the field trial, the basic and the certified seed was sown
next to the standard seed plots, this made it easier to examine possible off-types. The entire trial was set up in duplicate and every sample was sown in four rows with a length
of 4 m and 35 cm between each row. Based on these field
trials, 10 samples failed because there was a clear phenotypical difference between the examined sample and
the standard sample. Another 11 samples gave cause for
concern with regard to varietal and species purity.
Parallel trials were set up in the UK and in The Netherlands, respectively by the NIAB institute located in Cambridge and the NAK institute situated in Emmeloord. On
1 July the European experts visited our trials, and our service visited the other trials in Emmeloord and Cambridge,
respectively on 30 May and 8 June. The final report was
delivered to the commission in October 2006.
The practical content of the task was to set up tests and a
field trial on seed samples of grasses that are introduced
on the market under the provisions of Council Directive
66/401/EEC (dated 14 June 1966). Hereby, standard
seed lots of frequently used grass varieties (for pastures
and other aims) were compared with basic, pre-basic and
certified seed. The standard seed is the seed that is registered and kept by the official authority as the true and original variety. The 293 samples that were sown and tested
were delivered by 18 European countries. There were 14
Gramineae species tested: Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera,
Dactylis glomerata, Festuca ovina,
Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacae, Festuca pratensis, Lolium
multiflorum, L. multiflorum westerwoldicum, Lolium x hybridum,
Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis and
Phleum pratense.
Before sowing, the seed samples
were analysed and tested for emergence and purity in the accredited
laboratory for seed examination of
the Flemish Community. For each
species of grass there exists a specific norm for purity and emergence,
depending on whether it is basic or
Visit SANCO-trials in Merelbeke with European experts
63
2.4.1 Residual enzyme activity in
UHT-milk and milk powders
The refrigerated storage of raw milk creates selective
growth conditions for psychrotrophic micro-organisms,
which produce heat-resistant extracellular enzymes such
as proteinases and lipases. Proteinases from psychrotrophic bacteria (mainly belonging to the genus Pseudomonas)
can survive ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing and
are associated with several technological problems during
processing and storage of dairy products, such as cheese
yield losses, formation of bitter off-flavours and gelling of
UHT-milk. Lipases are responsible for the hydrolysis of fat,
which leads to rancidity.
Technology & Food
This research is carried out in the framework of an ILVO
PhD-scholarship in collaboration with Ghent University
under supervision of Prof. K. Dewettinck (Department of
Food safety and food quality). The main purpose of this
project is the acquisition of knowledge and the development of methods in such a way that recommendations can
be made to guarantee and improve the shelf life of UHTmilk and dairy products. In addition, methods will be developed to predict shelflife of dairy products based on the
initial quality of raw milk or on the heat-treated product.
2.4
Firstly, it was investigated how the refrigerated storage of
raw milk influences the development of psychrotrophic micro-organisms, which can lead to the production of heatresistant enzymes. . Subsequently, an extensive screening
of the raw milk samples was carried out (both winter and
summer milk). From this screening it was possible to deduce which strains of bacteria produce thermoresistant
enzymes and what the relation is between the psychrotropic microbial concentration and the protease activity
as function of the refrigerated storage conditions. DNA
TNBS measurement
64
2.4.2 Effect of a changed milk fat
composition on the quality and processability of milk
typing of the proteolytic bacterial strains showed a great
diversity in summer as well as in winter milk.
In the future, those enzymes will be purified and (partially)
characterised. Conditions for inactivation will be determined and an immunological test will be developed. Special attention will be paid to low temperature inactivation,
a moderate heating process allowing the inactivation of a
major part of this proteolytic activity. The interaction between indigenous (the plasmin system in milk) and bacterial
proteases will also be closely evaluated. The determined
criteria for heat inactivation of the enzyme will be verified
in a pilot-study and by industrial testing.
Finally, verification will take place for the most suited method to evaluate the quality of the raw milk and the processed products and for the prediction of the shelf life of
these products.
This project anticipates the position of the WHO (World
Health Organisation, Genéve 2004) about the fact that
food, lifestyle and physical activity play an important role
as determinants of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis. Worldwide, one-milliard adults are suffering from
overweight, of whom 300 million are obese. In Belgium,
about 50% of the adults have overweight of whom 10%
are obese. More or less 14% of the Belgian children have
a too high a weight and 5 to 10% of the children are obese. In Europe, expenses as a result of obesity are estimated at 2 to 8% of the total health costs (Obesity in Europe,
2002; Obesity in Europe, 2003; European Association
for the Study of Obesity).
Overweight and obesity are important risk factors for the
development of chronic diseases. Key factors for these risk
factors are the increased consumption of energy-rich food,
rich in saturated fatty acids and sugars combined with the
decreased physical activity. Animal fat, including milk fat,
is rich in saturated fatty acids which contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. In Belgium, milk fat
is responsible for almost 25% of the total mean fat intake.
This fat fraction is also considered to be co-responsible
for the rising obesity epidemic. Moreover, it is suggested
that replacing the saturated fatty acids by unsaturated fatty
acids would result in a beneficial health effect.
To deal with these harmful features, the milk fat composition will be adapted and improved by means of a selective
feed system for milk cattle resulting in an increased contribution of unsaturated fatty acids, such as the ω-3 fatty
acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).
Protealysis of milk isolates
The research is performed within the scope of a PhD-scholarship at ILVO in cooperation with the Department of Food
Safety and Quality of Ghent University under supervision
of Prof. K. Dewettinck and with Dr. ir. K. Raes (Department
PIH, West-Flanders). The research is a part of the chain
project “From roughage to high quality milk”, running at
ILVO. The Plant Science Unit is carrying out research to
select grasses and clovers rich in unsaturated fatty acids
by means of plant refinement programmes and research
into the cultural and practical value of these sorts, respectively. The Animal Science Unit will process these selected
grasses and clovers in their feed system. Research will be
performed into the effect of the composition of roughage
on the composition of the milk fat fraction and on the consequences for the milk production. The Technology and
Food Unit is investigating to what extent the quality of the
milk with a different milk fat composition differs from that
65
of standard milk. Besides, special attention is paid to shelf
life and processability of the milk with changed fatty acid
profile. Due to the increase in unsaturated fatty acids in
milk fat, the oxidative sensitivity of milk can increase resulting in a possible development of taste defects which can
shorten the shelf life of milk and dairy products.
In a first phase, methods are finalised to determine detrimental oxidation products in dairy products. Based on
lighting experiments, the relevance of two methods, the
FRAP and DPPH method, is investigated, which measure
the consumption of antioxidants in a very early stage of
oxidation. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate that these methods
are capable of detecting the consumption of antioxidants
after 3 to 4 days of lighting.
Figure 1: Determination of oxidation in pasteurised milk by means of the FRAP method
Figure 2: Determination of oxidation of pasteurised milk by means of the DPPH method
The DPPH method (Figure 2) is based on the reduction
of the stable free radical 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl by
antioxidants. The antioxidative capacity is defined as the
EC50-value, the amount of milk serum necessary to reduce the initial DPPH concentration with 50%. Figure 2
illustrates that a higher amount of milk serum is necessary
to reduce 50% of DPPH as the lighting time increases.
Also the physical features of milk fat, and especially the
crystallisation pattern can be changed for milk with a
changed fatty acid profile, which can influence the processability of this type of milk.
A second phase of the research will focus on the extent to
which process conditions and possibly the composition of
the dairy products need to be adapted in order that dairy
products are obtained with comparable physico-chemical
features as the ones with an unchanged fatty acid profile.
The FRAP method (Figure 1) is based on a redox reaction
in which an excess of Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ in the presence of antioxidants. Figure 1 illustrates that the capacity
of the milk to reduce Fe3+ decreases
during storage.
66
Lighting experiments with pasteurised milk
2.4.3 Mechanisation:
A good application technique for
more efficient entomopathogenic nematodes
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are deadly pathogens for insects. These nematodes contribute to the regulation of the natural population of insects, but they can
also be used as biological insecticides. The advantages
of the use of EPNs in comparison with the use of classical synthetic insecticides are not so obvious when only
efficacy and labour costs are considered. Concerning the
impact on the environment and human health EPNs offer
numerous advantages in comparison with synthetic pesticides. Their efficacy is very specific and as a consequence
they are harmless to beneficial insects. The user can apply
them without any health risk, they are safe for the environment and their use can contribute to lower pesticide residues in food. Moreover, they can offer solutions for specific crop protection problems in organic farming. These
advantages make investments in research on optimising
the efficacy of these products worthwhile!
Contrary to synthetic pesticides, EPNs are living organisms. This poses a great challenge on the level of formulation and application technology, as the nematodes need
to survive the application process. For the moment, only
few research-based guidelines exist on the application of
EPNs while these guidelines are necessary for the acceptance of these products by farmers.
the effects of pump type, mixing system, nozzle type and
size, and filter size on the survival and deposition of the
nematodes (Figure 1). The set-up will also contain an injection system for evaluating the efficiency of this system to
inject the nematodes intact in the spray solution. The goal
of the experiments is to obtain general guidelines for the
application of EPNs.
Nematodes
The use of different spray application techniques for the
application of EPNs is still under discussion. A first group
of scientists is proponent of the adoption of existing techniques; the second group believes it is necessary to develop new techniques for the application of EPNs. From a
commercial point of view it is obvious that there is a need
for products that can be applied with existing techniques,
because it is very unlikely that farmers will invest in new
application machinery. Anyhow, even if new systems will
be developed, firstly and especially there is a need to investigate the restrictions of the existing application techniques.
At the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, a
PhD-research is currently undertaken on the optimisation
of the application technique of EPNs. A modular spraying
system is being developed and will be used to evaluate
67
Figure 1: Modular spraying system
Figure 2: Analysis of a sample using image processing
Usually, the analysis of nematode samples is carried out
microscopically with the use of a count dish. This is however a method that demands a lot of experience and time.
To make the analysis of the samples (cfr. experiments with
modular spraying system) less labour intensive, an image
processing technique is under development (Figure 2).
With a digital camera, pictures are taken from the sample and analysed using the Halcon and/or ImageJ software. By means of time lapse photography the difference
is made between living and dead nematodes.
Besides the effects of the application technique of EPNs,
the survival, deposition and distribution of the nematodes
on the target (soil or plant) will be investigated. EPNs can
only move over a short distance, that is why the application technique needs to bring the EPNs as close as possible to the target organisms. The experimental set-up to
evaluate this parameter will be developed next year.
At a later stage of the project attention will be paid to the
effect of different adjuvants on the survival of EPNs. Especially under field conditions, EPNs suffer from dehydration and UV-damage. Moreover, the droplets of the spray
solution deposited on leafs (with foliar applications) are,
without any adjuvants in the solution, very sensitive to runoff. On the other hand nematodes can also be captured
in droplets that remain on the leafs. Without the addition
of surfactants, separate droplets only cover a small part of
the leaf surface, and there is only a small chance that the
nematodes will meet the target insect.
The ultimate goal of this research is to optimise the application of EPNs. Experiments performed with the modular
spraying system must enable the development of a prototype spraying machine for the application of these organisms. This prototype will be tested in combination with
the selected adjuvants (2nd part of the research) under
semi-field and field conditions.
Analysis of nematode samples by
means of a stereomicroscope
68
2.4.4 Livestock engineering and
constructions - Automatic detection
of lameness in dairy cattle
Monitoring cattle health and behaviour is an essential but
time-consuming activity for the dairy farmer. The early detection of cattle diseases or problems has a large influence on management and farmer income as well as on
animal welfare. The farmer needs to know whether and
when a cow is on heat, suffers from mastitis or another
disease and whether she is lame or not. Atypical behaviour may be an indicator for these situations. Observation
of these problems by the farmer requires a lot of effort,
time and training. Acceptable detection level is often not
within reach in normal practice, and very often monitoring
technology is used such as e.g. step counters to detect
oestrus. Although commercial applications are becoming
available, the automatic detection of lameness is still in
full development.
Lameness may be defined as an abnormal gait (reduced
speed and ground contact force of the cow, a back arch
curving and a lowering of the head) in an attempt to minimise pain. This pain is often a consequence of claw and
feet damage or inflammation. This abnormal gait, unfortunately, is very often only noticeable with acute illness
or damage or when the inflammation is in an advanced
phase. Only a trained observer may notice the onset of
lameness by multiple subtle gait aberrations (for a given
cow). Other claw or feet diseases may even not result in
an abnormal gait pattern at all. Finally, a healthy cow
might be walking “funny” because of a full udder or some
stiffness after lying down. It will be an even greater challenge to choose and develop the tools that will facilitate
this discrimination between healthy and pre-clinically lame
cows automatically. These tools should be able to measure relevant gait-specific parameters in a cost-effective yet
repeatable way.
A first objective of this research is to determine the effects of claw and leg problems on lame behaviour. This
lameness will be assessed both while walking or when the
cow stands (loading of the claws). Experiments are done
in cooperation with Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary
Sciences. These experiments are done mainly during winter and a few months after calving when claw problems
are very common.
Figure 1: Experimental barn with walking corridor and camera
(upper left), box with pressure mat (middle left) and hoof treatment-box for claw scoring (bottom left). The return alley or
waiting/feeding place is at the right.
Figure 2 represents a typical pressure distribution record on the
medial and lateral claw of both hind feet.
Figure 2 shows the pressure mat that shows high (red) and
low (blue) pressure zones at the left and right hind feet
ground contact zone during a static measurement.
Figure 1 shows an overview of the experimental set-up
where consecutively, the gait pattern, the pressure distribution beneath the hind feet and overall claw health are
being assessed. This is done weekly during the winter cowhousing period for some 20 cows.
69
Distance (m)
Analysing the (filmed) gait pattern represented in Figure 3
gives information on cow speed, step length and duration,
step overlap, duty cycle etc.
Time (S)
Figure 3: The longitudinal feet contact coordinates (in walking
direction) vs. time measured with a camera on one single walking cow. While walking, the cow is supported by two and three
legs alternately.
For now, these results are processed manually with our
first research objective in mind. If claw and leg health
is indeed detectable by measuring gait changes, then a
more practical (automatic) measurement and classification technique will be needed to use this as a claw (or
cow) health management tool.
Figure 4: Concepts for a method to detect lameness automatically: Force or pressure plates: (top left), Vision systems (bottom
left). Useful variables (middle) and gait analysis classification
systems (right).
70
A second part of the project focuses on the development
of an automatic measurement set-up. This is being done
in cooperation with the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
at the KULeuven. The concepts that are considered are
presented schematically in Figure 4.
Only measurement techniques that do not require any
sensor or marker to be attached to the cows’ body are
considered.
While cow feet make ground contact, position and/or
force may be measured with respect to time. This is usually performed with position and/or pressure mat systems
or force plate measuring devices (high quality weighing
balances). With current technology, choices need to be
made because there is always a trade-off between measurement range (e.g. total surface area), resolution and accuracy (considering most available and reasonably affordable systems). Some devices appear useful in measuring
multiple footsteps in one cycle, whereas other devices provide detailed information of one single footstep. Together,
all these systems yield additional information about the
overall gait pattern:
•
•
•
•
Pressure mat (Rsscan): Very useful to measure
relative pressure distribution on a restricted area. A pressure mat of 1 m by 0.3 m is available for our research.
Force mat (Emfit): A rather affordable alternative to measure the total force applied on a rather large
area (3 m by 0.6 m).
Position mat (Gaitrite): Very useful to measure
positions on a large area (4.9 m by 0.6 m) with
15 mm resolution. A very coarse and relative
pressure scaling is also available. The purchase of
this device is considered to measure gait without a camera in places where a vision system is (yet)
impossible.
Force plate (Kistler): A very useful tool to
measure all components of the ground reaction
force very precisely while a foot strikes the (rather
limited) surface of the plate. A force plate of
significant size is very heavy and expensive.
The measurement of kinematic variables such as head,
back arch and feet movement may be done remotely. For
now, a vision system has been chosen and the development of this system is a task for the Faculty of Bioscience
Engineering at the KULeuven.
2.4.5 Protection and safety engineering - Ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated buildings
The acid rain phenomenon disturbs the ecosystem (soil,
air, water) seriously. Traffic and industry on the one hand
are responsible for NOx and SO2 emissions; agriculture
on the other hand also contributes to the pollution through
ammonia emission. In Flanders, 95% of the ammonia in
agriculture, originates from animal breeding, 40% thereof
comes from cattle breeding. Besides damage to the environment, there are also negative effects on the health of
people and animals as a result of the excessive ammonia
levels inside livestock buildings. In a European context the
ammonia emissions in Flanders have to be reduced with
40% by 2010. Low ammonia emission techniques for the
application of slurry on land should reduce the ammonia
emission with 25%. An additional reduction of 15% can
be reached through suitable building techniques, feeding
strategies and other measures. Therefore, the Flemish government introduced a “List of Building Techniques for the
Reduction of Ammonia Emissions”. This is a dynamic list,
so the existing systems will be evaluated and new techniques can be added to the list. However, at the moment
there is only a measuring procedure for mechanically
ventilated buildings. Low emission building techniques
with natural ventilation are not accepted to the “List of
Building Techniques” and cannot be applied. Therefore,
we examined in this project the possibilities to develop a
practical and payable measuring method. This research
was done in cooperation with KULeuven that developed
a measurement tool for ventilation rate in naturally ventilated buildings. T&V-AT carries out the ammonia concentration measurements.
Ammonia concentration measurements were performed
in the experimental cubicle house of Agrivet (Ghent University). The main objective of these measurements was
to investigate the ammonia concentration gradient in an
animal house. Especially the ammonia concentration gradient in the vicinity of air in- and outlets was measured. A
good understanding of the ammonia concentration gradients can help to determine the ideal sampling points.
The results showed that the outside wind speed had the
greatest influence on the ammonia concentration at a
specific point in the cubicle house, the wind direction was
the second most influential parameter. The other climate
parameters (radiation, relative humidity, precipitation and
temperature) had no significant influence on the ammonia
concentration. The wind direction determined to a large
extent the measuring points in the cubicle house where the
highest or the lowest ammonia concentration was measured. The (absolute) ammonia concentration gradient became smaller with increasing wind speed. It should be
noticed that with higher wind speeds, little differences in
ammonia concentration cause immediately (large) diffe-
rences in ammonia emission because of the higher ventilation rates. During one month ammonia concentrations
were recorded at eight different places (at cubicle frame
height) throughout the cubicle house. The maximum difference in mean concentration between two measuring
points was 35%. For one specific wind direction the difference increased to more than 100%.
A large ammonia concentration gradient was found in the
vicinity of the space-boarding. Remarkable is that both
leeward and windward the ammonia concentration increased with increasing distance from the space-boarding.
However, the equilibrium state of ammonia concentration
was reached earlier leeward (usually at 70 cm from the
space-boarding) than windward (130 cm). Another conclusion was that with lower wind speeds the equilibrium
state was reached earlier. However, the absolute concentration gradient was higher compared with the gradient
measured with high wind speeds.
Besides ammonia concentration measurements observations on defecating and urinating behaviour were done in
the same cubicle house. As generally known, the release
of ammonia from slurry is the result of the conversion of
nitrogenous compounds present in animal excreta. The
major nitrogenous compound in cattle excreta is urea.
The conversion from urea to ammonia is catalysed by the
enzyme urease. Micro-organisms that are abundantly present in faeces produce urease. So, the defecating and urinating behaviour of cows affects ammonia volatilisation
in cow houses.
The animal house was divided into several imaginary zones to perform the observations. The moment and the
number of times that cows defecated or urinated were
recorded. The results show that there are zones where
the cows defecate or urinate more. The following factors
appear important: the location of the milking robot, feeding automat, feeding fence, water trough, the travelling
path of the cows, etc. There was also a variation in time
71
and the moment of feeding for example influenced this
time-dependent behaviour. The influence of place and
time-dependent defecating and urinating behaviour on
the ammonia concentration at a particular location in the
stable could not – at least not through this experiment – be
examined because of the too great an influence of the
outside wind speed. Nevertheless, considering the general
patterns (emission surface and amount of urea) regarding
ammonia emission the defecating and urinating behaviour must have an influence on the ammonia concentration (gradient) in the cubicle house.
In addition to the measurements in the cubicle house T&VAT developed and constructed also a set-up for ammonia emission measurements. The latter (situated in a shed
on the site of T&V-AT) consists of three small slurry pit
compartments for simulating the ammonia emission from
a slurry pit and/or a slatted floor surface under different
conditions. Each compartment contains a slurry pit (width
= 1.10 m; length = 2.80 m, height = 1.25 m), a slatted
72
floor and a wind tunnel. With fans at one side of the wind
tunnels the airflow can be continuously controlled and registered. The set-up can be used to examine the relation
between ammonia emission and the following parameters: wind speed over the slatted floors, slurry level in the
pit, manure composition and type of slatted floors.
2.4.6 PCBs in eggs originating from
different production systems
From these results, we conclude that there are no problems with the concentrations of PCBs in eggs in relation
to the Belgian norm.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
µg/kg vet (som van de 7 merker congeneren)
At ILVO-T&V eggs were gathered originating from different European countries and from different production
systems, namely organic eggs, cage eggs, barn eggs,
free range eggs and eggs obtained from private breeders.
From these eggs a number of samples were selected ad
random for the analysis on the presence of PCBs (number per production system is indicated in Figure 1). This
analysis was based on the Beltest I14 method where after
extraction of fat from the eggs, a given amount of fat was
cleaned up on columns filled with sodium sulphate, acidified silica and deactivated aluminium oxide after which the
final detection of the seven marker congeners was done
by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. For the organic eggs, cage eggs, barn eggs and free range eggs similar results were obtained with maximum values between
27 and 42 µg/kg fat and average values between 11 and
16 µg/kg fat for the sum of the seven congeners. For the
eggs obtained from private breeders, a maximum value
of 106 µg/kg fat and an average value of 34 µg/kg fat
for the sum of the congeners was obtained. The ANOVA
analysis performed on the results obtained showed that
there is no statistical significant difference between organic eggs, cage eggs, barn eggs and free range eggs,
but there was a significant difference between eggs from
these production systems and eggs obtained from private
breeders where the values obtained were roughly higher
(Figure 1). This can probably be explained by the contamination of the environment (accumulation of difficult
biodegradable contaminants in the soil to which hens kept
outside are exposed). The exposure of the laying hens to
the outside environment is more restricted in professional
farms than in private breeding. Moreover, the feed for the
hens used by private breeders is less checked. The results
of this study confirm the results obtained in a study conducted by CODA-CERVA at Tervuren.
µg/kg fat (sum of 7 marker congeners)
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are chemical substances
that are used on a large scale since 1930 in products
such as insulation or cooling liquids, synthetic materials
and polishes. But because they are very soluble in fat and
hardly biodegradable they are present in the environment
and in the food chain. In 1991, the European Union issued a Directive banning the further commercialisation
of these substances, but due to the permitted transition
period it will take of course time before the existing PCBs
are out of use. As a result of the dioxin and PCB crisis in
our country, maximum values were set in 1999 for animal
feed and human food substances and control programs
are performed on animal feed, eggs, milk, etc. For eggs
the Belgian norm is 200 µg/kg fat for the sum of the seven
marker congeners.
5
0
bio (n=(n=33)
33)
s c harrel (n= 16) private (n=39) partic ulier (n= 39)
organic
bam (n=16)
k ooi (n= 37)
vrije uitloop (n= 20)
cage (n=37)
free range (n=20)
ty pe ei
type of egg
Figure 1: ANOVA analysis of the obtained PCB concentrations
in eggs originating from different production systems (95% confidence interval)
73
2.4.7 Residue formation of
sulphonamides in honey by migration
from contaminated beeswax
In the framework of the quality control of Flemish honey,
residues of sulphonamides were found in 12 out of 203
tested honey samples. In Europe no maximum residue limit (MRL) for sulphonamides in honey is fixed. The contamination concerned in some cases high concentrations of
sulphamethazine (up to 13,000 µg/kg) caused by illegal
use of sulphonamides by the beekeeper to prevent or treat
nosemosis. In four cases however it concerned a slight
contamination of the honey with concentrations of sulphonamides beneath 50 µg/kg. The producers involved all
claimed not having used antibiotic substances.
When performing residue control on beeswax intended
for the production of wax foundations, sulphonamide residues were found in imported wax as well as in beeswax
from treated hives.
A migration test in collaboration with the Laboratory for
Zoophysiology (Prof. F. Jacobs, Ghent University) was set
up to study this problem. Beeswax, free from sulphonamides, was spiked with sulphamethazine in three different
concentrations. Wax foundations were prepared from
this spiked beeswax. A small amount of the wax foundations was sampled for sulphonamide residue analysis by
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After
framing, the three wax foundations were placed into different hives for building out honeycombs. After bees built
the combs the latter were placed in a honey supper during
full summer blossoming. Once the cells were filled with
honey and sealed by the bees, the combs were removed
and further incubated in an incubator at 35°C. At regular
intervals the honey was sampled for sulphonamide residue analysis.
74
The results of this study showed that sulphonamides are
able to migrate from contaminated beeswax to the honey kept in the contaminated combs. The higher the concentration of the sulphonamides in the wax, the more
residues were present in the honey. The carry-over from
sulphamethazine from beeswax to honey was about 1%.
The concentration of sulphamethazine in the honey was
steady during three consecutive samplings with intervals
of 1 month.
This study showed that the purchase and use of contaminated wax foundations by the beekeeper can lead to
measurable contaminations of the honey, which could
be a possible explanation for the weak contamination of
some honey samples found in 2003.
2.4.8 Bacteriological contamination
and infection of shell eggs in the
production chain
Bacteriological contamination of eggs can have important
consequences. Concerning shell eggs, contamination of
the egg content can cause rot or food related infections.
Eggs are one of the major sources for human salmonellosis. There are two important routes for contaminating
the egg content: either vertically or horizontally. Vertical or
transovarian transmission occurs when the egg contents
are infected during their formation in the hen’s ovaries.
Horizontal transmission occurs when freshly laid eggs are
subsequently exposed to an environment contaminated
with micro-organisms which penetrate the eggshell. The
Storing shell eggs, whether temporarily refrigerated or
not, resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial eggshell
contamination. Eggs collected from non-cage housings
were initially more contaminated on the shell compared
to cage eggs. UV irradiation seems to be a simple and
efficient method to reduce the general bacterial eggshell
contamination.
In the second stage of the research project bacterial eggshell penetration and egg content contamination were
studied. Of the investigated eggshell characteristics, the
cuticle deposition seemed to be the only characteristic influencing eggshell penetration. The degree of bacterial contamination of the eggshell influenced not only
the eggshell penetration but also the contamination of
the egg content. In the study, eggshell penetration and
egg content contamination were also correlated with the
identity of different bacterial species. The findings of this
research supported the hypothesis that the frequently occurring Salmonella Enteritidis contamination of the egg
content is mainly due to the vertical transmission route.
Finally, the presence of condensation on the eggshell influences eggshell penetration significantly but has a smaller impact on egg content contamination.
Candling of the bacterial penetration of the eggshell
bacterial load, the bacterial identity, the eggshell quality
and extrinsic circumstances are some factors affecting
the horizontal transmission. In the research performed at
ILVO-T&V some aspects of the above-mentioned factors
were studied.
This research was subject of a PhD-study (Koen De Reu,
2006) carried out in cooperation with the Department
of Food Safety and Food Quality (Ghent University) and
promoted by Prof. M. Uyttendaele. In the first stage of
the research project the global bacterial eggshell contamination was estimated. The contamination progress in
the egg handling chain, the influence of storing shell eggs
and the influence of the housing system for laying hens on
the bacterial eggshell contamination were studied. In the
chain of collecting, packaging and distribution of eggs,
few critical points for eggshell contamination were found.
Nestbox in a housing system with furnished cages
75
2.4.9 Identification and harmful
effects of the aerobic spore
microbiota in raw milk
Aerobic sporeformers belong to the genus Bacillus and allied genera. These micro-organisms produce spores which
survive heating processes such as pasteurisation used in
the dairy sector. Spores of some species even survive more
severe heating processes such as ultra-high temperature
(UHT) processing, which should give commercially sterile
dairy products. When spores germinate and grow in heattreated dairy products such as consumer milk, enzymes
can be produced which are detrimental to the quality of
the product. This spoiling potential is strongly species-dependent. Furthermore, a limited number of sporeforming
species such as Bacillus cereus can be pathogenic. As raw
milk is a source of sporeformers, it is important to know
the identity and the possible hazardous effects of these
micro-organisms. This allows to set up “early warning” systems in the dairy sector and can lead via directed measures to the guarantee or even improvement of the quality
of the raw milk.
In a concluded IWT-agricultural project in collaboration
with the Laboratory of Microbiology of Ghent University
(Prof. P. De Vos), the representative aerobic spore microbiota was isolated from raw milk samples (periods late
summer/autumn and winter) from 5 organic and 5 conventional dairy farms after a heat treatment of 10 min at
80°C. The isolates were picked up on the basis of colony
morphology and purified. A first identification of the isolates was achieved through gas chromatographic cellular fatty acid analysis (FAME) via the MIDI-identification
system. Further on, some representatives of the different
FAME-clusters were identified via 16S rDNA sequencing.
The harmful enzymatic properties (proteolysis, lipolysis,
phospholipolysis and lactose fermentation) of the isolates
were analysed with differential media and quantitative
enzymatic tests. Finally, the possible toxin production of
the isolates was evaluated with cytotoxicity tests and PCRbased tests. Ultimately, 824 strains were isolated from raw
milk. Bacillus licheniformis, B. pumilus, Ureibacillus thermosphaericus, B. clausii, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis,
Spores of Bacillus ruris sp. nov.
76
B. circulans and isolates of the B. cereus group were the
most abundant in raw milk. The largest diversity in species was noted in milk from conventional farms. It was
demonstrated that 5% of all isolates belonged to currently
undescribed new species. The species Ureibacillus thermosphaericus and U. suwonensis seemed almost exclusively to be present in milk from conventional milking farms,
while isolates of the B. cereus group were predominantly
from milk of organic farms and almost exclusively from
the summer period. A possible explanation for this species distribution could be the different feeding strategies
of conventional and organic milking farms. From an analysis of the enzymatic properties on the differential media,
predominantly the following species showed proteolytic,
lipolytic and/or phospholipolytic activity: Paenibacillus
spp., B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B.
pumilus, B. clausii, B. circulans and the B. cereus group.
From the quantitative enzymatic tests it followed that B.
subtilis, B. cereus and P. polymyxa were strong proteolytic
organisms, and that some strains of B. subtilis and B. pumilus showed strong lipolytic activity. B. licheniformis, B.
clausii and P. polymyxa were able to ferment lactose with
gas production. Enterotoxins were detected for B. pumilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. sphaericus and B.
cereus. Now that the composition of the most important
harmful aerobic sporeformers in raw milk is clear, a detailed study on the factors contributing to the carry-over of
these organisms can be initiated.
2.4.10 Reduction of Salmonella
shedding by mid-chain fatty acids
and botanic compounds in a in vitro
simulation of the pig’s cecum
Salmonella is a micro-organism that causes many cases of
human salmonellosis each year and that can be transferred from animals to humans. As the recent vaccination of
laying hens seems to provoke a drastic drop in the number
of Salmonella Enteritidis cases caused by the consumption of eggs, it now seems that pork comes more in the
picture as possible cause of salmonellosis. As a result, European legislation imposes in the near future testing and
certification of the Salmonella status for the community
trade of pigs. Pigs can be Salmonella shedders as well
as carriers. The reduction in the shedding of Salmonella
in pigs could already constitute an important measure to
break the contamination cycles on pig farms and hence to
lower the infection pressure in the pig production chain.
In a PhD-thesis (Nadine Botteldoorn, 2006) performed in
collaboration with the Department of Bacteriology and
Poultry Diseases of Ghent University with Prof. F. Pasmans as promotor, it was indeed shown that the supply of
Salmonella positive pigs to the slaughterhouse is one of
the most important contamination sources for the carcasses besides cross contamination from the slaughterhouse
environment. A comprehensive typing study of the isolated
Salmonella strains showed a strong dependence of the
importance of both contamination sources on slaughterhouse management. A further fundamental insight was
also accomplished via a real-time RT-PCR study of the
expression of a specific gene (mntH) in the survival capacity of Salmonella Typhimurium in the macrophage of the
pig; this feature plays an important role in the persistence
of Salmonella in the pig and hence in the development of
carrier animals.
In an IWT-agriculture project in collaboration with Prof. S.
De Smet (Department of Animal Production, Ghent University), the effect of mid-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and
of botanic compounds was evaluated on the shedding of
Salmonella in an in vitro simulation model of the microbiota of the pig’s cecum. MCFA, like caprylic acid, caproic
acid and capric acid are promising additives to modulate
the gut flora in a manner benefiting gut health as well as
zootechnical performances. Furthermore, much attention
is recently given to the possible antimicrobial activities of
secondary metabolites of plants such as carvacrol, thymol,
eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. The in vitro simulation model of the pig’s cecum consists of an anaerobic fermentation system which is inoculated with the cecum content
of different slaughter pigs and which is fed at a constant
rate with a medium containing cellulose and mucin. The
advantage of this system is that many compounds and/or
conditions can be screened rapidly without test animals
and that animal-to-animal variation is limited because of
the controlled fermentation conditions. The cecum was
chosen because it is a multiplication site of many bacterial
groups amongst which Salmonella so that a reduction in
this part of the gut must have an effect on the excretion in
the faeces. In the in vitro system an inoculated Salmonella
Typhimurium strain could maintain itself at a population
density of 5 log units per ml. The effect of MCFAs and
some botanicals on this Salmonella strain and on other
bacterial groups was followed by means of plating on selective media and via molecular fingerprinting with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of the bacterial 16S
rDNA. The MCFA effect seemed to be dependent on the
chain length and the concentration of the acid. At a dose
of 15 mM, corresponding with an economic feasible concentration in pig feed, a clear inhibiting effect on Salmonella and coliforms was noticed with caprylic acid, while
the other bacterial groups (lactobacilli, total aerobic and
anaerobic count) were not influenced. Of the botanicals,
also cinnamaldehyde seemed to have a clear Salmonella
inhibiting effect. Caprylic acid and cinnamaldehyde could
thus be potential Salmonella inhibiting additives in encapsulated form for pig feed.
In vitro simulation model of the pig’s cecum
medium
waste
77
3.1 Comparison of hygiene status
and animal welfare in furnished cages and non-cage systems for laying
hens
Traditional battery cages for laying hens will be prohibited
in the European Union from 2012, following EU-directive
1999/74. From 2012 onwards, only furnished cages and
non-cage systems (floor housing and aviaries) will be allowed. In Belgium, the EU-directive was converted into
national legislation in October 2005. In this conversion,
the European rules were followed, but space was left for
adaptation of the national legislation in 2010. Before the
decision whether or not to adapt the legislation will be taken, the results from two studies will be analysed: a socioeconomic study and a study on hygiene status and animal
welfare of laying hens in furnished cages and non-cage
systems. Both studies were conducted by the Institute for
Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) in a co-operation between the Animal Science Unit, the Technology and
Food Unit, and the Social Sciences Unit, together with the
Provincial Centre for Applied Poultry Research in Geel,
Belgium.
3. Extra highlighted
Within the study on hygiene status and animal welfare,
an international workshop was organised, in which a method was developed to evaluate welfare of laying hens
on-farm. This method was used to compare welfare and
hygiene status of laying hens in furnished cages (FC) and
non-cage systems (NCS). At the Centre for Applied Poultry
Research, the effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection in
furnished cages and in an aviary
system was compared. Furthermore, the presence of probiotic
bacteria in the intestine and the
vagina and a number of indicators
of stress and immunity were studied in laying hens housed in both
systems.
78
In the on-farm comparison of hygienic status and animal welfare,
NCS performed better than FC
regarding behavioural possibilities. Birds in NCS showed more
foraging and walking and perched
more during the day than birds in
FC, the latter spending more time
standing and sitting. Birds in NCS
were also less fearful than birds
in FC. Furthermore, the wing and
keel bones of birds in NCS were
stronger than those of birds from
FC. Mortality was lower in FC than
in NCS. Also, the incidence of keel
bone fractures was lower in FC
and fractures were less severe than in NCS. Furthermore,
the dust concentration in the air was lower in FC compared with NCS. The FC also performed better regarding the
number of aerobic bacteria in the air and on the eggshell.
The number of Enterobacteriaceae in the air and on the
eggshell was not significantly different between both systems. When all welfare indicators were combined in an
overall welfare score, NCS scored better regarding welfare than FC. However, both systems clearly have their
pros and cons regarding welfare.
In the study at the Centre for Applied Poultry Research
more aerobic bacteria were found on different equipment
surfaces and in the air of the aviary systems compared
with the FC at the end of the laying period. Still, it proved possible to reduce the number of bacteria by cleaning
and, mainly, by disinfection to the same level as in FC. No
A non-cage system (floor housing)
systematic difference was found in surface contamination
with Enterobacteriaceae between both systems.
In the study at the Provincial Centre there were no systematic differences between systems in the presence of
probiotic bacteria in the intestine or the vagina. Furthermore, no differences were found in the indicators of stress
and immunity between the furnished cages and the aviary
system.
Based on the results of this study, we can conclude that
both FC and NCS have pros and cons regarding hygienic
status and animal welfare. NCS scored better than FC in
the overall welfare score. However, the higher mortality
rate, the higher percentage of birds with keel bone fractures and the higher levels of dust and bacteria compared
with FC are cause for concern. In the FC, it seems important to provide the birds with enough space and behavioural possibilities. From the study at the Centre for
Applied Poultry Research we found that, although the aviary system was more contaminated with germs than the
furnished cages, cleaning and disinfection was equally effective in both systems. At the Provincial Centre there were
no differences in probiotic bacteria in the intestine and the
vagina and no differences in indicators of stress and immunity between the systems.
Furnished cages for groups of 40 birds
3.2 Dietary ω-3 fatty acids: effect
on performances and incorporation
in milk and meat using the rabbit as
model
lations. Changes in fatty acid profile are partly speciesdependent. However, in a minor number of experiments it
has been shown that a diet rich in ω-3 fatty acids favours
the performances or animal health (survival, production
duration, etc.). The objective of our research was mainly
to verify this hypothesis using an animal species with a
very fast reproduction cycle. In one year it is possible to
obtain 7-8 litters with rabbits. To increase dietary ω-3 fatty
acids, extruded linseed known for its high content of linolenic acid (C18:3ω -3) was used. The performances
(fertility, prolificacy, milk yield, kit’s weaning weight, etc.)
of females fed the ω-3 rich diet were not significantly better than those fed the iso-caloric ω-6 diet. However, per
initial female, 10% more kits were weaned during the experiment as a result of the higher number of females that
reached the end of the trial. Before weaning, kit mortality
was comparable between diets, however after weaning a
significant lower mortality was observed in rabbits fed always with the ω-3 diet.
The dietary ratio of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids was clearly reflected in the milk. The diet with 12% extruded linseed tripled
the linolenic acid content in leg meat and leads to a ratio
ω-6/ω-3 of only 1.3. Switching from one diet to the other
two weeks before slaughtering leads to a strong incorporation, respectively reduction in ω-3 fatty acids.
The Department of Health recommends a daily intake of
2 grams of linolenic acid. When extrapolating this to our
research, then 12.5% of our daily requirement is fulfilled
with the consumption of a conventional rabbit leg (weight:
200 grams). The same leg, originating from rabbits fed
the ω-3 diet covers approximately 35% of our daily requirement.
Consumers’ interest in health- promoting aspects of food
is increasing. Fat and its composition play an important
role in functional food. In contrast with saturated fats, unsaturated fatty acids and especially those which cannot be
synthesised by the body are considered as very valuable in
a balanced diet. Sufficient ω-3 fatty acids at the expense
of ω-6 fatty acids are recommended in a healthy human
diet leading to an increased protection against heart and
cardiovascular diseases, against certain cancers and to
an improved immunity status and are even linked to overcome depressions.
In many experiments with various animal species, it is
shown that the fatty acid composition of milk, meat and
eggs can largely be modified through nutritional manipu-
Meat pieces of a rabbit
79
3.3 2006: A productive publication
year for ILVO-Fisheries
During the past year, six books were published with contributions of several scientists of ILVO-Fisheries. Reason
enough to draw some extra attention to these scientific
publications.
• Phillips B. (Ed.) (2006) Lobsters - Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries. Blackwell
Publishing, 528 p.
Lobsters are one of the most important commercial groups
of animals harvested and farmed throughout the world.
Extended over 15 chapters, a detailed overview is given
about these fascinating creatures. Growth, reproduction,
larval development, ecology, behaviour, phylogeny, pathology and nutritional value of both cultured and wild
lobsters are covered exhaustively. The second part of the
book concentrates on the six most important genera, namely Homarus, Jasus, Panulirus, Palinurus, Nephrops and
Scyllarides, with a detailed description of the parameters
mentioned above for most species within each of these
genera. The lobster book is intended as the unique source
of reference for fisheries biologists, fish farmers, marine
biologists and ecologists.
The book was edited by Bruce Phillips (CUT, AUS), and
written by an international team of 38 authors. Together
with Mike Bell (CEFAS, UK) and Ian Tuck (FRS, UK), Frank
Redant (ILVO-Fisheries, Section Fisheries Biology & Aquaculture) wrote chapter 13 ‘Nephrops species’, on the presence, population dynamics, fisheries and management
of langoustines in the world.
The book counts 528 pages, contains 178 illustrations
and costs 125 £. ISBN: 978-1-405-12657-1 and ISBN10: 1-405-12657-4. More information can be found on
www.blackwellpublishing.com.
80
• Motos L. & Wilson D.C. (Eds.) (2006) The Knowledge Base for Fisheries Management. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, Vol.
36. Elsevier, 476 p.
Fisheries are in a state of crisis throughout the world.
While there has been some success, truly effective fisheries
management seems beyond our grasp. The knowledge
needed for a proper management contains a broad array
of facts and connections, from statistical assessments of
the fish stocks to the information that allows government
agencies to track compliance with rules.
This book is quite exceptional as a scientific publication regarding fisheries science as fisheries management is dealt
with from different, multidisciplinary perspectives. Leading
researchers in fisheries, specialised in biology, ecology,
economics, sociology, anthropology and politics, examined how management institutions can learn from their
past management, but also how this information can be
employed to design a more efficient fisheries management. The seventeen chapters represent a picture of the
many issues involved in creating, collating and communicating the knowledge needed for a sound management.
Besides an introduction and a summary, the book is divided in 3 sections, covering a wide range of political regi-
mes and professional management systems, both in and
outside Europe. The book is the main product of the initial
phase of the EFIMAS project, a collaboration between 29
European research institutions. It was edited by Lorenzo
Motos (AZTI, ESP) and Douglas Wilson (IFM, DK) and written by an international team of 27 experts. Wim Demaré
(ILVO-Fisheries, Section Fisheries Biology & Aquaculture)
wrote chapter 11 on ‘Fisheries management and advice
in Europe’.
The book counts 476 pages and costs 145 €. ISBN-13:
978-0-444-52850-6
and
ISBN-10:
0-444-52850-4.
More information can be found on www.elsevier.com.
• Degraer S., Wittoeck J., Appeltans W., Cooreman K., Deprez T., Hillewaert H., Hostens K.,
Mees J., Vanden Berghe W. & Vincx M. (2006)
The macrobenthos atlas of the Belgian part of the
North Sea (book and CD-rom). Belgian Science
Policy, D/2005/1191/3. 164 p.
The macrobenthos atlas is a rich illustrated publication,
with an overview of the most important macrobenthic organisms, living in and on the sea bottom of the Belgian part
of the North Sea. Benthic organisms are not well known to
the general public. Nevertheless, they form an important
food source for many fish and bird species. In addition,
they can be used as indicators for the ‘health’ of marine
ecosystems. The first part gives an extended introduction
on the role of the macrobenthos in the ecosystem, the sea
bottom as habitat for the different benthic components,
the impact of human activities (fisheries, sand extraction
and eutrophication) on the benthic fauna, the availability
of the density data (Macrobel), and the scientific research
methodologies.
The second part gives a detailed description of 53 macrobenthos species from the Belgian part of the North Sea
(11 bivalve shellfish, 25 polychaete bristleworms, 12 small
crustaceans, 4 echinoderms and the lancelet). Based on
distribution maps, a clear picture is provided of the mid-
term evolution (comparison of 1976-1986 with the period
1994-2001) of the occurrence of these species in the Belgian part of the North Sea. In addition to a short description of the species, illustrated with a clear photograph,
the habitat preference for certain sediment types (median
grain size of the sand and mud content) is represented.
The book and CD-Rom are the main deliverables of the
cooperative research project MACROBEL between Ghent
University – Marine Biology Section, ILVO-Fisheries – Environmental Monitoring Section, and Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ). Four scientists from ILVO-Fisheries (Environmental Monitoring Section) contributed to this book: Jan
Wittoeck computerised the basis density data, Kris Cooreman was partly responsible for the project, Hans Hillewaert digitally processed the pictures of the organisms,
and Kris Hostens contributed to the introduction and the
final editing of the book.
The book counts 164 pages. Both the book and CD-Rom
were financially sponsored by the Belgian Science Policy,
and are freely available at the different institutions. ISBN
90-810081-6-1. The macrobenthos atlas is also available in Dutch and French. The titles are ‘De macrobenthosatlas van het Belgisch deel van de Noordzee’ ISBN 90810081-5-3, and ‘l’Atlas du Macrobenthos de la partie
Belge de la Mer du Nord’ ISBN 90-810081-7-X. More
information can be found on www.belspo.be.
• Luten J.B., Jacobsen C., Bekaert K., Sæbø A. &
Oehlenschläger J. (Eds.) (2006) Seafood Research
from Fish to Dish - Quality, Safety and Processing
of Wild and Farmed Fish. Wageningen Academic
Publishers, 567 p.
The route that is covered before a fish product can finally be consumed by humans, is at least to be called
a long one. Therefore, product quality, safety and food
processing have always been important issues in seafood
research. However, over the past years a marked shift occurred in the way consumers deal with food and health.
Consequently, seafood research – traditionally mainly
technological oriented – has changed directions, where
also the habits and demands of the consumer are taken
into account.
In this book, scientists from different disciplines discuss the
latest developments in seafood research, with special attention for the quality, safety, product technology of both
wild and farmed fish, and the consumer’s perception of
the whole process. The book consists of 52 papers divided
into 8 chapters, dealing with nutrients and contaminants
in fish products, as well as with the microbiological quality, freshness and methods to measure fish quality. Also, a
chapter is spent on the knowledge of the consumers about
seafood and the processing of all kinds of by-products of
the fishery.
81
3.4 The Social Sciences Unit: new
paradigms
The book is the end-result of the 35th WEFTA meeting,
which was organised in Ghent in 2005 by IMARES (NL)
and ILVO-Fisheries, in combination with the yearly meeting of the European section of the AOCS. Karen Bekaert
(ILVO-Fisheries, Product Technology Section) co-organised this international symposium and is co-editor of this
book. Additionally, Karen Bekaert wrote the paper ‘Development of a Quality Index Method scheme to evaluate freshness of tub gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucernus)’.
Three other scientists from ILVO-Fisheries (Environmental
Monitoring Section), Marc Raemaekers, Sabrine Derveaux and Koen Parmentier, together wrote another paper for this book, entitled ‘Polychlorinated biphenyls and
organochlor pesticides in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon)
off the Belgian Continental Shelf’.
The book counts 567 pages and costs 85 €. ISBN-10:
90-8686-005-2; ISBN-13: 978-90-8686-005-0. More
information can be found on www.WageningenAcademic.com/seafood.
The fourth ILVO pillar, the Social Sciences Unit (SSU),
emerged from the former Centre for Agricultural Economics and will be, from 1 January 2007 on, enlarged with
the former Flemish Policy Research Centre for Sustainable
Agriculture. In an earlier stage, the unit was still assigned
with the title “socio-economics”, but expectations soon
proved to be much larger. Supported by external consultancy (WS Brussels) the persons and authorities involved
defined a mission, research domains and researchers’
profiles for the new unit.
In the course of 2006 brainstorming revealed a need for
radical changes in paradigms, regarding for example the
above-mentioned term “socio-economics”, a number of
customary (and often used up) research methods and the
governance structure. Point of departure is the specific
context of agriculture and horticulture in Flanders. Moreover, the mission starts from the assumption (belief?) that
agriculture will continue to contribute to Flemish economy
and welfare. However, social and economic constraints
force agriculture and horticulture to evolve towards a
sustainable and competitive model. These changes can
be coordinated and tuned through steering the decisionmaking of all actors involved, given their possibilities and
limits. This kind of governance is an ever-lasting questioning process of searching, learning and experimentation.
The role of scientific input in this process stands out clearly: it can help to improve decision-making.
These basic assumptions are the driving factors to the
SSU mission, which is stated as follows: to propose and
to clarify, on a scientific basis, social choices concerning
a sustainable and competitive agriculture and fisheries in
Flanders. The term “choice” has to be considered as the
most important of the mission and justifies the “right to
exist” of the unit. The mission does not lay down who the
decision-maker is, but the adjective “social” shows that
the criteria concern various social actors.
The main clients of the unit are: the Agriculture and Fisheries policy domain, the other ILVO units and the Flemish
agricultural sector. Essentially, the mission is policy-supporting, which can be seen as an attracting force, bringing
policy-makers and policy-support researchers closer together. The research model and policy-making process, however, do not share the same logics, which is a repulsive
force. Attracting and repulsive forces create the arena, in
which the research on choice clarification has to be integrated. The SSU will also support research and development and innovation diffusion through clarifying choices
of actors involved in research (the three other ILVO units)
and agricultural production.
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The logic behind SSU’s mission is represented in figure
1. The research model reflects the basic assumptions,
not only the above-mentioned client orientation, but also
a thematic and a disciplinary orientation. The thematic
orientation reflects the temporal and spatial context in
which the social choices should be proposed and clarified. A set of research instruments (quantitative, qualitative, participatory and action-research methods) has to
make choice clarification operational and leads to the
research domain “integration”. The temporal dimension
points to the development, through innovations, from a
based on the sustainability concept and its three pillars, so
integration then means clarifying choices with economic,
social and ecological criteria. Vertical integration points
to the various stages of the decision-making process: descriptive phase, evaluation of alternatives and presentation
of policy options. The vertical integration aims at tuning
these stages in a coherent and effective way.
The “transition” research domain can be seen as a continuation of “Integration”, but differs from it through emphasising on choice clarification within larger and more
Schematic presentation of the research model of the Social Sciences Unit
current to a more sustainable situation. This leads to the
research domain “transition”. Finally, the spatial-environmental dimension points to the specific regional context of
high urbanisation and spatial competition in Flanders and
leads to the research domain “Spatial facets”.
complex systems in a long-term perspective. Basic assumptions on predictability and controllability are replaced by
a more sophisticated framework, formed by cornerstones
such as distributed intelligence and power, complexity and
adaptive learning processes.
To achieve a significant fulfilment of its mission, the unit
has a disciplinary orientation that allows for, first, a longterm perspective integrative evaluation framework, second, picturing the systemic coherence between various
domains of human activity and, third, exploring social
changes as a continuous process of searching, learning,
and experimentation. This can be summarised in the keywords transdisciplinary, systemic and prospective.
Finally, the “spatial facets” research domain is oriented
towards agricultural development within its specific spatial
context. Although this research orientation can be seen as
an extra dimension of integration, more specific research
fields can be distinguished:
As stated above, the research model generates three research domains: “integration”, transition” and “spatial
facets”. “Integration” predominantly occurs across a horizontal and a vertical axis. The horizontal integration is
·
·
·
·
quantitative research within the spatial planning arena;
qualitative research within the stakeholder arena;
research linked to the “integration” and “transition” research domains;
research on the role of agriculture in sustainable
regional-spatial and rural development.
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3.5 Centre for Plant Diagnosis:
in the spot
The way agriculture is challenged by harmful organisms
may show dramatic changes due to climate warming. Not
only already existing diseases will increasingly be fuelled;
but as climate dictates their occurrence, warm temperature diseases may in particular result in failing crop production.
The last few years, bacterial stem rot, caused by Erwinia
chrysanthemi, shows a remarkable progress in seed potato productions. It is a pathogen with subtropical properties
and it affects various crops, e.g. corn on which it was diagnosed for the first time in Flanders in 2005.
Diagnostic research at ILVO and field observations from
the certification services of the Flemish Department of
Agriculture confirmed the epidemic nature of bacterial
stem rot in 2006 which is held responsible for a high number of rejections or declassifications of the seed potatoes
produced in Flanders. Expertise and consultancy services
from the bacteriology laboratory of the Centre for Plant
Diagnosis (CPD) contributed to the management of the
disease.
In an early stage of the disease, bacterial stem rot is expressed by rotting of the mother tuber, resulting in wilting
of the potato plants due to insufficient root development.
Ink black stems, the typical symptom of the disease, develop later on.
The proliferation of bacterial stem rot in seed potatoes was
enhanced by the conducive weather conditions during the
first six weeks of the crop in which subtropical temperatures were accompanied by thunderstorms which resulted in
waterlogging on the potato fields. Erwinia chrysanthemi
also performs well in soils with relatively low oxygen. There
are no effective measures to control dissemination.
The primary source of bacterial stem rot is presumably
the planted seed itself which has become contaminated
during the various previous cycles of field multiplication.
Contamination mainly occurs during harvest and grading.
It is known that one rotten tuber may contaminate 1000
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kg of seed potatoes on the grader. We have obtained evidence that after tuber contamination the pathogen preferentially persists at the apical buds which is the ideal spot
to initiate new infections.
CPD provides a sensitive method for detection of Erwinia
chrysanthemi based on specific PCR tests after selective
enrichment in polypectate medium. The test is however
not quantitative and does not allow to determine the percentage of contaminated tubers in a seed potato lot.
For several years already, the tissue culture derived nuclear material for seed potato production is analysed. Infections or contaminations of Erwinia chrysanthemi were
not detected.
Peroxide decontamination of seed potato tubers was tried
but found to be ineffective. The effects of refrigeration on
the persistence of the pathogen on seed potato tubers are
now being examined.
3.6 Measuring residual nitrates in
soils: elevated nitrogen utilisation as
solution?
Farmers may have a management agreement with the
Flemish government for reducing nitrogen fertilisation in
nitrate-vulnerable zones. These management agreements
are a measure for additional actions in the framework of
reducing water pollution with nitrates in return for a financial compensation. On demand of individual farmers,
Agrolab samples selected parcels and analyses the samples for residual nitrates in the framework of these management agreements. 279, 194, 170 and 161 parcels
were sampled at 3 depths and residual nitrate-nitrogen
was measured in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. These parcels are primarily located in the Flemish
sandy region, more specifically in the North of the EastFlanders province. In these consecutive sampling years,
residual nitrate for respectively 50, 27, 24 and 6% of the
parcels exceeded the standard of 90 kg of nitrate-nitrogen
per ha for the 0-90 cm soil depth. For 11, 4, 5, and 0%
of the parcels a residual concentration higher than 180
kg of nitrate-nitrogen per ha was measured. This data
set is not representative for the studied area, but allows
for determining the temporal trend in residual nitrate for
these parcels sampled in consecutive years. 131 parcels
were all sampled in 2002, 2003 and 2004. The average
residual nitrate in 2002 for this data set was significantly
higher than for sampling in 2003 and 2004 when compared with ANOVA. In 2002 the average nitrate residue was
80 kg of nitrate-nitrogen per ha, while values for 2003
and 2004 were 53 and 60 kg of nitrate-nitrogen per ha.
111 parcels were sampled consecutively in 2003, 2004
and 2005. The average nitrate residue in 2004 (53 kg
of nitrate-nitrogen per ha) was significantly higher than in
2005 (42 kg of nitrate-nitrogen per ha).
A good crop development requires sufficient plant-available oligo-elements. A balanced fertilisation with attention
for all essential macro- and oligo-elements may result in
higher yields and thus a higher N uptake by the crops.
In a study financed by the Agricultural Centre for Fodder
Crops, the effects of several combinations of sulphur and
selenium fertilisers on grass production and grass quality were studied in cooperation with the Soil Service of
Belgium. Two experimental sites (Hoogstraten and Merelbeke) on mowing fields were fertilised with combinations
of potassium sulphate and selenium-containing nitrogen
fertilisers. The Merelbeke site was monitored by ILVO. Sefertilisation was sufficient for an optimal Se-concentration
in the grass at Hoogstraten, and for the first and second
cut at the Merelbeke site. S-fertilisation resulted in a higher crop yield and a higher N export in the grass. Higher
S-fertilisation caused higher S-concentrations in the grass,
in combination with a lower Se- and Cu-uptake in the
grass. A higher crop yield combined with a better N uptake due to a balanced fertilisation can result in reduced
nitrate leaching. The residual nitrate concentrations will
be measured for the 0-90 cm soil depth in fall 2006.
For comparison of the effects of compost fertilising with a
more regular application of stable manure or slurry, a medium-term fertilisation experiment was initiated in 2005.
The experiment consists of two compost objects, i.e. single and double dose farm compost. The farm compost
was made at ILVO. Besides a stable manure object, 2
slurry objects were incorporated in the experiment, with
one object in which green compost was added. The green
compost was made at a VLACO-certified compost installation. The organic matter-input was equalised for the single dose farm compost object, the stable manure object
and the object with slurry combined with green compost.
As compost is preferentially incorporated superficially, 2
soil treatments were compared: minimal soil tillage was
used for the compost treatments, while more intensive cultivation was applied for objects with stable manure and
slurry. The 4-year crop rotation is maize – potatoes – grain
– red clover. In 2006 potatoes were grown. Besides the
difference in residual nitrate between treatments, also
differences in soil structure, soil biology, organic matter
content, soil nutrient balance, crop development and pest
pressure are monitored. Per replicate the residual amount
nitrate-nitrogen was measured at 3 depths (0-30, 30-60
and 60-90 cm). For all treatments, the residual nitrogen at
the end of the growing season 2005 and 2006 was lower
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than 90 kg of nitrate-nitrogen per ha for the 0-90 cm soil
depth. In 2006 significant differences (p < 0.01) between
treatments were detected by ANOVA. Both farm compost
application rates (on average 48 kg of nitrate-nitrogen
per ha) resulted in significantly lower residual nitrates than
the 3 other objects (on average 73 kg of nitrate-nitrogen
per ha). For all treatments, nitrate concentrations in the 030 cm soil layer were significantly higher than for the 3060 cm layer, which in turn were significantly higher than in
the 60-90 cm layer. These residual nitrate concentrations
should be assessed in combination with the crop yield.
Potato production on organic parcels with single (C) and double
(2C) dose of farm compost, farmyard manure (SM) and slurry
(DM) (situation at end of June 2006)
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3.7 Cooperation of ILVO-T&V with
Flanders’ FOOD projects
Flanders’ FOOD is an initiative of FEVIA Flanders, IWT
and the Flemish government, with the mission of “the
consolidation of the competitiveness of the Flemish Food
Industry by directed stimulation and implementation of INNOVATION”.
Flanders’ FOOD aims to be a unique knowledge and innovation centre and a central information service for the
Flemish Food Industry where the industry can be served
with their scientific and technological questions and needs.
The general goal is to consolidate, to broaden and to
deepen the innovation process in the food industry by development, dissemination and valorisation of knowledge.
The target group of Flanders’ FOOD consists of small and
medium enterprises as well as large concerns with a production unit and/or R&D centre in Flanders.
be carried out in collaboration with Prof. K. Dewettinck
(Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent
University) and MSc Tony Ruyssen (Laboratory of Dairy
Technology, Association University Ghent).
In the second project the psychrotrophic pathogenic sporeforming microbiota, and more specifically Bacillus cereus, will be investigated. In the determination of the shelf
life of ready-to-eat meals, it is important to be aware of
the possible development of this type of micro-organisms
which can survive the applied heating step. More specifically, the effectiveness of heating in suppressing these
micro-organisms as well as their characteristics (toxin production, biodiversity) will be investigated. This project will
be conducted in collaboration with Prof. F. Devlieghere
(Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent
University).
Definitely, Flanders’ FOOD is the link between the food
industry and the scientific
centres (universities and
other scientific institutes).
Based of the needs of the
industry research has been
initiated by Flanders’ FOOD
by starting up in several
Flemish scientific centres a
number of selected collective and application-directed projects.
ILVO-T&V participates in two such projects, respectively
sugar reduction and/or sugar substitution in sour and
neutral drinks and in ice cream, and prolongation of the
microbial shelf life of foodstuffs.
The first project investigates how and to what extent sugar
reduction and/or sugar substitution could be realised in
several model systems such as sour and neutral drinks and
in high viscous liquids such as ice cream mixes. It is the
aim to replace the sugars in the different model systems
with respect to all of its functionalities necessary to maintain
the product properties as much
as possible. Proposals for solutions that approach or imitate as
much as possible the reference
product will be generated and
information and/or guidelines
will be provided with respect to
process conditions and shelf life
of the products. This research will
Electron microscopic view of
a spore of Bacillus cereus
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3.8 Role of ILVO-T&V in the Belgian
National Reference Laboratory (NRL)
Consortium for GMOs
The production of genetically modified (GM) plants and
the market introduction of food and feed products that are
derived from GMOs or contain GMOs, must be in compliance with a strict European regulatory framework. The new
regulations – “food and feed” regulation 1829/2003/EC
and regulation 1830/2003/EC on “traceability and labelling” – enforce that all food and feed products containing
GMOs and derived thereof, over the whole chain, must be
labelled above a threshold of 0.9% per single ingredient.
In addition, for non-authorised GMOs that yet received a
positive risk evaluation from the Commission, labelling is
obligatory above a relative concentration of 0.5%.
Due to this firm legislation on the one hand, and the increasing complexity of GMOs on the other hand, the availability of precise and accurate analytical methods for unique identification and quantification of GMOs is crucial.
For GMO control, it is important that governments can
rely upon specialised and competent laboratories.
Within Regulation 1829/2003/EC, the EU foresees in the
establishment of a Community Reference Laboratory (CRL)
for GMOs, established in the JRC in Ispra, Italy. In its
functioning, the CRL is sustained broadly by the European
Network of GMO Laboratories (ENGL), involved with the
development of GMO control strategies. The same regulation also describes that EU member states can establish
National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for implementation of the GMO regulations at the national level. The
objective of these NRLs for GMOs is to support the CRL
and the ENGL, by means of e.g. participation in diverse
working and discussion groups. In Belgium, the FPS Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, and the Federal
Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC), are the
responsible authorities for regulation and control of the
food chain, including GMOs. Since 1 July 2006, the NRL
for GMOs is established by law as a consortium of three
laboratories: the Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH),
the Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques (CRA-W)
and ILVO-T&V.
The mission of the NRL is to solve technological problems
and to support the application and development of new
methods and technologies, reference materials and calibrants for the assessment of GMOs. More in particular,
the main tasks of the NRL are the following:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To technologically-scientifically carry out GMO
analyses under accredited conditions (ISO 17025) and to continuously update the analytical methods;
To participate in international interlaboratory trials;
To organise ring trials for routine laboratories at the national level, focusing on the implementation of
harmonised interlaboratory tests;
To ensure efficient and effective communication of
documentation and information towards the routine laboratories;
To support the quality of external routine laboratories by technically sustaining them as well as
communicating the needed knowledge (e.g. by
means of a website);
To inform the FASFC on the interpretation of
analytical results;
To maintain contacts with the ENGL and to
transfer related information to the FASFC as well as external laboratories;
To guide and sustain research and monitoring
projects in the involved domain;
To actively sustain the FASFC, scientifically and
technically, in the case of incidents or crises.
3.9 PreventAgri Vorming/Formation
encourages safety in agriculture and
horticulture
Since already several years, the federal project “PreventAgri Vorming/Formation” is involved in a safety and health
project in the Belgian agriculture and horticulture. The
prevention of accidents at work consists of three parts: the
circulation of information, sensitisation and education.
The project was founded in November 2001 and is financially supported by the Federal Public Service: Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue and the European Social Fund. At that time the project was fully coordinated by
the University of Liège. Since July 2006 the coordination
of the Flemish staff members is carried out by ILVO-T&VAT. The Walloon staff members are since then coordinated by the Mission Wallonne des Secteurs Verts (MWSV).
Collection and circulation of information
(sensitisation)
Between 2001-2003, plenty of useful information was
collected with the aim of publishing different brochures,
each covering a specific topic of safety or health in Belgian agriculture and horticulture. Topics discussed included among others: statistics of accidents, safe working
with tractors, machines or animals, handling of dangerous
products, the exposure to physical agents (vibration, dust,
noise), etc.
Furthermore, PreventAgri Vorming/Formation publishes a
monthly e-newsletter that is mailed to about 500 interested
persons, in which an actual ‘safety’ topic is treated.
Education
Since 2003 there is a great demand by the sector for
education. Last year some 1,300 interested persons were
reached in some hundred training sessions. The purpose
of these free trainings is to initiate the creation of safer and
healthier working conditions in agriculture and horticulture. During these sessions, interactive working is promoted
as much as possible because ‘safety’ is a topic for which
enthusiasm and belief is needed, before it can become
effective at work.
The training sessions encompass a basic formation wherein
the methodology of a risk analysis is explained and the
major risks on a farm are discussed. We suggest prevention measures and stimulate people to participate actively
in the thinking process. Besides this basic formation, other
topics can be treated like ‘Safe working with dangerous
products’, ‘Safe working with machines’, ‘Traffic safety’,
‘Prevention of back complaints’, ‘Zoonosis’, ‘Fire prevention’, ‘Formation of teachers’.
Finally, some specific sector-related topics are available
(cattle, poultry, pigs), where an inventory is also made
of the specific risks occurring in those sectors (dust production in the poultry and pig sector, exposure to noise
pollution, back complaints, unpredictable animal behaviour). Furthermore, appropriate prevention measures are
discussed.
Risk analysis
Upon explicit request, PreventAgri Vorming/Formation
performs a free risk analysis on the farm. In this way, the
people working in an agricultural or horticultural enterprise are informed about the present risks and in the end,
appropriate measures can be proposed and discussed.
This is important, because in the long term some possible
risks are ignored and forgotten because they have become familiar. To avoid this, the view of an outsider can
arouse renewed awareness for these risks.
On the other hand, the visits to those farms always yield
plenty of practical experience for the project. Moreover,
many farm managers already thought about safety on
their farm and worked out some unique safety measures.
These can then be suggested to other farm managers.
Contact
www.preventagri.be
[email protected]
[email protected]
Preventagri Vorming
Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115
B-9820 Merelbeke
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4.1 Reference laboratory for research
on animal nutrition and the nutritional value of animal products
The activities of the reference lab fit in the policy-supporting tasks of the Animal Science Unit, located at Melle,
being:
- Research for a better feed evaluation and for fine-
tuning the nutrient requirements of cattle, pigs, poultry
and rabbits
- Research into functional animal nutrition which should contribute to animal end-products with a higher health value
- Applied research in the framework of sustainable,
consumer-directed and socially acceptable animal
husbandry
In the framework of research on nutrition physiology analyses are carried out on faeces and urine of cattle, sheep,
pigs, poultry and rabbits as well as on rumen fluid and
intestinal contents.
Finally, the chemical composition and fatty acid composition of the animal products milk, meat and eggs are
determined. Also the sensory characteristics of meat like
tenderness, colour and waterbinding-capacity can be investigated.
4.
The laboratory works according to the ISO 17025
standard.
Analyses are carried out on animal feeds (compound
feeds, feedstuffs, roughages):
- chemical composition: moisture, crude ash, crude
protein, crude fat, crude fibre, NDF/ADF/ADL, starch, sugars, calcium, phosphorus, gross energy
- fermentation characteristics (silages): pH, ammonia fraction, lactic acid, volatile fatty acids, alcohols
- composition of higher fatty acids
- in vitro digestibility of the organic matter and of the
cell walls
- cumulative gas production by in vitro incubation as measure for digestion rate
- NIRS-analysis for a fast screening of the chemical com
position
Public service
Furthermore, research is carried out on behalf of the feed
industry, the analytical laboratories and the sector of animal husbandry.
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4.2 Social Sciences
Services provided by the Social Sciences Unit include:
Spin-off towards monitoring
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Contribution to the annual Flemish environmental
reporting (MIRA), chapters Agriculture and
Eutrophication and drawing up the corresponding background documents (www.milieurapport.be)
Delivery of indicators to the OECD, e.g. the soil
nutrient balance
Delivery of indicators concerning agriculture,
environment and rural development to EUROSTAT
Advice and services
Advice concerning policy issues, usually on topical matters (in the past recommendations have been formulated
concerning organic farming, the manure policy, the sugar
policy and rural development)
Feedback groups and refereeing
•
•
•
Participation in diverse stakeholder and feedback groups
Refereeing of several chapters in MIRA (environmental
report), NARA (nature report) and LARA (agricultural report)
Refereeing of policy preparatory documents, among others concerning the themes mentioned above.
4.3 Centre for Diagnosis of Plant
Pests
The Centre for Diagnosis of Plant Pests (CDPP) constitutes an operational unit of four plant health laboratories,
viz. bacteriology, entomology/acarology, mycology and
nematology within the unit Plant-Crop Protection which
have joined their expertise in diagnosis and detection of
plant pests. Samples of plants and plant products, soil and
water as well as imported plant material, stored foodstuffs
and materials from houses or other buildings can be submitted for analysis of harmful organisms. Bacteria, fungi,
insects and mites, nematodes are accurately detected,
isolated and identified using a wide range of conventional
as well as innovative techniques. The CDPP offers stateof-the-art services to growers, inspection and extension
organisations, research institutes, government agencies,
private companies and persons.
The laboratory of bacteriology starts diagnostic analysis
by dilution-plating infected plant tissues to verify if and
to which extent plant pathogenic bacteria are involved
in the disease symptoms. Many of the harmful bacteria
encountered in diagnosis can be quickly identified with
highly specific antibody and PCR tests complemented with
a pathogenicity test to prove that the isolated pathogen
is really the cause of the disease (Koch’s postulates). However, sometimes it is not straightforward to identify the
isolated bacterial pathogen so that phenotype tests are
required too.
Detection of latent infection in plant material such as potato tubers and seeds and contamination in various matrixes
such as water, soil and waste products of transformation
processes involve selective plating, serological testing and
DNA analysis, in particular after selective enrichment of
the target pathogen. Specific plant pathogenic bacteria
can be characterised by a molecular fingerprint which
may give indications on introduction or distribution. Internationally recognised and standardised detection protocols (EU, EPPO, ISTA) are available for specific bacterial
pathogens in potato tubers, seeds and planting material.
The laboratory of entomology and acarology provides expertise in detection and identification of harmful insects
and mites in crops, stored foodstuffs, in houses and other
buildings, public and private gardens, imported and exported plant material. Insects and mites can be identified
directly by examination under a binocular microscope or
after extraction from the sample by incubation in Berlese
funnels (isolation by light and temperature) or, specifically
for mites, by a centrifugation/flotation method. The extracted organisms are conserved in alcohol solution for
further determination which is performed by examination
of morphological properties available in identification
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keys. A large and extensive collection with a wide diversity
of insect and mite specimens is available for reference
purposes.
In the laboratory of mycology, fungi that are obligate parasites are directly identified on the infected plant tissue
by microscopic examination, if necessary after incubation.
Other plant pathogenic fungi from diseased plant tissues
are determined after isolation on culture media or incubation in a buffered salt solution. Fungal material, including
spores and hyphae, are collected from water samples by
membrane filtration. Qualitative and (semi-)quantitative
analysis by selective plating or by molecular detection,
viz. real-time PCR, reveals the presence of specific fungi
and, if detected, allows estimation of their density in the
sample. This application is used frequently to monitor the
performance of disinfection equipment (UV lamps, slow
sand filtration) and of recycling nutrient solutions in hydroponic systems. A particular test for analysis of water
samples is the leaf bait test in which Rhododendron leaves
in a mesh bag are deposited for three to five days in the
water sample or in the water tank. Spores of Pythium or
Phytophthora are attracted by the leaves and will finally
cause infections. The leaves are sent to the lab where the
leaf lesions are analysed by plating on selective culture
media. The developing fungi are identified microscopically by their morphological characteristics or by molecular
analysis.
Appropriate isolation techniques are also practised in the
laboratory of nematology to extract nematodes from soil,
water, various culture substrates, wood and plant tissues.
A unique equipment has been constructed to obtain free
living nematodes from soil or roots. Using the principle
of zonal centrifugation a sample is processed within a
few minutes followed by isolation of the nematode specimen which is identified by microscopic examination of its
morphological properties. Nematode identification often
implies measurement of small morphological details to
differentiate accurately between species and this analysis is facilitated by image-processing. Moreover, relevant
details are stored as evidence and as reference material
which is very useful for plant quarantine nematodes. Molecular identification is performed for species which cannot reliably be differentiated by morphological analysis. A
particular test is provided for the potato cyst nematode.
Determination of the viability of the isolated nematode
cysts, which involves the counting of the number of eggs
and juveniles, is used to assist phytosanitary decisions.
after a successful pre-audit by the Belgian Accreditation
Board (BELAC) in October. Pending the finalisation of laboratory alterations to meet bio-security requirements, the
acquisition of the accreditation certificate for each of the
four laboratories is acknowledged as official recognition
of the technical competence and of the objectivity in performing a wide range of phytosanitary tests using standardised and validated protocols.
Accreditation also forces CDPP to engage in a process
of continuous improvement and innovation which implies
that the tests are performed according to state-of-the-art
methodologies and by motivated and conscientious staff
which will increase confidence of government services and
private operators in the results of the analysis. The acquisition of the ISO accreditation is a strategic objective for
CDPP and targets capacity building for further expansion.
The analysis of large numbers of samples within the proposed time delay requires a permanent critical evaluation
of the daily activities.
The ILVO phytosanitary laboratories which perform according to the ISO quality system will be a powerful instrument for the government for making underpinned policy
decisions and an important tool to resolve trade arrangements or disputes.
The requirements on organisation and performance will
also contribute to assure the quality and health of the
agricultural and horticultural production in Flanders and
to manage crisis situations. Because ISO accreditation is
unequivocally identified, it will consolidate and increase
confidence of the producer as well as the consumer in a
Flemish quality product.
ISO 17025 accreditation should allow CDPP to take a
leading position in diagnostic research and associated services on the European and the international plant
health forum.
CDPP is in the final phase of obtaining ISO 17025 accreditation for a number of diagnostic plant pest protocols
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4.4 Varieties developed by ILVOPlant - Cultivars on variety lists and
commercialised
Seed multiplied
Perennial ryegrass – fodder type
diploïd
- Achat
- Isabel
- Melland
- Melpico
- Merbo
- Merganda
- Merks
- Paddok
- Plenty
- Odessa
- Rebecca
- Ritz
- Vigor
tetraploïd
- Ernesto
- Floris
- Graciosa
- Meradonna
- Merkator
- Merkem
- Merlinda
- Pandora
- Pomerol
- Roy
Perennial ryegrass – turf type
- Olano
- Oxiana
- Relon
Italian ryegrass
diploïd
- Adin
- Bellem
- Belluna
- Davinci
- Lemtal
- Melcasso
- Melchior
- Melclips
- Meribel
- Merode
- Mertaki
- Meryl
- Muriello
- Nadine
- Prospect
- Romeldo
tetraploïd
- Gemini
- Fedra
- Melquatro
- Meritra
- Meroa
- Racine
- Salomé
Hybrid ryegrass
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- Hymer
- Lemsor
- Merini
Westerwold ryegrass
diploïd
tetraploïd
- Melworld
- Mendoza
- Lemnos
- Melmondo
Meadow fescue
- Merifest
Timothy
- Anjo
- Comer
- Dolina
- Erecta
- Tibor
Red fescue
- Nevski
- Rolf
Red clover
- Global
- Lemmon
- Mercury
- Merian
- Merviot
- Rotra
- Violetta
White clover
- Merida
- Merwi
- Merlyn
Chicory
- Arancha
- Arioso
- Belcanto
- Crescendo
- Hera
- Melci
- Vivace
Stubble turnips
- Durmelander
- Dynamo
- Leielander
Fodder beets
- Adagio
- Apex
- Bolero
- Dana
- Gonda
- Ribondo
- Romeo
- Uno
White mustard
- Chacha
- Flamenco
- Meringue
- Polka
- Rumba
- Salsa
- Solea
- Swing
Fodder radish
- Brutus
- Cassius
- Dux
- Lucas
- Nero
- Sirius
- Sixtus
Forage rape
- Dino
- Napoleon
- Wilma
Parsley
- Mersil
Scorzonera
- Antonia
- Keukenfee
Leek
- Makostar
Vegetatively multiplied
Roses
- Adolf Papeleu
- André Brichet
- Annelies
- Anton Van Dijk
- Balduinus
- Benoit Friart
- Celientje
- Cera
- Dream
- Floranje
- Florizel
- Godelieve
- Gold Cup
- Gomery
- Graaf van Vlaanderen
- Hertog van Brabant
- Jacky’s Favorite
- Joke
- Kanegem
- Kasteel van Ooidonk
- Koksijde- Liparfum
- Lysa
- Margriet Hermans
- Marie Louise Velge
- Melglory
- Melgold
- Melrose
- Michelle d’Hoop
- Nele
- Pink Kanegem
- Prinses Astrid
- Prinses Mathilde
- Professor Boesman
- Rafael Braeckman
- Rivierenhof
- Rosarium Den Blakken
- Sabine
Cut roses
Bromelia
Hibiscus
- Showy gold
- Slot van Laarne
- Toporanje
- Ville du Roeulx
- Wettra
- White Symphonie
- Windekind
- Païline
- Cathy
- Diabolo
- Fernanda
- Festival
- Regine de Ligne
- Romero
- Melmauve
- Melroze
- Melwhite
Malus- DvP Obel/Red Obelisk®
- Pompom
Azalea- Cheops
- Cupideau
- Directeur Van Slycken
- Gilbert Mullie
- Lara
- Laura Ashley
- Lara Rood
- Mevr. André Heungens
- Mevr. Jozef Heursel
- Mevr. Marcel Vanbelle
- Mevr. Roger De Loose
- Mevr. Van Eetvelde
- Mistral
- Phoenix
- Prinses Claire
- Roger Raveel
- Rolinda
- Roxane
- Roxette
- Schuman
- Vinivi
Ligustrum
- Melgreen/Green Century®
- Melblack
Begonia
- DvP
- Optima Savanna
- Optima Taiga
Chamaecyparis - Melgold
Prunus
- Melred
- Melred Weeping
- Melstar
Hydrangea paniculata
- DvP Pinky/Pinky-Winky®
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4.5 TAD FarmCOMPOST
The consultancy service TAD FarmCOMPOST provides
information and advice on farm composting and the use
of compost and compost tea for the Flemish agricultural
sector. The project is financed by IWT and Symbios, an
association of agricultural organisations.
On 11 January 2006 FarmCOMPOST organised a seminar ‘Agriculture has a future: even with reduced fertilisation and reduced pesticide use’. The central theme was
‘crop type directed soil management with living inputs:
compost and compost tea’. The guest speaker was Dr.
Elaine Ingham of the Sustainable Studies Institute, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America.
A hundred participants, civil servants, consultants, researchers and growers were captivated by her explanation
about characterising and interpreting cultivation systems
based on the soil foodweb and measures that act upon
the soil foodweb. A crop- directed soil management that
introduces the correct soil biology, results in a sound crop
and a high product quality.
The next day, 12 January, a second presentation was
made for a more limited public. The theme then was ‘Application of compost tea in hydroponics’. Aspects as working mechanisms of compost tea, compost tea technology
and application were treated.
In 2006, the accent for TAD FarmCOMPOST was on
orientating experiments on farms concerning the use of
compost and compost tea.
An experiment that started in 2005 and continued in 2006
has to reveal whether fertilisation on begonia parcels,
more specifically the nature of the organic basic fertilisation influences tuber quality. A fertilisation trial with the
following objects was conducted on two parcels: stable
manure plus mineral fertiliser versus fungal dominant
CMC-compost plus organic fertiliser. The compost objects
received no extra fertilisation during the growing season
contrary to the objects with stable manure. There was no
difference in crop protection measures, water supply and
soil tillage between compost and stable manure objects.
During the first growing season (2005) and the resulting
tuber harvest some striking results were already observed.
During the cultivation period the epiphytic infection of
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Begoniae was determined,
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the bacteria causing leaf spot disease. There was a significant lower infection with the compost objects. Tuber quality was evaluated on the basis of the percentage of dry
rot during the conservation period and the percentage of
tubers not sprouting after the conservation period. In the
case of the begonia type ‘Dubbel Zalm’, which is sensitive
to conservation rot, a more than double percentage loss is
assessed for the stable manure object in comparison with
the compost object.
In 2006, an experiment was set up at the Proefcentrum Hoogstraten in cooperation with TAD FarmCOMPOST and the Acterra company concerning the addition
of CMC-compost to the growing medium and different
fertilisation variants for a delayed and continued (till May
2007) strawberry crop. This is an extension of the research
that was carried out at ILVO during three growing seasons, 2003-2005, where in the case of a compost-based
substrate a high suppression of powdery mildew, grey
mould, spider mites and aphids was observed.
With the assistance of FarmCOMPOST some compost
tea applications were tested in Flanders in 2005 and
2006. Compost tea appeared effective against mildew
in tree nursery on sensitive species, hawthorn (Crataegus
monogyna) and field maple (Acer campestre). A weekly
application of compost tea on a tomato crop in hydroponics prevented to a high extent Botrytis cinerea infection
(stem rot). After starting the treatment the wounds on the
already infected stems dried out preventing plant losses.
An explanation for this success is found in literature. The
phyllosphere harbours a complex microbial community
in which fungi occupy a predominant place. It is likely
that the food resources on the leaf surface are abundant
enough to sustain a large and diversified number of fungi
with different attributes. All fungi that have a saprophytic
and epiphytic life phase will invariably have to compete
against other fungi for the somewhat limited nutrients on
the leaf surface. Hence, the use of saprophytic fungi as
biocontrol agents is a logical strategy. They can colonise
rapidly host debris that would otherwise serve as food
source for plant pathogens. The infection by Botrytis cinerea on a tomato crop is starting on necrotic tissue of the
stumps of the stems of the removed leaves.
A fertilisation advice by FarmCOMPOST is based on a
nutrient balance and a soil foodweb analysis. Since 2006,
fertilisation is evaluated and adapted on the basis of plant
juice analyses. Different parameters are determined. The
brix gives an indication of the amount of solutes in the
plant juice. The optimum pH-H2O is 6.2. Also the electrical conductivity (salts in solution) is determined, and separately the elements K+, NO3- en Na+. This strategy was
successfully executed on different parcels for various crops
(lettuce, fennel, hop, tomato, cucumber and pepper). .
On 16 September the Acterra company organised a demonstration on farm composting on the farm ‘Het Zilverleen’ in Alveringem. They use a self-driving compost turning machine for contract work. FarmCOMPOST assisted
the composting operations at the demonstration site and
gave some explanation during the visit.
What the FarmCOMPOST project has shown is that by tuning the cultivation measures to the suitable microbiology,
the crop result can be improved dramatically. Compost
and compost tea are the outstanding means therefore.
Dried wound stem rot infection on tomato plants by using compost tea
Trial ILVO-Proefcentrum Hoogstraten: strawberry on compost-based substrate
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4.6 Variety Testing – Post-control
trials - Seed Testing Laboratory
In the context of a mandated assignment of the Agency
for Agriculture and Fisheries - Product Quality Management Division, ILVO-Plant-TO gives scientific, technical
and logistic support for the execution of the EU directives
concerning the national variety catalogue of agricultural
crops (Directive 2002/53/EU).
In case of agricultural crops, a new cultivar can only be
traded when it is registered on the Belgian or European
variety catalogue. A cultivar which is admitted on a national variety catalogue of a EU-country automatically enters
the European catalogue after several months (Directive
70/457 en 98/95).
A new cultivar is admitted for inscription on the Belgian
variety catalogue when it has an approved name, is sufficiently distinct, uniform and stable (DUS), and has a sufficient value for cultivation and use (VCU). To evaluate the
DUS and VCU, a new cultivar is tested during 2 to 4 years
in comparison with standard varieties, i.e. Variety Testing.
The protocols for the DUS and VCU trials are put forward
by the Technical Interregional Working group (TIW).
DUS-trials
ILVO-PlantTO executes the DUS-trials for chicory and
fodder beets, according to the UPOV-criteria (Union
pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales). For other
crops, there are bilateral agreements, e.g. with France for
maize. At this moment, 2 fodder beet varieties (against
15 standard varieties) and 4 chicory varieties (against 21
standard varieties) are tested in the DUS-trials.
A cultivar is sufficiently distinct when it distinguishes itself
from any other variety registered in the EU or in trial by
one or more important perceptible characteristics, which
are based on:
- morphology, e.g. root length and shape for chicory
- colour, e.g. colour of the root for fodder beets,
colour of the flower for chicory
- physiology, e.g. inulin content for chicory
- disease resistance
A cultivar is sufficiently uniform when all the plants of the
cultivar are similar or genetic identical for all considered
characteristics, taking into account the method of reproduction. A new cultivar should be as homogeneous as all
comparable varieties.
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A cultivar is sufficiently stable when, after repeated reproductions, it still is in agreement with its description.
VCU-trials
ILVO-Plant-TO executes the VCU-trials for each agricultural crop when there is a new requirement for registration,
except for sugar beets. In 2006 trials were carried out for
silage maize and corn (123 varieties in trial), ryegrasses
(37 varieties in trial), white clover (1 variety in trial), fodder
beet (2 varieties in trial), chicory (4 varieties in trial), flax (4
varieties in trial) and cereals (28 varieties in trial).
A cultivar has a sufficient value for cultivation and use
when it includes a clear improvement compared to the
current cultivars either for the cultivation, or for the valorisation of the harvest, or for the obtained products. Sometimes a lower level of certain characteristics (e.g. yield)
can be compensated by specific favourable characteristics
like disease resistance. At this moment, there are fodder
beet cultivars in trial with a possible resistance against rhizoctonia or rhizomania.
Depending on the species, 6 to 10 trials are laid out at
different locations in Flanders (Merelbeke, Geel, Poperinge, Bassevelde) and the Walloon Region (executed by
CRA-Gembloux). In the trials the new cultivars are compared with standard varieties (i.e. the current best varieties
in the commercial circuit) according to beforehand determined criteria using a weighting factor. The new cultivar is
admitted for inscription on the Belgian variety catalogue
when the results of the VCU and DUS trials are positive
and when it has an approved name.
An important characteristic for VCU-research is the dry
matter yield, together with some specific characteristics for
each crop, for example:
- silage maize and corn: digestibility, lodging and
stalk rot
- chicory: inulin-content
- ryegrasses: rust resistance and persistence
- fodder beets: tare
- flax: fibre content
Annually on average 10% of the tested varieties enter the
national variety catalogue. By setting higher requirements
for the standard varieties and by using criteria based on
sustainability (quality, disease resistance and harvest security) only the best varieties are admitted for inscription
to the national catalogue. In 2006 the following criteria
were reviewed:
- Review of the criteria for silage maize: number of
rows, harvest date, precocity, digestibility
- International cooperation for flax: comparison of the trial protocols of Belgium and The Netherlands, and working out a proposal for an international network.
Post-control trials and Seed Testing Laboratory
The following activities were set up for the executive control tasks in connection with the legal quality control of
plant material that concerns the whole chain, from testing
a new variety to control of the seed production and postcontrol of seed multiplications:
- Official pre- and post-control trials for grasses, flax and potatoes
- Supporting activities to the Seed Testing Laboratory.
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4.7 Addition of accredited laboratory
analyses in the framework of food authenticity and food safety
The Quality Division of the research areas Food Safety
and Product Quality and Innovation with its accredited laboratories forms an excellent tool for the food sector and
the government.
Since 26 September 1995, the laboratories of the Quality
Division have the competence to perform their analyses
according to BELTEST/BELAC criteria. The functioning
of the division is in accordance with the NBN EN ISO/
IEC 17025:2005 standard and the ISO/IEC Guide 431:1997.
More than 50 accredited analyses and 6 types of proficiency studies are performed and organised in four different laboratories.
The chromatographic laboratory
In the chromatographic laboratory, the following analyses are performed under accreditation: determination of
aflatoxin M1 in milk, milk powder, yoghurt and cheese by
means of immunoaffinity clean-up followed by LC-fluorescence detection - determination of PCBs in milk and milk
products and in eggs and egg products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection - determination of
chemical coccidiostats in eggs and meat by LC-MS/MS
- determination of β-lactam antibiotics in milk by LC-MS/
MS - determination of benzimidazoles in milk by LC-MS/
MS - determination of sulphonamides in honey by LCMS/MS - determination of macrocyclic lactones in milk by
LC-fluorescence.
In 2006, the scope of accredited analyses has been extended. In the chromatographic laboratory an extension was
obtained for the determination of coccidiostats in meat by
means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two new methods were accredited,
namely the determination of macrocyclic lactones in milk
by means of LC-fluorescence detection and the determination of sulphonamides in honey by means of LC-MS/
MS. In the laboratory for physical and chemical analyses
and the organisation of ring trials, the analysis of alkaline phosphatase and the organisation of an additional
ring trial (determination of fat in cream) were added to
the scope. Finally, the scope of the microbiological and
GMO laboratory was extended in 2006 with the detection
of genetically modified (GM) canola and the event-specific detection of GMOs in soybean, maize, and canola.
For the latter, a flexible scope was obtained.
The laboratory for physical and chemical analyses and the organisation of ring trials
This laboratory performs physical and chemical analyses
on milk and/or milk products. It concerns the determination of fat, protein, NPN, dry matter, density, freezing point,
disinfectants and the analysis of alkaline phosphatase.
Comparative studies are organised to give scientific guidance to the Belgian Milk Control laboratories and the
Belgian dairy industry. The comparative studies are performed for the determination of the quality and the composition of milk (cfr. Royal Decree of 3 September 2000
concerning the recognition of the interprofessional control
laboratories for the determination of the quality and the
composition of milk), according to ISO/IEC Guide 43-1:
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for identification of GMO events in all solid matrices and
derived products, the laboratory is allowed to detect new
events, listed in the CRL register of EU-authorised events,
according to the CRL official detection methods.
The laboratory for the detection of antibiotics
1997. The ring trials for the industrial labs are organised
for the following parameters: total flora, coliforms, freezing point, inhibitory substances, fat and protein content
on raw milk and determination of fat on cream.
The microbiological and GMO laboratory
Twelve of the fourteen microbiological analyses are performed on all foodstuffs: total (an)aerobic flora or sporeformers, coliforms, β-glucuronidase positive Escherichia
coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, yeasts
and moulds, Salmonella, Listeria spp., Listeria monocytogenes, sulphite-reducing anaerobic flora, Clostridium
perfringens, Campylobacter, Bacillus cereus and E. coli
O157. Yoghurt is examined on the presence and quantity
of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Enterotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus are detected
in milk and milk products.
In this laboratory 17 accredited analyses are performed.
The matrices concern milk and milk products, honey and
bee products, eggs, meat and meat products, fishery- and
aquaculture products and kidney. In milk and milk products, residues of antibiotics (β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, chloramphenicol, etc.) and sulphonamides can
be detected. Honey and bee products can be screened on
the presence of streptomycins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and sulphonamides. The detection of chloramphenicol in meat (and meat products) and in fishery and aquaculture products is also accredited. Finally, the laboratory
has accreditation for the detection of sulphonamides in
eggs and the screening of kidney for inhibitory substances.
The complete scope of accredited analyses can be found
on our Internet site http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/T&V/
documents/Scope_accreditatie.pdf
The scope of this laboratory also includes qualitative and
quantitative analysis of GMOs in soybean (RRS) and maize
derived products (Bt11, Bt176, GA21, MON810, T25);
qualitative event-specific detection of GM canola (MS8,
RF3, GT73), and qualitative event-specific detection of
GM maize (NK603, MON863, TC1507, DAS59122).
Matrices are raw materials and all solid derived products.
GMO analysis is based on the real-time PCR technology
and is performed within the regulatory framework conform 18/2001/EC, 1829/2003/EC, 1830/2003/EC and
recommendation 787/2004/EC. Within its flexible scope
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4.8 New hygiene directives in the
pilot plant
In the context of the legal prescriptions for the production
and processing of food, a new auto-control plan, based
on the principles of HACCP, was realised.
This procedure included the organisation of the plan concerned but also the guarantee of traceability and a range
of adaptations of the infrastructure of the pilot plant.
A variety of equipment has been installed such as cleaning systems, registration equipment for the most important parameters during the evaporating and spray-drying
process, as well as a pest-control system.
In a first phase the evaporating and spray-drying parameters are recorded because in this department products
used for human consumption are manufactured or transformed.
The next phase involves the production of UHT-drinks and
ice-cream; finally all production processes will be covered.
A further optimisation of the infrastructure of the pilot plant
is essential.
In cooperation with the Department of Facilitary Management of the Flemish Government many essential renovations will be realised.
4.9 TAD “Hoevezuivel” – Farm
dairying in practice
Several dairy farmers, dairy farm producers, dairy goat
farmers, dairy horse farmers and small and medium enterprises of the dairy industry, can consult since 1 May
2005 the Technological Advisory Service Farm Dairying of ILVO-T&V. This advisory service cooperates with a
variety of organisations (IKM Vlaanderen, Boerenbond,
Algemeen Boerensyndicaat, KVLV-Agra Steunpunt Hoeveproducten en Belgisch Paardenmelkerijverbond and is
financially supported by IWT.
The main target of the TAD Farm Dairying is to advise
dairy farmers in case of problems or questions about the
following subjects:
- Milk product quality;
- Hygiene and technology in dairy farm production;
- Contamination with paratuberculosis.
Several forms of advice and sensitisation are used.
Examples are the workshop “Tests to detect antibiotic residues on the farm” and lectures about “Critical control
points in cheese production and thermometer calibration”
and “Food hygiene, auto-control, traceability, notification
duty and labelling”. Experts from ILVO-T&V also visit dairy
farms to give individual advice. Several problems and
questions were resolved by telephone. The nature of the
problems concerned antibiotic screening, contaminants,
the presence of coliforms and staphylococci, etc. Information about the development of new products such as
cheese with red smear bacteria was provided. For the elaboration of analyses and technological experiments the
TAD can rely on the laboratories and pilot plant of ILVOT&V-BU.
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4.10 Agromech
The Technological Advisory Service ‘Agromech’ makes recommendations and provides information to farmers, contractors and developers of agricultural machinery around
a number of topics: environmental protection, reduction
of quality losses of agricultural and horticultural products,
optimisation of the efficiency of machines, reduction of the
inputs and an improved safety for the operators of machinery. It is obvious that the nature of the questions and the
needs of the different target groups are diverse.
Farmers and contractors are mainly users of machines.
The recommendations to this group are situated especially
in the field of adjusting and improving the use of machines: fertiliser spreaders (spreading pattern), potato harvesters (prevention of discolouration), chicory harvesters,
sprayers (incl. lance sprayers), etc. The questions from the
constructors of agricultural machines are somewhat different. Agromech can assist this group in the design of
new machines (e.g. how to guarantee the safety of the
user, testing of sprayers, etc.) and with the acquisition of
IWT-financing.
This kind of service generally necessitates a visit to the
farm. After completing the necessary observations a report
is made up for the people concerned.
Not all recommendations are of this extent. Most questions can be answered with a short recommendation or by
providing the necessary information.
Two collaborators operate the TAD Agromech and can
use the collective expertise of ILVO-T&V-AT.
Besides supplying individual service, in 2006 some 120
recommendations, Agromech tries to disseminate as
much as possible information to groups. This is done in
workshops, demonstrations, publications and through a
newsletter.
The service is partly free, and this is made possible by the
co-financing of the “Begrotingsfonds voor de Grondstoffen” (Fund for Raw Materials).
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4.12 Laboratory for Spray Application
Techniques
4.11 AgriCONSTRUCT
The technological advisory service AgriCONSTRUCT started its activities in 2002. Its main target is to advise farmers, contractors and manufacturers of building materials,
on the use of building materials in the agricultural sector.
IWT approved in 2006 the extension of the project for the
next four years. The new project is mainly a continuation
of the activities with an expanding of the target groups
such as architects and advisory services. Additional attention will be given to find and to support new developments
created by the farmers themselves.
480 individual advices were given to farmers, contractors,
manufacturers or advisors with 140 farm visits. Besides
individual advice, much attention is paid to the quarterly
“AgriCONSTRUCT”. Each issue carries a theme analysed
in detail by different specialists from the service. Specific
advices are grouped in articles, workshops and courses.
The technological advisory service publishes also brochures and papers.
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The Laboratory for Spray Application Techniques is since
spring 2002 BELAC-accredited according to ISO 17025
(Certificate 259-T). This accreditation covers four specific tests concerning spray equipment, namely 1) the flow
rate of individual nozzles at a given spray pressure, 2)
the liquid distribution of an individual nozzle at a given
spray height and pressure, 3) the liquid distribution of a
set of nozzles mounted on a standard spray boom at a
given spray pressure, height and offset angle and 4) the
liquid distribution of a field crop sprayer at a given spray
pressure, height and offset angle. Apart from these four
accredited measuring set-ups, the laboratory possesses
a wide range of measuring and test devices to characterise sprayers and/or sprayer parts. The laboratory performs these accredited tests on the one hand to support
4.13 Quality control in connection
with the maintenance of milk installations
internal research projects with respect to spray application
techniques and on the other hand to serve external customers: manufacturers of spray equipment and accessories,
scientific institutes, governmental bodies, plant protection
companies, etc.
In 2006, the laboratory performed assignments of both
Belgian and foreign customers. The main assignments resulted from specific requirements set by the guidelines of
‘Good Experimental Practices’ to which customers want/
need to comply. Sprayers to perform spray jobs on experimental plots were delivered to the laboratory to test
their liquid distribution, functionality of the safety valve,
pressure regulator and pressure gauges. A validation dossier was prepared to obtain a flexible scope for the determination of the liquid distribution of spray booms of
up to 3 m using a patternator (with 50 mm
wide channels). Validation trials were carried
out and summarised in the dossier. Furthermore, flow rate measurements of nozzles
were carried out for internal, external and
foreign customers.
The project group ‘Control’ coordinates all activities in
Belgium concerning the maintenance tests of milk installations (milking installations, refrigerated farm milk tanks)
and organises the training and support of milk cooling
equipment technicians, milking machine technicians and
milk yield specialists. The operation of ‘Control’ takes into
account the requirements set out by IKM (Integral Quality Monitoring of Milk) and the international standards
for milk installations viz. ISO 3918, ISO 5707 and ISO
6690.
All measuring and advisory reports of milk installations and
refrigerated farm bulk tanks made in 2005 were inventoried during the past year. Subsequently all technicians
were evaluated by means of a fully automated evaluation
report made in Excel. Therefore, 5% of all reports from
each technician, with a minimum of five, were selected at
random and checked for accuracy and correctness. Since
the start of this project a clear increase in this score has
been observed. The measuring equipment of each technician was also checked: pulsator tester, vacuum meter, air
flow meter and thermometer.
The above results demonstrate the importance of a periodic maintenance of both milk installation and refrigerated
farm bulk tanks. Maintenance must be carried out correctly. Hence, providing a qualitative training and regular specialisation courses for technicians is essential. The
annual evaluation of service technicians not only serves
the goal of supervising their work but must also solve the
technical questions and problems that they may encounter
with the maintenance of milk installations or milk cooling
equipment. Since the start of the project in 1996 a remarkable improvement in the maintenance of milk equipment
has been observed.
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5. Publications
5.1 Articles published in journals and
included in the Science Citation Index
de la Peña E., Rodríguez-Echeverría S., Van der Putten W. H., Freitas H, Moens
M. (2006) Mechanism of control of root-feeding nematodes by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the dune grass Ammophila arenaria. New Phytologist, 169:
829-840.
Duquennne B., Eeckhaut T., Werbrouck S., Van Huylenbroeck J. (2006) In vitro
somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Zantedeschia hybrids., Plant
Cell Tiss. Organ Cult., DOI 10.1007/s11240-006-9161-8.
Animal Sciences
Eeckhaut T., Leus L., Van Huylenbroeck J. (2005) Exploitation of flow cytometry
for ornamental breeding. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 27: 743-750.
Daeseleire E., Mortier L., Delahaut P., Huyghebaert G. (2006) Determination of
concentration levels of anticoccidials in eggs due to the presence of low levels
of those compounds in feed for laying hens caused by carryover at the feeding
mill. Accred. Qual. Assur. 11: 44-48.
Honnay O., Jacquemijn H., Roldan-Ruiz I., Hermy M. (2006) Consequences
of prolonged clonal growth on local and regional genetic structure and fruiting
success of the forest perennial Maianthemum bifolium, Oikos 112: 21-30.
De Campeneere S., De Boever J., De Brabander D.L. (2006) Comparison of
rolled, NaOH treated and ensiled wheat grain in dairy cattle diets. Livest. Sci.
99: 267-276.
Honnay O., Coart E., Butaye J., Adriaens D., Van Glabeke S., Roldan-Ruiz I.
(2006) Low impact of present and historical landscape configuration on the
genetics of fragmented Athyllis vulneria populations. Biological Conservation
127: 411-419.
De Campeneere S., De Brabander D.L., Vanacker J. (2006) Milk urea concentration as affected by the roughage type offered to dairy cattle. Livest. Sci. 103:
30-39.
Fiems L.O., Van Caelenbergh W., De Campeneere S., De Brabander D.L.
(2006) Body condition scoring in relation to changes in body weight and performance in Belgian Blue double-muscled beef cows. Anim. Res. 55: 121-130.
Lippens M. (2006) Influence of feed protein content on compensatory growth
capacity and carcass composition of feed restricted broiler chickens. Zootechnica Int. 1: 34-36.
Maertens L., Lebas F., Szendro Zs. (2006) Rabbit milk: a review of quantity,
quality and non-dietary affecting factors. World Rabbit Sci. 14: 205-230.
Maertens L., Struklec M. (2006) Technical note: Preliminary results with a tannin
extract on the performance and mortality of growing rabbits in an enteropathy
infected environment. World Rabbit Sci. 14: 189-192.
Prunier A., Bonneau M., von Borell E.H., Cinotti S., Gunn M., Fredriksen B.,
Giersing M., Morton D., Tuyttens F., Velarde A. (2006) A review of the welfare
consequences of surgical castration in piglets and the evaluation of non-surgical methods. Animal Welfare 15: 277-289.
Szendro Zs, Gyovai M., Maertens L., Biro-Németh E., Radnai I., Matics Zs,
Princz Z., Gerencsér Zs., Horn P. (2006) Influence of birth weight and nutrient
supply before and after weaning on the performance of rabbit does to age of
the first mating. Livest. Sci. 103: 54-64.
Van Laar H., Van Straalen W., van Gelder A.H., De Boever J., D’heer B., Vedder H., Kroes R., De Bot P., Van Hees J., Cone J. (2006) Repeatability and
reproducibility of an automated gas production technique. Anim. Feed Sci.
Technol. 127: 133-150.
Vlaeminck B., Fievez V., Tamminga S., Dewhurst R.J., van Vuuren A., De Brabander D.L., Demeyer D. (2006) Milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in
relation to the rumen fermentation pattern. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 3954-3964.
Plant Sciences
Ansari M.A., Farman A., Moens M. (2006) Compared virulence of the Belgian isolate of Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and the type
population of S. scarabaei to white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae).
Nematology 8: 787-791.
Ansari M.A., Shah F.A., Tirry L., Moens M. (2006) Field trials against Hoplia
philanthus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with a combination of an entomopathogenic nematode and the fungus Metharizium anisopliae CLO 53. Biological
Control 39: 453-459.
Ansari M.A., Casteels H., Tirry L., Moens M. (2006) Biology of Hoplia philanthus (Col., Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae), a new and severe pest in Belgian turf.
Environmental Entomology 1500-1507.
Jordaens K., De Wolf H., Van Houtte N., Vandecasteele B., Backeljau T. (2006)
Genetic variation in two land snails, Cepaea nemoralis and Succinea putris,
from sites differing in heavy metal content. Genetica, 128: 227-239.
Jordaens K., De Wolf H., Vandecasteele B., Blust R., Backeljau T. (2006) Associations of shell strength, shell morphology and heavy metals in the land snail
Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae). Science of the Total Environment,
363: 285-293.
Kyndt T., Van Droogenbroeck B., Haegeman A., Roldan-Ruiz I., Gheysen G.
(2006) Cross-species microsatellite amplification in Vasconcellea and rlated
genera an d their use in germplasm classification.,Genome 49: 786-798.
Łączyński A., De Moor A., Dierickx W., Moens M., Darius P., Sonck B., Ramon
H.(2006) The effect of hydraulic agitation on the viability of the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Crop Protection 25: 1135-1141.
Leus L., Dewitte A., Van Huylenbroeck J., Vanhoute N., Van Bockstaele E., Höfte
M. (2006) Podosphera pannosa (syn. Spaerotheca pannosa) on Rosa and Prumus spp.: characterisation of pathotypes by differential plant reactions and ITS
sequences. , Journal of Phytopathology, 154: 23-28.
Mestdagh I., Lootens P., Van Cleemput O. & Carlier L. (2006) Variation in organic-carbon concentration and bulk density in Flemish grassland soils. Journal
of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 169(5): 616-622.
Moerkerke B., Goetghebeur E., De Riek J., Roldan-Ruiz I. (2006) Significance
and impotence: towards a balanced view of the null and the alternative in marker selection for plant breeding. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A,
J.R. Statist.Soc. A.(2006)169: Part 61-79.
Nybom H., Esselinck G.D., Werlemark G., Leus L., Vosman B. (2006) Unique
genomic configuration revealed by microsatellite DNA in polyploid dogroses,
Rosa sect. Caninae. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19: 635-648.
Phan Ke L., Spiridonov S.E., Subbotin S.A., Moens M. (2006) Four new species
of Steinernema Travassos, 1928 with short infective juveniles from Vietnam.
Russian Journal of Nematology 14: 11-29.
Pudasaini M., Viaene N., Moens M. (2006) Effect of marigold (Tagetes patula)
on population dynamics of Pratylenchus penetrans in a field. Nematology 8:
477-484.
Pudasaini M.P., Schomaker C.H., Been T.H., Moens M. (2006) The vertical
distribution of the plant-parasitic nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, under four
field crops. Phytopathology 96: 226-233.
Vandecasteele B., Buysse C.A., Tack F.M.G. (2006) Metal uptake in maize,
willows and poplars on impoldered and freshwater tidal marshes in the Scheldt
estuary. Soil Use and Management, 22: 52-61.
Chaves B., De Neve S., Boeckx P., Berko C., Van Cleemput O., Hofman G.
(2006) Manipulating the N release from 15N labelled celery residues by using
straw and vinasses. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38: 2244-2254.
Van der Putten W. H., Raeymakers A., Piskiewicz A., Kerry B.R., Davies K.G.,
Costa S., Cook R., HolG., Moens M., de la Peña E., Mateille T., Fargette M.,
Maher N., Van der Wurff A.W.G., Freitas H., Rodríguez-Echeverría S. (2006)
Nematode interactions in nature: models for sustainable control of nematode
pests of crop plants? Advances in Agronomy, 89: 277-295.
Chen S., Xiuhua L., Yan A., Spriridonov S.E., Moens M. (2006) A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema hebeiense sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from North China. Nematology 8: 563-574.
Wesemael W., Perry R., Moens M. (2006) The influence of root diffusate and
host age on hatching of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi and
M. fallax. Nematology 8 (6): 895-902.
Coart E., Van Glabeke S., De Loose M., Larsen A.S., Roldan-Ruiz I. (2006)
Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris(L.) Mill.) and the domesticated
apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), Molecular Ecology 15: 2171-2182.
De Keukeleire J., Roldan-Ruiz I., Van Bockstaele E., Heyerick A., De Keukeleire
D. (2006) Efficient Extraction of High-Quality total RNA from various Hop Tissues (Humulus lupulus L.), Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 36: 355362.
106
de la Peña E., Moens M., Van Aelst A., Karssen G. (2006) Description of Pratylenchus dunensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae), a parasite of the dune
grass Ammophila arenaria L. Link. Nematology, 1: 79-88.
Technology & Food
Bohez L., Ducatelle R., Pasmans F., Botteldoorn N., Haesebrouck F., Van Immerseel F. (2006) Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization of the
chicken caecum requires the HilA regulatory protein. Vet. Microbiol., 166: 220210.
Botteldoorn N., Van Coillie E., Grijspeerdt K., Werbrouck H., Haesebrouck F.,
Donne E., D’haese E., Heyndrickx M., Pasmans F., Herman L. (2006) Real-time
reverse transcription PCR for the quantification of the mntH expression of Salmonella enterica as a function of growth phase and phagosome-like conditions.
J. Microbiol Methods., 66: 125-135.
Werbrouck H., Grijspeerdt K., Botteldoorn N., Van Pamel E., Rijpens N., Van
Damme J., Uyttendaele M., Herman L., Van Coillie E. (2006) Differential inlA
and inlB expression and interaction with human intestinal and liver cells by Listeria monocytogenes strains of different origins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72:
3862-3871.
Daeseleire E., Mortier L., Delahaut P., Huyghebaert G. (2006) Determination of
concentration levels of anticoccidials in eggs due to the presence of low levels
of those compounds in feed for laying hens caused by carryover at the feeding
mill. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 11: 44-48.
5.2 Other scientific articles
De Graaf D.C., De Vos P., Heyndrickx M., Van Trappen S., Peiren N., Jacobs
F.J. (2006) Identification of Paenibacillus larvae to the subspecies level: an
obstacle for AFB diagnosis. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 91: 115-123.
De Reu K., Grijspeerdt K., Herman L., Heyndrickx M., Uyttendaele M., Debevere J., Putirulan F.F., Bolder N.M. (2006) The effect of a commercial UV
disinfection system on the bacterial load of shell eggs. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.,
42: 144-148.
De Reu K., Grijspeerdt K., Heyndrickx M., Messens W., Uyttendaele M., Debevere J., Herman L. (2006) Influence of eggshell condensation on eggshell
penetration and whole egg contamination with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. J. Food Prot., 69: 1539-1545.
De Reu K., Grijspeerdt K., Heyndrickx M., Uyttendaele M., Debevere J., Herman
L. (2006) Bacterial shell contamination in the egg collection chains of different
housing systems for laying hens. Brit. Poultry Sci., 47: 163-172.
De Reu K., Grijspeerdt K., Messens W., Heyndrickx M., Uyttendaele M., Debevere J., Herman L. (2006) Eggshell factors influencing eggshell penetration and
whole egg contamination by different bacteria, including Salmonella enteritidis.
Int. J. Food Microbiol., 112: 253-260.
De Schijver A., Devos Y., Van Den Bulcke M., Cadot P., De Loose M., Riheul
D., Sneyers M. (2006) Risk assessment of GM stacked events obtained from
crosses between GM events. Trends Food Sci. Technol., published online: DOI
10.1016/j.tifs.2006.09.002.
Gholamiandekhordi A., Ducatelle, R., Heyndrickx M., Haesebrouck F., Van Immerseel F. (2006) Molecular and phenotypical characterization of Clostridium
perfringens isolates from poultry flocks with different disease status. Vet. Microbiol., 113: 143-52.
Holst-Jensen A., De Loose M., Van Den Eede G. (2006) Coherence between
the legal requirements and approaches for detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their derived products. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54: 27992809.
Klancnik A., Botteldoorn N., Herman L., Smole S. (2006) Survival and stress
induced expression of groEL and rpoD of. Campylobacter jejuni from different
growth phases. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 112: 200-207.
Messens W., Grijspeerdt K., Herman L. (2006) Eggshell penetration of hen’s
eggs by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis upon various storage conditions.
Brit. Poultry Sci., 47: 554-560.
Paoletti C., Heissenberger A., Mazzara M., Larcher S., Grazioli E., Corbisier P.,
Hess N., Berben G., Lubeck P., De Loose M., Moran G., Henry C., Brera C.,
Folch I., Ovesna J., Van Den Eede G. (2006) Kernel Lot Distribution Assessment
(KeLDA): a study on the distribution of GMO in large soybean shipments. Eur.
Food Res. Technol., 224: 129-139.
Animal Sciences
Hostens K., Moulaert I. (2006) De epi-, macro- en visfauna op de Vlakte van
de Raan. In: Coosen J., Mees J., Seys J., Fockedey N. (eds.). Studiedag: De
Vlakte van de Raan van onder het stof gehaald, Oostende (B). VLIZ special
Publication, 35: 116-135.
Milà i Canals L., Bauer C., Depestele J., Dubreuil A., Freiermuth R., Gaillard
G., Michelsen O., Müller-Wenk R., Rydgren B. (2006) Key elements in a framework for land use impact assessment in LCA. Version 2, 21/03/06. Discussion
paper for the Land Use sub-taskforce within the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative Programme on LCIA, Task-Force 2 on natural resources and land use.
Available from http://www.lci-network.de/cms/content/pid/591.
Vanhonacker F., Van Poucke E., Nijs G., Braeckman J., Tuyttens F., Verbeke
W. (2006) Defining animal welfare from a citizen and consumer perspective:
exploratory findings from Belgium. Ethics and the Politics of Food. Wageningen
Acad. Publ. (NL): 580-582.
Van Poucke E., Vanhonacker F., Nijs G., Braeckman J., Verbeke W., Tuyttens
F. (2006) Defining the concept of animal welfare: integrating the opinion of
citizens and other stakeholders. Ethics and the Politics of Food. Wageningen
Acad. Publ. (NL): 555-559.
Plant Sciences
Barrière Y., Alber D., Dolstra O., Lapierre C., Motto M., Ordas A., Van Waes
J., Vlasminkel L., Welcker C., Monod J.P. (2006) Past and prospects of forage
maize breeding in Europe. I. The grass cell wall as a basic of genetic variation
and future improvements in feeding value. Maydica 50: 259-274.
Chaves B., De Neve S., Hofman G., Van Cleemput O. (2006) Conserving N
from high N crop residues under field conditions by using on- and off-farm
organic waste products. Acta Horticulturae, 700: 249-254
Dewitte A., Eeckhaut T., Van Huylenbroeck J., Van Bockstaele E. (2006) Flow
cytometric detection of unreduced gametes in Begonia, Acta Horticuturae
714:107-112.
Dewitte A., Eeckhaut T., Van Huylenbroeck J., Van Bockstaele E. (2006) Application of unreduced gametes in ornamentals. , Acta Horticulturae 714: 107112.
Eeckhaut T., Van Huylenbroeck J., De Schepper S., Van Labeke M-C. (2006)
Breeding for Polyploidy in Belgian Azalea (Rhododendron simsii hybrids). , Acta
Horticulturae 714: 113-118.
Van Laere K., Van Huylenbroeck J., Van Bockstaele E. (2006) Breeding strategies to increase genetic variability in Hibiscus syriacus. , Acta Horticulturae
715: 75-81.
Papazova N., Taverniers I., Degrieck I., Van Bockstaele E., Joost H., De Loose
M. (2006) Real Time PCR quantification of T25 maize seeds – influence of the
genetic structures in the maize kernel on the quantitative analysis. Seed Sci.
Technol., 34: 321-331.
Van Waes J. (2006) Harmonization of VCU-testing methods for maize varieties
in a European context. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 54(3): 365-377.
Papazova N., Windels P., Depicker A., Taverniers I., Roldan-Ruiz I., Milcamps
A., Van Bockstaele E., Van Den Eede G., De Loose M. (2006) Sequence stability
of the T-DNA/plant junctions in tissue culture in Arabidopsis transgenic lines.
Plant Cell Rep., 25: 1362-1368.
L. (2006) Bacterial shell contamination in the egg handling chains of different
housing systems for laying hens. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 62 (Suppl.): 562-563.
Rajkovic A., Uyttendaele M., Courtens T., Heyndrickx M., Debevere J. (2006)
Prevalence and characterisation of Bacillus cereus in vacuum packed potato
puree. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 41: 878-884.
Technology & Food
De Reu K., Van Coillie E., Grijspeerdt K., Heyndrickx M., Rodenburg B., Tuyttens
F., Zoons J., Herman L. (2006) Microbiological survey of furnished cages and
non-cage systems for laying hens. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 62 (Suppl.): p.563.
Scheldeman P., Herman L., Foster S., Heyndrickx M. (2006) Bacillus sporothermodurans and other highly heat-resistant spore formers in milk. J. Appl.
Microbiol., 101: 542-555.
De Reu K., Heyndrickx M., Grijspeerdt K., Rodenburg B., Tuyttens F., Uyttendaele M., Debevere J., Herman L. (2006) Assessment of the vertical and horizontal
aerobic bacterial infection of shell eggs. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 62 (Suppl.):
p.564.
Smet K., Raes K., De Smet S. (2006) Novel approaches in measuring the antioxidative potential of animal feeds: the FRAP and DPPH methods. J. Sci. Food
and Agricult., 86: 2412-2416.
De Ruyck H., De Ridder H. (2006) Determination of albendazol sulphoxide and
netobimin in cow’s milk by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometric detection. Milchwissenschaft, 61 (1): 72-75.
Stuyt L.C.P.M., Dierickx W. (2006) Design and performance of materials for
subsurface drainage systems in agriculture. Agric. Water Management, 86: 5059.
De Zutter L., Heyndrickx M., Herman L., Posse B. (2006) Selective isolation media for Shigatoxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Invention disclosure form,
Technologie Transfer Ugent: 18 p.
Van Canneyt T., Dierickx W., Verschoore R., Ramon H., Sonck B. (2006) Effect
of preload, vibration frequency, temperature and specific gravity of potato tissue
on visco-elastic vibration damping and complex modulus properties. Biosystems
Engineering, 94: 415-427.
Messens W., Goris J., Heyndrickx M., Herman L. (2006) Epidemiological study
of Campylobacter contamination of poultry farms in Belgium by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 62 (Suppl.): 558559.
107
Nuyttens D., De Schampheleire M., Baetens K., Sonck B. (2006) PDPA LaserBased Characterisation of Agricultural Spray Nozzles. Agric. Eng. Int.: the CIGR
E-journal. Manuscript PM 06 024. Vol. VIII. December.
Uyttendaele M., Herman L., Daube G., Lauwers S., Vandeoplas Y., Saegerman
C., Debevere J. (2006) Risico’s verbonden aan Enterobacter sakazakii in zuigelingenvoeding. Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 62: 21-27.
5.3 Books and chapters in books
Animal Sciences
Bekaert K. (2006) Development of a Quality Index Method scheme to evaluate
freshness of tub gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucernus). In: Luten J.B., Jacobsen
C., Bekaert K., Saebo A., Oehlenschlaeger J. (eds). Seafood research from fish
to dish. Quality, safety and processing of wild and farmed fish. Wageningen,
Wageningen Academic Publishers: 289-296.
Van Gijseghem D., Van Hoof K., Wustenberghs H., D’hooghe J., Fernagut
B., Eppinger R., De Simpelaere K., Overloop S. (2006) Vermesting. In: Van
Steerteghem M. (ed.). Milieurapport Vlaanderen, MIRA-T 2006, Focusrapport.
Vlaamse Milieumaatschappij, Mechelen en LannooCampus, Leuven.
Van Passel S., Lauwers L., Van Huylenbroeck G. (2006) Factors of farm performance: an empirical analysis of structural and managerial characteristics. In:
Mann, S. (ed.), Causes and impacts of agricultural structures, Nova Science
Publishers, Inc., New York: 3-22.
Plant Sciences
Carlier L. et al. (2006) Manualul sistemilor de producţie ecologică (Risoprint
Cluj-Napoca): 114p.
Carlier L.et al. (2006) HAPЪЧHИK эa opгaнuчнo зeмegeлue (Diagnosis
Press, Sofia): 120 p.
Duncan L.A., Moens M. (2006) Migratory endoparasitic nematodes. In: Plant
Nematology. Perry, R.N. & M. Moens (Eds). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK:
123-152.
Bell M., Redant F., Tuck I. (2006) Chapter 13: Nephrops species. In: B.F. Phillips (ed.). Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries. Blackwell
Publishing Limited, Oxford: 412-461.
Eeckhout T., Van Laere K., De Riek J., Van Huylenbroeck J. (2006) Overcoming
Interspecific Barriers in Ornamental Plant Breeding. Global Science Books Flariculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology volume 1: 540-551.
Degraer S., Wittoeck J., Appeltans W., Cooreman K., Deprez T., Hillewaert H.,
Hostens K., Mees J., Vanden Berghe W., Vincx M. (2006) De macrobenthosatlas van het Belgisch deel van de Noordzee. Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid
D/2005/1191/5: 164 p.
Karssen G., Moens M. (2006) Root-knot nematodes. In: Plant Nematology.
Perry, R.N. & M. Moens (Eds). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK: 59-90.
Hostens K., Mees J., Vanden Berghe W., Vincx M. (2006) The macrobenthos atlas of the Belgian part of the North Sea. Belgian Science Policy D/2005/1191/3
: 164 p.
Hostens K., Mees J., Vanden Berghe W., Vincx M. (2006) L’ atlas du macrobenthos de la partie Belge de la Mer du Nord. Politique Scientifique Fédérale
D/2005/1191/4 : 164 p.
Demaré W. (2006) Chapter 11: Fisheries-Based Management and Advice in
Europe. In: Motos L. and Wilson D.C. (eds.). The Knowledge Base for Fisheries
Management. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, Vol. 36.
Elsevier, Amsterdam: 145-160.
Luten J.B., Jacobsen C., Bekaert K., Saebo A., Oehlenschlaeger J. (eds) (2006)
Seafood research from fish to dish. Quality, safety and processing of wild and
farmed fish. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers: 567 p.
Raemaekers M., Derveaux S., Parmentier K. (2006) Polychlorinated biphenyls
and organochlor pesticides in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) of the Belgian
Continental Shelf. In: Luten J.B., Jacobsen C., Bekaert K., Saebo A., Oehlenschlaeger J. (eds). Seafood research from fish to dish. Quality, safety and processing of wild and farmed fish. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers: 489-496.
Struelens E., Tuyttens F., Van Nuffel A., Zoons J., Janssens A., Cox M., De Baere
K., Leroy T., Vranken E., Berckmans D., Buyse J., Sonck B. (2006) Huisvesting
van leghennen in verrijkte kooien: preferentie voor legnest- en zitstokdesign,
invloed op welzijn en gezondheid, geautomatiseerde gedragsanalyse. Federale
Overheidsdienst Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu: 158 p.
Van Poucke E., Van Nuffel A., Van Dongen S., Huyghebaert G., De Brabander
D., Sonck B., Lens L., Tuyttens F. (2006) Fluctuerende asymmetrie bij vleeskippen als een indicator van welzijn. Federale Overheidsdienst Volksgezondheid,
Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu: 132 p.
Viaene N., Kerry B., Coyne D. (2006) Biological and cultural management. In:
Plant Nematology, Perry R. en Moens M., eds. 346-369.
Social Sciences
Henry de Frahan B., Buysse J., Polomé P., Fernagut B., Harmignie O., Lauwers
L., Van Huylenbroeck G., Van Meensel J. (2006) Positive Mathematical Programming for Agricultural and Environmental Policy Analysis: Review and Practice. In: Weintraub A., Bjorndal V, Epstein R., Romero C. (Eds.) Management
of Natural Resources: A Handbook of Operations Research Models, Algorithms
and Implementations. Kluwer´s International Series in Operations Research and
Management Science, Frederick S. Hillier, Series Editor. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Overloop S., Bossuyt M., Buysse M., Ducheyne S., Dumortier M., Eppinger R.,
Genouw G., Stemgée K., Van Gijseghem D., Van Hoof K., Vogels N., Wustenberghs H., D’hooghe J., Fernagut B. (2006) Milieurapport Vlaanderen MIRA,
Achtergronddocument, Thema Vermesting. http://www.milieurapport.be.
Overloop S., Wustenberghs H., Hens M. (2006) Landbouw & milieu. In: Platteau J. (ed.) Landbouwrapport 2005. Vlaamse overheid, Departement Landbouw en Visserij: 195-218.
Perry R.N. & Moens M. (Eds) (2006) Plant Nematology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK: 432 p.
Subbotin S.A., Moens M. (2006) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny. In: Plant
Nematology. Perry, R.N. & M. Moens (Eds). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK:
34-58.
Technology & Food
Dierickx W. (2006) Soil Physics. Land Use and Land Cover, from Encyclopedia
of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK [http://www.eolss.net].
5.4 Proceedings and abstracts of
symposia and congresses
Animal Sciences
Arnouts S., Lippens M. (2006) The effect of globin, a water-soluble emulsifier,
on broiler performance. 12th Eur. Poultry Conf., Verona (IT): 4 p.
Bekaert K., Derveaux S. (2006) Development of a quality index method scheme
to evaluate freshness of tub gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucernus). In: Mees, J.,
Seys, J. (eds.) (2006). VLIZ Young Scientists’ Day, Brugge (B) book of abstracts.
VLIZ Special Publication, 30: p. 23.
Byrne D., Nijs G., Millet S., Van Oeckel M.J., Warnants N., Sonck B., Vestergaard J., Haugen J.-E., Verheyden K., De Brabander H., Tuyttens F., De
Brabander D.L. (2006) Early and reliable detection of boar taint and its genetic
predisposition. Proc. 52th Int. Cong. Meat Science and Technology, Dublin
(IE): 73-74.
De Boever J., Vanacker J., De Brabander D.L. (2006) Estimation of the protein
value of roughages and concentrates: solubility versus washability. Proc. 31ste
Studiedag NVO, Blijdorp (NL): 70-71.
De Campeneere S., De Boever J., De Brabander D.L. (2006) Comparison
of ensiled grass-white clover and grass-red clover mixture for dairy cattle. In:
Strandberg E., Moreira O., Fourichon C., Vestergaard M., Lazzaroni C., Gauly
M., Wenk C., Martin-Rosset W., Hermansen J., Thomas C., Book of abstracts
57th Ann. Meet. EAAP, Antalya (TR): p. 117.
De Campeneere S., De Brabander D.L., Vanacker J. (2006) Evaluation of rolled wheat and CCM as concentrate replacers for dairy cattle. In: Strandberg E.,
Moreira O., Fourichon C., Vestergaard M., Lazzaroni C., Gauly M., Wenk C.,
Martin-Rosset W., Hermansen J., Thomas C., Book of abstracts 57th Ann. Meet.
EAAP, Antalya (TR): p. 155.
De Reu K., Van Coillie E., Grijspeerdt K., Heyndrickx M., Rodenburg B., Tuyttens F., Zoons J., Herman L. (2006) Microbiological survey of furnished cages
and non-cage systems for laying hens. Proc. XIIth Eur. Poultry Conf., Verona
(IT): 6 p.
Dooms S., Hoffman S., Parmentier K., Sorgeloos P., Bossier P. (2006) DGGE
(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) as a tool for the characterisation of
commercial Brachionus strains. VLIZ Young Scientists’ Day, Brugge (B). VLIZ
Special Publication, 30: p. 32.
Fiems L.O., De Boever J., Vanacker J., De Paepe M., De Brabander D.L. (2006)
Qualitative restriction of energy intake in Belgian Blue double-muscled cows.
Proc. 31ste Studiedag NVO, Blijdorp (NL): 42-43.
108
Fiems L.O., Van Caelenbergh W., De Campeneere S., De Brabander D.L.
(2006) Effect of energy restriction and management on reproduction in Belgian
Blue cows. In: Strandberg E., Moreira O., Fourichon C., Vestergaard M., Lazzaroni C., Gauly M., Wenk C., Martin-Rosset W., Hermansen J., Thomas C.,
Book of abstracts 57th Ann. Meet. EAAP Antalya (TR): p. 7.
Gracia M.I., Esteve-Garcia E., Engberg R.M., McNab J., Lippens M., Marubashi T., McCartney E. (2006) Effect of a bacillary probiotic supplementation in
broilers. 12th Eur. Poultry Conf., Verona (IT): 4 p.
Stouten H., Polet H., Depestele J., Vanderperren E., Heene A., Gellynck X.
(2006) System dynamics in sea fisheries policy building. 7th System dynamics
PhD Colloquium / The 2006 International Conference of the System Dynamics
Society, Nijmegen (Nl).
Szendro Zs, Gyovai M., Maertens L., Biro-Németh E., Radnai I., Matics Zs,
Nagy I. (2006) Effect of rearing methods on the lifetime production of rabbit
does. Proc. 3rd Rabbit Congress of the Americas, Maringa (Brasil): 6 p.
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De Cock K., De Riek J., Vander Mijnsbrugge K., Breyne P., Nybom H., Smulders
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De Vliegher A. (2006) Optimising farm grown legumes in a crop rotation system
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Dewitte A. (2006) Resistance reactions in rose leaves against powdery midew
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Leus L., Van Huylenbroeck J., Höfte M., Van Bockstaele E. (2006) Greenhouse
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Leus L. (2006) The secret life of rose powdery mildew: from microscopy to large
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Malengier M. , Ghesquiere A. (2006) Relationships between seed yield components in tetraploid red clover, Final meeting of the COST852 action “Quality
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Vandewalle M., Calsyn E., Baert J., De Riek J., Van Bockstaele E. (2006) Application of marker assisted selection for yield and quality traits in Italian Ryegrass., 26th Eucarpia Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses Section meeting,
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Van Huylenbroeck J., Van Laere K., Eeckhaut T. (2006) An integrated approach
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Van Keirsbulck W., Engels E., Carlier L. (2006) Determination of release patterns of slow-release fertilizers mixed in peat. Papers Collection, Hanfeng 6th
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Van Laere K., Van Huylenbroeck J., Van Bockstaele E. (2006) Breeding strategies to increase genetic variability in Hibiscus syriacus, Eucarpia 22th Int. Symp.
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Van Waes C. (2006) Forage quality: from table values until on-line analyses
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Viaene N., Moens M. (2006) Host plant status of cover crops for Pratylenchus
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Vidican R., Rotar I., Carlier L. (2006) Perspectives of the organic farming in
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Botteldoorn N., Van Coillie E., Heyndrickx M., Haesebrouck F., Pasmans F.,
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Braekman A., Coudijzer K., De Block J. (2006) Study of the residual proteolytic
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De Reu K., Grijspeerdt K., Heyndrickx M., Messens W., Uyttendaele M., Debevere J. , Herman L. (2006) Influence of eggshell condensation on the bacterial
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under different field crops and black fallow. Prog. and Abstr. 28th Int. Symp.
ESN, Blagoevgrad (BUL), p. 73.
De Reu K., Van Coillie E., Grijspeerdt K., Heyndrickx M., Rodenburg B., Tuyttens F., Zoons J., Herman L. (2006) Microbiological survey of furnished cages
and non-cage systems for laying hens. Proc. 12th Eur. Poultry Conf., Verona
(I): 6 p.
Zwart R.S., Muylle H., Roldán-Ruiz I., Van Bockstaele E., Van Huylenbroeck J.
(2006) Genetic diversity of Fusarium Head Blight QTLs in Western European
Wheat. Eucarpia – Cereals Section Meeting. Lleida (SP).
De Ruyck H., De Ridder H. (2006) Optimisation and validation of a liquid chromatographic-electrospray tandem mass spectrometric multiresidue method for
tetracyclines in cow’s milk. Book of abstracts 5th Int. Symp. on Hormone and
Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis, Antwerpen (B): p.84.
Zwart R.S., Muylle H., De Loose M., Roldán-Ruiz I. (2006) Genetic diversity of
Fusarium Head Blight QTLs among Winter Wheat cultivars and Breeding lines.
, Plant & Animal Genomes XIV, San Diego (California, USA).
Technology & Food
De Ruyck H., De Ridder H. (2006) Optimisation and validation of a liquid chromatographic-electrospray tandem mass spectrometric multiresidue method for
tetracyclines in cow’s milk. Book of abstracts CIFST/AAFC Joint Conf.: At the
Baert L., Wobus C.E., Van Coillie E., Thackray L.B., Virgin H.W., Debevere J.,
Uyttendaele M. (2006) Heat inactivation of Murine Norovirus 1, a surrogate for
human noroviruses – Correlation between detection of viral RNA with a novel
real-time RT-PCR and infectivity. Symp. Eigen Werk, Wageningen (NL): 1 p.
De Schampheleire M., Nuyttens D., Steurbaut W., Baetens K., Verboven P.,
Nicolaï B., Ramon H., Sonck B. (2006) The assessment of particle spray drift
damage for ten major crops in Belgium. Asp. of Appl. Biol., 77(1), Robinson
College, Cambridge (GB): 275-280.
Baetens K., Nuyttens D., Verboven P., De Schampheleire M., Nicolaï B., Sonck
B., Steurbaut W., Ramon H. (2006) The relative importance of environmental
and field sprayer parameters for reducing drift: a CFD sensitivity study. Asp. of
Appl. Biol., 77(2), Cambridge (GB): 303-311.
De Schampheleire M., Spanoghe P., Cornelis W., Nuyttens D., Baetens K.
(2006) Classification of spray nozzles based on droplet size distributions and
wind tunnel tests. Comm. in Agric. and Appl. Biol. Sciences, Gent (B).
Botteldoorn N., Van Coillie E., Goris J., Scheldeman P., Herman L., Heyndrickx
M. (2006) The unique association of Salmonella Enteritidis with eggs and the
diversity within Salmonella Enteritidis. Proc. Int. Symp. Salmonella and Salmonellosis, St. Malo (F): 373-374.
Botteldoorn N., Van Coillie E., Goris J., Scheldeman P., Herman L., Heyndrickx
M. (2006) The unique association of Salmonella Enteritidis with eggs and the
diversity within Salmonella Enteritidis. Book of abstracts 11th Conf. on Food
Microbiology, Gent (B): p.132.
De Schampheleire M., Spanoghe P., Steurbaut W., Nuyttens D., Baetens K.,
Cornelis W., Gabriels D. (2006) The efficiency of drift-reducing measures to
protect the Flemish environment. 11th IUPAC Inter. Cong. of Pesticide Chemistry, Kobe (JAP).
Donaghy J.A., Rowe M.T., Rademaker J.L.W., Hammer P., Herman L., De
Jonghe V., Blanchard B., Vindel E. (2006) An inter-laboratory EU ringtrial for
the detection and isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
from faecally contaminated milk. Venomy workshop (Laboratory diagnosis of
Mycobacteria), Jena (D): 1 p.
111
Franck A., Sonck B., De Belie N. (2006) Frictional Properties between Bovine
claw and Concrete Floor. Book of Abstracts 16th CIGR World cong., AgEng,
64th VDI MEG Inter. Conf. Agricultural Engineering: Agricultural Engineering
for a Better World. Bonn (D), 471-472.
Ghedira R., Papazova N., Taverniers I., Depicker A., Van Bockstaele E., Bartegi
A., De Loose M. (2006) Stabilité et Quantification des OGM. Proc. Les XVIemes Journées Nationales de Biologie “Gestion des Bioressources, Hammamet
(TUN), Tunesië : p.54.
Goris J., Dierick N., Herman L., Heyndrickx M. (2006) Inhibition of Salmonella
Typhimurium by medium chain fatty acids in an in-vitro simulation of the pig
intestinal microbial ecosystem. Proc. Int. Symp. Salmonella and Salmonellosis,
St. Malo (F): 539-542.
Heyndrickx M. (2006) Multiple typing for the epidemiological study of the contamination of broilers with Salmonella from the hatchery to the slaughterhouse.
Int. Satellite Cong. Platform for Scientific Concertation: Food safety, Antwerpen
(B): 8 p.
Huet A.-C., Mortier L., Daeseleire E., Fodey T., Elliott C., Delahaut P. (2006)
Development of an ELISA screening test for halofuginone, nicarbazin and nitroimidazoles in egg and chicken muscle. Book of abstracts 5th Int. Symp. on
Hormone and Veterinary Drug Residues Analysis, Antwerpen (B): p.124.
Messens W., Goris J., Heyndrickx M., Herman L. (2006) Epidemiological study
of Campylobacter contamination of poultry farms in Belgium by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Proc. 12th Eur. Poultry Conf., Verona (I):
6 p.
Messens W., De Reu K., Grijspeerdt K., Herman L. (2006) Factors influencing
eggshell penetration and whole egg contamination with Salmonella Enteritidis.
Book of abstracts CIFST/AAFC Joint Conf.: At the forefront of agri-food innovations, Montreal (CAN): 138-139.
Missotten J., Michiels J., Goris J., Herman L., Heyndrickx M., De Smet S., Dierick N.A. (2006) Fermented liquid feed for weaning piglets. Proc. 31th NVO
Meeting, Rotterdam (NL): 16-17.
Missotten J., Michiels J., Goris J., Herman L., Heyndrickx M., De Smet S., Dierick, N. (2006) Fermented liquid feed for weaned piglets. Proc. 12th PhD Symp.
Appl. Biol. Sci., Gent (B): 227-230.
Missotten J., Michiels J., Goris J., Herman L., Heyndrickx M., De Smet S., Dierick N. (2006) Screening of 2 probiotic products for use in fermented liquid
feed. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on Digestive Physiology in Pigs, Vejle (DK): p.32.
Nuyttens D., Baetens K., Nicolaï B., Ramon H., De Schampheleire M., Steurbaut W., Sonck B. (2006) The effect of droplet characteristics on spray drift.
Proc. Agricultural Engineering World Cong., Bonn (D), paper No. 859.
Nuyttens D., De Schampheleire M., Steurbaut W., Baetens K., Verboven P.,
Nicolaï B., Ramon H., Sonck B. (2006) Characterization of agricultural sprays
using laser techniques. Asp. of Appl. Biol., 77(1), Cambridge (GB):179-188.
Nicolaï B., Ramon H., Sonck B. (2006) Experimental study of factors influencing
the risk of drift from field sprayers, Part 1: Meteorological conditions. Asp. of
Appl. Biol., Cambridge (GB), 77(2): 321-329.
Nicolaï B., Ramon H., Sonck B. (2006) Experimental study of factors influencing
the risk of drift from field sprayers, Part 2: Spray application technique. Asp. of
Appl. Biol., 77(2), Cambridge (GB): 331-339.
Papazova N. (2006) Applications of Conformation Sensitive Capillary Electrophoresis (CSCE) in the GMO research. International Satellite Conference, Platform for Scientific Concertation: Food safety, Antwerpen, (B): 5 p.
Papazova N., Windels P., Depicker A., Taverniers I., Roldan-Ruiz I., Milcamps
A., Van Bockstaele E., Van Den Eede G., De Loose M. (2006) Sequence stability
of T-DNA/plant junctions in tissue culture in Arabidopsis transgenic lines. 20th
Anniversary meeting of the Belgian Plant Tissue Culture group “Tissue culture
– facing the future”, Gembloux (B): p.13.
Reybroeck W., Ooghe S. (2006) Validation of the TwinSensor Milk for rapid
screening of b-lactams and tetracyclines in milk, Book of abstracts 5th Int. Symp.
on Hormone and Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis, Antwerpen (B): p. 26.
Reybroeck W., Ooghe S., Daeseleire E. (2006) Presence of antibiotics and sulfonamides in honey and royal jelly on the European market. Proc. 2nd Eur.
Conf. of Apidology EurBee, Praag (CZ): p.117.
Rodenburg T.B., Tuyttens F.A.M., De Reu K., Herman L., Zoons J., Sonck B.
(2006) Welfare of laying hens in furnished cages and in non-cage systems.
Proc. 40th Int. Cong. ISAE, Bristol (GB): p.102.
(2006) Welfare assessment of laying hens in furnished cages and non-cage
systems: assimilating expert opinion. Proc. 12th Eur. Cong. on Companion Animal Behavioural Medicine, Gent (B): 75-78.
Smet K., De Block J., De Campeneere S., De Brabander D., Herman L., Raes
K., Dewettinck K., Coudijzer K. (2006) Onset of oxidation in milk: the FRAP
and DPPH methods. Book of abstracts 4th Euro Fed Lipid Cong., Madrid (E):
p. 361.
112
Van Coillie E., Van Immerseel F., Botteldoorn N., De Buck J., Grijspeerdt K.,
Herman L., Ducatelle R., Heyndrickx M. (2006) Screening of in-vitro probiotic
activities of lactobacilli isolated from laying hens and in-vivo evaluation of colonization and inhibition of Salmonella Enteritidis. Book of abstracts 11th Conf.
on Food Microbiology, Gent (B): p.149.
Van den Bulcke M., Leunda Casi A., Mbongolo Mbella G., Lievens A., Sneyers
M., Taverniers I., De Loose M., Staelens A., Merckaert C., Van Bockstaele E.,
Debode F., Berben G. (2006) GMO reference plasmids: development, deposit
and use in the detection of GM food/feed. GMO workshop, Platform for scientific concertation: Food safety. Melle (B): 1 p.
Vangeyte J., Baert J., Scheers B., Maertens W., Sonck B. (2006) Analyzing particle trajectories: assessing the distribution of the grains in the circumference of
the disk. The 2nd Int. Symp. on Centrifugal Fertiliser Spreading, Montoldre (F).
Vlaemynck G., Heyndrickx M., Herman L. (2006) Optimised tools/detection
methods and an integrated approach, essentials to reduce food-borne pathogens in animal foodstuffs. Book of abstracts CIFST/AAFC Joint Conf.: At the
Vlaemynck G. (2006) Healthy cheeses: what about fat and salt? Cheese and
health Seminar, Europel Annual Meeting, Porto (P): 13 p.
Werbrouck H., Botteldoorn N., Uyttendaele M., Herman L., Van Coillie E.
(2006) Real time reverse transcription PCR for quantification of virulence gene
expression of Listeria monocytogenes strains. Convention book of the Annual
Flemish Biotech Convention: Knowledge for growth, Gent (B): p. 350.
Werbrouck H., Grijspeerdt K., Botteldoorn N., Van Pamel E., Van Damme J.,
Uyttendaele M., Herman L., Van Coillie E. (2006) Differential inlA and inlB
expression and interaction with human intestinal and liver cells by Listeria monocytogenes strains of different origins. Book of abstracts 11th Conf. on Food
Microbiology, Gent (B): p.156.
5.5 Vulgarised articles
Animal Sciences
Cooreman K. (2006) Oostendse tongkwekerij in zicht. Het Visserijblad, 73 (6):
3-6.
De Boever J., Vanacker J., De Brabander D.L. (2006) Voederwaarde van erwten-gerstkuil. Rapport LCV: 6 p.
De Brabander D.L. (2006) Système d’évaluation de la structure physique pour
l’alimentation des vaches laitières. Brochure Solvay - Carbonate - France.
Decaestecker E., De Campeneere S., Van Looveren M. (2006) Boer voedt koe
goed. Melkureum helpt rantsoen optimaliseren. Brochure van het ALT-demo
project “Boer voedt koe goed”: 31 p.
Delbare D. (2006) Hangmosselen voor de Belgische kust. De Grote Rede, 16:
p. 29.
Demaré W., Vanhee W., Redant F. (2006) Vangstvooruitzichten 2007. Rederscentrale, November 2006.
Depestele J., Polet H., Van Craeynest N. (2006) Commerciële kieuw- en warrelnetvisserij. De Grote Rede, 17: 2-6.
Fiems L.O. (2006) Dikbilkalveren zogen of opfokken? Landbouw & Techniek,
13 jan.: 4-6.
Lippens M., Huyghebaert G. (2006) Verbetering van de n-efficiëntie bij vleeskippen: zijn er nog mogelijkheden? In: Infonamiddag. Eenheid DIER, Melle,
15 juni: 13-22.
Maertens L. (2006) A házinyúl tejtermelése. Nyúltenyésztés, 2: 68-72.
Maertens L. (2006) Nuove conoscenze riguardanti l’alimentazione del coniglio.
Revista di Coniglicoltura, 5: 12-15.
Maertens L., Aerts J., De Brabander D.L. (2006) Invloed van een voeder rijk aan
n-3 vetzuren op prestaties en inbouw in melk en vlees bij het konijn als modeldier. In: Infonamiddag. Eenheid DIER, Melle, 15 juni: 5-12.
Nijs G. (2006) Speuren naar varkenswereld zonder berengeur. Varkensbedrijf,
17 (9): 18-19.
Tuyttens F., Van Nuffel A., Heyndrickx M., de Boeck M., Moreels A., Van Poucke
E., Van Coillie E., Van Dongen S., Lens L. (2006) Biokuiken voelt zich beter
- Vergelijkend onderzoek op 14 Belgische bedrijven. Pluimveehouderij, 1 juli:
18-19.
Tuyttens F., Van Poucke E., Van Nuffel A., Heyndrickx M., Van Coillie E., de
Boeck M., Moreels A., Lens L., Van Dongen S. (2006) Vergelijking van de gezondheid en het welzijn van vleeskippen in biologische versus conventionele
productiesystemen. PCBT - Interprovinciaal Proefcentrum voor de Biologische
Teelt - Overzicht van het onderzoek 2005 - Provincie West-Vlaanderen: 128130.
Van Oeckel M.J., Warnants N., De Paepe M., Vanacker J., De Boever J., De
Brabander D.L. (2006) Ad libitum voederopname bij drachtige zeugen: hoe
voorspellend zijn de chemische en fysische eigenschappen van de rantsoenen?
In: Infonamiddag. Eenheid DIER, Melle, 15 juni: 23-33.
Willekens K., Van Waes J., Carlier L. (2006) Resultaten van proeven in 2005
met kuilmaïsrassen op 3 biologische bedrijven. Brochure Landbouwcentrum
Voedergewassen, 2006: 51-54.
Warnants N., Van Oeckel M.J., De Paepe M., Millet S., De Brabander D.L.
(2006) Evolutie van de lichaamssamenstelling van big tot slachtvarken. In: Infonamiddag. Eenheid DIER, Melle, 15 juni: 35-50.
Bette L., Lauwers N., Lindebrings A., Maeghe L. (2006) Focus op veiligheid en
gezondheid. Landbouw en Techniek, 11(17): 33-47.
Social Sciences
Van Huylenbroeck G., De Cock L., Krosenbrink E., Mondelaers K., Lauwers
L., Kerselaers E., Govaerts W. (2006) Biologische landbouw: Mens, Markt en
Mogelijkheden. In: Delanote L., Vuylsteke I., Temmerman F., Danckaert F., Demeulemeester M., Calus A. (Eds) Biologische landbouw in Vlaanderen: Overzicht van het onderzoek 2005, PCBT, Rumbeke-Beitem: 14-15.
Van Meensel J., Lauwers L. (2006) Blijven winnen: de uitdaging voor de varkenshouder vandaag. VEVA krant, juni 2006: 8-9.
Van Meensel J., Lauwers L. (2006) Verbeteren van economische en milieukundige bedrijfsprestaties. VEVA krant, november 2006.
Technology & Food
Bette L. & Maeghe L. (2006) In vuur en vlam: liever niet in de landen tuinbouw.
Agriconstruct, 9(3): 16-22.
Boussery K. (2006) Mestopslag volgens Vlarem II. Agriconstruct, 9(1): 7-11.
Boussery K. (2006) Hoe een mestopslag bouwen voor vaste mest. Agriconstruct,
9(1): 12-16.
Boussery K. (2006) Mengmestkelders en mestsilo’s. Agriconstruct, 9(1): 17-19.
Boussery K. (2006) De grote evaluatie-enquête in cijfers en figuren. Agriconstruct, 9(1): 26-27.
Plant Sciences
Boussery K. (2006) Hoe ruw is uw opgeruwde roostervloer? Melkveebedrijf,
6(2): p.33.
Coomans D., Rombouts G., De Vliegher A., Martens D. (2006) Een succesvolle
weidevernieuwing begint met ene bewuste rassenkeuze. Brochure Landbouwcentrum Voedergewassen, 2006: 78-90.
Boussery K. (2006) Comfortabel op stal. Landbouw & Techniek, 11(06): 1114.
De Keyser E. (2006) Innovatief (Nieuwsbrief van het Azalea – Innovatiefonds),
jg.2 nr. 2.
De Keyser E. (2006) Innovatief (Nieuwsbrief van het Azalea – Innovatiefonds),
jg. 3 nr. 1.
De Keyser E. , De Riek J. (2006) Oosterse schoonheid aan de oevers van het
Lago Maggiore, Verbondsnieuws nr.11: 39-40.
De Rocker E., Goen K., Van Poucke K., Ingels M. (2006) Ontsmetten van drainwater bij tomaat. Proeftuinnieuws 16 (10): 17-19.
De Vliegher A.(2006) Rassenproeven voederbieten. Brochure Landbouwcentrum Voedergewassen, 2006: 98-102.
De Vliegher A. (2006) Voederbieten in de rundveevoeding. Landbouwleven,
2584: p.12. (in 3 delen)
Huvenne H., Van Vaerenbergh J., Baeyen S., Maes M. (2006) Bloedingsziekten
door aantastingen van bast en hout. Vakblad voor Tuinaannemers en Groenverzorgers, april: 11-13.
Lamote V. (2006) Nieuwsbrief Sietinet, 2 nr. 1.
Boussery K. (2006) Aandachtspunten bij de constructie van een mestopslag.
Landbouw & Techniek, 11(8): 24-27.
Boussery K. (2006) Hoe het koecomfort in de ligboxstal verbeteren? Drietandmagazine, 18: 1-18.
Boussery K. (2006) Dierenwelzijn en ammoniakemissie, twee struikelblokken bij
nieuwbouw in de varkenshouderij. Drietandmagazine, 18: 22-24.
Boussery K. (2006) Methoden voor opruwen roostervloer. Agrabeton, 16(3):
17-18.
Boussery K. & Ployaert C. (2006) Kiezen voor een mestkelder of een externe
mestsilo? Landbouw & Techniek, 11(12): 21-22.
Boussery K. (2006) Ruimte voor creatieve ideeën. Landbouw & Techniek,
11(12): 44-45.
Boussery K. (2006) Is de investering in een robotstal groter dan een visgraatstal? Drietandmagazine, 34: 12-13.
De Boosere I., Coudijzer K., De Ville W., De Vreese L. (2006) Sectorgids Hoevezuivel. Drietandmagazine, 34: 8-9.
De Boosere I., Coudijzer K., Vlaemynck G. (2006) Zuursels in zuivelbereiding:
Wat zijn ze? Wat doen ze? Landbouw & Techniek, 11: 31-34.
De Boosere I., Coudijzer K., Vlaemynck G. (2006) Pro- en prebiotica in zuivelproducten. Landbouw & Techniek, 18: 12-15.
Lamote V. (2006) Sierteelt Technologie en Innovatie Netwerk / Sietinet evalueert
2 jaar werking, Verbondsnieuws 9.
Leus L. (2006) Nieuwsbrief Sietinet, 2 nr. 4.
Mertens J., Bries J., De Vliegher A. (2006) Zwavel- en seleniumbemesting bij
grasland. Brochure Landbouwcentrum Voedergewassen, 2006: 72-77.
Recirculatie van water in de glastuinbouw. (2006) Ministerie van de Vlaamse
Gemeenschap. Beleidsdomein Landbouw en Visserij. Mede-redacteur Kris Van
Poucke.
Viaene N., Cornelissen K. (2006) Biofumigatie ter beheersing van nematoden
in de biologische teelt van komkommer. In: Biologische landbouw in Vlaanderen. Overzicht van het onderzoek 2005 – PCBT: 102-107.
De Boosere I., Wullepit J., Herman L., Coudijzer K., Demeulemeester L. (2006)
Bedrijfsmanagement speelt een grote rol in de strijd tegen paratuberculose.
Landbouw & Techniek, 13: 32-34.
De Rooster L., Spiessens K., Dierickx W, Van Den Berghe (2006) Wildschade
bij vollegrondsgroenten: afdekken biedt mogelijkheden. Proeftuinnieuws, 16(8):
31-34.
Dierickx W. (2006) Drainage van landbouwgronden. Agromech. Nieuwsbrief
3.
Lindebrings A., Bette L., Lauwers N., Maeghe L. (2006) Veilig omgaan met
paarden: hoe ervaren zij hun omgeving? Haflinger Magazine, 4: 11-16.
Willekens K. (2006) Bodembiologie is hoofdfactor voor landen tuinbouw.
Landbouw&Techniek 4, 21-22.
Nuyttens D. (2006) Drift en driftreducerende technieken – Stand van zaken onderzoek. 30ste fytodag ‘Driftreductie en actualiteiten bij gewasbeschermingsmiddelen’, VOLSOG, Gent: 14-17.
Willekens K. (2006) Voorstelling van de TAD FarmCOMPOST, Landbouw &
Techniek 12: p 46.
Nuyttens D. (2006) Driftreductie mogelijk mits goede keuze van doppen en
spuitdruk. Landbouw & Techniek, 7: 7-9.
Willekens K. (2006) Boerderijcompost - dierlijke mest: 1-0, Boer&Tuinder, 26:
p 10.
Nuyttens D. (2006) Welke invloed hebben weersomstandigheden op drift?
Landbouw & Techniek, 6: 7-9.
Willekens K. (2006) Compost en compostthee in de boomkwekerij, Verbondsnieuws, 2: 28-29.
Nuyttens D., Windey S., Sonck B. (2006) Report: Comparison of operator contamination between two application methods in greenhouses in Greece. ECPA
Safe Use Initiative: 41 p.
Willekens, K. (2006) De invloed van de bemesting op de knolkwaliteit, % rot
tijdens de bewaring en % niet uitlopers bij de gezonde knollen voor Begonia x
tuberhybrida, Sierteeltonderzoek in Vlaanderen 2005, 2005/49.
Willekens K., Van Waes J., Carlier L. (2006) Resultaten van proeven in 2005
met kuilmaïsrassen op 3 biologische bedrijven. Biologische landbouw in Vlaanderen: 47-51.
Reybroeck W., Ooghe S., Van Hoorde A., Jacobs F.J. (2006) Honinganalyses
2005. Maandblad van de Vlaamse Imkersbond, 92(7): 29-32.
Reybroeck W., Ooghe S., Van Hoorde A., Jacobs F.J. (2006) Honinganalyses
in Vlaanderen anno 2005. Vlaams Imkersblad, 36(9): 305-312.
(2006) Welzijn, gezondheid en sanitaire status van leghennen in verrijkte kooien
versus niet-kooisystemen. Agriconstruct, 9(3): 23-27.
113
Rodenburg T.B., Tuyttens F.A.M., De Reu K., Grijspeerdt K., Herman L., Zoons
J., Sonck B. (2006) Welzijn, gezondheid en sanitaire status van leghennen in
verrijkte kooien versus niet-kooisystemen: resultaten bedrijfbezoeken. Agriconstruct, 9(4): 17-22.
(2006) Onderzoek naar welzijn en gezondheid legkippen: Verrijkte kooi versus
niet-kooi. Pluimveehouderij, 36(42): 28-29.
(2006) Rubriek: Dierenwelzijn. Welzijn, gezondheid en sanitaire status van leghennen in verrijkte kooien versus niet-kooisystemen. Available at:
http://www.pluimvee.be/nieuws/pluimvee%2010%20welzijn%20kippen.htm.
Rodenburg T.B., Tuyttens F.A.M., De Reu K., Herman L., Sonck B. , Zoons
J. (2006) Legkippen in verrijkte kooien versus niet-kooisystemen. Landbouw &
Techniek, 11(18): 20-23.
Tuyttens F.A.M., Van Nuffel A., Heyndrickx M., De Boeck M., Moreels A., Van
Poucke E., Van Coillie E., Van Dongen S., Lens L. (2006) Vergelijking van de
gezondheid en het welzijn van vleeskippen in biologische versus conventionele
productiesystemen. Agriconstruct, 9(2): 29-31.
Vangeyte J., Hubrechts W., Hendrickx K., Aerts R. (2006) Beschadiging van witloofwortels en het optreden van Phoma (zwartrot). Proeftuinnieuws, 23: p. 29.
Van Immerseel F., Timbermont L., Van Coillie E., Botteldoorn N., Messens W.,
De Buck J., Herman L., Haesebrouck F., Heyndrickx M., Ducatelle R. (2006) Pathogenese en bestrijding van Salmonella bij leghennen en vleeskippen. Publicatie van de FOD Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu,
Contractueel Onderzoek: 147 p.
5.7 ILVO communications
Animal Sciences
Moulaert I., Hostens K., Demaerel B., Wittoeck J., Hillewaert H. (2006) Macrobenthos as an indicator of the impact of sand extraction. Mededeling ILVO
nr. 6.
Moulaert I., Hostens K., Wittoeck J., Hillewaert H., Demaerel B. (2006) Langetermijn variabiliteit van het macro-endo- en epibenthos van het Belgisch Continentaal Plat. Mededeling ILVO nr. 7.
Social Sciences
Lenders S., Lauwers L., Vervloet D., Kerselaers E. (2006) Afbakening van het
Vlaamse platteland –een statistische analyse. Mededeling ILVO nr. 2: 62 p.
Plant Sciences
Baert J., Van Eekeren N., Ghesquiere A. (2006) Breeding fodder grass and
clover for low input/organic conditions in N.W. Europe. Mededeling ILVO nr.
8.
Baert J., Ghesquiere A. (2006) Comparison between two breeding methods in
perennial ryegrass: polycross versus F2. Mededeling ILVO nr. 9.
Carlier L., De Roo I., Vlahova M. (2006) Manuals for the organic production
system (Bulgaria). Mededeling ILVO nr. 10: 112 p.
Windey S. (2006) Agromech nieuwsbrief 3.
Carlier L., De Roo I., Rotar I. (2006) Manuals for the organic production system
(Romania). Mededeling ILVO nr. 11: 112 p.
Windey S. (2006) Eerste hulp voor machines. Landbouw & Techniek 12: 4243.
De Vliegher A., Van Waes J., Carlier L. (2006) Cultivation of red clover and
lucerne I. Mededeling ILVO nr. 14: 66 p.
Windey S. (2006) Een blik op het voorbije aardappel rooiseizoen: de rooiertesten van 2005. FIWAP jaarverslag 2005.
De Vliegher A., Van Waes C., Carlier L. (2006) Metodiskais materiāls precīzai
lopbarības analīžu noteikšanai. Mededeling ILVO nr. 16: 46p.
Windey S., Goossens E., Nuyttens D. (2006) Spuittechniek: indringing in dichte
gewassen. Jaarverslag sierteelt ABKL 2005.
Duquenne B., Eeckhaut T., Werbrouck S., Van Huylenbroeck J. (2006) In-vitro
somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Zantedeschia hybrids. Mededeling ILVO nr. 15.
Windey S., Maeghe L. (2006) Van frigo tot oude kast: opslag van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen. Agriconstruct 9(2): 24-28.
5.6 Ph. D. theses
Animal Sciences
Delezie E. (2006) Manual and mechanical catching and transport of broilers:
implications for welfare, physiology and product quality and ethical considerations. Doctoraatsproefschrift nr. 721 aan de faculteit Bio-Ingenieurswetenschappen van de K.U.Leuven: 193 p. Promotoren Prof. E. Decuypere en Prof. J. De
Tavernier.
Plant Sciences
de la Peña E. (2006) Interactions between marram grass (Ammophila arenaria), root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) and plant mutualists in coastal
dunes. PhD Thesis Ghent University, ISBN 90-5989-119-8, 148p. Promotor
Prof. M. Moens.
Rijckaert G. (2006) Selectivity of fluroxypyr + clopyralid + florasulam and reference products to a seed crop of perennial ryegrass (harvest 2005), Confidential
report. Mededeling ILVO nr.12.
Rijckaert G. (2006) Crop safety in a seed crop of perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne L.) after application of aminopyralid, Confidential report. Mededeling
ILVO nr. 13.
Van Bockstaele E. (2006) Moderne plantenveredeling – Relatie kruisingsveredeling en transgenen. Mededeling ILVO nr. 1.
Van Waes J., Chaves B., Marynissen B., De Vliegher A., Carlier L. (2006) Belgische beschrijvende en aanbevelende rassenlijst voor voedergewassen en groenbedekkers-2007. Mededeling ILVO nr. 3: 113 p.
Van Waes J., Chaves B., Marynissen B., De Vliegher A., Carlier L., Herman J-L.
(2006) Catalogue Belge-Description et recommandation-Plantes fourragères et
engrais verts-2007. Mededeling ILVO nr. 4: 113 p.
Van Waes J., De Bel N., Carlier L., Van Waes C. (2006) Belgische beschrijvende en aanbevelende rassenlijst voor industriële cichorei. Mededeling ILVO
nr. 5: 7p.
Madani M. (2006) Molecular characterisation, phylogeny and quantification
of Heterodera and Globodera species and the Ditylenchus species complex.
PhD Thesis Ghent University, ISBN 90-5989-123-6, 156 p. Promotor Prof. M.
Moens.
Pudasaini M.P. (2006) Interactions between the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, and field crops. PhD Thesis Ghent University, ISBN 90-5989122-8, 185 p. Promotor Prof. M. Moens.
Technology & Food
Botteldoorn N. (2006) Salmonella in pigs: prevalence and contamination cycles at the slaughterhouse and the differentiation of Salmonella enterica on
the basis of the mntH gene expression. Doctoraat, UGent, FDI, 173 p., ISBN
90-5864093-0. Promotoren Prof. F. Pasmans en L. Herman, co-promotor M.
Heyndrickx.
De Reu K. (2006) Bacteriological contamination and infection of shell eggs in
the production chain. Doctoraat, UGent, FBW: 173 p. ISBN 90-5989-124-4.
Promotoren Prof. M. Uyttendaele en L. Herman.
5.8 Policy-relevant notes and reports
in the framework of mandated and
other tasks
Animal Sciences
Anon. (2006) Datacollectie met betrekking tot de aanlandingen en de teruggooi van de boomkorvisserij in de Ierse Zee - 2005 - Projectverslag. Intern
activiteitenverslag MVG (eindredactie Frank Redant, bijdrage Wim Demaré).
Anon. (2006) National Data Gathering Programme under EC Regulation
1639/2001 amended by EC Regulation 1581/2004 - Belgium - 2005 - Technical report. Activiteitenverslag ingediend bij de Europese Commissie (eindredactie Frank Redant, bijdrage Wim Demaré en Bart Maertens).
Anon. (2006) Reply to the request by the European Commission for further
information on the 2005 Technical Report. Aanvulling op het activiteitenverslag ingediend bij de Europese Commissie (eindredactie Frank Redant, bijdrage
Wim Demaré).
114
Anon. (2006) Report of the Steering Group on the Discard Atlas. Ispra (IT)
(bijdrage Frank Redant).
Anon. (2006) Regional Co-ordination Meeting (RCM) for the North Sea and
East Arctic, 2006. Den Haag (NL) (bijdrage Frank Redant, Bart Maertens).
Anon. (2006) Third Regional Co-ordination Meeting for the North East Atlantic
Area. Lisbon (PT) (bijdrage Frank Redant, Bart Maertens).
Anon. (2006) Training Workshop on Fleet-based Approach. Nantes (FR), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Bart Maertens). SEC 2006 XX.
Anon. (2006) Report of the Ad Hoc Meeting of Independent Experts on FleetFishery based sampling. Nantes (FR), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Bart Maertens). (SEC 2006 XX).
Anon. (2006) Report of the 2nd Liaison Meeting between the Chairs of the
RCMs, the Chair of SGRN and the European Commission. Brussel (B) (eindredactie Frank Redant).
De Maersschalck V., Hostens K., Wittoeck J., Cooreman K., Vincx M., Degraer
S. (2006) Monitoring van de effecten van het Thornton windmolenpark op de
benthische macro-invertebraten en de visfauna van zachte substraten – referentietoestand: Eindrapport september 2006. Rapport Dier-Visserij/Monitoring/2006-02, 136 p.
Depestele J., Delanghe F., Vanhee J., Van Craeynest N., Vanden Berghe C.
(2006) Tussentijds rapport Project Alternatieve Visserij (PAV). Project nr. VIS/02/
B/07/DIVb,. studie uitgevoerd met financiële steun van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap en de Europese Commissie (FIOV). Promotor: Rederscentrale N.V. 28
p.
Depestele J., Stouten H., Van Craeynest K., Van Craeynest N., Vanderperren
E., Polet H. (2006) Tussentijds rapport Project Alternatieve Visserij (PAV). Project
nr. VIS/02/B/07/DIVb, studie uitgevoerd met financiële steun van de Vlaamse
Gemeenschap en de Europese Commissie (FIOV). Promotor: Rederscentrale
N.V. 47 p.
Derous S., Degraer S., Verfaillie E., Van Lancker V., Courtens W., Stienen E.,
Hostens K., Moulaert I., Hillewaert H., Mees J., Deneudt K., Deckers P., Cuvelier D., Vincx M. (2006) BWZee: A biological valuation map for the Belgian part
of the North Sea. Final report. PODO-II, Belspo-project, 70 p.
ICES (2006) Report of the Annual Meeting of Assessment Working Group
Chairs (AMAWGC). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Advisory Committee on Fishery Management (bijdrage Wim Demaré, D-VI). ICES
CM 2006/ACFM:17.
ICES (2006) Report of the Benthos Ecology Working Group (BEWG). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Advisory Committee on Ecosystems
(bijdrage Hans Hillewaert, Ine Moulaert, D-VI). ICES CM 2006/MHC:09.
ICES (2006) Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management,
the Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment and the Advisory Committee on Ecosystems, 2006 (ACFM, ACME and ACE) (bijdrage Wim Demaré,
Willy Vanhee). ICES Advice, Books 1-10.
ICES (2006) Report of the ICES-FAO Working Group on Fishing Technology
and Fish Behaviour (WGFTFB). International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea, Advisory Committee on Fisheries Management (bijdrage Hans Polet, Els
Van der Perren, Jochen Depestele, Hendrik Stouten). ICES CM 2006/FTC:06.
ICES (2006) Report of the Planning Group on Commercial Catch, Discards and
Biological Sampling (PGCCDBS). International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea, Advisory Committee on Fishery Management (bijdrage Frank Redant).
ICES CM 2006/ACFM:18.
ICES (2006) Report of the Study Group on Management Strategies (SGMAS).
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Advisory Committee on
Fishery Management (bijdrage Wim Demaré). ICES CM 2006/ACFM:15.
ICES (2006) Report of the Study Group on the North Sea Benthos Project 2000
(SGNSBP). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment (bijdrage Hans Hillewaert) ICES CM 2006/
MHC:06.
ICES (2006) Report of the Working Group on Beam Trawl Surveys (WGBEAM).
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Living Resources Committee (bijdrage Bart Maertens). ICES CM 2006/LRC:11.
ICES (2006) Report of the Working Group on Environmental Interactions of
Mariculture (WGEIM). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Mariculture Committee (bijdrage Daan Delbare). ICES CM 2006/MCC:03.
ICES (2006) Report of the Working Group on Marine Shellfish Culture (WGMASC). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Mariculture Committee (bijdrage Daan Delbare). ICES CM 2006/MCC:02.
ICES (2006) Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Northern Shelf
Demersal Stocks (WGNSDS). International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea, Advisory Committee on Fishery Management (bijdrage Willy Vanhee). ICES
CM 2006/ACFM:30.
ICES (2006) Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal
Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK). International Council for the
Exploration of the Sea, Advisory Committee on Fishery Management (bijdrage
Willy Vanhee, Frank Redant). ICES CM 2006/ACFM:35.
ICES (2006) Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf
Demersal Stocks (WGSSDS). International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea, Advisory Committee on Fishery Management (eindredactie Wim Demaré,
bijdrage Willy Vanhee). ICES CM 2006/ACFM:33.
ICES (2006) Report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine
Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment (bijdrage
Kris Hostens, Hans Hillewaert, Ine Moulaert). ICES CM 2006/MHC:07.
ICES (2006) Report of the Workshop on Simple Mixed Fisheries Management
Models (WKMIXMAN). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Advisory Committee on Fishery Management (bijdrage Willy Vanhee). ICES CM
2006/ACFM:14.
ICES (2006) Report of the Workshop on Nephrops Stocks (WKNEPH). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Advisory Committee on Fishery
Management (bijdrage Frank Redant). ICES CM 2006/ACFM:12.
Lauwaert B., De Brauwer D., Fettweis M., Hillewaert H., Hostens K., Mergaert
K., Moulaert I., Parmentier K., Verstraeten J. (2006) Syntheserapport over de effecten op het mariene milieu van baggerstortingen (vergunningsperiode 2004’06). Rapport BMM-ILVO-aMT, BL/2006/01, 87 p.
Moulaert I., Hostens K., Parmentier K., Bekaert K., Hoffman S., Hillewaert H.
(2006) Voortgangsrapportage baggeren Periode 1 Juli 2005 – 31 December
2005. Uitvoering van de werkzaamheden opgenomen in het protocol tussen het
Centrum voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek – Departement Zeevisserij (CLO/
DvZ) en de Administratie Waterwegen en Zeewezen – Afdeling Maritieme Toegang, ondertekend op datum van 5 september 2003. Rapport DVZ-Bagger
2005/2, 7 p.
Polet H., Depestele J., Vanderperren E., Buyvoets E., Vanden Berghe C., Vancraeynest N. (2006) Projectverslag SDVO Project “Tweelingboomkor” en SDVO
Project “Alternatieve boomkor”. Tussentijds rapport. Studie uitgevoerd met financiële steun van de Stichting Duurzame Visserijontwikkeling vzw. 32 p.
STECF (2006) Report of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for
Fisheries (spring meeting). Brussel (B), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Willy Vanhee). SEC 2006 XX.
STECF (2006) Report of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for
Fisheries (autumn meeting). Ispra (IT), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Willy Vanhee). SEC 2006 XX.
STECF/SGEC-SGRST (2006) Report of Review of Scientific Advice for 2007.
Brussel (B), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Willy Vanhee). SEC
2006 XX.
STECF/SGRN (2006) Report of the Sub-Group on Research Needs (summer
meeting). Ispra (IT), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Frank Redant).
SEC 2006 XX.
STECF/SGRN (2006) Report of the Sub-Group on Research Needs (winter meeting). Brussel (B), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Frank Redant). SEC
2006 XX.
STECF/SGRN (2006) Revision of the Biological Data Requirements under the
EU Data Collection Regulation. Brussel (B), Commission Staff Working Paper
(eindredactie Frank Redant). (SEC 2006 XX).
STECF/SGRST (2006) Report on Fishing Effort Management. Ispra (IT), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Willy Vanhee). SEC 2006 XX.
STECF/SGRST (2006) Report on Mixed Fisheries and Fishing Effort Regimes in
Recovery and Management Plans. Ispra (IT), Commission Staff Working Paper
(bijdrage Willy Vanhee). SEC 2006 XX.
STECF/SGRST (2006) Report on the Impact Assessment of Plaice and Sole
Long�term Management. Brussel (B), Commission Staff Working Paper (bijdrage Willy Vanhee). SEC 2006 XX.
STECF/SGRST (2006) Report on Mixed Fisheries. Lisbon (PT), Commission Staff
Working Paper (bijdrage Willy Vanhee). SEC 2006 XX.
Vanaverbeke J., Béllec V., Bonne W., Deprez T., Hostens K., Moulaert I., Van
Lancker V., Vincx M. (2006) SPEEK: study of the post-extraction ecologial effects
in the Kwintebank sand dredging area. Final Report. PODO-II Belspo project,
80 p.
Vanderperren E. (2006) Tussentijds rapport: introductie van bordenvisserij in de
boomkorvloot met het oog op brandstofbesparing. Project nr. VIS/06/C/02/
DIV, studie uitgevoerd met financiële steun van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap,
Europese Commissie (FIOV) en Stichting Duurzame Visserijontwikkeling vzw.
Promotor: Stichting Duurzame Visserijontwikkeling vzw. 38 p.
N and P excretion of dairy cows (De Brabander, 4 p.), of suckling cows and
growing and finishing cattle (Fiems, 3 p.), of piglets, meat pigs and sows (Van
Oeckel, 5 p.), of poultry (Huyghebaert, 3 p.), of rabbits (Maertens, 1 p.). Nota
opgemaakt voor het Kabinet van de Vlaams Minister van Landbouw, Zeevisserij
en Plattelandsbeleid, maart 2006.
115
Aanpak van de N- en P-excretie via de voeding. Presentatie door D. De Brabander voor de Commissie Leefmilieu van het Vlaams Parlement, 22 juni 2006.
N-excretion by dairy cattle. Bemerkingen op het standpunt van de Europese
Commissie over de uitscheidingsnormen bij melkvee, opgemaakt door D. De
Brabander voor het Kabinet van de Vlaams Minister van Landbouw, Zeevisserij
en Plattelandsbeleid, oktober 2006.
Justification of the excretion figures of dairy cows. Nota opgemaakt door D. De
Brabander voor het Kabinet van de Vlaams Minister voor Leefmilieu en Natuur,
1 december 2006.
Bemerkingen en suggesties bij het ontwerp-besluit van Mestdecreet op basis van
de opmerkingen van de Europese Commissie. Nota opgemaakt door D. De
Brabander voor het Kabinet van de Vlaams Minister voor Leefmilieu en Natuur,
22 december 2006.
Chirurgische castratie en bijbehorende problematiek. Nota opgemaakt door
Eenheid Dier, Melle voor het Kabinet van de Vlaams Minister van Landbouw,
Zeevisserij en Plattelandsbeleid, 28 november 2006.
Social Sciences
Buysse J., Fernagut B., Van Meensel J., Vanhuylenbroeck G., Lauwers L. Geïntegreerd systeem voor evaluatie van landbouwen agromilieupolitiek - SEPALE.
Activiteitenverslag 2004-2006, IWT-project 020677, Instituut voor Landbouwen Visserijonderzoek, Merelbeke: 74 p.
Claeys D., Van Lierde D., Zoons J., Rodenburg B., Tuyttens F. (2006) Studie
naar de socio-economische gevolgen van verschillende huisvestingssystemen in
de leghennenhouderij. Eindrapport i.o.v. ADLO uitgevoerd door ILVO, Eenheid
L&M, Merelbeke in samenwerking met ILVO, Eenheid Dier, Merelbeke en het
Proefbedrijf voor de Veehouderij, Geel: 226 p.
De Mey K., De Cock L., Van Lierde D. (2006) Studie naar de mogelijkheden
tot optimalisatie en structurering van het Vlaamse landbouwonderzoek in de
biologische sector en tot het afstemmen van het onderzoek en ontwikkeling
in de biologische landbouw op de noden van de Vlaamse biologische landbouw. Eindrapport i.o.v. ADLO uitgevoerd door het ILVO, Eenheid Landbouw
en Maatschappij in samenwerking met ILVO, Eenheid Dier, Eenheid Plant en
Eenheid Technologie en Voeding, Merelbeke: 119 p.
Fernagut B., Wustenberghs H., Lauwers L. (2006) Nutriëntenexcretie door melkvee. Geactualiseerde coëfficiënten in dynamisch perspectief. Studie uitgevoerd
in opdracht van de Vlaamse Milieumaatschappij, Instituut voor Landbouw en
Visserijonderzoek, Eenheid Landbouw en Maatschappij, Merelbeke: 62 p.
Kerselaers E., Lauwers L. (2006) Certificering van het Vlaamse PDPO 20072013. Nota voor Departement Landbouw&Visserij. Instituut voor Landbouw en
Visserijonderzoek, Eenheid Landbouw en Maatschappij, Merelbeke: 60 p.
Vandenberghe A., Cools A., Van Lierde D. (2006) Inventarisatie van reductiemogelijkheden voor het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten – subsector sierteelt. Instituut voor Landbouw- en
Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project 2003/07: 58 p.
Vandenberghe A., Cools A., Van Lierde D. (2006) Analyse en evaluatie van
reductiemogelijkheden voor het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten – subsector sierteelt. Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project 2003/07: 218 p.
reductiemogelijkheden voor het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten – subsector fruitteelt. Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project 2003/07: 153 p.
Vandenberghe A., Cools A., Van Lierde D. (2006) Evaluatie van gegevens over
het gebruik van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten in de Vlaamse tuinbouw door vergelijking met gegevens uit andere landen. Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project 2003/07: 40 p.
Vandenberghe A., Cools A., Van Lierde D. (2006) Nutriënten en gewasbeschermingsmiddelengebruik in de Vlaamse tuinbouw: stand van zaken en reductiemogelijkheden. Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, eindrapport
ALT-project 2003/07: 130 p.
Plant Sciences
Carlier L. & Van Waes J. (2006) Cooperation Flanders C&E Europe (project
“Slovarseed” SLO/001/02).
Carlier L. et al. (2006) Yearly newsletter 2: “Reduced tillage” project
BUL/001/03.
Carlier L. et al. (2006) Yearly newsletter 3: “Reduced tillage” project
BUL/001/03.
Chaves B., Marynissen B. & Carlier L. (2006) Korrelmais CGW proeven 2006.
36 p.
Chaves B., Marynissen B. & Carlier L. (2006) Silomais CGW proeven 2006.
54 p.
Chaves B., Marynissen B. & Carlier L. (2006) Vezelvlas CGW proeven 2006.
17 p.
Kerselaers E., Lauwers L. (2006) Relevance, utility and data availability of agricultural (and forestry) competitiveness indicators and agri-environmental indicators for rural development and policy analysis. TAPAS 2006 Rural Development.
Intermediate Report v 0.1. December 2006. Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, Eenheid Landbouw en Maatschappij, Merelbeke: 48 p.
De Bel N. & Van Waes J. (2006) Voederbieten CGW proeven en OHB-proef
2005. 19 p.
Lauwers L., Kerselaers E., Kruseman G., Terluin I. (2006) Contribution for Belgium and Luxembourg to ‘An evaluation of the Less Favoured Area Measure in
the 25 member states of the European Union’. Report prepared by the Institute
for European Environmental Policy for DG Agriculture. London, UK: 249 p.
De Bel N., Van Waes J. & De Vliegher A. (2006) Rassenproeven met witte klaver
CGW proeven 2005. 8 p.
Vervaet M., Kerselaers E., Claeys D., Vandermersch M., Lenders S., Lauwers
L., Wustenberghs H., Fernagut B. (2006) Operationalisation of AEI-calculation
models. Execution report, TAPAS 2004 Agri-environmental indicators. Merelbeke, Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek: 197 p.
Vandenberghe A., Cools A., Van Lierde D. (2006) Inventarisatie van gegevens
over het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en
nutriënten in de Vlaamse tuinbouw. Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project 2003/07: 256 p.
Vandenberghe A., Cools A., Van Lierde D. (2006) Inventarisatie van reductiemogelijkheden voor het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten – subsector glasgroenten. Instituut voor Landbouw- en
Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project 2003/07: 63 p.
reductiemogelijkheden voor het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten – subsector grondloze glasgroenteteelt.
Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project
2003/07: 161 p.
reductiemogelijkheden voor het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten – subsector grondgebonden glasgroenteteelt. Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALTproject 2003/07: 149 p.
Vandenberghe A., Cools A., Van Lierde D. (2006) Inventarisatie van reductiemogelijkheden voor het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten – subsector vollegrondsgroenteteelt. Instituut voor
Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project 2003/07: 51
p.
116
reductiemogelijkheden voor het gebruik en/of de milieurisico’s van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en nutriënten – subsector vollegrondsgroenteteelt. Instituut
voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, tussentijds rapport ALT-project 2003/07:
159 p.
De Bel N., Van Waes J. & De Vliegher A. (2006) Rassenproeven met raaigrassen CGW proeven 2005. 64 p.
De Vliegher A. (2006) De mogelijkheden van klaver en luzerne op het moderne
melkveebedrijf. 82 p.
De Vliegher A. (2006) Programma voor reductie van pesticiden en biociden van
de werkgroep 10: grasland, braak en diverse teelten. 38 p.
De Vliegher A., Danckaert F., Delanote L. & Carlier L. (2006) De teelt van voederbieten op het biologisch bedrijf. 46 p.
Heungens K., Viaene N., Eloot B., Peeters L., Trybou M . Critical use of methyl
bromide for soil disinfestation during 2005 in Belgium: Final report. 16/1/2006.
Opdrachtgever/contactpersoon beleid: FOD Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van
de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu / Maarten Trybou.
Heungens K. Bespreking van het voorstel tot aanpassing van de EU beschikking
rond Phytophthora ramorum. 14/12/06. Opdrachtgever/contactpersoon beleid: FAVV / Nathalie Rombaut, Vera Huyshauwer & Walter Van Ormelingen.
Heungens K. Advies rond potentiële herziening van de bijlagen van EU Richtlijn
2000/29/EG m.b.t. Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum en Cylindrocladium buxicola. 13/10/06. Opdrachtgever/contactpersoon beleid: FOD Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu / Anneleen Sarens.
Lootens P., Van Waes J. & Carlier L. (2006) Het uittesten van vormbeschrijvende algoritmen en invloed van het jaareffect op de morfologische kenmerken
bij industriële cichorei en knolbegonia. Rapport voor Federale overheidsdienst,
Economie, KMO, Middenstand Energie, Dienst Intellectuele Eigendom 48 p.
Lootens P., Van Waes J. & Carlier L. (2006) Onderzoek bij vezelvlas naar het
onderscheiden van rasechte zaadpartijen en mengsels via beeldanalyse. Rapport voor L&V - ABKL 22 p.
Maes M. Gevoeligheid van Rhododendron simsii voor Phytophthora ramorum. 30/05/06. Opdrachtgever/contactpersoon beleid: FAVV / Léonard Bosschaert.
Mestdagh I., Lootens P., Carlier L. (2006) Carbon sequestration in grassland
soils. In: Van Cleemput O., Hofman G., et al. (2006) Final report: Carbon
sequestration Potential in different Belgian terrestrial ecosystems: quantification
and strategic exploration (CASTEC), 99 p.
6. Theses and
training reports
Van Vaerenbergh J. Stengelnatrot in aardappelpootgoed. 30/11/2006. Opdrachtgever/ contactpersoon beleid: Vlaams Verbond van Pootgoedtelers.
Bachelor
Marynissen B. & Chaves B. (2006) EC Comparative trial for grasses. Interim
Report. 54 p.
Marynissen B. & Chaves B. (2006) EC Comparative trial for grasses. Final Report. 58 p.
Animal Sciences
Van Waes J. & De Bel N. (2006) Rassenproeven met industriële cichorei CGW
proeven 2005. 25 p.
Claeys S. Stage van september 2005 tot april 2006. Graduaat Landbouw – KATHO (Campus Roeselare). Begeleider: Marc De Paepe
Technology & Food
De Bonte L. Stage van september tot december. Bachelor in Agro- & Biotechnologie. KaHo – Sint-Lieven (Campus Sint-Niklaas). Begeleider: Frank Tuyttens
Rapporten in het kader van de wetenschappelijke begeleiding van de Interprofessionele Organismen:
·Tussentijdse rapporten: “januari tot en met april 2006” (10 mei 2006) en “januari tot en met november 2006” (7 december 2006).
·Jaarverslag 2005: Wetenschappelijke begeleiding van de Belgische Interprofessionele Organismen belast met de officiële bepaling van de kwaliteit en samenstelling van rauwe melk geleverd aan kopers (14 februari 2006).
Rapporten in het kader van de wetenschappelijke begeleiding van de zuivelindustrie:
·Rapport Ringonderzoek Antibiotica: sneltesten , Delvotest SP & Copan Milk
Test, 16 mei 2006.
·Rapport Ringonderzoek Antibiotica: microbiologische testen (Delvotest SP-NT
& CMT Copan Milk Test) en sneltesten (ROSA, SNAP, ßeta-s.t.a.r. & Parallux,
12 oktober 2006.
·Maandelijkse rapporten ringonderzoeken “Vet/eiwit in melk” en “Kiem/coli/
vriespunt in melk”.
·Tweemaandelijkse rapporten ringonderzoeken “Vet in room”.
Reybroeck W., Ooghe S. (2006) Gebruik van sneltesten als bevestigingstest bij
de opsporing van bacteriegroeiremmende stoffen in melk in het kader van de
officiële kwaliteitsbepaling van rauwe melk. Rapport voor het Wetenschappelijk
Comité van het FAVV, 2006: 22 p.
Adviezen van het wetenschappelijk comité van het Federaal Agentschap voor
de Veiligheid van de Voedselketen (FAVV) http://www.favv.be/home/com-sci/
avis06_nl.asp door medewerking van L. Herman als lid van het comité en E.
Daeseleire, G. Vlaemynck en W. Reybroeck als externe experten in diverse werkgroepen.
Adviezen van het wetenschappelijk panel ‘Genetisch gemodificeerde organismen’ van het Europees Voedselagentschap (EFSA)
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/gmo/gmo_opnions.html en
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/feedap/feedap_opinions.html
met medewerking van M. De Loose en L. Herman als lid van het panel.
Adviezen van het door de Vlaamse Regering opgerichte expertencollege voor
de erkenning van voedselkwaliteitsregelingen met medewerking van L. Herman,
E. Daeseleire en I. Taverniers als leden van het college.
Advies van de Hoge Gezondheidsraad (FOD Volksgezondheid, veiligheid van
de voedselketen en leefmilieu) betreffende de microbiologische criteria voor
sommige voedingsmiddelen (HGR 8163 revisie van HGR 8114) met medewerking van M. Heyndrickx.
Advies van de Hoge Gezondheidsraad (FOD Volksgezondheid, veiligheid van
de voedselketen en leefmilieu) betreffende afwijking voor het Salmonella criterium in vleesbereidingen en -producten op basis van pluimveevlees die na
verhitting zullen worden verbruikt (HGR 8151) met medewerking van M. Heyndrickx.
Advies aan het kabinet van de Vlaams Minister van Landbouw, Zeevisserij en
Plattelandsbeleid, betreffende MRSA in de Vlaamse varkenshouderij, opgesteld
door M. Heyndrickx en L. Herman.
Nota betreffende “Minimum vereisten voor een spoelwatertank van spuittoestellen”, op vraag van het kabinet van de Vlaams Minister van Landbouw, Zeevisserij en Plattelandsbeleid, in het kader van een promotie-actie rond spoelwatertank die zal gelanceerd worden op Agriflanders op 12 januari 2007, opgesteld
door P. Braekman en B. Sonck.
Verschillende adviezen voor de administratieve en wetenschappelijke commissie voor emissie-arme stalsystemen op vraag van de Vlaamse Landmaatschappij, Departement Leefmilieu van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap, in het kader van
aanvragen voor nieuwe emissie-arme stalconcepten, met medewerking van K.
Boussery en H. Cnockaert.
Advies en medewerking aan een brochure betreffende “Agrarische architectuur”
op vraag van het kabinet van de Vlaams Minister van Landbouw, Zeevisserij en
Plattelandsbeleid.
Lacoere T. Eiwit (IEF) en DNA (PCR-DGGE) onderzoek op vis voor identificatie.
Stage 2de jaar Graduaat Chemie, KATHO Roeselare. Begeleiders: Stefan Hoffman, Sabrine Derveaux, Daphné Deloof
Vennens S. Stage van september tot december. Bachelor in Agro- & Biotechnologie. KaHo – Sint-Lieven (Campus Sint-Niklaas). Begeleider: Frank Tuyttens
Verburgh J. HPLC-methode voor het analyseren van biogene amines in vis.
Scholengroep Sint-Rembert, Vrij Land- en tuinbouwinstituut, Torhout. Begeleiders: Sabrine Derveaux, Karen Bekaert
Master
De Bock G. De invloed van natriumbicarbonaat op de melkproductie en melksamenstelling. Eindwerk Industrieel Ingenieur in Landbouw en Biotechnologie,
optie Landbouw, Hogeschool Gent. Promotor: Daniël De Brabander
De Marez T. Onderzoek naar het nut van een vachtborstel in een melkveestal.
Eindwerk Bio-ingenieur in de Landbouwkunde, Universiteit Gent. Promotoren:
Frank Tuyttens en J. Christiaens
Van den Bossche F. De bruikbaarheid van melkcomponenten als indicator van
slepende melkziekte. Eindwerk Industrieel Ingenieur in Landbouw en Biotechnologie, optie Landbouw, Hogeschool Gent. Promotor: Daniël De Brabander
Vergult S. Authenticiteitsonderzoek van commerciële vissen met behulp van PCR
en DGGE. Stage 1ste proef Bioingenieur - Cel en Gen technologie. Begeleiders: Stefan Hoffman, Sabrine Derveaux, Daphné Deloof
Plant Sciences
Bachelor
Coghe G. Evaluatie van methoden voor DNA extractie uit sla via real-time PCR
detectie van toegevoegde merkerbacteriën. Graduaat Farmaceutische en Biologische Technieken, KAHO Sint-Lieven, Departement Gent. Begeleider: Bart
Cottyn
Trossaert L. Studie van diverse technieken voor het vermeerderen van het graanwortellesieaaltje Pratylenchus crenatus. Graduaat Cel- en genbiotechnologie,
KATHO departement HIVB, Roeselare. Begeleider: Nicole Viaene
Van Hoorde R. Mogelijkheden van klaver en luzerne op het moderne melkveebedrijf. Bachelor agro- en biotechnologie, Hogeschool Gent. Begeleider: Alex
De Vlieger
Master
Ahuir J. S. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of Malus populations from Central
Asia. Master thesis made in the framework of the Socrates programme. Promotoren: Erik Van Bockstaele, Isabel Roldán-Ruiz & Els Coart
Baidya S. Interaction between Pratylenchus penetrans and P. crenatus in maize.
Afstudeerwerk Master of Science in Nematology, Universiteit Gent. Begeleider:
Nicole Viaene
Boone W. Ondersteunende technieken bij de veredeling van sierteeltgewassen.
Hogeschool Gent, thesis. Begeleider: Katrijn Van Laere
Debeer L. Studie van de genetische diversiteit in het genus Crataegus (Meidoorn): interspecifieke hybridisatie en herkomstanalyse. Universiteit Gent, Bioingenieurswetenschappen, Cel- en genbiotechnologie. Promotoren: Erik Van
Bockstaele & Els Coart
De Winne N. Interspecifieke hybridisatie bij sierteeltgewassen. HoGent, CTLBME, Ind Ing. Biotechnologie; thesis. Begeleider: Katrijn Van Laere
Eyskens K. Veredeling van sierteeltgewassen. KHK-Geel, thesis. Begeleider: Katrijn Van Laere
Gobert W. Approche de surveillance du Ralstonia solanacearum dans le district
de Beibei, province de ChongQing en Chine. Ingénieur Industriel en Agriculture, Haute Ecole Provinciale de Charleroi. Begeleider: Johan Van Vaerenbergh
117
Kakaire S. Species diversity of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), infecting tomato in Uganda. PINC, Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Wetenschappen.
Begeleiders: Maurice Moens en Waeyenberge Lieven
Kennis P. Detectie van Phytophthora citricola in water m.b.v. filtratie. Hogeschool Gent. Begeleider: Kris Van Poucke
Leurs J. Teeltmethode en rassenonderzoek biologische snijmaïs. Industrieel
ingenieur in de Landbouw en de Biotechnologie, optie landbouw, Katholieke
Hogeschool Kempen, Dep. Ind. Ing. Biotechniek. Begeleiders: Johan Van Waes
en Koen Willekens
Merckx K. Invloed van soortkruisingen op de vorming van ongereduceerde
gameten bij begonia. Hogeschool Gent, thesis. Begeleider: Angelo Dewitte
7. Communication
7.1 Press contacts and visits of Belgian and foreign delegations
3rd of February: Interview “Landbouw kan niet zonder onderzoek” (Erik Van
Bockstaele). Boer en Tuinder nr.5
Saiz Forés, J. M. Development of SSR-markers useful for genetic analysis in Leek
(Allium ampeloprasum L. var. porrum). Master thesis made in the framework of
the Socrates programme. Promotoren: Erik Van Bockstaele, Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
& Hilde Muylle
9th of February: Landbouwpers Boer & Tuinder bij ILVO-T&V voor “Ten dienste
van de melkveehouderij”. Promotieartikel over de werking van TAD Hoevezuivel
Scariot V. Università di Torino (Italië). Begeleider: Ellen De Keyser
10th of February: Canadese missie. International Scientific Cooperation Bureau
for Agriculture and Agrifood
Vandendriessche Y. Interspecifieke hybridisatie. HoGent CTL, thesis. Begeleider: Katrijn Van Laere
Vermeir N. Overerving en chemische analyse van de geur bij Begonia. Universiteit Gent, Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen. Promotoren: Erik Van Bockstaele,
Herman Van Langenhove en Johan Van Huylenbroeck
Wiseborn D. B. Survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in turfgrass and sand dunes
in Belgium with special emphasis on Meloidoyne spp. Afstudeerwerk Master of
Science in Nematology, Universiteit Gent. Begeleider: Nicole Viaene
Technology & Food
1st of March: Interview “Zonder landbouwonderzoek geen innovatie” (Erik Van
Bockstaele). VILT maart
3rd of March: Kennis- en adviescentrum ‘Spuittechniek’ beloond in Proeftuinnieuws. 5:38
24th of March: Landbouwpers Landbouwleven bij ILVO-T&V-Agrotechniek
“Onderzoek naar drift en driftreducerende technieken”
25th of March: “Mosselcrisis - Zorgen om een Zeeuwse industrie” (Daan Delbare). De Morgen, p 22.
Bachelor
7th of April: Bezoek Chinese delegatie, ILVO-T&V Melle
Bekaert W. Karakterisering van het toxiciteitsprofiel van aërobe sporenvormende
stammen uit melk. Gegradueerde/Bachelor in Chemie, optie Biochemie, KaHo
Sint-Lieven, Gent. Begeleiders: Marc Heyndrickx en Valerie De Jonghe
2nd of May: Landbouwpers Landbouw & Techniek bij ILVO-T&V voor artikel
“Focus op de verschillende TAD-projecten van het ILVO”
Boussery K. Invloed van de melkstal op de kostprijs van melkveestallen. Gegradueerde/Bachelor in Landbouw en Biotechniek, KHK Geel. Begeleider: Katrien
Boussery
Depraetere L. Ontwikkeling van een vloeistofchromatografische-massaspectrometrische methode voor het opsporen van fluoroquinolones in melk. Gegradueerde/Bachelor in Voedings- en dieetkunde, Erasmushogeschool Brussel,
Campus Jette. Begeleider: Els Daeseleire
De Ridder K. Detectie en kwantificatie van genetisch gewijzigde organismen:
enkele screeningstechnieken. Gegradueerde/Bachelor in Laboratorium- en
Voedingstechnologie, optie Farmaceutische en Biologische Technieken, stage
2de jaar. KaHo Sint-Lieven, Sint-Niklaas. Begeleider: Isabel Taverniers
4th of May: Landbouwpers Boer & Tuinder bij ILVO-T&V voor artikel “Sectorgids
Hoevezuivel” in het kader van de TAD Hoevezuivel
10th of May: Bezoek H.E. Dato’ Seri Mohd Shariff Omar, Deputy Minister of
Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Malaysia en afgevaardigden op ILVO-Visserij, Oostende. Reportage Boer en Buiten
11th of May: Bezoek studiedienst Boerenbond
11th of May: Veeteelt, interview, Heraanleg van sleufsilo’s, Veeteeltvlees
12th of May: Persconferentie Voorstelling ILVO - Merelbeke
14th of May: “Noordzeetong komt aan land” (Kris Cooreman). Het Nieuwsblad, p 1
Prieels V. De opsporing van remstoffen in de melk door middel van de Copan
Milk Test. Gegradueerde/Bachelor in Voedings- en dieetkunde, Erasmushogeschool Brussel, Campus Jette. Begeleider: Wim Reybroeck
14th of May: “Je proeft het verschil niet” (Kris Cooreman). Het Nieuwsblad, p
6
Master
14th of May: “Noordzeetong komt aan land” (Kris Cooreman). De Tijd
Danneels B. Gezondheidsindicatoren van het dierenwelzijn van legkippen in
verschillende huisvestingsystemen. Industrieel Ingenieur in Landbouw en Biotechnologie, optie Landbouw, Hogeschool Gent. Begeleiders: Bart Sonck en
Bastiaan Rodenburg
14th of May: “ILVO brengt Noordzeetong aan land” (Kris Cooreman). VILT
Dekeyser D. Bepaling van het effect van luchtondersteuning op de eigenschappen van spuitdruppels. Industrieel ingenieur, Hogeschool Gent. Begeleider:
David Nuyttens
15th of May: “Noordzeetong komt aan land” (Kris Cooreman). Metro, p 3
Dezeure L. Het gebruik van regenwater als drinkwater in de melkveehouderij.
Industrieel Ingenieur in Landbouw en Biotechnologie, optie Landbouw, Hogeschool Gent. Begeleider: Bart Sonck
García García Maria Del Carmen. The effect of sun shading and energy saving
screens on radiation. M.Sc. made in the framework of the Socrates programme.
Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University. Promotoren: Reinhart Verschoore en Willy Dierickx
Smedts A. Moleculaire typering van Listeria monocytogenes isolaten van diverse
oorsprong. Licentiaat/Master in de Biotechnologie, UGent. Begeleiders: Els Van
Coillie en Hadewig Werbrouck
Van Ham R. Het verband tussen mechanische schade bij witloofwortels en het
optreden van Phoma exigua var. exigua tijdens de forcerie. Industrieel Ingenieur
in Landbouw en Biotechnologie, optie Landbouw, Hogeschool Gent. Begeleiders: Bart Sonck , Jürgen Vangeyte en Stijn Windey
14th of May: “Vlaanderen gaat Noordzeetong kweken” (Kris Cooreman). VRTNieuws
16th of May: “Vlaamse primeur met aan land gekweekte zeetong” (Kris Cooreman). Het Nieuwsblad
16th of May : “Des soles élevées sur terre“ (Kris Cooreman). Le Soir
19th of May: “Oostendse tongkwekerij op komst” (Kris Cooreman). De Zeewacht, p 9.
1st of June: Interview “ILVO van start. Onderzoek bundelt krachten” (Erik Van
Bockstaele). Landgenoten zomer 2006
12th of June: Bezoek Hoofdbestuur Boerenbond met voorzitter Noël Devisch
– ILVO-T&V
16th of June: “Eten we volgend jaar Belgische mosselen?”. Boer en Tuinder
nr.24
16th of June: “Maatje is een paljas” (Daan Delbare). Het Belang van Limburg,
p 39
16th of June: “Belgische Mosselkweek” (Daan Delbare). Interview Focus regionale TV
19th of June : Bezoek Beleidsdomein Landbouw & Visserij (Vlaams viceministerpresident en Vlaams minister van Economie, Ondernemen, Innovatie, Wetenschap en Buitenlandse Handelminister Fientje Moerman)
118
22nd of June: Persconferentie met bezoek aan veldproeven met aardappelen
onder conserveringslandbouw ”Spectaculaire verschillen in beginontwikkeling”
organisatie van ILVO-Plant-TO.
23rd of June: “Focus op het ILVO en de technologische adviseerdiensten” in
Landbouw & Techniek 12, p. 35-38
14th of July: “Boer wordt viskweker” (Daan Delbare). Het Nieuwsblad, p. 1
14th of July: “Kreeft vervangt varken” (Daan Delbare). Het Nieuwsblad, p. 1011
15th of July: “Boeren staan niet te watertanden voor aquacultuur” (Daan Delbare) VILT
7.2 Activities, workshops and
courses organised by or in
cooperation with ILVO
Animal Sciences
9th of September: Stand ILVO-Visserij op de Oostendse Visserijfeesten en Havendag
23rd of November: Depestele J., Polet H., Vanderperren E., Stouten H., Van
Craeynest K. (2006) Duurzame vis op ‘t menu. “De Zee op de korrel”, vorming
voor zeeanimatoren over duurzame vis. Oostende, Provinciaal Ankerpunt Kust
(B).
22nd of September: Formele samenwerking ILVO-Visserij en VLIZ bekrachtigd:
Twee toonaangevende Vlaamse zee-instituten bundelen krachten (Kris Cooreman)
15th of Juni: Infonamiddag van ILVO-Dier Melle “Actuele onderzoeksresultaten
bij éénmagigen”.
25th of September: “Instituten VLIZ en ILVO werken voortaan samen rond visserij” (Kris Cooreman). Laatste Nieuws-Regio
27th of March and 5th of December: Studienamiddagen van de World Poultry
Science Association (WPSA) op ILVO-Dier Melle.
1st of October: Interview “ILVO zet Merelbeke op de wereldkaart!” (Erik Van
Bockstaele). Infomagazine Merelbeke oktober 2006
27th December: Workshop “Duurzame en ecologische visserij”. Oostende (B).
Ingericht door ILVO-Visserij, Sectie Technisch Visserijonderzoek.
12th of October: AVS: Opname voor het programma “Boer en Buiten”. “Rassenonderzoek” bij ILVO-Plant-TO
18th of October: “Sportvisserij weegt zwaar op de visbestanden” (Frank Redant). VRTNieuws.net
19th of October: “ILVO pleit voor meer beperkingen op sportvisserij” (Frank
Redant). VILT
19th of October: “Sportvissers wegen zwaar door op visbestand” (Frank Redant). Metro
19th of October: “Sportvisserij heeft zware impact op visbestand” (Frank Redant). www.biteback.be
31st of October: Bezoek kabinet Beleidsdomein Landbouw & Visserij (Vlaams
Minister-President Yves Leterme)
1st of November: “Sportvisserij in België”. In: Sportvisserij weegt op het mariene
visbestand: de zware impact van een hobby (Frank Redant). EOS, November
2006, p. 41.
6th of November: Pers KVLV bij ILVO-T&V voor tijdschrift “Vrouwen met vaart”
Social Sciences
7th of June: Workshop “Biotechnology: Economic challenges and society’s
perceptions”; organisation Belgian Association of Agricultural Economists, in
collaboration with the Federal Public Service Economy, Small and Medium
Enterprises, Self-employed and Energy and ILVO – Social Sciences Unit
4th of July: Discussion platform “Bottlenecks in research for organic agriculture”, within the framework of the project “Opportunities for optimisation and
structuring of organic farming research in Flanders”, ILVO – Social Sciences
Unit
26th of September: Discussion platform “Opportunities for optimising knowledge exchange within the organic sector”, within the framework of the project
“Opportunities for optimisation and structuring of organic farming research in
Flanders”, ILVO – Social Sciences Unit.
Plant Sciences
De Keyser E., Leus L., Audenaert K., Heungens K., Malengier M., Muylle H.
(2006) Resistentieveredeling, cursus, 62, ILVO – Plant-GV, Melle (B).
10th of November: “Straks geen vis meer in zee?” (Wim Demaré). Zeewacht
De Riek J., Lamote V., Eeckhaut T., De Keyser E., Van Laere K., Van Huylenbroeck J. (2006) Erfelijkheidsleer in de praktijk. Cursus, 185 p.
17th of November: “Belgian catch tops commercial fishermen” (Frank Redant).
Fishing News
Van Huylenbroeck J. (2006) Erfelijkheidsleer in de praktijk. Deel veredelingstechnieken. Cursus, Melle (B).
24th of November: Landbouwpers Landbouw & Techniek bij ILVO-T&V voor
“Focus op waardecreatie in de zuivelsector” in het kader van de TAD Hoevezuivel
11th of January: seminarie “Landbouw heeft een toekomst: ook met nieuwe
MAP en reductieplan bestrijdingsmiddelen! Teeltgericht bodembeheer met levende input: compost en compostthee” te Gent; organisatie van FarmCOMPOST ILVO-Plant-TO.
1st of December: “Expertise is klaar voor de praktijk”. In: “Het begon met een
aquarium in ons tuinhuis” (Daan Delbare). Landgenoten, Winter 2006, p. 13.
6th of December: “Sportvisserij” (Frank Redant). Eén – Koppen
12th of January: studienamiddag “Toepassing van compostthee in teelten op
hydrocultuur” op ILVO-Plant-GV te Melle; organisatie van FarmCOMPOST
ILVO-Plant-TO.
8th of December: “Sportvisserij” (Frank Redant). VRT Radio - Voor de dag
21st - 23rd of January: Agro-Expo Vlaanderen, Roeselare. Deelname ILVOPlant-TO.
15th of December: Persconferentie “Preventagri Nouveau” en aankondiging
van de wedstrijd rond veiligheid voor landbouwscholen, samenwerking met
FOD Arbeid en Tewerkstelling, in Crown Palace Hotel te Brussel
24th of January - 9th of February (op dinsdag en donderdag): Erfelijkheidsleer
in de praktijk (Sietinet, ILVO, Azalea Innovatiefonds)
18th of December: Voorstelling beschrijvende en aanbevelende rassenlijst voor
voedergewassen en bodembedekkers – SEMZABEL – ILVO-Directie en Plant,
T&V
7th of February: Workshop GMO (ILVO-Plant)
20th of December : “Quotabeleid“ (Frank Redant). L’Echo de la Bourse
27th of April: studiedag KVIV rond energiegewassen
20th of December: “Quotabeleid“ (Frank Redant). Het Belang van Limburg
25th of June: opendag ‘Inspiratie voor Innovatie – 50 jaar POVLT’ RumbekeBeitem. Deelname ILVO-Plant-TO.
21st of December: “Hoe gezond is zalm (nog)?” (Daan Delbare). Het Laatste
Nieuws, p. 14.
21st of December: Uitvoering van rookproeven in Boer & Buiten op AVS
22nd of December: “Quotabeleid” (Frank Redant). VRT Radio - Lopende Zaken, Kanaal Z – Journaal, Canvas – Terzake
23rd of December: “Visserijproblemen en quotabeleid” (Frank Redant). De
Tijd
Landbouwleven 20: 4. Uitreiking getuigschriften Gekwalificeerd Technicus
Spuitmachines
20th of March: scientist@work (ILVO-Plant)
29th - 30th of June: Workshop Generose, Genetic evaluation of European rose
resources for conservation and horticultural use, (ILVO-Plant)
September: Opleiding medewerkers FAVV. Theoretische en practische sessies
Casteels Hans, Heungens Kurt, Moens Maurice, Van Vaerenbergh Johan, Viaene Nicole.
19th of September: Workshop ‘Karakterisering van autochtone bomen en struiken in Vlaanderen’ (ILVO-Plant, Sietinet, INBO, Van Hulle B&C Boomkwekerijen)
27th - 29th of September: Grasp-workshop ‘focus on data-analysis’ (ILVOPlant-GV)
119
7th and 14th of November: Cursus resistentieveredeling (Azalea Innovatiefonds,
Sietinet, ILVO, Ugent)
30th of November and 1st of December: Workshop on data analysis (Grasp,
ILVO-Plant-GV)
18th of December: Voorstelling van de “Belgische beschrijvende en aanbevelende rassenlijst voor voedergewassen en groenbedekkers 2007” op ILVO-Directie met medewerking van ILVO-Plant-TO
Technology & Food
24th of November (Marloie): workshop “Veterinary Drugs Residue Analysis and
Farm to Fork Approach”, Food Safety Cluster; met medewerking van ILVOT&V.
5th of January (Merelbeke): Workshop statistiek, spreker Prof. Dr. Dirk Berkvens,
Tropisch Instituut Antwerpen.
28th of November: infovergadering wetenschappelijke begeleiding industrie
vlaanderen; organisatie ILVO-T&V.
11th of January (Melle): Ontbijtsessie “Microbiologische voedselveiligheid en
bewaartechnieken”, Food2Know (UGent).
30th of November: Themadag T&V voor Departement en Agentschap Landbouw en Visserij.
27th of January (Tongeren), 2nd of February (Gooik), 23rd of February (Melle),
8th of March (Torhout), 15th of March (Poperinge), 6th of November (Huldenberg), 7th of November (Lichtaart), 8th of November (Sleidinge) en 14th
of November (Zele): Testen voor de opsporing van antibiotica op de hoeve.
Demosessie voor landbouwers en studenten van het landbouwonderwijs in het
kader van de TAD Hoevezuivel; organisatie ILVO-T&V in samenwerking met de
landbouworganisaties.
7th of February (Merelbeke): Workshop “GMOs”, Food Safety Cluster; organisatie ILVO-T&V.
9th of February (Melle): Autocontrole paardenmelkpoeder. Infosessie voor
paardenmelkers die klant zijn van de pilootfabriek; organisatie ILVO-T&V.
24th of April (Gent): Opleidingsonderdeel Seminaries, Bio-ingenieur Landbouwkunde “Wetenschappelijk onderzoek en kwaliteitsbeleid in landbouw”
(UGent).
16th of May (Antwerpen): International Satellite Congress, Food Safety Cluster;
organisatie ILVO-T&V en UGent.
16th of May (Veulen): “Huisvesting vleesvee”. Studienamiddag in samenwerking met ADLO.
16th of May (Merelbeke) and 18th of May (Ciney): Studiedag Control; in samenwerking met IKM Vlaanderen, VRV, Boerenbond, QFL Wallonie, AWE.
23rd of May (Lotenhulle): ”Huisvesting vleesvee”, studienamiddag in samenwerking met ADLO.
30th of May (Bocholt): Demonstratie stalknechten op het rundveebedrijf. Demonstratienamiddag in kader van TAD Agromech in samenwerking met landbouwschool Bocholt.
2nd and 6th of June (Gent & Melle): Workshop ‘Quality control of honey. Honey and legislation.’ in samenwerking met het Informatiecentrum voor Bijenteelt
(UGent) in het kader van de cursus ‘Beekeeping for Poverty alleviation’.
13th of June (Merelbeke): “Koolzaadolie: van boer tot consument”. Studienamiddag in het kader van ALT-demo KOBRA, in samenwerking met LTCW.
7th of August (Melle): Activities of ILVO with emphasis on dairy technology and
bacterial food safety, IPBO summer course; met medewerking van ILVO-T&V.
7th of September (Gent): studiedag “Alternatieven voor voederantibiotica: zoötechnie en voedselveiligheid verenigd?”; met medewerking van ILVO-T&V.
9th - 17th of September: Accenta, Gent. Deelname van ILVO-T&V, Productkwaliteit en –innovatie.
14th and 15th of September (Gent): ‘Eleventh Conference on Food Microbiology’; met medewerking van ILVO-T&V.
26th of September (Aalter): “Wassers & biobedden in het kader van ammoniakemissiereductie”, studiedag in samenwerking met ADLO
28th of September (Poperinge): “Wassers & biobedden in het kader van ammoniak-emissiereductie”, studiedag in samenwerking met ADLO.
24th - 25th of October (Montoldre, France): The 2sd International Symposium
on Centrifugal Fertiliser Spreading, ILVO is lid van scientific committee.
7th of November (Zwevegem): “Huisvesting vleesvee”, studienamiddag in samenwerking met ADLO.
14th of November (Beervelde): “Huisvesting vleesvee”, studienamiddag in samenwerking met ADLO.
21st of November (Melle): Workshop ‘Quality control of honey’ in samenwerking met Wageningen Expertise Centre for Chain and Network in het kader van
de ‘Supply Chain Course Bosnia and Herzegovina’.
21st of November, 5th of December, 7th of December, 14th of December,
19th of December: Paratuberculose, in het kader van de TAD Hoevezuivel; organisatie ILVO-T&V in samenwerking met Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen
en Boerenbond.
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Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research - ILVO

Transcription

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