Antoine Kalinganire CRP11 West Africa Sahel and Dry Savannas

CRP1.1 CRP1.1
Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas
WAS&DS
Sites and Activities
Sites and Activities
Antoine Kalinganire & iIRT team
Montpellier, France, Sept 2012
Dryland Systems CRP working session with French agricultural institutions in Montpellier
Outline
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Sites for CRP1.1 WAS&DS Sites characteristics
Sites characteristics
Successful stories Lessons learnt
Partners
Constraints
Research hypotheses and activities
Potential collaboration
Potential collaboration
WAS & DS countries
West Africa Sahel and Dry Savannas region covers:
1.
2.
3.
4
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Burkina Faso
Benin
Ghana
M li
Mali
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Togo
CRP1.1 WAS&DS geographical nomenclature
CRP1.1 WAS&DS geographical nomenclature
• 2
2 action transects
action transects and 4 and 4
satellites to sample regional gradients that effectively drive change
effectively drive change (SRT potential)
• Within each action Within each action
transect, 3 research locations to sample local systems variability (SRT
systems variability (SRT expression)
• Action transects reflect portability over space and time of the SRT2 ⇔
SRT3 continuum
SRT3 continuum
Intervention areas
1 Wa
1
Wa‐Bobo‐Sikasso
Bobo Sikasso (WBS) transect
(WBS) transect ≈ SRT3 Action site
SRT3 Action site
2 Kano‐Katsina‐Maradi (KKM) transect ≈ SRT2 Action site
KKM action site characteristics
KKM action site characteristics
•
Transect:
– Contrasted biophysical / climatic conditions (Sahel ⇔ Sudan savanna)
– Somewhat more homogeneous Somewhat more homogeneous
socio‐economic / human conditions (high population density, Hawsa
dominant, 2 countries)
– Research‐action locations: Kofa, Zango Daura, Aguié
•
Satellites:
– Expand socio‐economic coverage (lower population densities, Zarma, M i)
Mossi)
– Sites: Tondi Kiboro (Fakara), Tougou
(Ouahigouya)
WBS action site characteristics
WBS action site characteristics
•
Action transect:
Action transect:
– Contrasted socio‐economic / human conditions (variable population densities Dagari / Bwa
densities, Dagari
/ Bwa / Senufo
/ Senufo / /
Mianka…, 3 countries, extension services, etc.)
– Somewhat more homogeneous biophysical / climatic
– Research‐action locations: Duori, Sokouraba (Orodara), Sukumba
•
Satellites:
– Expand biophysical coverage (towards lower & higher rainfall, LGP)
– Sites: Buya‐Were (Cinzana), Tolon‐
Kumbungu
Sites
Sit
Biophysical & & Socio‐
& Socio
Socio‐economic
characteristics
(
(see
S
Summary
table for all sites)
bl f
ll i )
Farming systems
Annual crops Rain
Rain‐‐fed farming systems
Spatial
location
Lowland
Upland
Main Crops
Main
Crops
(WBS)
Cereals (Maize,
(Maize Sorghum)
Legumes (cowpea,
groundnuts, Bambaranuts
Vegetables (Pepper, Okra,
Eggplant,
ggp
, Hibiscus))
Tuber (Yam, sweet potato)
Cereals (Sorghum, Millet,
Maize, Rice )
Legumes
g
((cowpea,
p ,
groundnuts,
Bambaranuts)
Cotton
Main Crops
Main
Crops
(KKM)
Cereals (Millet
Sorghum)
Legumes (cowpea,
(cowpea
groundnuts)
Vegetables (Pepper,
(Pepper
Eggplant, Hibiscus)
Cereals (Millet,
(Millet
Sorghum, rice and
maize at wetlands)
Legumes (cowpea,
groundnuts)
Cotton
Irrigated crops systems
Spatial
location
River flood
pplain
Village/
Urban
gardens
Main Crops (WBS)
Main Crops (KKM)
Cereals (Rice, Maize)
Vegetables (Onion,
tomato, cabbage,
pepper, etc.)
Potatoes
Cereals (Rice, Maize)
Vegetables (Onion,
tomato, cabbage,
pepper, etc.)
Potatoes
Vegetables (Onion,
tomato cabbage,
tomato,
cabbage
pepper, etc.)
Potatoes
Vegetables (Onion,
tomato cabbage,
tomato,
cabbage
pepper, etc.)
Potatoes
Trees (Moringa )
Irrigated plain with great investment, BF
Women’ garden, Niger
Irrigated valley with moderate investment
Onion trade, Niger
Livestock keeping systems
Systems
Feeding areas
Main Animals
(WBS)
Agropastoral
Village
Cattle, goat, landscape
sheep
Semi & intensive Home & village Traction cattle, system
l d
landscape
goat, sheep, h
donkey, pig, poultry
poultry, guineafowl,
horse
Pastoral
Village Cattle
transhumance
landscape/
bush
Main Animals
(KKM)
Cattle, goat, sheep
Goat, sheep, d k
donkey, camel, l
horse, poultry, guineafowl
Cattle, goat, sheep
Tree crops
System
Location
Main tree
Main
tree species
(WBS)
Agroforestry
Parklands
Village Local species (Shea landscape tree, Faidherbia, Dawadawa tree, palm tree palm
trees), Exotic species
p
(Mangoes, cashew, Eucalyptus)
Local species (Faidherbia, Balanites
Balanites, Sclerocarya ), Exotic species p
(Eucalyptus, Azadirachta)
Orchards/
Gardens
Home/ Village
Exotic planted species (Mangoes, M i )
Moringa)
Exotic planted species Mangoes, cashew, citrus, papaya
it
Main tree
Main
tree species
(KKM)
Vitellaria parkland, BF
Mangifera orchard , BF
Faidherbia parkland, Niger
Moringa garden, Niger
Partners
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National and Regional
N
ti
l dR i
l farmers’ organizations
f
’
i ti
NARES
ARI (CIRAD, CSIRO etc)
ARI (CIRAD, CSIRO etc)
Regional organisations (CILSS, CORAF, etc.)
International organisations (IFDC etc)
Universities
NGOs
CBOs
CGIAR (ICARDA, IMWI, ICRAF, CIAT, CIP, ICRISAT, ILRI…)
Private sector
Donors
• …..
Regional Organization policies and initiatives
Policies & Iniatives
Comprehensive African Agricultural
African Agricultural Development g
(
)
Program (CAADP) Executive
Programs
organizations
FARA
SSA Challenge Program CORAF/
WECARD
Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa AGRA
(AGRA)
WAAPP
1. Develop and disseminate high‐
quality, locally adapted varieties
2. Enhance soil health 3 Accelerate smallholders’ access 3.
A l t
llh ld ’
to good seeds and appropriate fertilizers fertilizers
4. Improve access to finance
L
Lessons
L
Learnt
t
Success stories
1 Integrated Pest 1.
Integrated Pest
Management for the millet head miner
head miner
2. Water harvesting and fertility management (Zai
y
g
technology)
3. Farmers managed NR
4. Kano close‐settled zone (85 % of land surface is occupied by farmland with intensive farming of small holdings under annual
holdings under annual cultivation for a long time)
Sorghum in Half‐moon
Natural regenerated trees & shrubs
Major constraints for Major
Major c
for
agricultural agricultural productivity
g
productivity
p
y
Constraints
WBS
KKM
1 Inadequate and erratic rain fall
2 Land cover degradation
x
x
xx
xx
3 Low native soil fertility and general nutrient
depletion in cultivated land
4 Seasonal and prolonged flooding of more
fertile floodplains and fadamas
5 Toxicity/acidification and poor structure in
some soils of the floodplains and fadamas
6 Wind and water erosion
x
xx
x
x
x
xx
x
xx
7 Diseases, insect pests, Striga infestation (crops
and livestock)
xx
xx
8 Lack of labor-savingg technologies
g
for field
operations and processing
x
xx
Physical and technical
Constraints
WBS
KKM
x
xx
x
xx
x
xx
x
x
x
xx
Physical and technical
9 Overstocking of grazing area
10 Low availability of nutritious species in
grazing
i areas
11Inadequate improved cultivars/races for
systems in
i the
h context off climate
li
change
h
andd
market demand
12 Weak
W k adoption
d ti off fodder
f dd crops in
i the
th farming
f
i
system
13 Limited
Li it d access to
t livestock
li t k production
d ti inputs
i t
Constraints
Political and socio-economic
socio economic
1 Low financial capability of farmers to
purchase
h
necessary inputs
i t andd equipment
i
t
2 Lack of labor force
3 Land
L d saturation
t ti
4 Lack of or inadequate supply of essential
farm inputs such as farm mechanization
mechanization,
fertilizers, agro-chemical products and
advisory services
5 Conflicts for the use of natural resource
between farmers and pastoralists
6 Limited adoption of improved technologies
WBS
KKM
xx
xx
xx
x
x
xx
xx
x
xx
xx
xx
xx
Constraints
Political and socio-economic
socio economic
WBS
KKM
7 Seasonal migration of young people
xx
xx
8 Inefficient market integration of agricultural
pproducts
9 Lack of affordable technologies for
smallholder farmers
10 Ineffective extension services
xx
xx
x
xx
x
x
11 Limited access to credit
xx
xx
Remaining
i i issues for i
issues for scaling
f scaling
li up
• Scientific and farmer input into technologies and practices that combine crops–animals with
p
appropriate agro‐
pp p
g
ecological and agronomic management
• Creation of novel social infrastructure that results in both flows of information and builds trust among individuals
flows of information and builds trust among individuals and agencies
• Improvement of farmer knowledge and capacity through
the use of FFSs, farmer trainers, videos and modern ICTs
• Engagement with the private sector to supply goods and
services (e.g. veterinary services, manufacturers of
implements, seed multipliers, milk and tea collectors) and
development of farmers’ capacity to add value through
their own business development
Remaining issues for scaling
issues for scaling up
• A focus particularly on women’s educational, microfinance and agricultural technology needs and building of their unique forms of social capita
• Ensuring that microfinance and rural banking are Ensuring that microfinance and rural banking are
available to farmers’ groups (for both consumption and production purposes) • Ensure public sector support to lever up the necessary public goods for sustainable intensification of agriculture in the form of innovative and capable
of agriculture in the form of innovative and capable research systems, dense social infrastructure, appropriate economic incentives (subsidies, price signals), legal status for land ownership and improved access to markets, through transport infrastructure
Potential research hypotheses, questions and
and activities around SRT2 & SRT3
and activities around SRT2 & activities around SRT2 & SRT3
Key areas ey a eas
• Livestock: Livestock: More efficient livestock‐mediated nutrient transfer th
through dual purpose crop varieties and fodder trees reduces hd l
i ti
d f dd t
d
feed gaps and increases overall system productivity
• Biomass
Biomass: Increased biomass production from better
Biomass: Increased biomass production from better tree/crop/livestock integration improves WHC, nutrient availability and system resilience
• Market access
access: : Improved access and equitable participation in markets by smallholders adds value, enhances profitability, productivity and reduces vulnerability
d ti it
d d
l
bilit
• Land tenure
Land tenure: Land tenure security enhances system intensification and reduces vulnerability of rural households
intensification and reduces vulnerability of rural households
• Financial services: Financial services: Improved access to financial services (credits, savings, subsidies, insurance) enhances technology adoption, productivity and community resilience
Key areas & Key areas & research
research hypothesis
• Agrobiodiversity: Agrobiodiversity: Enriching agro‐biodiversity improves system resilience and profitability for smallholders
• Gender & & equity
equity: : Empowering disadvantaged groups (women, youth, migrants) in decision making, resources and technology improves productivity and reduces vulnerability of rural households
improves productivity and reduces vulnerability of rural households
• Agricultural water: Agricultural water: Effective water harvesting and management increase both plant and livestock productivity and reduce exposure
increase both plant and livestock productivity and reduce exposure to climatic and other risks
• Policy & institutions: Strengthening local and national institutions (laws, by‐laws and conventions) reduces natural resource degradation and conflicts
• Local Local knowledge: Local knowledge
knowledge:: Strong incorporation of indigenous knowledge in knowledge
: Strong incorporation of indigenous knowledge in
the innovation systems approach accelerates adoption and scaling p p
gp
up of promising practices and services
Potential areas for collaboration
areas for collaboration
1. Policy Policy for land tenure and other forms of y for land tenure and other forms of natural resource tenure (water, trees, animals, etc.)
etc )
2. Animal health
2. Animal health
3 I
3. Innovation platforms
3. Innovation ti platforms
l tf
4. Systems 4. Systems modeling in a few specific areas modeling in a few specific areas (IPM for example)
p y
5. Institutions policy: Youth & Gender
Thank you!
you!