self purification capability of underground water courses in the

Transcription

Espelunc@digital
Órgano Oficial de la Sociedad Espeleológica de Cuba
Espelunc@digital
Órgano Oficial de la Sociedad Espeleológica de Cuba1
No. 6. Julio, 2007, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
Apartado 6219, CP. 10600, Habana 6, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
e-mail: [email protected]
www.sec1940.galeon.com
Editor: L.F. Molerio León
SELF PURIFICATION CAPABILITY
OF
UNDERGROUND
WATER
COURSES IN THE HUMID TROPICS:
RESULTS OF A TRACING EXPERIMENT AT THE
GRAN CAVERNA DE SANTO TOMÁS, CUBA2,3
L.F. Molerio León
CESIGMA, S.A.,
P.O. Box 6219, CP 10600,
Habana 6, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
Email: [email protected]
H. Farfán González
Escuela Nacional de Espeleología,
El Moncada, Viñales, Pinar del Río, Cuba
E-mail: [email protected]
M. Parise
National Research Council, IRPI, Bari, Italy
Gruppo Puglia Grotte, Castellana-Grotte (BA), Italy
E.mail: [email protected]
Nota del Editor:
Entre el 15 y el 20 de Abril del 2007 se celebró en
Viena, Austria, la Asamblea General Anual de la
Unión Europea de Geociencias (EGU, por sus
siglas en ingles). Tres ponencias cubanas de
miembros de la Sociedad Espeleológica de Cuba
fueron presentadas a ese evento. Dos de ellas en
la Comisión NH8.03 Peligros naturales y antrópicos en
areas cársicas y una en la Comisión HS.11 Acuíferos
cársicos y fisurados. Los resúmenes de los tres
trabajos fueron publicados en los Geophysical
Research Abstracts, Vol. 9, 01839, 2007.
Espelunc@digital se complace en publicar el segundo
de ellos.
C. Aldana Vilas
Escuela Nacional de Espeleología,
El Moncada, Viñales, Pinar del Río, Cuba
1
Publicación científica ocasional arbitrada. ISSN en trámite.
Comisión NH8.03. Natural and anthropogenic hazards in karst areas. Contribución EGU2007-A-01841
3
Manuscrito recibido en Mayo del 2007
2
1
No.6, Julio, 2007, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
Espelunc@digital
Abstract. The Gran Caverna de Santo Tomás, 210 Km West of the City of Havana, capital of Cuba, is the biggest
cave system in the country, with almost 47 km of communicated underground galleries and several dozens of non
connected caves. The Gran Caverna de Santo Tomás is developed in the Sierra de Quemado where five small
superficial basins converge (Santo Tomás, Bolo, Peñate, Arroyo de La Tierra y Los Cerritos) entering the hills
through individual caves in the Eastern slope of the calcareous mountains. The town of El Moncada is located
upstream these small basins and discharges its untreated wastewaters to the rivers before they reach the
underground cave system. Water retention and groundwater velocity and mixing were evaluated after a tracer test
conducted by one of the authors of this contribution. Water sampling in several input-output stations allowed the
determination of the self –purification degree and the coefficient of oxygen consumption in this unconfined conduit
flow system. The ecohydrologycal vulnerability and the anthropogenic hazards to human health of the
communities living at the discharge slope of the Sierra de Quemado have been evaluated after this experiment.
The hydrological behavior of a system where flash floods linked to heavy and/ or hurricane rains can modify
groundwater flow and hence the retention and self – purification capability of the system is also discussed in this
paper.
INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1. Location Map of the Sierra de Quemado and the Gran
One of the major concerns in the
Caverna de Santo Tomás.
sustainable management of the
karst territory of the Sierra de
Quemado (17 km West Viñales y
a 140 West of La Habana,
Capital of Cuba, Fig. 1) is the
water quality at the outlets. This
is mainly because upstream the
Sierra de Quemado the village
El Moncada (population: 1600,
Fig. 2) discharges its untreated
domestic and agricultural waste waters to the surface streams that enter the karst mountain.
This water is also untreated used by the farmers living at the discharge slope of the Sierra for
domestic and agricultural consumption.
In 1994 a tracer experiment (MOLERIO et al., 1995a, 1995b; MOLERIO 2004, Fig. 3) showed
unsuspected hydraulic connections among the rivers entering the Sierra and several springs
at the outlet improving the general knowledge of the local hydrology (Fig. 4). Speleological
knowledge of the system is still uncompleted but has allowed the discovery of the biggest
cave system of Cuba: the Gran Caverna de Santo Tomás, with 47 km of connected
passages (Fig. 5). The cave system has been systematically explored since 1954 but few
hydrological and environmental studies have been carried in it and its surrounding basins
(Fig. 6).
After a more detailed study of the chemical composition and water quality of the surface and
underground waters linked to the Sierra de Quemado (MOLERIO, 1995) a systematic
monitoring was established in the inlets and a detailed inventory of the contamination sources
as well as of the water distribution lines was carried out. The poor quality of the waters
entering the Sierra via the streams Santo Tomás and Arroyo de La Tierra was significantly
highlighted because its eventual effects on people’s health and on the underground biota.
Nevertheless it was also considered that huge cave development, where several
superimposed dry and well ventilated cave levels exists, the fast flow circuits that links the
five entering streams with small or no retention in most part of the underground passages and
the differentiated development of the river and cave biota should be studied in a more
detailed way. Special attention was then focused to the eventual self purification mechanisms
linked with oxygen exchange that could take place in the cave system.
2
Espelunc@digital
Fig. 2. El Moncada village (population 1600). Partial view from the Sierra de Quemado
(Photo by M. Condis).
Fig. 3. Hydraulic connections established during the 1994 tracer test (shown by black
arrows).
3
Espelunc@digital
Fig. 4. Hydraulic relations of surface and goundwaters in the part of Sierra de
Quemado occupied by the Gran Caverna de Santo Tomás and its associated basins.
Fig. 5. General map of the Gran Caverna de Santo Tomás.
4
Espelunc@digital
Fig. 6. The hydrologic structure of the Sierra de Quemado.
The experiment design was based on data derived from the 1994 tracer test, particularly for
the mean residence time of waters. pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen was measured in the
field with calibrated portable instruments. River discharges were measured during water
sampling that also account for major constituents. Water samples were processed for major
constituents at the Central Mineral Lab of the Ministry of Basic Industry in La Habana.
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
The conceptual model of this study was based on the spatial variation of Dissolved Oxygen
(DO) of water samples taken at several points within the cave system whose links with
contaminant sources were already known (Fig. 7). This model accounts for DO as indirect
indicator for water quality (PARSONS, J.E., D.L. THOMAS, R. L. HUFFMAN, 2004;
THOUVENOT, M., T.KARVONEN, 2004; LEE, G. FRED, 2003).
The theoretical basis for this approach has been early given by MCNEELY et al., (1979). It
should be stressed, according to them, that Oxygen is one of the gases that is found
dissolved in natural surface waters. It is moderately soluble in water. The amount of dissolved
oxygen depends upon temperature, salinity, turbulence –that allows mixing- and atmospheric
pressure. The concentration of DO is subject to diurnal and seasonal fluctuations due, in part,
to variations of river discharge, photosynthetic activity and temperature. Biodepletion and reaeration processes also control the DO concentrations.
5
Espelunc@digital
Fig. 7. Conceptual model of Dissolved Oxygen depletion reactions (after LEE & JONESLEE, 2003).
The decomposition of organic wastes and oxidation of inorganic wastes may reduce the DO
levels to concentrations of zero or approaching zero. It is known, despite most standards do
not establish a critical level for consumption waters that concentrations of less 4 mg/L are not
appropriate for most aquatic organisms. The general methodology followed was that
described by PREKA & PREKA-LIPOLD (1976). The formulations of this author and of
MANCZAK (1966) were used in this study for the degree of self purification (SA) and the
Coefficient of Oxygen Consumption (k1(r)) for DO:
SA =
100(ODa − ODb )
ODa
ODa
1
k1 (r ) = log
t
ODb
Where ODa and ODb are the dissolved oxygen concentrations at the inlet (a) and the outlet (b)
or any terminal station; t, holds from the time (in days) between measurements and was
obtained from the tracer test.
Seven stations were selected (Fig. 8), those in italic are referred to cave stations (see Fig. 5):
• Sumidero Santo Tomás
• Arroyo La Tierra
• Resolladero Santo Tomas
• Descarga Río Frío
• Represas Hoyo Fanía
• Lago Charco Hondo
• Lago permanente 2do cauce
6
Espelunc@digital
Fig. 8. Surface locations of OD measurements described in this paper
MODEL FORMULATION
The water quality parameters for each of the inputs along with the upstream river flow are
input at the head of each reach and mixed according to the mass balance equation (ADEM,
2001a, 2001b, 2002):
Q1C1 + Q2C2 = (Q1 + Q2)C3
where:
Q1 = upstream flow (m3 /s)
Q2 = waste input flow (m3 /s)
C1 = upstream concentration (mg/L)
C2 = waste input concentration (mg/L)
C3 = instream mixed concentration (mg/L)
More complex equations describing variations in downstream constituents can be simplified
to a more mathematically convenient form using some basic assumptions. If we assume that:
• convection (flow in the river) is unidirectional, that is significant only in the X direction;
• diffusion effects are negligible; and
• there is no change in streamflow, temperature, waste loads and stream processes
(i.e. steady state prevails) then the following simplified model applies:
7
Espelunc@digital
Where:
c = concentration of a substance, eg. dissolved oxygen - mg/L
V = Velocity in the x direction – m/s
This equation was developed by Streeter and Phelps (1925) and its solution known as the
Streeter-Phelps model. The Streeter-Phelps model accounts for only one sink of oxygen decomposition of organic matter (BOD) and one source - reaeration- and is applicable to rivers
where these are the predominant processes. Author like O'Connor and DiToro in 1970 added
terms to the model to account for increases in dissolved oxygen through the process of
photosynthesis and decreases in dissolved oxygen through aquatic plant respiration, sludge
respiration and carbonaceous and nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand. The following
processes are considered:
• decomposition of carbonaceous oxygen demand - CARBOD and nitrogenous oxygen
demand - NOD
• sediment oxygen demand, SOD
• algal and plant respiration, R
• photosynthetic oxygen production by plants and algae, P
• atmospheric reaeration, Ka
These processes are expressed in the following equation, which routes dissolved oxygen
through the reach (and therefore through time):
where
-
Kr = first order rate constant of CARBOD – day-1
L = concentration of CARBOD according to equation (3) - mg/L
Kn = first order decay rate constant of NOD – day-1
N = concentration of NOD according to equation (4) - mg/L
S = average rate of sediment oxygen demand - mg/L
R = average rate of algal and plant respiration
P = photosynthetic oxygen production rate- mg/L
-1
Ka = first order atmospheric reaeration rate constant - day
D(x,t) = dissolved oxygen deficit = (Cs - C) - mg/L
Cs = oxygen saturation - mg/L
C = oxygen concentration - mg/L
O'Connor and DiToro solved equation (6) using a Fourier series expansion for the P and R
terms. Their solution is the basis of the DOMOD3 steady state model used in the Kam River
1988 study with the P and R terms assumed to be zero. The photosynthesis and respiration
terms (P and R) have been ignored in the equation below which is applied in the Kam R.
spreadsheet version.
8
Espelunc@digital
where:
-1
Kd = Deoxygenation rate constant for CARBOD - day
x/V = distance over velocity, or time of travel to location x . Note that the equation does not
vary with time only x (or x/V or travel time).
Temperature corrections for the de-oxygenation terms, re-aeration term and SOD will be
calculated by the following general equation:
Where:
KT = generic reaction rate (1/day) for temperature T
K20 = specific reaction rate at 20ºC (1/day)
θ = Arrhenius equation temperature constant for each parameter.
T = temperature (C)
The following hydraulic relationships are used in the model:
Where:
V = velocity, m/s
Q = streamflow, m3/s
D = river depth,
m a, b, c, d, e, f = Leopold-Maddock coefficients with: a + c + e = 1 and b x d x f =1.
9
Espelunc@digital
The units for areal rate terms need some clarification. The S, P and R terms by definition are
channel bottom processes conventionally presented in units of gm/m2/day. The relationship to
the volumetric term used in the model is as follows for the SOD term, with units shown.
S (mg/L/day) = s (gm/m2/day) / Depth (m)
The implication of this is that while the SOD rate would remain constant as flow varies, the
volumetric S rate varies with depth and must be adjusted for predicting the impact of lower
flows as follows:
S2 = S1* D1/D2
With subscript 1 referring to the base data and 2 referring to the prediction scenario and D
referring to depth (m). From this calculation it can be seen that lowering the flow rate (and
thus the depth) magnifies the impact of SOD by the ratio of the depth. The same unit
conversions apply to the P and R terms.
As stated in the literature, the major consumption of DO in streams occurs through the
aerobic chemical and microbial breakdown of long-chained organic molecules into simpler,
stable end products.
carbohydrate → CO2 + H2O
proteins → amino acids → ammonia → nitrite → nitrate→ sulfate and phosphate
If O2 is exhausted, aerobic decomposition ceases and further breakdown must be
accomplished by anaerobic bacteria. A moderately high DO is necessary for the maintenance
of healthy aquatic ecosystems. When a large amount of industrial or municipal waste enters
the stream, the breakdown of the waste may depletes O2 in the stream.
When a waste enters a stream, it becomes completely mixed with stream water after a short
distance. The assimilation of oxidizable materials begins to consume O2 and increase O2
deficit. O2 is replenished by reaeration from the atmosphere, the rate of which depends
mainly on the O2 deficit, the width of the stream, turbulence, and water temperature.
The balance between O2 consumption and replenishment leads to a profile of net O2 deficit,
which shows characteristic dissolved-oxygen sag (Figs. 9-11).
The profile of O2 deficit is estimated by the Streeter-Phelps equation (Fig. 12);
Where
D: O2 deficit of the stream [mg/L]
Di: initial O2 deficit of the waste mixture [mg/L]
k : rate constant of O2 consumption [day-1]
L : initial BOD of the waste mixture [mg/L]
r : reaeration rate constant [day-1]
t : time from initial mixing [day]
10
Espelunc@digital
Fig. 9. Disolved oxygen sag.
Fig. 10. Typical DO behavior.
11
Espelunc@digital
Fig. 11. Evolution of DO and nutrients.
Fig. 12. Streeter and Phelps equation terms.
The word “initial” indicates the time when the waste is completely mixed with stream water.
The initial waste mixture may have significant O2 deficit. The rate of O2 consumption per unit
BOD is dependent on the type of waste. Many agricultural processes release wastes that can
be rapidly oxidized. In contrast, pulp wastes are assimilated slowly. Therefore, the rate
constant k depends on the type of materials in the waste. The constant r represents how fast
O2 is being replenished. Both k and r are dependent on water temperature (BENOIT, 2001).
Assuming complete and instantaneous mixing,
Lo = initial BOD of the mixture of river and wastewater (mg/L)
12
Espelunc@digital
Lr = ultimate BOD of the river just upstream of the point of discharge (mg/L)
Lw = ultimate BOD of the wastewater (mg/L)
Qr = volumetric flow rate of the river just upstream of the discharge point (m3/s)
Qw = volumetric flow rate of wastewater (m3/s)
DO = initial oxygen deficit of the mixture of river and wastewater
DOs = saturated value of DO in water at the temperature of the river
DOw = DO in the wastewater
DOr = DO in the river just upstream of the discharge point
According to USEPA (2001) the simulation of DO dynamics is based on the oxygen deficit,
which is the difference between saturation and actual conditons. The following equation was
used to calculate DO at saturation:
Where T is temperature in degrees Kelvin, or 273.15 + T °C.
The following equation was used to simulate DO dynamics:
Where:
D = DO deficit leaving a given segment
D0 = DO deficit entering a given segment
Ka = reaeration rate
L0 = iron concentration entering a given stream segment
Kr = Kd (decay) + Ks (settling) rates
x = length of stream segment
u = flow velocity
Similarly to the dynamics of the iron loss equation, a longer distance, slower flow velocity,
increased iron floc settling rate, or increased iron decay rate would increase the oxygen
deficit, as would a lower reaeration rate.
Reaction rates were adjusted for temperature using the following equation:
Where 2 = 1.024 for reaeration and 1.047 for decay and settling.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows part of the data input used in this paper. Fig. 13 shows the Schoeller diagram
for these major constituents. For location references please refer to Figs. 4 and 8.
13
Espelunc@digital
Table 1. Average major constituents, nutrients and dissolved oxygen (in mg/L).
Hydrological
role
INLETS
OUTLETS
CAVE
STATIONS
Locations
Sumidero
Santo Tomás
Arroyo
La Tierra
Descarga
Río Frio
Resolladero
Santo Tomás
Lago
permanente
2do cauce
HCO3
Cl
SO4
108
8
221
Ca
Mg
Na
K
NH4
NO2
NO3
TDS
DO
13
28.2
2.6
6.5
1.6
0.35
<0.03
<10
152
4.89
12
10
30.0
5.5
8.9
13.1
15.5
<0.03
<10
267
0
167
8
12
46.0
3.9
6.4
1.4
0.38
<0.03
<10
229
7.9
108
8
10
24.9
3.2
6.0
1.3
0.31
<0.03
<10
146
7.9
114
6
10
32.0
5.2
2.5
1.0
<0.25
<0.03
10.9
161
1.43
152
8
10
42.1
4.2
4.1
2.3
<0.25
<0.03
<10
208
3.8
36
7
10
5.7
2.0
1.7
4.0
<0.25
0.125
<10
53.7
3.85
Represas
Hoyo Fanía
Lago
Charco
Hondo
Fig. 13. Schoeller diagram for major constituents of waters tested in this paper.
Gráfico de Schoeller
1000
2do Cauce
Represa- Fanía
Charco Hondo
Sumidero S.Tomas
Río Frio
Resolladero
100
mg/L
La Tierra
10
1
HCO3
Cl-
SO42-
Ca
Mg
Na
K
14
Espelunc@digital
Fig. 14. Schoeller diagram for surface waters entering Sierra de Quemado.
Hidroquimica de las aguas de ingreso
Cerritos
10
S.Peñate
A.LaTier
Bolo
SumS.Tom
1
mEq/L
HCO3
Cl
SO4
Ca
Mg
Na
K
0.1
0.01
Point hydrogeochemistry does not differ from the generalization of MOLERIO (1995) (Fig. 14)
except for the case of Charco Hondo, not sampled before. Charco Hondo represents a point
basically linked to waters entering via infiltration and partially mixed with flooded surface
waters of the Santo Tomás river. Na and K concentrations in Arroyo la Tierra were a little
higher than historically.
Water entering Sierra de Quemado via Arroyo de La Tierra receives the contribution of a a is
non persistent, non cumulative toxic substance major pollution source coming from the
untreated wastewaters of a Chicken Farm. This point source supplies the highest mineralized
surface waters to the system coming primarily from the carbonated products used for
cleaning and feeding of the chickens. In addition, the higher NH4 concentrations are recorded
in these waters. This dissociated ammonium ion NH4 represents a toxic compound entering
the system that threatens freshwater aquatic life and, because of the general alkaline
environment it should be more toxic.
Arroyo de La Tierra shows the most depleted Dissolved Oxygen values of the sampled
stations and, in turn, this allows for the general picture described above. The way and
intensity that this behavior affect the cave biota has not been already studied but in the
surroundings of the inlet and along the surface water course before entering the cave no
aquatic life has been recognized.
All streams entering the Sierra the Quemado and stored in the cave lakes like Represas,
Charco Hondo and Segundo Cauce shows depleted values of DO. All values are below the
standard limit of 4 mg/L DO adopted for the preservation of aquatic life.
Charco Hondo and Represas Hoyo de Fanía are basically linked with the Santo Tomás River
except in heavy rains were some back flow could be produced due to the interaction of this
stream with the runoff of El Bolo stream. But in the conditions described no back flow nor
heavy rains took place. Therefore, waters from Santo Tomás river in the line Charco Hondo15
Espelunc@digital
Represas became more depleted in DO, decreasing in about 1 mg/L. In the large flow path
the decomposition of organic matter continues to proceed, depleting Oxygen in the system.
In the permanent lake of 2do Cauce, the situation is even worst. Waters mainly stagnant of
this lake allowed for particular table conditions of temperature and flow, increasing oxidation
of the organic matter and high consumption of oxygen. In fact the lowest values recorded
within the cave system were measured at this point. Therefore, this place constitutes a
particular ecological notch of depleted high residence time waters. No biota has been ever
reported from this lake except after heavy rains producing high floods in the cave.
DO values measured at the outlets of Rio Frio and Santo Tomás have shown unexpected
results. In fact a recovery in DO values was recorded in both monitoring stations together with
practically no changes in the concentration of NH4. Therefore, it seems that re-aeration
processes are particularly important close to the outlets of the underground streams. This
process should be theoretically controlled by the turbulence of the streams close to the
discharge slope of the Sierra de Quemado and the influence of the wide and well-ventilated
underground passages in the interface atmosphere-water. The rate of re-aeration in the first
model outputs is less than 1 day from the short distance separating Charco Hondo to the
Santo Tomás resurgence.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
• Two of the five streams entering the Sierra de Quemado conveying into the Gran
Caverna de Santo Tomás, the largest cave system in Cuba, are depleted or close to
depletion dissolved oxygen.
• Depletion continues to proceed underground for most part of the underground path of
te Santo Tomás river and loose close to 1 mg/L . Underground lakes permanent or
temporarily linked with this fluvial stream are particularly depleted.
• The Arroyo de La Tierra enters the system with zero dissolved oxygen and high NH4
concentration. Nevertheless, close to the outlet, this stream and the Santo Tomas
river recovers enough oxygen to be enriched close to 7 mg/L of DO.
REFERENCES
ADEM. ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (2001a): The
ADEM Spreadsheet Water Quality Model. Water Division – Water Quality Branch, Alabama
Department of Environmental Management, 24:
ADEM. ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (2001b):
Spreadsheets for Water Quality-Based Npdes Permit Calculations. Updated July 2000
by Greg Pelletier, Water Division – Water Quality Branch, Alabama Department of
Environmental Management, 19:
ADEM. ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (2002): Water
Quality Appendix K Final TMDL Development for Chase Creek / AL06030002-190_01.
Alabama Department of Environmental Management Low Dissolved Oxygen/Organic
Loading, 28:
BENOIT, A.G. (2001): The Streeter and Phelps Equation. ENV 2101 Principles of
Environmental Engineering. 2:
LEE, G.F. & A. JONES-LEE (2003): Synthesis and Discussion of Findings on the Causes
and Factors influencing Low DO in the San Joaquin River Deep Water Ship Channel
16
Espelunc@digital
near Stockton, CA: Including 2002 Data. G. Fred Lee & Associates. Conceptual Model
of DO Depletion Reactions in the SJR DWSC. Report Submitted to SJR DO TMDL
Steering Committee/Technical Advisory Committee and CALFED Bay-Delta Program, March
2003, Californa, 284:
MANCZAK, H. (1966): Ocena przelegu procesu samooczisczkoi rzek skanalizowanych
na potstame kryterium tlenowego i wynikow bagad rzek Odry. Secz. Nauk Politechn,
Wroclaw, Poland (144)
MCNEELY, R. N., V. P. NEIMANIS, L. DWYER (1979): Water Quality Sourcebook. A Guide
to Water Quality Parameters. Inland Water Dir. , Ottawa, 88 p.
MOLERIO LEÓN, L.F.(1995): Regionalización Hidrogeoquímica de las Aguas
Subterráneas en la Sierra de Quemado, Pinar del Río, Cuba. Congr. Internac. LV Aniv.
Soc. Espel. Cuba y Primera Reunión Iberoamericana, La Habana,:92-93
MOLERIO LEÓN, L.F. (2004): El enlace absorción-descarga de la Gran Caverna de
Santo Tomás: evidencias derivadas de un ensayo con trazadores artificiales. Ing. Hidr.
y Ambiental, La Habana, XXV (3): 22-26
MOLERIO LEÓN, L.F.; A. MENÉNDEZ; E. FLORES, C. BUSTAMANTE & M. GUERRA
(1995a): Hidrodinámica de los Grandes Sistemas Cavernarios de Cuba Occidental.
Congr. Internac. LV Aniv. Soc. Espel. Cuba y Primera Reunión Iberoamericana, La
Habana,:88-89
MOLERIO LEÓN, L.F.; C. ALDANA VILAS; E. FLORES VALDÉS; E. ROCAMORA & ANA M.
SARDIÑAS (1995b): Resultados de un Ensayo con Trazadores Artificiales en la Gran
Caverna de Santo Tomás, Pinar del Río, Cuba. Congr. Internac. LV Aniv. Soc. Espel.
Cuba y Primera Reunión Iberoamericana, La Habana,:95
PARSONS, J.E., D.L. THOMAS, R. L. HUFFMAN (2004): Agricultural Non-Point Source
Water Quality Models: Their Use And Application, Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin
#398,
July,
2001
(Updated
July,
2004),
http://www3.bae.ncsu.edu/RegionalBulletins/Modeling-Bulletin/modeling-bulletin.pdf.
PREKA, N., N. PREKA-LIPOLD (1976): A contribution to study of self – purification
capability of underground watercourses. In V. Yevjevich (Ed.): Karst Hydrology and
Water Resources. Proc. U.S.-Yugoslavia Symp. Dubrovnik, Vol. 2, Fort Collins, Colo,
USA:719-729.
THOUVENOT, M., T. KARVONEN (2004): Description of an in-stream water quality
model with particular interest in nitrogen cycling. Water Resources Engineering, Helsinki
University of Technology, 23:
17
Espelunc@digital
INSTRUCCIONES PARA PUBLICAR EN ESPELUNC@digital
Espelunc@digital
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Espelunc@ digital es una publicación científica arbitrada y constituye el órgano oficial de la Sociedad
Espeleológica de Cuba.
Se admitirán trabajos hasta 1 Mb sobre temas científicos y técnicos relacionados con el carso y las
ciencias que lo estudian en idiomas español, inglés, francés y portugués.
Los autores deberán entregar, además del trabajo en soporte electrónico, un ejemplar impreso, en hojas
tamaño carta, paginado convenientemente, a la dirección que abajo se consigna o, personalmente, al
Director de la publicación.
Solamente se admitirán trabajos inéditos.
Todos los trabajos serán sometidos a arbitraje anónimo.
El formato será:
• Procesador: Word 98 o superior.
• Letra: Arial 11 ptos.
• Interlineado: Sencillo.
• Márgenes: Justificado (2,5 cm derecha, izquierda, superior e inferior)
• Fórmulas: escritas con el procesador de texto.
• Fotos y dibujos: Formato JPG incluidos en el texto, en el lugar más apropiado.
• Fotos e ilustraciones se consignarán como Fig. en numeración arábiga consecutiva y se colocarán en
el sitio más conveniente dentro del texto (sin bloquear ni encerrar en cuadros de texto)
• Los pies de grabado de fotos e ilustraciones se colocarán justificados, sobre la ilustración
correspondiente.
• Las tablas se numerarán consecutivamente como Tabla y no se partirán entre hojas.
• No se numerarán las partes del texto.
• Se incluirá un resumen en español y otro en inglés, de no más de 200 palabras.
• Se incluirán cuatro palabras clave en español e inglés.
• La bibliografía se colocará al final del texto, bajo el encabezamiento BIBLIOGRAFÍA citando
solamente los trabajos mencionados en el texto.
• Las referencias bibliográficas se reflejarán en el texto, tal como se muestra en los ejemplos
siguientes:
Dos autores: (García y González, 1962).
Hasta tres autores: (García, González y Gutiérrez, 1970).
Más de tres autores: García et al., 1970.
Si un autor ha publicado más de un trabajo en un año se citarán con letras: (Rodríguez, 1989a,
Rodríguez, 1989b).
Al final del trabajo se confeccionará la lista bibliográfica con todas las citas del texto, en orden
alfabético, con letras minúsculas o versalitas y seguidas del año de publicación, por ejemplo:
Libros y folletos:
Acosta, M. (1996): Manual de educación ambiental. Ciudad de La Habana, CIGEA,
320 p.
Artículos en publicaciones periódicas y diarios:
Frangialli, F. 1999: Preservando el paraíso. Nuestro Planeta, Kenia, 10(3): 21-22.
Partes de libros:
Rodríguez, S. 1984. Desarrollo sostenible. En: Programas de Medio Ambiente y
Desarrollo., v. I. La Habana, Publicaciones ambientales. pp. 71-79.
Recursos electrónicos:
Apellido del autor, Nombre. “Título del documento” /`tipo de soporte/. Título del
documento completo (si procede). Versión o nombre del fichero (si procede). Fecha
del documento (y de la última revisión si se accedió por Internet).
18
Espelunc@digital
Los artículos que no se ajusten a las normas de publicación serán devueltos al autor. El Consejo Editorial
comunicará al primer autor la fecha de recepción del trabajo, la fecha de aceptación y el número de la revista
donde será publicado. En caso que se requiera, el Consejo Editorial podrá solicitar a los autores las
modificaciones que se consideren oportunas. En este caso el autor deberá enviar una copia impresa del trabajo
con las correcciones y una copia en disquete.
La Sociedad Espeleológica de Cuba y Espelunc@digital se reservan todos los derechos sobre los trabajos
originales publicados. Para la reproducción total o parcial de alguno de sus artículos, deberá mencionarse la
revista.
Los originales por correo o correo electrónico deben remitirse a :
Leslie F. Molerio León
Editor de Espelunc@ digital
Apartado 6219, CP 10600, Habana 6
Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
[email protected]
Los originales que se pretenda entregar personalmente lo harán en sobre sellado en la sede de la Sociedad
Espeleológica de Cuba, dirigidos a:
Leslie F. Molerio León
Editor de Espelunc@ digital
Ave 9ª. No. 8402, esq 84, Playa,
Ciudad de La Habana
Cuba
19

self purification capability of underground water courses in the

Transcription

Similar documents

645 $775 $725

American Imperialism DBQ

8211 - WWDP Childrens Activity Sheet Cuba 2016 4pp st4.indd

October 18

Examples of U.S. Dollars rejected by Cuba

A photo-spread of Cuba - The Friedman Archives

Time Chart #1 - History of Cuba

415 $495 $455

Untitled