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Ecology and Population of Gaur (Bos gaurus H. Smith, 1827)
in Khlong Saeng Wildlife Sanctuary
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in Khlong Saeng Wildlife Sanctuary
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Ecology and Population of Gaur (Bos gaurus H. Smith, 1827)
in Khlong Saeng Wildlife Sanctuary
Ronglarp Sukmasuang
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ABSTRACT
Ecology and Population study of gaur has been carried out in Khlong Saeng Wildlife
Sanctuary, Surat Thani Province during 1994-1995. The objectivities were to find out the
habitat condition, forage species, water and mineral lick utilization from directed observation
as well as the population density study by line transect method. The result reflected that gaur
herds are not roaming only in moist evergreen forest, but also various vegetation types. They
feed mostly in natural forest gap, old clearing patches and seasonal draw down areas of Racha
Prapha Reservior with elevation ranging from 68 to 600 m from mean sea level. Gaur feed on
at least 71 forage species from 63 genera of 33 families. Because of good spatial distribution
of water sources in this sanctuary, thus, water is not the limiting factors of the gaur population.
The gaur in this area seldom utilize mineral lick when compare with those utilization of gaur
population in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. The gaur cause damages to at least 26
species of vegetation. The damages of vegetation are classified into rub, stem broken, peel,
scar, fall and death. Gaur's dung decay rate is 0.0161 per day (S.D. = 0.00068 ± 0.0013) at 95
% confidence interval. The results from dung density counted from line trasect method in two
2
sample sites reflected that population density for Khlong Khuan area is 2.05 animals/km and
and 3.30/km2 in Huai Thum Chan Valley. The average of gaur's herd size is 6.55 (range 2-13,
n =7). Causes of threat for this wild cattle are both pouching and interferance mainly from
some group of fishermen activities in the reservior nearby gaur feeding sites.
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iicnnnil1onzn 42 q9'1W ntJ 2 9'
1W
dbh. 1U 1.50 1%1412J
3
dbh. 10 2.75 PlUO-ILUM iiJonn 4
dbh. LtJ 11.5 LITWOMMI DMIAIANIT11 17 AN 10 dbh. 1s1tJ 2.79 LTWALIJ911 11J11U
6
3/
a
4
3,
9/
a
a
4
a
a •
iu U dbh. ISUUJ 3.13 L411401LIJ011 9114LE)IJ 10 OM 2J dbh. Is1itJ 3.61 MIJOHIJ911UUflThJ
a'
Jfli11]ZJ 92-98 L9fl4W, 30-208 1W1, 12-260 1%Ut2JV ILI 10-280 1%UJt5
fl1J1T1i
a,
a'
5. O ml
ltJfl9J nO 1J1li)lfli1lW14 51 flO 1S11ULfllflhi 0.0161 010114
A
A
95 L1J0 '1C1c11
'irn l2Oth4
JL
flh1UrnJl1l14 0.00068 ± 0.0013
6. ffll
rnnu
L'uOffTh 1Yilt'1J 2.05 fl1Tl
on
,
nThwi 11
a'
fl'IlflhJ 3.3
a'
,
4a
a
lmn11u2J
.4
i
9l1JlnuJOL115tnJ
7.
1ionmim
o1-ioitnrnn fi
a'
1JYWl'fl1'fl1
14 a
oJ1rn1Lunn.w
a'
u
4
iii lflfl4L'15U ¶l.1Jl 11I'flh1l' Y
I,
a'
a
• 9/
a'
a
4
9?
a
a'
TM
OJOWUMUZ
1. ni niithnnn
1tniim'u
4
9/
t( 14114 (line transects) 'nl
a
In8n1J11Th1JW
aa
3?
•
1'tJl'}1t!j
]l11ouw 1'm
2' 4
I
31
OflLO1lflfllfllLfl4
1?
2.
fli Ii Jfll Ol Ol
110'Ul'hJOltfflJ14l
niiithn t1fll8'fli
I
4
a
Olfllflfl'1 (Indirect method)
nm
'4WJ1
nlII1i
13
to
W)3J 2J11JW1.
•
1Ll1)1f(hW
2523.
-e
qi-comwo'). io,tu1ii,
t1fl1Y1. 379 U.
UfT tJfl1ffl'UI. 2538.
tni
cs a a
Jijiiu. L10fIVI7VIJ3JIJ1 TtTY 302696. fl1fl11U1iJ11t2'.
w
1itJ111tJ,
i1Z
a
t,
I
fl flThl 22 U.
2536.
1Uqtij11'n,
1tJ1'tJ,
VI
11'tJlfl1'(,
n1Th1 97 U.
Barnes, R.F.W. and K.L. Jensen. 1987. How to count elephants in forests. IUCN African
5
Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group. Technical Bull. 1:1-6.
Burnham, K.P. and D.R. Anderson and J.L. Laake. 1980. Estimation of density from line
transect sampling of biological population. Wildlife Monograph No. 72:1-202.
Conry, P.J. 1981. Habitat Selection and Use, Movements, and Home range of Malayan Gaur
(Bos gaurus hubbacki) in Central Pahang, Malaysia. M.S. Thesis, University of
Montana. 120 p.
Dawson, S. and A.J.F.M. Dckker. 1992. Counting Asian elephants in forest. RAPA
Publication, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO),
Bangkok.
Srikosamatara, S. 1993. Density and biomass of large herbivores and other mammals in a dry
tropical forest, western Thailand. J. of Tropical Ecology 9:1-11.
2
14
1
iiioujw
tri]i
niojeutu fl1i rinti iun
iL14 fuLl
JO2I
a
a
a
U')'mfltij IfMJWYIO' ¶lOfll 1LIUfl
a
1
L111tJflU
I
S
'
I
'i
u'lli
a , a,
tJ1WtU 12J ftUYfYJ P1lf( WJiJ
I
%
a
an
fl'11l4
fl1O
1U1iI1t27 411 114i1V51i1f lfNllV('1
1
'?1.fS ti
a
l8fl1LlL
a
JfY flU
d
rnnrnh
91
Lfl1lLti4I9J1UJ1JJ fVL
t19n1h
J Yifl.2537 1L
1A.2538
IfflavqRnIM91137
'dFore3t Depi4$ Librcr'
15
A
v
Density
Frequene
Dominant
R.D.
R.F.
R.Do.
LV.L
0.17
0.17
10.185
2.773246
3.49076
26.84502
33.10902
0.75
0.58
4.255
12.23491
11.90965
11.21508
35.35964
0.25
0.17
0.4442
4.078303
3.49076
1.170796
8.739859
0.08
0.08
0.0308
1.305057
1.64271
0.081 181
3.028948
64011091
0.58
0.42
0.5458
9.461664
8.62423
1.438587
19.52448
unk 2
0.08
0.08
0.1158
1.305057
1.64271
0.305219
3.252986
Annonaceae
0.67
0.5
0.5175
10.92985
10.26694
1.3639960
22.56079
1J111J
0.17
0.17
7.7975
2.773246
3.49076
20.55219
26.81619
0.08
0.08
0.0158
1.305057
1.64271
0.041645
2.989412
0.08
0.08
0.03
1.305057
1.64271
0.079072
3.02684
din
0.17
0.17
0.0517
2.773246
3.49076
0.136268
6.400274
unk 4
0.17
0.08
3.2108
2.773246
1.64271
8.462836
12.87879
rnic
0.08
0.08
0.0458
1.305057
1.64271
0.120717
3.068484
1l11iT1
0.17
0.17
0.1042
2.773246
3.49076
0.274644
6.53865
1ThJ1)
0.08
0.08
0.085
1.305057
1.64271
0.224038
3.171806
Knema
0.08
0.08
1.2675
1.305057
1.64271
3.340807
6.288569
W(1lJ1
Aglaia
0.25
0.25
1.5283
4.078303
5.13347
4.028202
13.23998
414c!1aJ1n
Polyafthia
0.42
0.17
1.025
6.85155
3.49076
2.701634
13.04394
0.08
0.08
0.4258
1.305057
1.64271
1.122298
4.070066
0.17
0.08
0.0308
2.773246
1.64271
0.081181
4.497138
ca1nnnruL.1
Species
Scientific
:
d,4 .4 4
-
Name
Unk 1
(414111tfl)
Jf))f1
Garcjnja
Annonaceac 2
flVt14
1jhit
¶1J111
Y(1J11J1
Diospyros
0.25
0.17
0.48
4.078303
3.49076
1.265 156
8.834219
0111
Dipterocarpus
0.33
0.25
2.7467
5.383361
5.13347
7.239589
17.75642
n4111
0.17
0.08
0.0292
2.773246
1.64271
0.076964
4.49292
unk 6
0.08
0.08
0.0292
2.773246
1.64271
0.076964
4.49292
Verbennaceac
0.08
0.08
0.02
1.305057
1.64271
0.052715
3.00048
¶c1J)1i1
0.08
0.08
0.015
1.305057
1.64271
0.039536
2.98730
0.08
0.08
0.8017
1.305057
1.64271
2.113073
5.060841
unk
0.08
0.08
0.045
1.305057
1.64271
0.118608
3.066376
1O2Jflt1
0.08
0.08
0.1075
1.305057
1.64271
0.283342
3.23111
0.08
0.08
1.1875
1.305057
1.64271
3.129942
6.07771
IIM11I1I.I1J
Croton
DxgontomcJon
O.lfl
Irt
14
11114r4•tflni 1 (Na)
Density
Frequency
Dominant
R.D.
R.F.
R.Do.
I.V.I.
lcrntui
0.08
0.08
0.2592
1.305057
1.64271
0.683184
3.63095
inul
0.08
0.08
0.0575
0.305057
1.64271
0.15155
3.099323
0.08
0.08
0.4192
1.305057
1.64271
1.104902
4.05267
6.13
4.87
37.94
100
100
100
300
Species
Scientific
Name
Total
No.of plots
12
Area
100
Total Area
1200
10000
-
__
__
17
miutwmiz
fl
%Otflfl1YØ
life form
tuu
qu
Acanthaccac
fWfl'1Lt9f1
Aystasia saiicifolia Craib
US
L
wet
Amaranthaceac
rThihiti
Alternanthera scssiis DC
H
L
dry, wet
Tfl%2J1U1J
Amaranthus spinosus Linn.
ExH
L
dry
iieu
Co!ocasja csculenta
H
L
dry
Araceac
Schott var. aqutica
Athyriaccac
FTflQl1i11
Diplaziuni cscuenta Sw.
F
L
wet
Cappaiidaccac
lqnqlj
Grateva adansonii DC.
T
L
dry
sub p. trifoliata Jacobs
Commelinaceae
Compositae
4ndalli
Commclina p.
H
L
thy
PTf11JWIZJJU
PoIIia p.
H
L
dry
allillf4iffilim
Ageratum conyzoides Linn.
H
L
dry, Wet
Eupatorium odoratum Linn.
ExH
L
dry
fl1J1O
Costaceae
104"1J1tflh1
Costus speciosus Smith
H
L
dry
Cyatheaceae
QVI
Cyathea p.
TF
L
dry
Cyperaceae
'i1( '1fl11'
Cypenis iria Linn.
H
L
dry, wet
1t '1tUi1Jt1i1
Selelia tcrrcstris Fasett
H
L
wet
Dilleniaccac
WlU
Dilenia p.
T
L, B
wet
Dioscoreaccae
Iluing
Dioscorea sp.
HC
L
wet
Ebenaceac
ti'fltfltJfltfltIO
Diospyros sumaUna Miq
S/ST
L
wet
Euphobiaccac
ypiliNil
Actephila ovalis Gage
S
L
wet
I110911103J
Aporusa p.
ST
L
wet
flluuflnfl
Aporusa sp.
ST
B
wet
"inlmm
A. planclioniana
ST
B
wet
Bail!. ex MucH. Arg
fl2J
A. wallichii
S
L, B
wet
t1'8tJ
Croton Iongissinius Airy Shaw
S
L, B
dry, wet
tWIIV2
Macaranga quadricoinis Rid).
S/ST
L
wet
Apluda sp.
0
L
dry, wet
Arundo donax Linn.
0
L, S-i-
dry, wet
Coclorachis striata
0
L
dry, wet
Ekusinc indica (L.) Gaertn
0
L
dry, wet
Gigantochloa p.
B
S
wet
G. hasskarliana (Kurz)
B
S
wet
Mclocana hum his Kurz
B
S
wet
-
Grammae
fl1'1'JU
A. Canius
1(t%fl1
'tthitn
'IJ4IntJ1J
18
nhll4HInn,i 2
(pie)
fl
life form
thuu
qu
1t'11]01)
Panicum auritum Presi + Nees
0
L
dry, wet
it'iWnii
P. incomtum Trin
G
L
dry
Paspapaluni conjugatum Berg
0
L
dry, wet
P. scobiculatum Linn.
0
L
wet
Saccharum spontancum Linn.
G
L St
dry, wet
Thysanolaena maxima Kize.
0
L
dry
114,J1dUO'U
I1
O1fl1
Leeaceae
n411J
Leca jndica Marr.
S
L
wet
Lcguminosae
1.i
Ormosa kemi Niyomdham
T
L
wet
Lagerstroemia spcciosa Pers.
T
L
dry, wet
S
L
wet
Lythraceae
rnii
Melastomataceac
1fl0Ufl
Melastoma malabathricum Linn.
Moraccae
1=1910
Ficus sp.
ST
L
dry
Musa acuminata Colla
H
L
wet
Myristica sp.
T
L
wet
Ardisia pilosa Retch.
S
L
wet
Measa ramentacea A.DC.
T
B
wet
Musaceae
Myristicaceae
;U-A I'fl 4
Myrsinaceae
_W -J,343jv
Onagraeeae
iitiinh
Ludwigia parviflora Roxb
H
L
dry
Papilionaceac
CLIAGI
Dcsmodium gangeticum DC
US
L
dry
Moghania sp.
S
L
wet
Hedyodis sp.
H
L
Wet
Mussaenda sp.
C
L
wet
Physalis angulata L.
H
L
wet
Sterculiaceae
Unidentified
T
B
wet
Tiliaceae
Corchorus capsularis Linn.
H
L
wet
-
Callicarps sp.
S
L
dry, wet
-
C. ruarophyla
S
L
dry, wet
Clerodendrum vicosum Vent.
S
L
dry, wet
Rubiaceae
Solanaceae
Verbenaceae
MIJIVIUI1.1
imitmi
.13IIJii1
a
19
1
US
:
Undershrub
F
:
Fern
S/ST
:
Shrub/Shrubby tree
H
:
Herb
S
:
Shrub
ST
:
Shrubby tree
ExH
:
Exotic herb
TF
:
Tree fern
C
:
Climber
T
:
Tree
HC
:
Herbaceous climber
Grass
B
:
Bamboo
L
:
lii
SI
:
11JtJO
St
4101,14, 'hiti
S
:
MD:
moist deciduous
w
:
G
:
RP
:
B
:
HT
:
ME
:
SU
:
PR
:
14Y1'14
iii&ni
moist evergreen
1
fi
DE
:
dry evergreen
D
:
dry
J1'tj PV
:
1(1JI1fitij
wet
46
20
2flh1H111flL
in
9rfl]i
•
WL
14
iO'.1L1f
The results of the dung decay rate experiment are : Number of fresh dung piles
initially marked for regular observations : 51 Number of observations in data file: 10
Mean decay rate
:
0.0161 per day
Standard deviation
:
0.00068
95 % confidence limits :
0.0013
This procedure completed on 5-11-1995 at 18.04