Ranger training-1

Transcription

Ranger training-1

BBEC Publication No. 27
Ranger Training Text
Editors:
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
Advisor on Park Management & Conservation Biology
Dr. Jamili Nais
Assistant Director, Sabah Parks
Ms. Fatimah Simin
Administration Officer (Training), Sabah Parks
Preface:
Datuk Lamri Ali
Director of Sabah Parks
Takahisa Kusano
Chief Advisor for the BBEC Programme, JICA
Copyright © 2004, Sabah Parks and JICA
ISBN: 983-2770-05-X
Published by:
Park Management Component, BBEC Programme, c/o Sabah Parks, Lot 1 – 3, Block K, 2nd Floor,
Sinsuran Complex, P.O. Box 10626, 88806 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Printed by:
RIKAPADU PRINTING, GRAPHIC & ADVERTISING, Lot 12, 1st Flr & Grd Flr, Block B, Hiong
Tiong Industrial Centre, KM 11.2, Tuaran Road, 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Front Cover by Azami Bongsu, Sabah Parks
CONTENTS
page
Preface by YBhg. Datuk Lamri Ali
Director of Sabah Parks
1
Message by Mr. Takahisa Kusano
Chief Advisor
JICA/BBEC Programme
2
Organizing Committee
Training Objectives
5
6
PART 1:
1-1:
1-2:
1-3:
An Overview into Conservation and Legislation
Related to Protected Areas in Sabah
Dr. Jamili Nais
Biodiversity at Sabah Parks
Dr. Jamili Nais
BBEC Programme
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
PART 2:
2-1:
2-2:
2-3:
2-4:
BIODIVERSITY AND NATURE
CONSERVATION IN SABAH
9
13
18
PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT
Protected Areas and Ecosystem Conservation: Why
We Need Protected Areas?
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
Parks, Design, Management and Function
Mr. Paul Basintal
Planning for Protected Areas Management
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
Tourism; Nature Tourism, Eco-Tourism,
Carrying Capacity
Mr. Paul Basintal
29
40
47
71
PART 3:
3-1:
3-2:
Participatory Environmental Management Approach
Mr. Shigeo Sakai
Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA) Tools
Mr. Shigeo Sakai
PART 4:
4-1:
4-2:
4-3:
4-4:
4-5:
4-6:
5-2:
5-3:
6-1:
6-2:
6-3:
6-4:
88
108
119
130
134
149
159
ENACTMENTS FOR CONSERVATION
Introduction of Park Enactment, 1984
Mr. Ludi Apin
Introduction to the Sabah Environmental
Conservation Enactment 1996
Mr. Gunik Ampungou
Introduction to The Wildlife in Sabah and The Wildlife
Enactment 1997
Mr. Augustine Tuuga
PART 6:
81
FLORA, FAUNA SYUDY AND
MONITORING
Introduction to Plant Kingdom; Introduction
to Medical Plants
Mr. Matsain Mohd. Buang
Introduction to Animal Kingdom
Mr. Maklarin Lakim
Introduction to Marine Life
Mr. Fazrullah Rizally Abdul Razak
Monitoring to Mammals,
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
Monitoring of Ecosystems (Global, Regional and National Level),
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
Basic Photography,
Mr. David Sia
PART 5:
5-1:
PARTICIPATORY PARK MANAGER AND SOCIAL STUDY
164
167
176
SKILL FOR PROTECTED AREAS PERSONNEL
Essential Skills for Protected Areas Personnel
Dr. Jamili Nais
Lincoln University: Conservation Certificate
Mr. Ariffin Johari & Mr. Justinus Guntabid
Making A Winning Presentation and Briefing
Mr. Taidin Suhaimin
Teamwork
Mr. Taidin Suhaimin
187
197
213
221
PREFACE
I feel honoured to be given this opportunity to put on record some of my thoughts regarding
the Staff Training and the publication of this training manual.
Education and training is a continuous and a lifelong process. Education normally results in
better knowledge while training improve skills. At Sabah Parks, both education and training
has always been a very high priority. I am proud to state here that members of the Sabah
Parks staff are recognized as highly trained and motivated. Some members of the staff are
experts in specialized skills. The series of trainings conducted for the Sabah Pars staff under
the Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation (BBEC) programme are aimed to
give an overall background of the Sabah Parks system and Protected Area management as
a whole. This is done so that every members of the Sabah Parks staff, especially the Rangers
and Research Assistant – who are the foundation and skeleton of the whole Sabah Parks
organization structure – have similar understanding of the concept and importance of the
parks system. Hence, the staff training and this training manual contain information on
biodiversity and nature conservation, fauna and flora including research and monitoring
methodologies, management of protected area, community involvement in the protected area
management, as well as the various laws, rules and regulations that governs protected area
management, with emphasis on Sabah.
I would like to take this opportunity to convey my heartiest congratulation to the organizing
committee for the success in organizing the trainings and publication of this training manual.
I would also like to put on record my highest appreciation to JICA for financially supporting the
trainings and the publication of this manual. We shall endeavour to improve this training manual
from time to time according to current needs of capacity development.
Thank you and congratulations again.
March 2004
Datuk Lamri Ali
Director
Sabah Parks.
1
MESSAGE:
Expected Roles of Rangers Today
Rangers in Sabah, Malaysia are increasingly required to adapt to fast changing environment and new
conditions in the conservation of protected areas. Some of the factors make the duties of rangers more
challenging are; increasing pressures on protected areas from a wide array of human activities and the
impacts, international concerns on biodiversity loss and global climate change, the effects of alien invasive
species, forest fire, political uncertainty of local communities and adoption of more effective concepts and
techniques of management introduced from foreign and other domestic experiences.
Rangers traditionally take responsibilities in park management including law enforcement, interpretation
and recreation. Their duties are patrolling assigned areas, providing security and protection for property
and visitors, providing assistance to visitors as needed, assuring compliance with established laws, rules
and regulations, conducting investigations and preparing reports. Rangers need to know first aid, crisis
intervention, and skills to cope with any emergency in the protected areas. However, the rangers’ roles are
increasing.
A range of institutional challenges surrounding a protected area in Sabah today threatens its integrity and
conservation of biodiversity or ecosystems within. Involving the local communities, other government
agencies, business and industrial communities in protected area management is recognized as a must for
conservation. An effective partnership between rangers, local communities and other stakeholders shall be
developed, promoted and ensured.
Hence, rangers play a critical role, which is essential for the successful management of protected areas
today. Rangers face the complexity of assigned duties, the expertise required for various responsibilities
and providing leadership to others.
The primary role of protected areas is biodiversity conservation. However, this does not need to discourage
the rangers from the business aspects of protected area management. Their general lack of capacity in
business-oriented management shall be recognized and attended.
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For example, there are opportunities in creating income from ecotourism for the parks or reserves, as well
as to the local communities near by the protected areas. The definition of ecotourism has changed these
days. However, least impact on biodiversity, environment education and participation of local communities
should not be missed out from ecotourism in relation to the management of a protected area. Protected
areas need to consider the integration of ecotourism and other businesses into conservation management in
a way that protects the resources on which these economic benefits can be attained.
Increasing efficiency through collaborating with other governmental agencies or contracting out to NGOs
is becoming a necessity since budget and other resources are limited against increasing tasks. Non-core
functions such as research, tourism management and services for the local communities can be identified
for outsourcing. However, the rangers are required to understand the functions and implications, and to be
able to supervise the contractors or partners. So much so, adding to the traditional skills, capacity
development of rangers today then requires managing partnerships in the involvement of the private sector
and communities, conservation spatial planning, operational visitor services, business planning skills and
marketing.
Rangers today are confronted by a need for training, mentoring and knowledge to support their efforts to
protect area integrity. Training of rangers must facilitate the skills development of rangers to enable them to
implement best practice.
“Developing effective management options for protected areas” is the purpose of the Park Management
Component of BBEC (Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation) Programme.
BBEC Programme is a joint endeavor among Sabah Parks, Universiti Malaysia Sabah and many federal
and state agencies and 8 district offices with a technical cooperation and financial assistance of the Japanese
Government through JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). The overall goal of BBEC Programme
is to conserve the endangered and precious biodiversity and ecosystems of Sabah through establishing
3
comprehensive and sustainable conservation approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems” in Sabah. BBEC
Programme commenced in February 2002 and will be on until January 2007 for a period of 5 years.
Sabah Parks and JICA have, therefore, conducted several training courses for the rangers of protected
areas in Sabah under the Park Management Component of BBEC Programme. This text is derived from
the results and evaluation of the past training courses with a view that it will be utilized in other following
courses in Sabah or elsewhere. I would like to congratulate the editors and writers for their successful job.
I deeply appreciate all their contributions.
This textbook can be a reference to the rangers for time-to-time management, and for those who would
like to know and understand the works of the rangers in protected areas.
Takahisa Kusano
Chief Advisor for BBEC Programme
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
4
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
ADVISOR
: Dr. Jamili Nais
(Assistant Director, Research & Educatio Div.)
Sabah Parks
: Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
JICA Advisor
Coordinator
: Ms. Fatimah Simin
Assist. Coordinator
: Mr. Matsain Mohd. Buang
Secretary
: Ms. Theresa David Sindobon
Transportation
: Mr. Aman Lahi
Mr. Rusinin Madi
Mr. Chrispianus Lidung
Food
: Ms. Farida Francis
Ms. Manica Madin
Technician
: Sezali @ Zaini bin Amin
MC
: Mr. Ramlan Miadin
Printing
: Mr. Azami Bongsu
Mr. AB. Ghaffar Takunai
Sport
: Mr. Fred Tuh
Mr. Ramlan Miadin
5
TRAINING OBJECTIVES
1. Better understanding on meaning of protected area.
2. To learn and understand more about scientific data.
3. To learn social survey method and field training.
4. Training on biological data collection and monitoring
for Park Management.
6
PART I
BIODIVERSITY AND NATURE
CONSERVATION
PROGRAMME IN SABAH
An Overview into Convention and
Legislations Related to Protected Areas in
Sabah
By
Dr. Jamili Nais
Assistant Director
Research and Education Division
SABAH PARKS
9
10
11
Biodiversity at Sabah Parks
By
Dr. Jamili Nais
Assistant Director
SABAH PARKS
13
14
15
16
BBEC Programme
By
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
JICA Advisor
SABAH PARKS
18
19
20
21
22
Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation Project (BBEC)
Protected Area Management Training for Sabah Parks Staffs
Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation (BBEC) Programme
Technical Cooperation between The Sabah State Government Agencies and Universiti
Malaysia Sabah (UMS), and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
1. Background
Malaysia biodiversity
Malaysia is one of twelve mega-biodiversity countries in the World in where rich species and ecosystem
diversities are recognised. Over 15,000 known flowering plants, 1,500 terrestrial vertebrates and 150,000
invertebrates are distributed in Malaysia. Although total numbers of plants and land vertebrate species of
Malaysia are not the greatest in four countries in East Asia, number of species per sq. km. is the highest
(Table 1). These rich species diversity are important resources for development of Malaysia and also for
the world as human common heritage, on the other hand number of threatened plants and higher vertebrates
of Malaysia per sq. km. are also the highest in the four countries except for birds. Increase of protected
area is small in Malaysia but the decrease of forest habitat is large as compared to other Asian countries.
Table 1. Species richness and threatened plans and higher vertebrates of four countries in East Asia
Data source: Malaysian known species = MOSTE (1997), Other counties and threatened species = IUCN (1992)
Problem analysis
The following problems on conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem in Sabah are identified based on
the problem analysis of the participatory planning method,.
1.
Coordination among Organisations
2.
Research capacity
3.
Protected areas management
4.
Protection outside the Protected Areas (Habitat expansion)
5.
Public Awareness for Environmental Conservation
2. Objectives of the programme
Overall Goal
The overall goal of the Programme is defined as: “The endangered and precious biodiversity and
ecosystems of Sabah are conserved.”
Programme Purpose
The programme purpose is defined as: “Comprehensive and sustainable conservation approaches
of biodiversity and ecosystem are established.”
23
Project consists 4 components
-
Research and Education Component (Reading organization: UMS)
Park Management Component (Reading organization: Sabah Parks)
Habitat Management Component (Reading organization: Sabah Wildlife Department)
Public Awareness Component (Reading organization: Unit Science and Technology)
Project Purpose of the Park Management Component
The project purpose of the Park Management Component is defined as: “Effective management
options for protected areas are developed.”
The accomplishment of the above project purpose for the Park Management Component can be
measured by number of protected area management options in essential fields, i.e. communication,
public relation, fire prevention etc. The “handbook” prepared by the Component can be used for
verifying the number of options. Targeted number and quality of these options can not be defined at
this moment yet, because of lack of information.
Programme duration:
5 years (February 2002 – January 2007)
Project sites:
5 protected areas (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Field study sites under BBEC programme
24
Outputs and Activities for the Park Management Component
1) Output 1:
2) Output 2:
3) Output 3:
4) Output 4:
5) Output 5:
Relationship between local communities in and around the Crocker Range Park and the
park management is studied and understood.
Management plan is prepared for Crocker Range Park, taking into account of the relationship
between the local communities and the park management.
Capacities of the implementing organisations in managing Crocker Range Park are
increased.
Crocker Range park is better managed.
Experience/ lessons learned through the implementation of the management plans of Crocker
Range Park are analysed and compiled.
3. Programme organization
Programme Steering Committee
•
•
Chairman:
Secretary:
The State Secretary of Sabah
Director, ITBC, UMS
Figure 2. Structure of the Programme Steering Committee
Working Groups
A Working Group for each component is formed. The Working Groups coordinate planning, implementation,
monitoring and other necessary matters to bring the best result of each component with maximum effectiveness
and efficiency.
25
Coordination mechanisms among the implementation organizations
- BBEC: Park Management Component Chairman:
Director of Sabah Parks (Datuk Ramri Ali)
Deputy-chairman:Assistant director of Sabah Parks (Dr. Jamili Nais)
JICA Chief Advisor (Mr. Takahisa Kusano)
Members:
Director of Land and Survey Department (Datuk Mohammad Jafry)
Director of Forestry Department (Mr. Daniel Khiong)
Director of Sabah Wildlife Department (Mr. Mahedi Andau)
Director of Environmental Conservation Department (Mr. Gric Juin)
Director of ITBC-UMS (Datin Dr. Maryati Mohamed)
Eight District Officers of Crocker Range Park
Ranau
Tambunan
Keningau
Tenom
Tuaran
Penampang
Papar
Beaufort
Sabah Parks:
Park warden of Crocker Range Park (Mr. Ludi Apin)
JICA advisor for park management (Dr. Masaaki Yoneda)
JICA advisor for community participation (Mr. Shigeru Sakai)
JICA short-term expert(s)
Working group secretary
Organization chart of working group of park management component
26
PART II:
PROTECTED AREA
MANAGEMENT
Protected Areas and Ecosystem
Conservation: Why We Need Protected
Areas?
By
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
JICA Advisor
SABAH PARKS
29
30
31
32
What is Protected Areas?
- Why we need protected areas and why we have to conserve ecosystem? -
Masaaki Yoneda
(JICA advisor for park management and conservation biology)
1. Background
We want to enlarge our agriculture land, but you prohibit slashing forest inside park. Why do you establish protected
area? This might be frequent question and claim from local communities around the park to park rangers. Why we need
protected area? It is a basic question and most difficult matter to answer, but we have to give a reply it to get consensus
of our park management. I think that each person who is in charge of park management should prepare answer to the
question respectively. In this class, history of national parks, definition and needs of the protected area are lectured on
to give suggestion to the question.
2. Definition of protected areas
[Sabah Parks (Parks Enactment 1984, Part I)]
Park means any area of land constituted as a Park under the provisions of Part II (Park Enactment 1984)
[Wildlife sanctuary (Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997, Part III)]
(a) protect nature and maintain wildlife habitats and natural processes in a undisturbed state.
(b) ensure the maintenance of biodiversity values; or
(c) ensure the condition necessary to protect significant species of animals orplants, biotic communities or genetic
resources.
[Natural Park Law of Japan, 1957]
The Natural Parks Law intends to conserve excellent scenic beauty of Japan with characteristic ecosystem or
configuration forever in its original state as much as possible. In accordance with the law the Director General of
the Environment Agency designates areas of natural beauty as National, Quasi-national, which open to the public,
will contribute to peoples health, recreation, and culture. The Law stipulates that Prefectural Government can
designate Prefectural Natural Parks equivalently in accordance with the prefectural regulation.
[IUCN-WCPA, 1994]
An area of land and / or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance biological diversity, and of
natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.
IUCN: The World Conservation Union (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)
WCPA: World Commission on Protected Areas
World Heritage Sites
1. Criteria for listing
0"outstanding universal value”
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Geological processes (including evolution of the earth)
On-going ecological and biological processes
Superlative natural phenomena and/or exceptional natural beauty
Habitats for the conservation of biological diversity (including threatened species)0
2. Criteria of outstanding universal value (IUCN)
i)
ii)
The intention is to not list all sites of great interest, importance or value
Although sites would be the “best of their kind”, a regional perspective is also required in order to make
a selection
iii)
The term implies uniqueness and representatives, so the comparative evaluation of similar properties is
essential
33
3. History of protected area and park land owner
The first national park was established in 1872 as the Yellow Stone National Park in United States. Before the time, there
were hunting protected areas or protected forests in most of countries in the world. However, most of the areas were
private lands for royal family or noblemen and were not open for public. The Yellow Stone NP was a public park under
federal law. The national park idea was spread to the world especially to Europe, the Commonwealth of England and
Spain colonial countries in 20th century. It is said that the idea of national parks was born in United States and was made
practical by England.
Country
Name of NP
Year establishment
USA
Yosemite NP
1890 (State Park of California: 1864)
South Africa
Kruger NP.
1929
Zambia
South Ruanga 1938
Malaysia
Taman Negara 1939
Kenya
Nairobi NP
1946
There are around 30,000 protected areas and they covers 8% of terrestrial land of the earth. But, land owners of the
national parks or protected are different among the countries. Most of countries in North America and Oceania adapt
“national parks on public estate” system (Group 1), whereas Japan and many countries of Europe use “parks on zoning
estate” or mixed system (Group 2 or Group 3).
Group 1: Park on public estate (National Parks are established on wilderness area of public land, and human
settlement are not allowed in principle in the National Park)
- North America, Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and Commonwealth countries (England
colonial countries). Spanish colonial countries (Central and South American Counties, however,
some of the National Park are not managed effectively)
Group 2: Park of zoning estate (human activities / settlement areas are allowed under regulation in the National
Park)
- Japan and many European countries
Group 3: Mixed system of park on public estate and zoning estate
- Other countries (including developing countries)
4. Ecosystem and protected area
(1) Definition of ecosystem
A dynamic complex of plan, animal, fungal and microorganism communities and their association non – biological
(abiotic) environment interacting as a ecological unit
(2) Ecosystem services and four level Biodiversity
Fore level biodiversity is recognized by the scientists and international convention for biodiversity conservation.
Ecosystem diversity offers a lot of “services” to our life (Table 1).
1) Genetic diversity: the variety of genes within a particular species
2) Species diversity: the number and variety of species found in a given area in a region
3) Ecosystem diversity: the variety of ecosystems that occurs within a larger landscape
4) Landscape diversity: the diversity of ecosystem complex
Table 1. Economic value of blessings of nature (After, Costanza et al., 1997)
34
5. Why we need protected areas
Ø Our life depends on the ecosystem process (productivity and services).
Ø Humanity is ultra power animal on the earth, and use around 40% of global natural products.
Ø The monopoly/overuse of the natural resources might bring catastrophic degradation of the global ecosystem.
Ø Communal land (forest/agriculture area) system usually bring “Tragedy of Commons”
Ø Protected areas are necessary
Ø To maintain ecosystem as our life support system
Ø To preserve focused area from “Tragedy of Commons”
35
Protected area of the world
(Summary of paper presented by IUCN-WCPA on protected areas symposium, Australia, 1997)
1. Category of Protected Areas
IUCN had decided 10 categories of protected areas until 1994. The protected area categories have been revised in 1994
and 7 categories are used for classification of the protected areas of the world. The State parks of Sabah are classified
into Category II.
[Categories of protected areas by IUCN]
Category I. Strict protection:
I-a) Strict Nature Reserve / Wilderness Area: mainly for science
I-b) Strict Nature Reserve: mainly for wilderness protection
Category II. Ecosystem conservation and recreation (National Park)
Category III. Conservation of natural features (Natural Monument)
Category IV. Conservation through active management (Habitat / Species Management Area)
Category V. Landscape / seascape conservation and recreation (Protected Landscape /Seascape)
Category VI. Sustainable use of natural ecosystems (Managed Resource Protected Area)
Table 1. Matrix of protected area management objectives and IUCN categories (after, IUCN, 1994)
Key: 1; primary objective, 2; secondary objective, 3; potentially not applicable, -; not applicable
2. Protected area lists of the world
The United Nations List of Protected Areas (UN List) provides a single definitive list of the world’s protected areas,
classified according to IUCN categories. For practical reasons alone, only those protected areas larger than 1,000 ha
are actually listed, as well as offshore or oceanic islands of at least 100 ha where the entire island is protected. A total
of about 30,000 protected areas are listed in the UN List and they cover 8.8% of the earth’s surface (Table 2).
Table 2. Global protected areas network classified by IUCN category (After, IUCN, 1997)
Table 3 shows the protected area percentage to national land of 225 countries of the world. The percentage
36
of protected areas is over than 10% in Seventy-seven countries, but it is less than 1% in 32 countries. Protected areas
is still not establish in fourteen countries analyzed.
Table 3. Protected area percentage to national land
3. Management cost and staffs of the protected areas
Management cost of the protected areas is different among the region and countries. IUCN-WCPA estimates that $436/
km2 in average and a total of about 5.7 billion US$ is required for protected area management of the world per year.
Twenty five staff in average is also required for proper management of the protected areas (Table 4).
Table 4. Number of staff and financial requirement for protected area management
(Source, James et al., 1997)
4. Protected areas listed by international conventions
1) World Heritage sites (2001) (number of countries ratification = 152 (1998)
2) Ramsar Convention sites(2001) (number of countries ratification = 124 (2001))
Number of sites listed (1998); 1069 sites
3) Man and Bioshpere (MAB)
Number of sites listed (2000); 226 sites
37
Practical Course: Group Discussion
Please read following model case around the park, and discuss better management of the “Padas National Park”
regarding role of protected areas, “tragedy of commons” and ecosystem service value.
Situation:
A new car road has been opened from “Kota Lama city” to the “Kg. Ulu Istana” which locates near the “Padas
National Park”. Population of the village is increasing because many people moved from towns to get new land.
Number of village people who have lived for long time in the village are also increasing because many of their
children come back from town. The village people want to enlarge agriculture area into inside the national park.
Products of the village have increased but, income differentials are enlarging. Some people insist that there are
traditional use areas inside the park, and they say that we have right to use the natural resources and land inside
the park under the native customary right (NCR).
Problem
The other hand of increase of the population and agriculture area, following problems occur in the village and the
national park;
•
Illegal logging inside the park has increased because demand for construction material of new houses are
become larger.
•
Shifting cultivation (dry pady) areas have also increased and they have expanded inside the “Padas National
Park”.
•
Increase of cultivation area of ginger in steep slope along river has caused soil erosion.
•
Landscape of the national park has been damaged because of increase of open area
•
Visitors of the (nature lovers) has been decrease
•
Poaching is also increasing because access to the animal habitat has been made easy.
As results of these activities, risk of natural disaster and soil erosion have been raised because of decrease of
forest cover upstream of the village. Actually, landsides have occurred in several sites which were newly opened
for cultivation. Fluctuation of water level of the river enlarges and flushes have occurred in downstream areas.
Water of the river which the village people depend has got muddy.
Option (suggestion)
•
Change of park boundary considering actual land use situation and the native customary right (NCR)
•
Accept traditional land use inside the park for particular people who live there before the park established
•
Development of wet pady for more rice product to reduce slush and burn sites
Introduction / promotion of ecotourism
38
Parks: Design, Management and
Functions
By
Mr. Paul Basintal
Assistant Director
Admin, Finance & Development
SABAH PARKS
40
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Planning for Protected Areas
Management
By
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
JICA Advisor
SABAH PARKS
47
48
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50
51
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Planning for Protected Areas
Masaaki Yoneda
1. Objectives and procedure of park management plan
(1) From BBEC program document
•
Crocker Range Park is better managed.
•
Management plan is prepared for CRP, taking into account of the relationship between the local communities
and the park.
(2) Park Management Plan – Japan
•
Procedure: Park Management plan is decided by the Minister of Environment considering opinion of relating
provinces of the park and committee on national park.
•
Contents: Zoning of special protection area and facilities development area (intensive use zone = development
of hotel, visitor center so on)
Nature Park
National Park
Special protection area
Strict protection zone
(30-80% of each park)
1st protection zone (no building)
2nd protection zone
3rd protection zone
Normal use area (limited logging is allowed under plan accepted)
Facilities developing area (Concentrating use zone)
Marine park zone
Quasi National Park
Provincial Nature Park
Nature parks and area classification system in Japan (Nature Park Law, 1957)(outline)
(3) Guidelines for preparation of National Park Management Plan of Indonesia
Purpose of the Management Plan
The purpose of national park management is to conserve the natural resources and its ecosystems in the related
national park for the following purpose: protection of life supporting system, preservation of flora and fauna,
optimal and sustainable utilization of the forest biodiversity and their ecosystems so that all of these can be used
for research purposes on science, education, cultivation support, tourism and recreation.
National Park Management System
Zonation: The national park will be administered by using the zonation system which consists of core zone, use
zone and other zones in accordance with its individual function and condition.
61
•
Buffer zone: The development of the buffer zone reflects the status of the zone taking into account the socioeconomic and cultural condition of the community. Because the status of the buffer zone is either forest land,
unused state owned or land under other rights, its management is still carried out by the agency or authority.
2. Recent consideration on management plan
(1) Recent trend in protected area management
•
Bioregional planning: integrated approach for zoning plan and nature resource management base on ecological
area unit
•
Co-management: good relations with local community and involvement their activities in the planning
•
Management structure: involvement private sectors and NGO for the management
•
Financial sustainability: financial self-sustaining by generating their own income and not relying on
governmental budgets
•
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): an aim of CBD is “establish a national system of protected
areas
•
Increasing Category V and Category VI protected areas by IUCN: as a result of combining biodiversity with
continuation of local livelihood and services (CRP = Category II)
Definition of Protected Area Category by IUCN, 1994)
Category II: National Park; protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation
Category V: Protected landscape/seascape; protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and
recreation
Category VI: Managed Resources Protected; protected area managed mainly for the sustainable of natural ecosystem
(2) Stakeholders (beneficiary and organizations involved)
•
Public sectors: Implementation organizations of BBEC programs; Sabah Parks, Forestry Department, Wildlife
Department, Land and Survey Department, Environmental Conservation Department, UMS and 8 District
offices in CRP
•
Local communities:
•
Commercial sector: Tour agencies, plantation companies, logging companies
•
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs):
•
Research institutes: UMS, Sabah Museum, Sabah Development Institute
3. Objectives summarized of the park management plan
•
To review policy and existing management systems
•
To evaluate status of ecosystem (park resources) and socio-economic situation inside and surrounding area
of the parks through scientific study
•
To make zoning plan for management (zoning plan) base on the scientific study
•
To prepare action plan based on the zoning plan and management system;
62
- to maintain biodiversity, ecosystem and landscape
- to conserve cultural important site
- to protect watershed
- to ameliorate soil erosion, local climate and natural disaster (flush flood so on)
- to provide recreation/tourism opportunity for peoples
- to make benefit sharing mechanism for local communities (providing nature resources and products
for subsistence use, and involvement the communities for nature tourism)
•
To prepare management mechanism (institutional development, finance, and policy)
- to make institutional development plan (organization structure, man-power so on)
- to prepare plan for financial sustainability
- to recommend on policy, revision of relative laws and local developing planning for ecosystem
conservation
Existing plan and
management
mechanism
Ecosystem/Resource
study (biodiversity,
ecosystem, landscape)
Socio-economic study
(including public
awareness)
Map information (GIS) (area potential)
Evaluation criteria
Evaluation of present conditions
Goal/target
International convention/value
National Strategy for biodiversity
conservation and development
Regional development plan
Feed back
Management plan (zoning & strategy)
Step before management plan
Action plan and management
mechanism
Selecting: Where?
Implementation of management plan
Designing: area, shape etc
Management plan
Monitoring
Figure 1. Flow chart of park management plan process
4. Zoning – Why we need zoning of protected areas?
(1) Objectives of the zoning are;
- to classify conservation and sustainable use zone in the target protected areas based of scientific data
- to clear priority of focused area for management action plan
- to get consensus of people for management plan
(2) Zoning categories
The zoning categories are different among countries and protected area types.
63
Example (1):
- Core zone (strict conservation zone)
- Wilderness zone
- Utilization zone
- Intensive use zone (construction of facilities is approved)
- Traditional use zone
- Rehabilitation zone
- Buffer zone
Example (2); Pulau Semporna Terumbu Kanag Manine Park Proposal (Marine park)
- Wilderness zone
- Central Park zone
- Intensive use zone
- Local use / buffer zone
(3) Zoning process
Spatial data on natural environmental features and socio-economic are necessary for zoning plan
Protected area zoning based on socio-economic situation and natural environment features (example)
Table 1. Example for scoring for zoning plan
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Resume of seminar on March 18, 1998, Bogor Indonesia
Biodiversity Research in Gn. Halimun National Park and Future Plan
Masaaki Yoneda (JICA Expert)
(1) Topics of today
Biodiversity Conservation Project in Indonesia was started in July 1995, and research activities on Gunung
Halimun National Park (GHNP) were conducted in FY1996 and FY1997 by
a joint team of researchers of LIPI
(The Indonesian Institute for Science), park rangers of PHPA (Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature
Conservation, Ministry of Forestry), and experts of JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). I talk about 5
topics on the Gn. Halimun Project in the seminar.
1) Background and objectives of the project
2) Results of biological research in GHNP.
3) Conservation planning of GHNP based on the biological research
4) Camera trap and radio tracking study in Cikaniki
5) Suggestion on LIPI and PHPA for biodiversity research and conservation in future
(2) Background and objectives of the project
The overall goal of our project is to support the BAPI (Biodiversity Action Plan for Indonesia). The international
organizations and some countries including USA and Japan consider cooperation for the conservation of the biodiversity
in Indonesia, because Indonesia is one of the richest countries on biodiversity in the world. The project is supported
by three countries, Indonesia, USA, and Japan. GEF (Global Environmental Facility) also support the project. But the
technical cooperation program on GHNP project in narrow definition was conducted under a agreement of both
countries of Indonesia and Japan.
Gunung Halimun National Park was selected as a model study area in the field of the biodiversity conservation
project between Indonesia and Japan through JICA scheme. LIPI and PHPA are counterpart organizations of Indonesia
side, and JICA is the organization of Japan side in the Gn. Halimun project. The main objectives of the Gn. Halimun
project are to promote research activities for biodiversity conservation and to enforce park management. We made 3
component under PHPA, LIPI and JICA team for the Gn. Halimun project; 1) information and data base component, 2)
research component, 3) park management component. Under the research component, we also made 3 subcomponent;
1) abiotic subcomponent, 2) biotic subcomponent, and 3) socio-economic subcomponent. I mainly talked about the
experience and research results of the biotic subcomponent in the today’s seminar.
(3) Biological research in GHNP
Under the biotic subcomponent, we made 10 teams to conduct the research in the field and data
65
analysis in FY 1996 and FY 1997.
1) Floristic study
About 500 flowering plant species belong to 266 genera and 93 families were recorded by the floristic explorations
in 5 sites in GHNP in 1996. Within the plants recorded in GHNP, about 150 species were not recorded in Gede Pangrango
National Park.
2) Vegetation study
The vegetation study focusing on altitudinal zonation on the forest showed that the forest in GHNP could be
classified into 3 zones; 1) colline zone at the altitude lower than 900 m altitudes (some times up to 1,150 m), 2)
submontane forest zone at 1,050 - 1,400 m, and 3) montane zone at 1,500 - 1,800 m altitudes.
3) Forest Ecology
We established 3 permanent plot of 1-ha for tree inventory and forest dynamic study in GHNP. The number of tree
species are 116 and 105 in the two permanent plots in 1,100 m in altitudes, however that decreases 46 in the permanent
plot in 1,700 m altitudes. Remeasurment of trees in the two permanent plots in 1997 suggested that the forest seemed
to be nearly at stable condition. Our remeasurment on Altigia excelsa (Rasamara) and Qurcus lineata (Kuspa) which
are dominant trees in submontane zone revealed that both young trees of 5cm in DBH would take 260 to 300 years to
became 100cm in DBH of the biggest size tree in the area. We also have studied on seedling of a palm species, Pinanga
cornata in the permanent plots for forest dynamics study. We found about 1600 young palm trees in a plot. The young
Pinanga cornata mainly distribute lower slope in the plots.
4) Primates
Four primate species, Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch), grizzled leaf monkey (Presbytis comata), silver leaf
monkey (Trachypithecus auratus), and crab-eating macaque (Macaca fuscicularis) inhabit in the national park, however
the distribution area of crab-eating macaque would be limited in lowland along the rivers. The densities estimated of
the three primates species except crab-eating macaque for two altitudinal zones are higher in hill (colline) forest (<1,200
m altitudes) than in the lower montane forest and montane forest (>1,200m in altitudes). The primate density also
decreased in western part of the national park. We estimate that vegetation type especially Fagaceae tree distribution
and disturbance of the forest by human activities affect the density distribution of the primates.
5) Carnivores
Most of Carnivore mammals are difficult to observe directly in dense rain forest like in GHNP. Camera trap and
Radio tracking methods were introduced for the study of the carnivores with field sign observation as general method.
I explain the results of camera trap and radio tracking study component in detail.
6) Small mammals
Forty species of small mammals including 37 species collected by trapping or mist-netting and 3 species observed
or based information from local people were recorded by the field study in 1996 and 1997. The number of small mammal
species recorded in GHNP until 1997 occurs 36 % of its in Java.
7) Birds
A total of 203 species were reported including the previous report and a total of 34 bird species was
66
recorded by bird banding study which focused on altitudinal distribution of birds in Gn. Halimun National Park. Eight
species of the birds collected for bird banding were new recorded ones which were not reported in previous reports.
8) Reptiles and Amphibians
A list of 37 amphibians and reptiles were systematically arrange, consists of 16 frogs, 12 lizards and 9 snakes by
collection in the field in August 1997.
9) Molluscs
Ten species of land snails were found and some of them collected alive. The rare species Amphidromus alticola
and Dyakia clypeus found from Gunung Botol.
10) Insects
A total of 20,000 insects specimen were collected in the study in August in 1997. Fogging method was useful for
collection of canopy insects.
Resulsts of the biotic research in GHNP by LIPI and JICA team are summarized;
1) About 500 plants were recorded in 1996 study and the number increased to about 700 in the last
fiscal year study
2) 58 mammals, 203 birds, 21 reptiles and 16 amphibians species were recorded in GHNP
3) New vegetation classification was proposed by the vegetation study
4) Forest ecology study suggested that the forest seemed to be nearly at stable condition
5) Species richness, primate and bird density decrease in high altitude area of the national
park, however, some specific species distribute only in high altitude area
(4) Camera trap and radio tracking study
As a example of specific theme study, I talk about our experience on camera trap, radio tracking and food habits
study of the carnivores in GHNP.
1) Camera trap
We taken pictures of animals in a total of 61 times (nights) in the 509 camera trap nights from December 1996 to
November 1997 in Cikaniki in GHNP. Nine mammalian carnivores including panther, feral cat and feral dog, tree shrew,
rat and 3 bird species were recorded by the camera trap work. Common palm civet is the most common animal taken
pictures by the camera trap, followed by banded linsang. Both type of the leopard cats, spotted leopard and black one,
were photographed by the camera traps. Camera trap is a useful equipment for study of carnivores in tropical forest.
2) Radio tracking
We conducted radio tracking study on carnivores to study range size and habitat utilization.
We caught 4 carnivore species for the radio tracking from December 1996 to December 1997.
The range size of a female common palm civet measured monthly varied from 2.9ha to 17.9 ha and the total size through
the study period was 23.3 ha. The palm civet used mostly area along the Cikaniki river and avoided the tea plantation.
67
3) Food habit of common palm civet
We collected feces of common palm civet for food habit study of the animal. Plant matter was present in most
samples and accounted for 89% of the feces collected. The feces consisted mostly of fruits of two plant species; a palm
(Pinanga cornata) and a fig (Ficus grossularioides.). The distribution pattern of the palm and fig trees support habitat
preference by the radio tracking of the palm civet.
(5) Park management and conservation based on biological research
1) Conservation priority
Adequate park management is needed for conservation of specific species and its habitat. To clear species and
habitat conservation point in the fauna management plan, we selected notable animal species considering conservation
status, niche, function in the ecosystem and habitat preference. Eight mammals and 4 birds were listed under notable
animals and 3 species, panther, Javan gibbon and Javan Hawk-eagle, were selected as umbrella species from the
notable species. We recommended the park management authority to pay special attention of conservation and to
prepare rehabilitation program for these umbrella species in future.
2) Zone planning and corridor forest
For park zone planning concerning ecological sensitive area, we overlapped 4 thematic maps with giving specific
score for each categories of the maps; 1) Vegetation map, 2) animal density map, 3) altitude map = species richness map,
and 4) slop map. As conclusion, we got a ecological sensitive map which shows the center area and south-east area of
the national park should be paid special attention as ecological sensitive area. We also indicated the 3 importance of
corridor forests among Gn. Halimun and surrounding forest areas; 1) Gn. Halimun - Gn. Salak, 2) Gn. Halimun - Gn.
Endut, and 3) Gn. Halimun - South-western part of forest.
68
Practical Course: Protected Area Planning
Situation
Following features (map information) of natural environment and socio-economic situation inside the park have been
revealed from survey and join expedition. Please discuss zoning of the park, trail for tourist and facility development for
the park management.
B Town
Seven (7) ecological zone
are distinguished by
biological study
Species richness area =
lowland forest of Westside
Submontane area =
Primary forest
Important watershed for
city/town tap water
Higher mountain area =
sensitive and unique
ecosystem
Shifting cultivation area
Resources for tourists
Management plan (Zoning)
Zone 1:
Zone 2:
Zone 3:
Zone 4:
Zone 5:
Zone 6:
Zone 7:
* Suggestion: Zoning categories; core zone, wilderness zone, utilization zone for tourists, traditional use zone
69
Tourism: Nature Tourism, Ecotourism,
Carrying Capacity
By
Mr. Paul Basintal
Assistant Director
Admin, Finance & Development
SABAH PARKS
71
72
73
74
75
76
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PART III:
PARTICIPATORY PARK
MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL
STUDY
Participatory Environmental
Management Approach
By
Mr. Shigeo Sakai
JICA Advisor
SABAH PARKS
Sabah Parks Staff Training
Participatory Park Management and Social Study, 12 March, 2003 (Wed)
Main Text, Page 1 of 6
Shigeo Sakai, Advisor, Participatory Environmental Management
Part 1: Participatory Environmental Management Approach
1. What is participation?
A. Participation is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control
•
over conservation/ development initiatives
•
over the decisions and resources which affect them
B. Participation is a process which the stakeholders collaboratively
•
Set objectives and create a strategy
•
Formulate project
•
Implement project
•
Monitor and evaluate the project
2. Why Participation?
Because of
•
Efficiency and Efficacy
•
Sustainability
•
Conflict Resolution
•
Economic and Financial Factors
3. Stakeholder Identification (General concept)
Stakeholder can be:
•
Central and Local Government
•
Donors
•
Private sector
•
Local community
•
NGOs, CBOs (Non-government organizations, community based organizations)
•
Research institutions
4. Activities of Participatory approach
•
Strengthen institutional arrangement
•
Promote linkages and networking among Stakeholders
•
Establish political and legislative support
•
Promote involvement of the local community, CBOs
•
Provide incentives to stakeholders
•
Build economic and financial foundation
81
Part 2: Social Survey (study) and Decision-making Method
1 . Types of Social Surveys:
In general, two types of surveys methods are considered:
(1) Quantitative Method
Qualitative Method.
Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Survey Method
82
Types
Tools:
2. T
ypes of Participatory Decision-making Method and T
ools:
Collaborative decision-making method and tools, which support participatory approach, include (1) workshop
based method, and (2) community based method. Following is the summary of typical decision-making
methods and social analysis method.
Summary of typical decision-making and analysis methods
83
Adapted from “World Bank Participation Sourcebook”, June 1995, The World Bank.
3. RRA and PRA
A. Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA):
(RRA) Assessment/ appraisal method/ technique
•
RRA developed in the 1970s and 1980s, in response to the perceived problems of outsiders missing or
miscommunication with local people in the context of development work.
•
Rural does not necessary mean only rural, but applicable in urban settings.
B. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA):
(PRA) Decision-making method
•
PRA uses group dynamics to enable exchanges and the sharing of views and knowledge among various
social groups.
•
Data collection and analysis are undertaken by local people, with outsiders acting to facilitate
rather than control.
•
PRA is an approach for shared learning between local people and outsiders.
•
PRA techniques are not limited to assessment (appraisal) only.
C. Basic characteristics of PRA
•
Participation
•
Good coordination between the team of experts and the intended beneficiallies
•
Flexibility
•
Minimum necessary data can be collected with little time and expense
•
Collected data is crosschecked (triangulation)
D. RRA/PRA tools (method and analytical tools)
•
Series of “open meetings”
•
Semi-structured interviews/ questionnaire
•
Key Informant interview/ Focus group discussion
•
Mapping (resource mapping, community/ social mapping)
•
Transect walk
•
Community history (Historical profile/ Trend diagram)
•
Seasonal analysis (e.g. agricultural calendar)
•
Venn diagram (institutional diagram)
•
Matrix ranking, Wealth ranking
84
See detailed explanation in Annex 1: RRA/ PRA Tools)
85
4. Sequence of Social Studies (General Survey Design)
86
Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Tools
By
Mr. Shigeo Sakai
JICA Advisor
SABAH PARKS
Participatory Park Management and Social Study, 12 March, 2003 (Wednesday),
Tools
ools, Page 1 of 18
Annex: RRA/PRA T
ools
Annex 1:
Tools
Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)/ Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) T
ools
1 . Mapping
•
Community members or villagers, regardless of literacy level, are capable of representing their
surroundings visually, and they sketch maps.
•
To generate approximate spatial information (not intend to obtain accurate cartographic information)
•
Villagers can present and analyze information on land use and key natural social resources, including
watersheds, forests, fields, school, and other resources.
•
Maps should be drawn on paper in a large open area, which enable to expand the scale of the drawing,
encourages more participation because it is visible to a larger group.
Example
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ools, Page 2 of 18
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ools
89
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ools, Page 3 of 18
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ools
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ools, Page 4 of 18
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ools
Mapping: Sulug Island, TAR Marine Park
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ools, Page 5 of 18
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ools
Transect
Walk
2. T
ransect W
alk
•
Transect walk is a mobile interview accompanied by several local informants
•
Transect identify Zones, contrasts, changes conditions, and physical features such as soils, trees,
and streams in the village environment.
•
To obtain land-use pattern, natural resource – river, hills, cropland, vegetative cover, tourism
attraction, and infrastructure - houses, schools, land tenure, etc.
•
The walk need not follow a straight line: it will be useful to divide the team into smaller
groups, which enable to cover more ground, and get more information.
•
The key is to take opportunity to ask questions about location of resources, how they use, who uses,
pressure on various resources, rules to access, and conflicts
Example
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ools, Page 18 of 18
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ools
Walk
Transect W
alk
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ools, Page 7 of 18
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ools
Walk
Transect W
alk
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ools, Page 8 of 18
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ools
Walk
Transect W
alk
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ools, Page 9 of 18
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ools
Trend
3 . Community History / Historical Profile / T
rend Diagram
•
Historical profile / Trend Diagram is a representation of the changes in village life, and an analysis
in who has access to resources or control over them.
•
Identify the participants/ informant in the village who are most knowledgeable about the history
•
Try to get approximate date or time period of the events (e.g. late 1970s, etc)
•
Most useful when it focuses on issues about resource governance such as the settlement history of
the community (who came when), periods of abundance and scarcity, landmark events (building of
roads, bridges, schools) and/or milestones of the community (e.g. floods, droughts, revolutions),
notable conflicts in village history (especially related to resource use).
Example
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ools, Page 10 of 18
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ools
Community History
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ools, Page 11 of 18
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ools
Community History
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ools, Page 12 of 18
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ools
3 . Seasonal Analysis
•
Seasonal analysis is a representation of recurring patterns in village life.
•
The most common seasonal analysis is on agricultural cycles.
•
Seasonal analysis reveals links between aspects of village life and the environment.
•
Seasonal analysis also documents labor, income, expenditure, crop patterns, river flows, rain,
animal fodder, debt, and disease or food availability.
•
Provide materials, such as stones, seeds, fruits and sticks, to indicate amounts.
Example
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ools, Page 13 of 18
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ools
Seasonal Analysis
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ools, Page 14 of 18
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ools
Venn
5. V
enn (Chapatti) Diagram
•
Venn diagram is a representation of community’s social/ institutional structure, social
relationships.
•
A large center circle represents the village, and everything inside the circle will be a committee or
person in the village.
•
All outside figure represent external organizations or individuals who have an impact or
relationship to the village.
Example
101
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ools, Page 15 of 18
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ools
Venn (Chapatti) Diagram
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ools, Page 16 of 18
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ools
6. Matrix Ranking
•
Matrix ranking is a grid, which represents relative value of preferences.
•
Researchers try to understand the villagers’ alternatives and options.
•
Procedure: (1) choose materials to be used (e.g. paper or ground, seeds, stones, sticks), (2) decide what
is to be ranked and list the items (e.g. tree species, crops, etc.), (3) for each item ask what is good / bad
about it. (4) Repeat the question to get more characteristics.
•
List the ranking criteria in the chart
Wealth Ranking
•
Wealth ranking is a tool to determine relative wealth of each community member, and a tool helps to
understand socio-economic differences within a community.
•
Wealth ranking reveals the community’s criteria for “poor” and “rich”.
Relative wealth information is often easier to obtain because participants are less sensitive about revealing
their wealth in relation to other community members, than they asked to give absolute figures.
Example
103
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ools, Page 17 of 18
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ools
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ools, Page 18 of 18
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ools
Matrix Ranking
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PART IV:
FLORA, FAUNA STUDY AND
MONITORING
Introduction to Plant Kingdom:
Introduction to Medical Plants
By
Mr. Matsain Mohd. Buang
Asst. Research Officer (Botany)
SABAH PARKS
Pengenalan kepada Kingdom Tumbuhan (Plants Kingdom)
Organisma hidup dibahagikan kepada 5 kumpulan besar yang dikenali sebagai ‘Kingdoms’:
(1) Kingdom Prokiat (Bakteria – Blue Green Bacteria)
(2) Kingdom Protista
(3) Kingdom Fungi
(4) Kingdom Plantae
(5) Kingdom Animale
‘Kingdom Tumbuhan’ diklasifikasikan secara informal terbahagi kepada 5 kumpulan utama:
a) Alga
b) Bryophytes (Lumut)
c) Pteridophtes (Paku-Pakis)
d) Gimnosperma (Tumbuhan tida bunga)
e) Angiosperma (Tumbuhan berbunga)
Pengkelasan berjuta-juta organisma hidup adalah mengikut satu system atau hirarki yang
sama iaitu ‘International Code for Nomenclature’:
Kingdom
Divisi/Filum (phylum/phyla)
Kelas (Class)
Famili (Family)
Genus (Ganera)
Spesis (Species)
108
‘Hirarki’ sesuatu pengkelasan tumbuhan ditunjukkan seperti berikut:-
Kategori
Hujung nama
Kingdom:
Filum/Divisi:
(Subdivisi):
Kelas:
(Subkelas):
Order:
(Suborder):
Magnoliineae
Famili:
Magnoliaceae
(Subfamily):
Tribe:
Genus:
Spesis:
- ae
- phyta
- phytina
- opsida
- idea
- ales
- ineae
*
**
Contoh
Plantae
Magnoliophyta (*)
Magnoliaphytina
Magnoliopsida (**)
- aceae
- oideae
- eae
Magnolia
kinabaluensis
Angiospermophyta
Dicotyledons
Pengkelasan Tumbuhan
Bagi pengkelasan tumbuhan ‘Binomal System’ telah diperkenalkan dalam abad ke 18 oleh
seorang saintis Sweden bernama Carolus Linnaeus. Di dalam sistem ini, setiap nama
tumbuhan mempunyai dua perkataan iaitu Genus dan Spesis.
•
Divisi/Filum ditunjukkan dengan penambahan ‘phyta’ pada nama.
Divis/Filum Angiospermophyta dibahagikan kepada 2 kelas iaitu:
(i)
(ii)
Monocotyledoneae
Dicotyledoneae
•
•
•
•
Kelas
Famili
Genus
Species -
Tiada
Penambahan ‘eae’
Penambahan ‘ceae’
Tiada spesifikasi
spesifikasi
Monocotyledoneae terbahagi kepada banyak famili seperti Liliaceae, Orchisaceae,
Poaceae, Aracaceae, Musaceae dan lain-lain.
109
Dicotyledoneae juga terbahagi kepada famili yang besar seperti Rosaceae, Solanaceae,
Magnoliaceae, Asteraceae dan lain-lain.
Penggunaan hujung nama tersebut tidak selalunya sama. Saintis berbeza menggunakan
pendekatan yang berlainan. Walaubagaimanapun, susunan hirarki adalah tetap sama.
Sesetengah kumpulan tumbuhan tidak dikelaskan mengikut semua peringkat. Peringkat
terpenting hanya peringkat famili sehingga genus dan spesis sahaja.
Bagi kumpulan tumbuhan yang besar seperti orkid (Orchidaceae) pengkelasan sehingga
subfamily digunakan manakala kumpulan paku pakis.
Contoh-Contoh Pengkelasan (Penamaan)
110
Peringkat terpenting bermula dari famili hingga ke sepsis. Nama tumbuhan secara saintifik
hanya dikenali dari genus dan sepsis sahaja. Nama saintifik harus ditulis sama ada dalam
bentuk italic atau bergaris.
Sebagai contoh tumbuhan yang dikenali sebagai ‘Bunga Raya’ mempunyai nama saintifik
yang ditulis sebagai Hibiscus rosa-sinesis. Penamaan sistematik seperti berikut:
Famili:
Genus:
Spesis:
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis
Ringkasan Garis Kasar Pengkelasan Organisma
VIRUS : Memperlihatkan sifat-sifat kehidupan hanya apabila berada dalam organisa lain;
Ia dianggapkan oleh sebahagian besar Ahli Bilogi sebagai tidak hidup apabila dipencilkan.
1.
MONERA* : Organisma prokariot (Nukleus serta organel-organel sel tidak tersusun);
termasuk bakteria, alga biru-hijau (Kadang kala disebut sianobakteria), dan mikroplasma.
2.
PROTISTA : Eukariot (Organel dan nucleus yang sebenar), sebahagian besar
protozoa (‘Haiwan’ bersel tunggal’), beberapa jenis alga dan kulapak lender (Sesetangah
pengarang memasukkan semua alga eukariot, walaupun berbentuk mutisel)
3
KULAT* : Kulat sejati.
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4.
PLANTAE* : Sebahagian alga dan semua tumbuhan hijau; termasuk yang berikut
serta beberapa kumpulan kecil tidak disebutkan:Alga coklat
Alga merah
Alga hijau** Lumut dan lumut hati*
Tumbuhan bervaskular (Tumbuhan peringkat tinggi)
Paku-pakis dan relative*
Sikad dan Gimnosperma yang jarang didapati**
Konifer (Gimnosperma yang biasa didapati)**
Tumbuhan berbunga (Angiosperma)**
Monokotiledon (Monocot)
Dikotiledon (Dikot)
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Perbezaan Di antara Dicotyledons dan Monocotyledons
5.
ANIMILIA : Haiwan bermultisel
* Dikaji oleh Ahli Fisiologi Tumbuhan
** Penekanan oleh Ahli Fisiologi tumbuhan
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Sejarah Perubatan
Sejak zaman dahulu lagi kita dapati tumbuh-tumbuhan digunakan dengan meluas sebagai
makanan dan ubat-ubatan. Pada tahun 490 SM, Hippocrates, ‘Bapa Perubatan’ telah
mendirikan sebuah kolej perubatan yang dipanggil ‘Temple of Aesculapius’. Beliau banyak
mengkaji tentang herba-herba ubatan yang sering digunakan oleh orang-orang Egyptian
(Mesir). Setelah beliau meninggal, pengetahuan tentang ubatan ini diberikan kepada Aristotle.
Aristotle merupakan seorang ‘Naturalist’ dan tutor kepada Alexander the Great. Beliau telah
mengutip dan memepelajari banyak jenis herba semasa mengikuti ekspedisi bersama-sama
tentera. Pada tahun 1973, satu kajian telah dilakukan di Amerika Syarikat terhadap ubatubatan. 41% mengandungi sumber-sumber asli. 25% sumber tumbuhan, 13% dari sumber
mikro organisma (bakteria dan fungus) dan 7% daripada sumber haiwan.
TUMBUHAN DALAM PERUBATAN TRADISIONAL
Terdapat kira-kira 250, 000 spesis tumbuhan di seluruh duina. Di kawasan tropika sahaja
dianggarkan sebanyak 150, 000 spesis. Manakala di Asia Tenggara sebanyak 35, 000
spesis. Dianggarkan sebanyak 8, 000 spesis tumbuhan terdapat di Malaysia.
Setakat ini sahaja, dilaporkan bahawa terdapat sekurang-kurangnya 654 spesis endemic
kepada Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapu, 343 speisi telah dikategorikan sebagai tumbuhan
hamper pupus disebabkan aktiviti-aktiviti pembersihan hutan yang berleluasa.
Di kawasan Tropika, dianggarkan sebanyak 6, 000 spesis tumbuhan berbunga mempunyai
nilai perubatan.
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HUTAN SEBAGAI SUMBER UBATAN
Hutan bukan sahaja menjadi pembekal sumber bahan pembinaan dan perhiasan yang penting
tetapi juga menjadi sumber ubatan dan makanan yang berharga. Malah pada masa ini,
walau pun banyak ubat-ubatan telah dihasilkan secara sintetik, perubatan moden masih
bergantung bekalannya kepada tumbuhan sebagai sebahagian dari sumber istimewa
mereka. Adalah dianggarkan satu daripada empat ubatan yang terdapat di pusat farmasi di
USA adalah berasal dari tumbuhan atau binatang dari hutan tropika di mana nilai perdagangan
di seluruh dunia bagi ubatan ini dianggarkan melebihi US$ 20 billion (RM52 billion) setahun
(Myers, 1985).
Hutan tropika dengan kepelbagaian dan keunikannya memang diketahui menjadi pusat
simpanan tabii hasil-hasil dan sumber ubatan yang selalunya digunakan secara tradisional
dari satu generasi ke satu generasi. Proses pemilihan ubat-ubatan ini dibuat secara “try and
error” dan kemudiannya diwarisi oleh generasi-generasi berikutnya.
Ubat-ubatan diproses secara moden, walaupun telah dapat dihasilkan secara sintetik adalah
pada asalnya didapati dari sumber aslinya terutamanya tumbuhan. Beberapa ribu hasilam
utama farmakopia moden adalah siekstrak daripada tumbuhan, termasuklah hasil-hasilan
perdagangan yang terkenal seperti emetin, skopolamin dan pilokarpin.
Di anatara bahan-bahan yang mustahak yang selalu digunakan oleh ahli-ahli farmakologi
ialah kumpulan alkaloid. Tumbuhan hutan tropika memang terkenal sebagai sumber utama
alkaloid dan kepelbagaian alkaloidnya juga tinggi. Tidak ada organisma lain yang standing
dengan tumbuhan di dalam hal ini. Alkaloid dari tumbuhan telah terbukti sebagai satu sumber
yang berharga dan istimewa, seperti yang telah ditunjukkan oleh kokain, reserpin, kuinin,
fedrin dan nikotin. Walau bagaimanapun, mungkin alkaloid tumbuhan yang paling popular
ialah vinkristin dan vinblastin, sejenis alkaloid yang diekstrak dari Vinca yang digunakan
sebagai ubat leukemia, penyakit Hodgkin dan lain-lain barah. Kemasyuran dadah ini dapat
dilihat dengan nilai perdagangan ubat-ubatan ibi
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yang dianggarkan sekitar US$90 juta setahun pada akhir 1970an dengan pertambahan 15%
setahun (Myers, 1985).
Kuinin dari sepsis-spesis Vinca, sekurang-kurangnya 1, 400 spesis tumbuhan memmpunyai
potensi sebagai sumber dadah terutamanya alkaloid bagi mengubati barah (Barclay &
Perdue, 1976). Walau bagaimanapun hanya 10% sepsis tersebut telah ditabir bahan kimia
anti-barahnya dan hanya 1% sahaja yang telah dianalisis secara terperinci. Dengan kajian
yang lebih terperinci, lebih banyak lagi alkaloid tumbuhan diharapkan dapat menyembuhkan
penyakit-penyakit yang masih tidak dapat diubati dengan berkesan pada masa ini.
Selain dari alkaloid, banyak bahan kimia yang lain yang berasal dan dikeluarkan dari hutan
tropika digunakan di dalam perubatan. Di antaranya saogenin steroid, sejenis saponin dari
sepsis Dioscorea yang berasal dari Mexico. Steroid ini yang terkenal dengan nama
“diosgenin” telah digunakan dengan meluas dalam pil perancang yang ada di pasaran
sekarang, daripadanya adalah berasal dari diosgenin. Diosgenin bukan sahaja digunakan
di dalam kontraseptif oral tetapi ia juga digunakan di dalam pembuatan hormon seks (seperti
progestron, estrogen dan lain-lain) dan kortisaon/hidrokortison yang merupakan ubat-ubatan
untuk merawat arthritis rematoid, demam rematoid, ubat elergik dan dermatitis.
Kepopularan diosgenin boleh dilihat dengan jumlah perdagangan bahan ini. Pada tahun
1970an, dunia menggunakan kira-kira 180 tan dosgenin setiap tahun dan ini dijangka
meningkat kepada 500 tan pada tahun 1985 dan 3000 tan 10 tahun dari sekarang (Myers,
1985). Semasa kemuncak harganya diparas US152.20 per kg, nilai perdagangannya adalah
kira-kira US$25 juta setahun, satu jumlah yang besar bagi Negara yang miskin seperti Mexico.
Walaupun bahan-bahan kimia ini secara teorinya boleh dihasilkan secara sintesis, ahli-ahli
kimia teknologi masih tidak dapat mengeluarkan kebanyakkan bahan-bahan ini pada kos
yang setanding dengan pengeluaran secara terus dari bahan mentah. Sebagai contoh, di
dalam kes steroid yang mencapai harga dan permintaan yang tinggi, ahli-ahli kimia telah
berusaha selama 25 tahun untuk
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mengurangkan kos dengan cara sintesis tetapi hasilnya mendukacitakan dan 95% dari steroid
yang ada di pasaran masih diproses dari tumbuhan (myers, 1985). Contoh yang lain adalah
dalam kes reserpin yang dihasilkan dari Rawollfia yang digunakan sebagai “traquilizer”. Oleh
kerana nilai perdagangnnya yang tinggi (US$260 juta setahun di USA sahaja) usaha-usaha
untuk menirunya telah diusahakan oleh ahli-ahli kimia tetapi mereka mendapati ianya sangat
rumit dan kompleks menyebabkan reserpin yang dihasilkan melalui sintesis adalah dua kali
ganda lebih mahal dari alkaloid yang sama dikeluarkan dari Rauwollfia (Myers, 1985).
Di Asia Tenggara, lebih kurang 6, 500 spesis tumbuhan telah dicatat mempunyai potensi
sebagai agen terapi bagi pelbagai penyakit (Perry, 1980). Di Negara kita, dianggarkan
kira-kira 15.5% dari keseluruhan paku-pakis, 30.4% anggita gimnosperma dan 15.9%
anggota angiosperma telah digunakan oleh masyarakat tempatan sebagai tumbuhan ubatan
(Latiff et al., 1984). Kajian mengenainya walau bagaimanapun sangat sedikit dan belum
lagi mendalam bagi membolehkannya digunakan sebagai sumber ubatan di dalam perubatan
moden.
Walaupun dari segi perdagangan, ubat-ubatan yang dikeluarkan daripada hutan kita tidak
berorientasikan ekonomi pada masa ini, hasil-hasil hutan tidak sepatutnya diketepikan begitu
sahaja. Di negara-negara maju kajian-kajian yang sangat pesat sedang dijalankan untuk
mencari sumber-sumber ubatan yang baru yang lebih berkesan dan usaha-usaha sedang
dijalankan untuk mengesan tumbuhan yang belum dikaji sepenuhnya yang mungkin dapat
menentang penyakit-penyakit yang menjadi ancaman kepada manusia.
117
Introduction to Animal Kingdom
By
Mr. Maklarin Lakim
Research Officer (Zoology)
SABAH PARKS
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Pengenalan Kepada Alam Haiwan
Maklarin bin Lakim
Taman Sabah.
1. Pendahuluan
Haiwan adalah merujuk kepada benda hidup yang boleh bergerak. Secara umum, haiwan-haiwan
di sekeliling kita bolehlah dikategorikan kepada berbagai kelompok. Misalnya haiwan ternakan, haiwan
peliharaan dan juga haiwan liar. Kertas ini hanya menyentuh mengenai haiwan-haiwan liar yang terdapat di
sekeliling kita. Haiwan-haiwan ini sebenarnya sangat pelbagai. Misalnya, ada haiwan yang bersaiz besar
seperti ikan paus di lautan dan ada juga haiwan bersaiz kecil seperti semut di lantai hutan. Haiwan-haiwan
liar juga pelbagai dari segi rupa, bentuk dan warna. Demikian juga dari segi kelakuannya. Kajian mengenai
haiwan adalah amat menarik.
Lazimnya haiwan-haiwan liar dikaitkan dengan kehidupan di dalam hutan belantara. Oleh kerana
haiwan memiliki penyesuaian tersendiri untuk kehidupannya, sudah tentulah ia memainkan peranan tertentu
di dalam hutan. Haiwan-haiwan yang berbeza memiliki peranan yang turut berlainan mengikut kecenderungan
kelakuan dan penyesuaiannya untuk hidup di habitat hutan yang didiami. Kehidupan harian kita tidak
dapat dipisahkan daripada haiwan. Misalnya, kita bergantung kepada haiwan sebagai sumber makanan,
kerja pertanian, haiwan peliharaan dan sebagainya. Disebabkan pergantungan inilah, haiwan harus dipulihara
agar terhindar daripada kepupusan.
2. Pengenalan Haiwan
Seperti yang telah disebutkan lebih awal, haiwan merupakan organisama hidup yang berlainan
daripada tumbuhan kerana kebolehannya untuk bergerak. Walau bagaimanapun haiwan tidak mampu
membuat makanannya sendiri sebaliknya, bergantung kepada sumber luar sebagai makanannya. Contohnya
sesuatu haiwan memakan sumber tumbuhan dan haiwan lain. Penyesuaian untuk hidup telah menyebabkan
haiwan-haiwan berlainan dari segi bentuk antara satu sama lain. Haiwan turut berbeza daripada manusia
kerana manusia memiliki akal fikiran yang tidak dimiliki haiwan.
3. Evolusi Haiwan
Evolusi haiwan adalah berkaitan dengan pertalian antara berbagai jenis haiwan dari segi
perkembangan kewujudannya dalam jangka masa yang panjang (lihat lakaran pokok evolusi dalam Mader
(1995)). Teori evolusi ini telah dipelopori oleh Charles Darwin yang mengemukakan teorinya bahawa
haiwan-haiwan maju termasuk manusia telah berevolusi daripada haiwan-haiwan rendah bermula daripada
haiwan-haiwan bersel tunggal. Walau bagaimanapun, teori ini telah banyak dipertikaikan kerana gagal
membuktikan peralihan yang jelas daripada satu haiwan rendah (seperti monyet) kepada haiwan lebih
tinggi yang berikutnya (seperti manusia).
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Kajian sejarah kewujudan haiwan melibatkan pengumpulan fosil untuk mengesan kewujudan sesuatu
haiwan sejak berjuta tahun yang lampau. Haiwan yang lebih primitif telah wujud lebih dahulu daripada
haiwan yang lebih kompleks. Urutan kewujudan haiwan mengikut kelas bermula dengan ikan (500 juta
tahuan dahulu), amfibia (400 jtd.), reptilia (280 jtd.), burung (200 jtd.) dan mamalia (135 jtd.) (WWF,
1973). Penyu atau kura-kura merupakan contoh haiwan purba yang mengekalkan bentuknya yang asal
dan masih wujud hingga sekarang. Sebaliknya haiwan reptilia raksasa, dinosaur yang pernah menguasi
dunia suatu masa dahulu telah pupus daripada mukabumi sejak 65 juta tahun yang lampau.
Kajian zoogeografi atau taburan haiwan di atas mukabumi menyingkap perbezaan dan juga pertalian
sesama haiwan di benua-benua yang berlainan. Misalnya, haiwan-haiwan di benua Amerika Selatan berlainan
dengan haiwan-haiwan di benua Afrika. Fenomena ini adalah berkaitan dengan kejadian pergerakan bumi
yang membentuk pulau-pulau terasing dan penyesuaian oleh haiwan untuk hidup di sesuatu kawasan dengan
iklim yang tertentu dan berbeza dengan tempat lain. Dalam jangka masa yang panjang, penyesuaian seperti
ini menjadikan sesuatu haiwan yang dahulunya daripada rumpun yang sama menjadi berlainan dari satu
tempat ke tempat yang lain.
4. Kepelbagaian Haiwan
Pengkelasan haiwan diasaskan kepada kepelbagaian rupa-bentuk haiwan. Ini merangkumi tahap
keserupaan dan kelainan antara haiwan. Terdapat 2 kumpulan besar haiwan iaitu haiwan invertebrata
(tanpa tulang belakang) dan haiwan vertebrata (bertulang belakang). Haiwan invertebrata seperti serangga,
krustasea, dianggap sebgai haiwan kurang maju manakala haiwan bertulang belakang adalah lebih maju
kerana struktur binaannya lebih kompleks.
Pengkelasan haiwan bertujuan untuk menghuraikan pelbagai jenis haiwan secara sisitematik bagi
tujuan penamaan. Pada dasarnya setiap haiwan diberikan nama panggilan tempatan tertentu. Nama ini
berbeza mengikut tempat meskipun bagi haiwan yang sama. Penamaan sains bertujuan untuk memberikan
nama sejagat bagi sesuatu haiwan agar ia mudah dikenali di seluruh dunia dengan satu nama panggilan
sahaja.
Kajian taksonomi atau penyusunan nama bertujuan memberikan nama ke atas sesuatu haiwan
mengikut peraturan-peraturan tertentu. Nama sains bagi sesuatu haiwan biasanya terdiri daripada 2 nama
iaitu nama genera dan nama spesies. Misalnya, nama sains bagi kupu-kupu Rajah Brooke ialah
Trogonoptera brookiana. Demikian juga orang-utan yang dinamakan Pongo pygmaeus. Kedua-dua
nama tersebut dikenali di peringkat antarabangsa. Pemberian nama ini dikenali sebgai sistem penamaan
‘binomial’ yang telah dipelopori oleh saintis terkemuka Sweden Carl Linnaeus.
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5. Haiwan di Dunia
Organisma hidup di seluruh dunia telah dianggarkan berjumlah lebih 1.44 juta spesies. Ini termasuk
tumbuhan dan bakteria. Sejumlah 75% daripada jumlah ini adalah haiwan yang terdiri daripada haiwan
invertebrata (73%) dan haiwan vertebrata (3%). Serangga merangkumi 72% daripada jumlah tersebut
merupakan haiwan yang paling dominan dari sergi kepelbagaian spesiesnya. Haiwan vertebrata pula
hanya meliputi 3% daripada jumlah tersebut. Ini dipecahkan kepada ikan (19,056 spesies atau 44%),
amfibia (4,184 spp. atau 10%), reptilia (6,300 spp. atau 15%), burung (9,198 spp. atau 21%) dan mamalia
(4,170 spp. atau 10%). Masih banyak spesies haiwan terutamanya yang bersaiz kecil seperyti serangga
yang belum dinamakan.
6. Haiwan di Sabah
Sabah terkenal dengan kepelbagaian spesies haiwannya. Kekayaan ini adalah disebabkan
kedukannya di pulau Borneo yang terletak berhampiran dengan garisan khatulistiwa. Sabah dilitupi hutan
hujan tropika daripada tanah rendah sehingga ke tanah tinggi, menyediakan pelbagai jenis habitat yang
telah membenarkan kewujudan pelbagai spesies haiwan. Sesetengahnya hanya terdapat di Sabah khususnya
di pergunungan Kinabalu manakala yang lainya merupakan kekayaan spesies yang dikongsi bersama di
kepulauan Borneo. Haiwan-haiwan invertebrata didomunasi serangga seperti kupu-kupu, kumbang dan
lebah serta semut. Manakala haiwan vertebrata terdiri daripada 221 spesies mamalia, burung (580 spp.),
reptilia (80 spp.) dan amfibia (135 spp.). Pertambahan atau penemuan spesies baru masih berlaku khususnya
untuk haiwan haiwan bersaiz kecil seperti serangga.
7. Ekologi Haiwan
Ekologi adalah merujuk kepada hubungan haiwan dan persekitarannya. Persekitaran ini terdiri
daripada abiotik atau sekitaran fizikal dan biotic atau sekitaran benda hidup. Sesuatu haiwan berinteraksi
dengan persekitaran tempat kediamannya yang dipanggil juga sebagai habitat. Habitat sesuatu haiwan
menyediakan ruang kediaman, perlindungan serta sumber makanan. Haiwn berinteraksi sesama mereka
dan di habitat kediamanya untuk hidup dan membentuk jaringan kitaran makanan yang kompleks.
Haiwan hutan tropika terkenal dengan kepelbagaiannya yang tinggi. Terdapat banyak spesies
haiwan yang boleh hidup bersama-sama di satu kawasan hutan yang terhad. Bagaimana haiwan-haiwan ini
boleh berkongsi sumber-sumber dan mengelakkan pertelingkahan sesama mereka untuk meneruskan
kelangsungan hidup adalah sesuatu yang menarik. Sesuatu spesies haiwan sebenarnay membuat penyesuaian
tertentu dari segi pemilihan, cara dan masa mencari makanan di habitat yang dikongsi bersama. Penyesuaian
seperti ini telah membenarkan banyak spesies haiwan hidup bersama-sama di dalam hutan tropika.
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8. Peranan Haiwan
Hawian invertebrata dan vertebrata di dalam hutan tropika memainkan peranan yang amat penting
di dalam hutan. Antara fungsi yang dimainkan termasuklah sebagai agen pendebungaan, penyebaran bijih
benih, pemangkasan pokok, pembajakan, pembajaan hutan dan sebagaianya. Boleh disimpulkan bahaya
haiwan liara di dalam hutan bertindak sebagai ‘petani’ yang menjaga kesuburan hutan yang kelihatan
terbiar. Fungsi-fungsi yang dimainkan haiwan seperti ini telah membawa kepada kestabilan ekosistem
hutan yang kompleks dan pelbagai.
9. Kepentingan Haiwan
Kehidupan seharian kita banyak bergantung kepada haiwan. Oleh itu sumber-sumber haiwan
mempunyai kepentingan tersendiri dalam kehidupan manusia. Misalnya kita bergantung kepada haiwan
untuk mendapatkan sumber makanan. Demikian juga dalam penghasilan produk ekonomi bukan-makanan
seperti kain bulu, gading dan sebagainya. Suatu masa dahulu, manusia bergantung kepada haiwan sebagai
kenderaan tunggangan dan membantu melaksanakan tugas-tugas berat. Ini termasukalah penggunaan kerbau,
lembu, kuda dan gajah. Sumber haiwan turut digunakan dalam sector bio-perubatan seperti penggunaan
venom atau bisa, pacat serta monyet dalam penyelidikan perubatan. Kepentingan laian adalah dari segi
nilai ekologi haiwan dalam rantaian makanan dan penggunaannya dalam aktiviti kawalan biologi untuk
pertanian serta nilai eko-pelancongan. Haiwan turut memainkan peranan dalan aspek psikologi. Interaksi
manusia dan haiwan digambarkan dalam hasilan kesenian, penggunaan haiwan dalam sukan dan pemeliharaan
haiwan yang dianggap mempunyai kesan kepada kesihatan mental.
10. Pemuliharaan
Haiwan-haiwan liar di dalam hutan kini terdedah kepada kepupusan di sebabkan sebahagian
besarnya oleh pembukaan hutan yang menjejaskan habitat kediaman mereka. Tanpa tempat kediaman
yang sesuai dan lengkap dari segi kitaran makanannya, amatlah sukar untuk sesuatu haiwan meneruskan
kehidupannya. Kepupusan sesuatu spesies haiwan merupakan satu trajedi yang mana kehilangan spesies
itu adalah untuk selama-lamanya. Haiwan-haiwan di sekeliling kita merupakan khazanah yang amat berharga
dan penting dalam kehidupan seharian kita. Oleh itu amatlah penting bagi setiap seorang daripada kita
mengambil inisiatif kearah pemuliharaan khazanah ini.
11. Penutup
Haiwan-haiwan liar di sekeliling kita dipinjamkan kepada kita oleh anak-cucu kita, bukannya diwariskan
kepada kita oleh nenek-moyang kita. Sebagai sesuatu yang
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dipinjamkan, kita perlu pulangkan semula kepada pemiliknya, anak-cucu kita. Pemuliharaan untuk generasi
akan datang.
Rujukan
Mader, S.A. (1995). Biologi: Evolusi, Kepelbagaian & Persekitar. Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka, Kualau
Lumpur (terjemahan).
WWF (1973). The Atlas of Wildlife. Portland House, Barcelona.
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Introduction to Marine Life
By
Mr. Fazrullah Rizally Abd. Razak
Research Officer (Marine)
SABAH PARKS
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131
132
Monitoring of mammals
By
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
JICA Advisor
SABAH PARKS
Staff Training Course for Park Management Component
Study on Fauna in Parks
- Inventory and Identification of Mammals –
Masaaki Yoneda
Inventory and park management
Why we need inventory and animal status data in Parks? Objectives of the national parks are conservation of
heritage sites and providing recreation opportunity for people. Fauna and flora information are necessary as essential
data of the parks as well as vegetation, soil, geology and socio-economic data. Monitoring of species composition and
population trend of specific species is also needed for park management. If we find an alien species invades the park,
specific species is endangered (too rare) or give damages (too much) on ecosystem of the parks, we have to take
necessary action to stop more serious situation. Large size animals are usually rare and endangered species, whereas,
herbivores, deer and goats including domestic species, usually increase their population rapidly, and sometimes give
damage on vegetation and ecosystem in protected areas. Conservation of endangered species and control of the
herbivores population is one of the main subjects of park management in many countries. As a basic training course on
study of animals in the parks, we focus methodology and identification of mammals in Sabah.
Methodology for mammalian study
Collection by traps and mist nets, as lethal method, is usually used for small mammal study. There are several
different types of traps, pit fall trap, snap trap, and cage trap, so on. Suitable traps should be used for the collection of
focused mammalian groups. Although it is difficult to apply non-lethal methodology for study of small mammals, lethal
collection is not suitable methodology in the parks, especially for study on endangered species. Non-lethal methods,
like as direct observation, field sign check, camera trap, identification by voice, and bat detector, are applied for study
on medium-large size mammals and endangered species.
Classification and identification of mammals in Sabah
As terrestrial mammals in Sabah, 221 species of 11 orders1* are recorded until now. In the 11 orders of mammals, the
following 5 orders, 13 species are easy for identification by its features;
1) Proboscidea (elephant)
2) Perrissocactyla (rhino)
3) Artiodactyla (deer and boars)
4) Dermoptera (colugos / flying lemur)
5) Pholidota (pangolin)
The following six orders of small-medium size mammals are major task of inventory of the animal group. The six orders
of mammals occupie 94 % of the terrestrial mammals in Sabah.
1) Chiroptera (bats)
2) Rodentia (squirrels, rats and voles)
3) Primates (monkeys)
4) Carnivora (bear, wild cats, civets, and otters)
5) Scandentia (tupais)
6) Insectivora (shrews)
Reference books with identification key are necessary for the identification of these mammals groups.
Preparations of reference specimens are also desirable to confirm the identification. The identification
1
order: One of biological classification rank; order – family – genus - species
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points of the small-medium size mammals are;
• body feature
• body size, proportion of each part, and color
• tooth formula and teeth shape
The tooth formula shows number of incisors, canine, pre-molar, and molar in upper and lower jaws of one side of mouth.
Rodentia is clearly separated from other mammalian orders by the tooth formula that shows 1 incisor in upper and lower
jaws of each side (a total of 4 incisors). Dermoptera (colugos / flying lemur) is also separated from Primates by not only
of flying membrane but also its feature of tooth formula (incisors = 2/3; Primates = 2/2 or 2/1).
Identification points of small-medium size mammals
(1) Chiroptera (bats)
Bats consists of two sub-orders, Megachiroptera (fruit bats; 15 species) and Microchiroptera (insectivora bats; 77
species). The former sub-order bats are distinguished by 2nd finger evident on their foreleg (wing), and large eyes.
Identification points into species of the latter sub-order bats are, 1) nose-leafs, 2) tail, and 3) tooth formula, but it is a
bit of difficult. Study of morphological terminology and careful check of reference books are needed for identification
of the bats of Microchiroptera, especially00for Vespertilionidae bats.
(2) Rodentia (squirrels and rats)
Rodentia in Sabah is classified into four major groups (family or sub-family); 1) Hystricidae (porcupines; 3 species), 2)
Sciurinae (squirrels; 18 species), 3) Petaurisinae (flying squirrels; 12 species), and 4) Muridae (rats and voles; 28
species). The porcupines groups are easily distinguished by its long hard hair. It is an important point for identification
that squirrels and flying squirrels have more pre-molars than rats and voles (Muridae). Careful check of reference
books, measurement of body size and sometimes study of skull are needed for identification into species of Rodentia,
especially for Muridae animals.
(3) Primates (monkeys)
Primates in Sabah is classified into 5 families; 1) Lorisidae (slow loris; 1 species), 2) Tarsiidae (tarsius; 1 species), 3)
Cercopithecidae (macaques, proboscis, and leaf monkeys; 6 species), 4) Homidae (Pongidae) (orangutan; 1 species),
and 5) Hylobatidae (gibbon; 1 species). Four families except Cercopithecidae (macaque group) are easy for identification
by body feature and reference books because these groups are 1 family 1 species. Identification of Cercopithecidae
(macaque group) is important, but the primate species is comparatively easy for identification into species by body
size, tail length, body color and other features.
(4) Carnivora (cats, civets and otters)
Carnivora in Sabah includes 6 families, but only one species (domestic dog) belongs to Canidae (dogs; 1 domestic
species) in the State. Ursidae, only 1 species (sun bear), is also easy to distinguish. Felidae (wild cats; 6 species)
animals are featured by their short nose and small number of post canine teeth from other family animals. The Felidae
animals include many endangered species. Other 3 families; Mustelidae (marten, otter; 7 species), Herpestidae
(mongoose; 3 species), and Viverridae (civets; 8 species) are rather difficult for identification. These groups should be
identified carefully by reference books, checking tooth formula, hair color and spot, and tail ring, so on.
(5) Scandentia (tupai)
Scandentia (tupai) is an endemic animal group in South-East Asia. Eight species are recorded in Sabah. The points of
identification are, 1) body size and color, 2) proportion of tail and body length, and 3) dorsal and shoulder line.
(6) Insectivora (shrews)
Insectivora is a small size mammalian group and has primitive feature. The animals of this order are clearly distinguished
from Rodentia by number and shape of incisors. The Insectivora in Sabah is classified into 2 families; 1) Erinaccidae
(gymnure; 2 species), and 2) Soricidae (shrews; 6 species). Distinguish point of the two families is present or not of
post orbital arch bone.
Notable and/or endangered mammals in Sabah
The notable and/or endangered mammals are selected from following criteria;
1) rarity (population size and its trend)
135
2) endemism
3) scientific significance
4) symbolism
5) vulnerability
6) legal status
The Wildlife Enactment of Sabah provides 56 mammals as protected species combined Class I and Class II. Forty four
mammals in the State are included in the appendix of CITES (The Convention on International Trade on Endangered
Species). Thirty mammals in Sabah as upper class of ‘vulnerable’ category are listed up in IUCN Red Data Book (IUCNRDB) in 2000. Large size mammals (rhino, elephant), primates and carnivores are mostly listed in these notable and/or
endangered mammals list. In the small-medium size mammals, all species of Scandentia (tupai) are included in the
appendix II of CITES, and 15 squirrels including flying squirrels are provided as class II animals in the Wildlife
Enactment of Sabah.
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
Monitoring of Ecosystem (Global,
Regional and National Level
By
Dr. Masaaki Yoneda
JICA Advisor
SABAH PARKS
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
Basic Photography
By
Mr. David Sia
Consultant
David Sia Professional Photographer
Service
159
160
161
PART V:
ENACTMENTS FOR
CONSERVATION
Introduction of Park Enactment 1984
By
Mr. Ludi Apin
Park Manager
Crocker Range Park
SABAH PARKS
164
165
Introduction of the Sabah Environmental
Conservation Enactment 1996
By
Mr. Gunik Ampungou
Environmental Control Officer
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
DEPARTMENT
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
Introduction to the Wildlife of Sabah
By
Mr. Augustine Tuuga
Wildlife Officer
WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT, SABAH
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
PART VI:
SKILLS FOR PROTECTED
AREAS PERSONNEL
Essential Skills for Protected Areas
Personnel
By
Dr. Jamili Nais
Assistant Director
SABAH PARKS
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
Lincoln University: Conservation
Certifacate
By
Mr. Ariffin Johari
&
Mr. Justinus Guntabid
Park Rangers
SABAH PARKS
197
198
199
Pengurusan alam semulajadi telah mendapat perhatian secara global dan kesedaran tentangnya semakin
bertambah. Justeru itu, pelbagai langkah telah diambil untuk menwujudkan satu rangkaian pengurusan
alam semulajadi bagi memastikan sumber tersebut dapat diurus dan dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan sejagat.
Antara langkah yang diambil adalah dengan memberi pendidikan dan latihan di semua peringkat. Kerajaan
juga telah mengubah dasar dengan memberi peluang latihan secara intensif kepada kakitangan, terutamanya
mereka yang terlibat secara langsung dalam bidang konservasi dan ekopelancongan.
Kerajaan telah mengambil inisiatif dengan memberi latihan kepada kakitangan Taman Negara dan
Perlindungan Hidupan Liar melalui program khas bersama Universiti Lincoln yang berpusat di New Zealand
untuk melatih kakitangan yang terpilih bagi mengikuti Program Sijil Pengurusan Konservasi dan
Ekopelancongan di Sekolah Latihan
Perhutanan Sarawak.
Dalam program ini, peserta diwajibkan untuk lulus sekurang-kurangnya empat dari lima modul yang
diwajibkan sebagai syarat untuk mendapat sijil dan dipertimbangkan untuk meneruskan pengajian hingga
ke peringkat diploma.
Modul yang wajib dihadiri oleh setiap peserta seperti berikut:
Modul 1: Pengurusan kawasan pelindungan (Taman Negara dan Sanktuari)
Modul 2: Pengurusan Pelancongan dan Rekreasi
Modul 3: Pengenalan kepada Pengurusan Ekologi dan Hidupan Liar
Modul 4: Interpretasi, Komunikasi dan Sains Sosial
Modul 5: Kejuruteraan
Setiap ,odul mengambil masa enam minggu di mana teori dan pratikal ditekankan untuk memberi
pendedahan kepada para peserta tentang masalah yang dihadapi dan cara penyelesaian di dalam menangani
cabaran pengurusan konservasi dan ekopelancongan.
Modul-modul yang dipilih adalah berkaitan antara satu sama lain dan kesemuanya telah dikenalpasti dapat
memantapkan pengurusan sumber secara profesional. Program ini secara amnya ialah untuk
memperlengkapkan pengurus taman dan sanktuari dengan pengetahuan dan pegalaman bagi mengawalselia
secara mapan dan sistematik.
Semua matapelajaran atau silibus menggunakan bahasa Inggeris sepenuhnya, begitu juga tenaga pengajar
kebanyakkannya adalah pensyarah luar negara yang didatangkan khasdari Universiti Lincoln New Zealand.
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Modul 1
PENGURUSAN KAWASAN TERLINDUNG
(PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT)
Modul ini memberi penekanan kepada cara yang pratikal dan sesuai untuk menguruskan
kawasan terlindung seperti taman negara dan sanktuari hidupan liar. Peserta didedahkan kepada teknik
asas untuk merekod, membuat plot, mengenalpasti, pemantauan dan membuat transek untuk mengambil
data hidupan liar yang terdapat di dalam sesebuah taman negara atau sanktuari serta membuat inventori
secara berkesan. Selain itu, peserta juga didedahkan kepada teknik untuk membuat pemerhatian terhadap
spesis yang terancam dan cara untuk menyelia dan bertindak bagi mengawal spesis berkenaan dari kepupusan
kekal.
Kepentingan hidupan liar kepada hutan juga diberi penekanan dengan mengambil berbagai contoh, antaranya
ialah keseimbangan ekologi hutan yang amat bergantung kepada hidupa liar untuk terus wujud dan juga
sebaliknya. Rantaian ekologi ini secara langsung melibatkan manusia yang banyak bergantung kepada
sumber hutan bagi menyediakan keperluan harian. Berbagai sistem ekologi hutan hujan tropika ditekankan
kepada para peserta bagi memudahkan mereka membuat inventori atau mengurus jenis-jenis hutan tersebut.
Bagaimanapun, sistem manusia telah banyak memberi kemusnahan terhadap keseimbangan ekologi. Antara
contoh yang jelas adalah aktiviti pembalakan di mana kepupusan spesis tumbuhan dan haiwan menyebabkan
hutan sekunder yang wujud dianggap “Hutan Mati” oleh kebanyakan saintis kerana nilai boimas dan
keseimbangan hutan telah berkurangan.
Selain itu, peserta didedahkan kepada teknik perancangan keselamatan pelawat di dalam kawasan Taman
Negara. Penekanan diberi kepada kualiti pengurusan konservasi serta nilai konservasi dan operasi.
Fungsi-fungsi penguatkuasaan dan undang-undang juga ditekankan kepada peserta secara teori dan pratikal.
Ini termasuklah cara mengesan, nemangkap, mengawal dan memberi pendidikan kepada orang awam
terhadap nilai konservasi kepada manusia.
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Silibus kepada modul ini adalah seperti berikut:
Protected area syestem
Conservation and Operational Value
l
Appreciation of Conservation & Operational Dilemma
l
Quality Conservation Management
l
Function of Law and Enforcement
l
Visitor Management and Planning
l
Wildlife Management
l
Wildlife Management(Pratical)
l
Management
202
Modul 2
PENGURUSAN PELANCONGAN DAN REKREASI
(RECREATION AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT)
Modul 2 ini memberi pendedahan kepada peserta kepada konsep dan impak industri pelancongan kepada
sumber ekonomi negara. Industri pelancongan amat berkait rapat dengan Taman Negara kerana sumber
semulajadinya adalah tarikan nombor satu kepada pelancong, dalam dan luar negara.
Modul ini hanya melihat impak kepada ‘stakeholder’ sahaja tetapi juga kepada jiran sesebuah Taman
Negara. Konsep yang diamalkan oleh kebanyakan negara mempunyai produk pelancongan ialah agihan
pendapatan kepada penduduk tempatan atau jiran kepada Taman Negara dengan memberi peluang kepada
mereka untuk meraih keuntungan melalui perkhidmatan atau kraftangan dan budaya.
Peserta didedahkan kepada syestem pengurusan mapan terhadap fasiliti sedia ada terutamanya penginapan.
Model kepada pengurusan penginapan di adaptasi dari perkhidmatan hotel-hotel antarabangsa menurut
kesesuaian sesuatu Taman Negara dengan mengambilkira harga bilik/chalet, kelengkapan, keselesaan,
kualiti perkhidmatan, persekitaran dan sebagainya. Ini adalah peluang untuk pulangan jangka panjang
kerana pelancong dilihat mempunyai trend lawatan berulang kesesuatu Taman Negara.
Industri pelancongan walaupun memberi pulangan lumayan mempunyai impak negative sekiranya tidak
dikawal. Taman negara akan susut nilai semulajadi sekiranya kedatangan pelancong tidak diberi pendidikan
bagaimana berinteraksi dengan flora dan fauna, begitu juga dengan persekitaran Taman Negara itu sendiri.
Antara contoh yang diberikan ialah pembinaan bangunan yang mencacatkan pemandangan semulajadi.
Peserta diberi kefahaman tentang asas membuat penilaian lepada kesesuaian projek pembangunan untuk
jangka panjang dengan mengambilkira kesan jangka panjang dan juga sebagainya. Selain itu faktor bawaan
vektor oleh pelancong luar negara dititikberatkan dalam modul ini. Oleh yang demikian adalah penting bagi
agensi-agensi pelancongan diberi penerangan tentang perkara tersebut agar pihak agensi terbabit dapat
juga memberi penerangan terhadap perkara yang dibenarkan untuk dilakukan di dalam dan juga produk
yang terdapat di dalam sesebuah taman kepada pelanggan mereka.
Silibus bagi modul 2 adalah:
l
Introduction to Recreational and Tourism
l
Recreation and Tourism Impacts
l
Cultural Tourism
l
Nature Tourism Management
203
l
Ecotourism
l
Visitor Arrival Impact Management
l
Recreation Planning
Sesi kerja amali bagi nodul ini adalah di Taman Negara Batang Ai, Lubok Antu selama dua minggu di
mana peserta tinggal di Rumah Panjang Kaum Iban untuk mengambil data impak industri pelancongan
terhadap ekonomi penduduk setempat.
Selainn itu, Taman Negara Niah juga adala antara tempat kerja amali, juga untuk mengambil data bagi
membuat perbandingan sosio ekonomi penduduk setempat dengan penduduk Batang Ai. Di sinii peserta
didedahkan kepada model pengurusan sumber yang amat sensitif kepada impak kedatangan pelancong
iaitu tinggalan kesan kewujudan manusia di Borneo sejak lenih empat ribu tahun.
Penekanan juga diberi terhadap pengurusan rekreasi, perancangan terhadap rekreasi yang dibolehkan
di dalam Taman Negar diambil berat dengan mengaplikasi berbagai syestem rekreasi seperti Visitor
Impacts Management (VIM), Limits of Acceptable Changes (LAC) dan Recreation Opportunity
Spectrum (ROS) dan lain-lain kaedah sebagai panduan pengurusan.
204
Modul 3
PENGURUSAN HIDUPAN LIAR DAN EKOLOGI
(WILDLIFE AND ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT)
Modul 3 memberi pendedahan kepada peserta kepada Sains Tanah secara teori. Peserta didedahkan
untuk bagaimana mengenal jenis tanah, proses ianya terjadi dan cara untuk mengenalpasti tanah melalui
ssample tanah dan metod untuk mengambil sample tanah.
Selain itu prinsip bio-geografi diperkenalkan untuk memberi pendedahan kepada peserta tentang bentuk
muka bumi, proses dan jenis batu-batan yang terdapat di Borneo. Pengenalan kepada ekologi marin dan
persekitarannya, botani, zoologi dan kepentingan ekologi tersebut kepada alam sekitar.
Perkaitan antara ketiga-tiga ekologi tersebut ditekankan di dalam modul ini kerana sumber tersebut amat
penting untuk keseimbangan (equilibirium) alam semulajadi. Interaksi antara haiwan dan tumbuhan
terutamanya di kawasan pesisir menjamin stok atau sumber berpanjangan terhadap ekonomi. Hutan bakau
adalah contoh jelas tentang interaksi dan kitaran hidupan marin.
Pengurusan hidupan liar juga didedahkan dalam modul ini. Taman Negara sepatutnya menjadi Kolam
Genetik kepada hidupan liar dan adalah amat penting untuk mengetahui cara pengurusan yang berkesan
bagi mengelakkan kepupusan kekal terhadap spesis yang terancam dengan mengetahui spesis, jumlah dan
status hidupan liar dipraktikkan dalam kerja lapangan di Taman Negara Bako sebagai kajian kes dan
peserta kemudiannya didedahkan kepada kaedah yang sesuai untuk Perancangan Pengurusan Sumber
melalui data terkumpul.
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Modul 4
SAINS SOSIAL, INTERPRETASI DAN KOMUNIKASI
(COMMUNICATION, INTERPRETATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCE APPLICATION)
Modul 4 lebih kepada menggunakan bidang komunikasi sebagai alat untuk memberi pendidikan kepada
para pelawat tentang sumber sesuatu Taman Negara. Peserta diberi peluang untuk memandu pelancong
dengan memberi penerangan berkenaan kawasaan yang dilawati. Ini melibatkan penerangan jenis tumbuhan,
tanah, hidupan liar serta kepentingannya terhadap alam semulajadi.
Keberkesanan interpretasi melalui media elektronik didedahkan kepada peserta sebagai alat bagi memberi
penerangan kepada pelawat dengan menggunakan aplikasi yang sesuai seperti ‘Power Point’ dan sebagainya.
Peserta juga diberi peluang untuk membuat ‘brochure’ yang berkaitan dengan stesen masing-masing
mengikut garis panduan yang diberikan.
Penggunaan ‘slide projector’ juga ditekankan dimana peserta dikehendaki untuk mengambil gambar,
menyusun, membuat teks dan seterusnya memberi penerangan kepada pelawaat bekenaan objektif ‘slide’
masing-masing.
penyediaan pameran untuk pelawat juga penting dimana tarikan, objektif serta kesan kepada pelawat
diambil kira. Penyelidikan telah membuktikan bahawa peratusan masa pelawat untuk membaca apa yang
dipamerkan dan memahaminya adalah sangat rendah. Oleh itu penggunaan bahasa ringkas dan berkesan
serta gambar atau sebagainya yang dipamerkan hendaklah sentiasa dikemaskini dan memberi pendidikan
kepada pelawat selepas keluar daripada pusat-pusat pameran yang disediakan oleh sesebuah Taman
Negara.
206
Interpretasi juga hendaklah dapat diterima pakai oleh semua golongan. Peserta didedahkan kepada cara
untuk membuat penerangan kepada semua latarbelakang pelawat dengan menggunakan berbagai teknik
pendekatan. Dalam modul ini enam prinsip interpretasi yang diterima pakai iaitu ‘sterile, revelation, arts,
provoke, whole & children’ (Tilden, F. 1967). Dengan menggunakan prinsip tersebut, interpretasi yang
akan disampaikan tidak menyebabkan pelawat keliru dengan objektif Taman Negara.
Silibus dalam modul ini adalah seperti berikut:
l
Introduction to social science
l
Social science application for visitor management
l
Nature conservation education
l
Interpretation and media skills
l
Visitor centre
l
Modification/exhibition/evaluvtion
l
Fundamental exhibition planning
207
Modul 5
KEJURUTERAAN UNTUK TAMAN NEGARA DAN KAWASAN TERLINDUNG
(PARKS AND RESERVED ENGINEERING)
Modul ini mendedahkan peserta cara mengenalpasti lokasi sesuai untuk pembangunan fasiliti kepada pelawat
dengan mengambilkira faktor kesan jangka panjang kepada fasiliti yang akan dibina dan juga kesan kepada
alam sekitar.
Peserta ditunjukkan untuk mengendali dan menyelenggara perealatan kerja harian seperti mesin rumput,
enjin sangkut, gergaji berantai dan sebagainya dengan betul. Langkah-langkah keselamatan juga ditekankan
contohnya kepentingan topi keselamatan, pelindung mata, telinga dan pakaian bersesuaian semasa
mengendalikan mesin.
Selain itu, modul ini banyak memberi pendedahan kepada peserta bagaimana membuat pelan, memilih
bahan binaan yang sesuai, membuat kiraan yang betul tentang campuran konkrit, ketahanan binaan,
mengenalpasti serta menyelanggara kerosakan bangunan dan sebagainya sebagai langkah penjimatan kos
secara jangka panjang.
Penggunaan dan campuran minyak (lubricant) juga penting agar jangka hayat mesin-mesin yang sering
digunakan dapat bertahan lebih lama kerana seringkali kerosakan berpunca daripada penggunaan yang
tidak teratur menyebabkan kos penyelenggaraan sesebuah organisasi agak tinggi. Peserta diberi tunjuk
ajar untuk mengatasi masalah kerosakan kecil dan bagaimana memaksimumkan penggunaan mesin mengikut
manual yang diberikan.
Sistem pendawaian (1 phase & 3 phase) serta cara untuk membuat kiraan voltan yang digunakan juga
diberi penekanan. Ini adalah disebabkan kebanyakan Taman Negara berada di kawasan yang didak
mendapat bekalan elektrik seperti bandar, sebaliknya banyak bergantung kepada penggunaan janakuasa.
Oleh yang demikian pengetahuan tentang sistem elektrik amat penting kepada pengurus taman bagi
memudahkan perjalanan kerja dapat dilaksanakan tanpa memudaratkan janakuasa.
Pemasangan paip dan pembinaan tangki kumbahan dalam kawasan Taman Negara amat penting bagi
mengelakkan bakteria merebak dan memusnahkan ekologi sesuatu kawasan Taman Negara. Peserta diberi
panduan untuk menyediakan kawasan dan memasang tangki kumbahan yang mesra alam dan dapat
digunakan menurut kesesuaian sesebuah Taman Negara.
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Peserta didedahkan kepada cara menguruskan fasiliti dengan baik bermula dari pemilihan lokasi hingga
kepada penyelenggaraan untuk jangka masa panjang dengan mengambilkira kesesuaian tanah, sejarah
kawasan, impak terhadap alam sekitar kepada fasiliti. Fasiliti yang dimaksudkan adalah termasuk bangunan,
denai dan sebagainya untuk meminimumkan risiko kepada pelawat. Pendedahan kepada asas geomorpologi
dan hidrologi oleh pensyarah kepada para peserta dilihat memberi panduan berguna untuk perancangan
membina sesuatu fasiliti di dalam kawasan Taman Negara.
Cara untuk menangani hakisan juga telah ditunjukkan dalam modul ini kerana tidak dapat dinafikan hakisan
berlaku akibat sama ada dilakukan oleh manusia secara tidak sengaja atau kerana faktor alam. Contoh
jelas yang sering dihadapi ialah hakisan tanah di permukaan denai, hakisan pantai dan tanah runtuh. Peserta
dilatih untuk mengenalpasti punca hakisan dan cara menanganinya secara efektif.
Zoning di sesebuah Taman Negara juga penting bagi mengelakkan kerosakan kekal dan kepupusan flora
dan fauna kerana banyak kajian saintifik menunjukkan aktiviti manusia walau seminimum mungkin sekalipun
tetap memberi impak besar terhadap alam semulajadi. Garis panduan untuk menetapkan zon adalah
bergantung kepada kesesuaian sesebuah Taman Negara itu sendiri. Peserta didedahkan kepada teknik
penzonan yang sesuai dengan mengambilkira interaksi alam semulajadi dan aktiviti manusia.
Silibus dalam modul ini adalah seperti di bawah:
l
Project management
l
Design skills
l
Architecture
l
Engineering
l
Practical skills
l
Surveying
l
Map reading
l
Advanced technology
l
Toilets
l
Occupational health and safety
l
Fire prevention and fighting
l
Camping and picnic area
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Modul 6
PROJEK PENYELIDIKAN INDIVIDU
(RESEARCH REPORT (DISSERTATION)
Modul ini adalah kerja amali secara individu dimana peserta diberi tempoh selama sebulan untuk menyediakan
laporan berkenaan tajuk yang mereka pilih. Semua kerja-kerja penyelidikan adalah dijalankan distesen
masing-masing dan mestilah mempunyai hunungkait tentang masalah yang sedang dan bakal dihadapi oleh
sesebuah stesen berkenaan dengan diseliakan oleh seorang penyelia yang dilantik oleh pihal Universiti
Lincoln.
Tujuan untuk mengadakan modul ini adalah melemgkapkan pelajar kepada teknik penyediaan laporan
penyelidikan secara individu kerana skil tersebut amat perlu dalam bidang Konservasi. Semua laporan
yang disediakan hendaklah dalam format saintifik berasaskan fakta dan menggunakan bahasa Inggeris
sepenuhnya.
projek yang dijalankan oleh peserta Taman-Taman Sabah ialah:
Nama:
Projek:
Nama:
Ariffin Johari Ariff
Projek:
Kualiti Air Bawah Tanah di Taman Tungku Abdul Rahman,
Pulau Mamutik, Kota Kinabalu.
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RUMUSAN
Program ini adalah amat berguna kepada peserta dan juga jabatan masing-masing kerana kesemua silibus
dalam kelima-lima modul ini menumpukan kepada pengurusan Taman Negara dan Sanktuari secara
berkesan. Program ini lebih kepada menyediakan seorang Pengurus Taman yang serba boleh dalam
menjalankan tugas harian dan menghadapi cabaran kerja secara profesional.
Berbagai teknik dan pengetahuan berguna diperolehi bagi memantapkan pengurusan Taman Negara. Apa
yang lebih penting sepanjang program ini dijalankan ialah peserta dapat mengenalpasti kelemahan yang
wujud dalam sistem sedia ada dan berpeluang menimba pengalaman daripada pensyarah luar negara yang
telah berkhidmat dengan Taman Negara yang mempunyai sistem pengurusan terkemuka di dunia.
Program ini telah memberi gambaran sebenar tentang cabaran yang dihadapi oleh Taman Negara khasnya
di Malaysia dan perlu ada tindakan proaktif bagi menanganinya. Melalui program yang amat berguna ini,
peserta akan dapat melaksanakan sistem pengurusan yang teratur dan berkesan serta mengamalkannya
bagi menjamin pengurusan konservasi yang berkualitii tinggi.
Program ini juga menumpukan kepada penggunaan aplikasi komputer yang relevan bagi tujuan pengumpulan
data serta membuat analisis dengan lebih sistematik dalan menyediakan laporan atau kerja dan sebagainya.
Secara keseluruhan, program ini amat berguna kepada Taman Sabah bagi mencapai matlamat pengurusan
mapan dan berkualiti untuk jangka panjang.
211
Making a Winning Presentation and
Briefing
By
Mr. Taidin Suhaimun
Consultant
USAHAWAN GROUP MANAGEMENT
CONSULTANTS
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
Teamwork/Team Building
By
Mr. Taidin Suhaimin
Consultant
USAHAWAN GROUP MANAGEMENT
CONSULTANT
221
222
223

Ranger training-1

Transcription

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