Latin Medical Terminology - 2014/15 2nd semester 1. The

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Latin Medical Terminology - 2014/15 2nd semester
1. The cardiovascular system
1. Read the text and label the diagram with the Latin terms from the text.
The heart
The heart (cor) is the main organ of circulation and is situated in a space called the mediastinum in between
the lungs. The upper part of the heart is the basis including the two smaller chambers, atrium dextrum and
atrium sinistrum. The lower part of the heart is the apex that consists of two larger chambers, the ventriculus
dexter and ventriculus sinister. The right and left atria and ventricles are separated longitudinally by a thick
wall called the septum. The wall between the atria is septum interatriale, the one between the ventricles is
the septum interventriculare. The heart is surrounded by a sac called the pericardium. The wall of the heart
consists of three layers. The inner membrane of the pericardium covers the heart wall: this is the epicardium
(epi- = on, over). The middle layer is the heart muscle proper (myocardium); and the innermost membrane
lines the chambers and valves (endocardium). By contraction or systole and relaxation or diastole, the heart,
continuosly pumps blood (L. sanguis) throughout the blood vessels (L. vas sanguineum, plur. vasa sanguinea)
to all of the body.
Vena cava superior and vena cava inferior bring deoxygenated blood into the atrium dextrum from the whole
body and then blood is pumped through the valva atrioventricularis dextra / valva tricuspidalis to the
ventriculus dexter. The blood is pumped from ventriculus dexter through the valva trunci pulmonalis to the
truncus pulmonalis (pulmonary artery) and to the lungs (pulmo). After gas exchange venae pulmonales
dextrae et sinistrae bring oxygenated blood into the atrium sinistrum. From the left atrium blood flows
through the valva atrioventricularis sinistra / valva bicuspidalis / valva mitralis to the ventriculus sinister.
Ventricular systole propels oxygenated blood through the valva aortae to the largest artery or aorta which
carries blood to all of the body. The first part of the aorta is aorta ascendens, then it continues as arcus aortae
then it turns downward as aorta descendens.
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2. Choose the correct term that makes the sentence true.
The two main veins entering atrium dextrum are the vena cava superior et inferior / venae pulmonales
dextrae et sinistrae.
The innermost layer of the heart wall is endocardium/myocardium.
Truncus pulmonalis carries oxgenated / deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Venae pulmonales dextrae et sinistrae bring oxygenated/deoxygenated blood from the lungs.
The main artery raising from the left ventricle is the aorta/truncus pulmonalis.
The left atrioventricular valve is also termed as valva tricuspidalis / mitralis.
3. True or false?
The right atrioventricular valve is termed as valva bicuspidalis. ____
__________________
Systole is the relaxation phase of the heart muscle.
____
__________________
Apex cordis is at the upper part of heart.
____
__________________
Valva bicuspidalis is also termed as mitralis.
____
__________________
Septum interatriale divides the heart at the two upper chambers.____ __________________
4. Describe the way of blood in the heart and the lungs with the help of the Latin key terms of the
text.
vena cava sup. et inf. --> _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Repetition. Formation of Latin plurals.
Declension
I.
II.
Gender
Dictionary
form
f
m
III.
n
-a, -ae f
-us, -i m
-um, -i n
vena,
venae f
truncus,
trunci m
septum,
septi n
m/f
IV.
n
mixed, -is m/f/n
pulmo,
pulmonis m
vas
vasis n
V.
m
n
f
-us, -us m
-u, -us n
-es, -ei f
sinus,
sinus m
cornu,
cornus n
species,
speciei f
Singular Nom.
-a
-us
-um
mixed
mixed
-us
-u
-es
Singular Gen.
-ae
-i
-i
-is
-is
-us
-us
-ei
Plural Nom.
-ae
-i
-a
-es
-a/-ia
-us
-ua
-es
Plural Gen.
-arum
-orum
-orum
-um
-um
-uum
-uum
-erum
5. Form the Plural Nominative form of the following terms.
vas, vasis n
vasa
species, speciei f
pulmo, pulmonis m
_________________
truncus, trunci m
vena, venae f
_________________
apex, apicis m
septum, septi, n
_________________
valvula, valvulae f
sinus, sinus m
_________________
atrium, atrii n
arteria, arteriae f
_________________
thrombus, thrombi m
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
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6. What is the Singular form of the following Plural terms?
arteriolae
_________________
capillares
valvulae semilunares _________________
bases
emboli
_________________
venulae
_________________
_________________
_________________
7. Which body part or organ do these vessels supply? Give their English meaning.
Main arteries
1. A. carotis communis dextra
16. Pars thoracica aortae
2. A. subclavia dextra
17. Truncus coeliacus
3. A. axillaris
18. A. renalis
4. A. brachialis
19. A. mesenterica superior
5. A. profunda brachii
20. Pars abdominalis aortae
6. A. ulnaris
21. A. iliaca externa
7. A. interossea communis
22. A. iliaca interna
8. A. radialis
23. Bifurcatio aortae
9. Arcus palmaris sup. et prof.
24. A. femoralis
10. Aa. digitales
25. A. profunda femoris
11. A. carotis communis
26. A. poplitea
sinistra
27. A. tibialis posterior
12. Truncus brachiocephalicus
28. A. fibularis (peronea)
13. A. subclavia sinistra
29. A. tibialis anterior
14. Arcus aortae
15. Aorta ascendens
Main veins
1. V. jugularis externa
30. A. dorsalis pedis
17. V. brachiocephalica sinistra
2. V. jugularis anterior
18. V. cava superior
3. V. jugularis interna
19. V. thoracica interna
4. V. subclavia
20. Vv. hepaticae
5. V. azygos
21. V. renalis
6. V. axillaris
22. V. testicularis sinistra
7. V. cephalica
23. V. portae hepatis
8. V. basilica
24. V. splenica [lienalis]
9. Vv. brachiales
25. V. mesenterica inferior
10. V. mediana cubiti
26. V. cava inferior
11. V. mesenterica superior
27. V. profunda femoris
12. V. testicularis dextra / V.
28. V. poplitea
ovarica
13. V. iliaca communis
14. V. femoralis
29. V. saphena parva
15. V. saphena magna
16. V. brachiocephalica dextra
30. V. tibialis anterior
31. V. tibialis posterior
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8. What is the Nominative form of the word in Genitive in the following terms? Give its meaning.
Term
Nominative
Meaning
vena cordis magna
cor
heart
a. cerebri
_________________
___________________
a. dorsalis pedis
_________________
___________________
a. profunda brachii
_________________
___________________
arcus aortae
_________________
___________________
v. portae hepatis
_________________
___________________
vasa vasorum
_________________
___________________
v. mediana cubiti
_________________
___________________
9. Find the adjective suffix in the following terms. Which nouns are these suffixes attached?
Term
Noun
Adjective suffix
a. axillaris
axilla
-aris 2
a. brachialis
__________________
_____________
a. poplitea
__________________
_____________
a. buccalis
__________________
_____________
a. coronaria
__________________
_____________
v. hepatica
__________________
_____________
v. labialis superior
__________________
_____________
v. lumbalis
__________________
_____________
v. maxillaris
__________________
_____________
v. nasalis externa
__________________
_____________
v. ovarica
__________________
_____________
v. phrenica
__________________
_____________
v. femoralis
__________________
_____________
v. trachealis
__________________
_____________
Adjective suffixes
masculine
feminine
neuter
Example
-icus 3
-acus 3
-icus
-acus
-ica
-aca
-icum
-acum
thoracicus 3
iliacus 3
-eus 3
-eus
-ea
-eum
popliteus 3
-arius 3
-arius
-aria
-arium
coronarius 3
-alis 2
-alis
-ale
femoralis 2
-aris 2
-aris
-are
axillaris 2
10. Form adjectives from the nouns. Use their appropriate form in an adjective phrase.
Noun
Adjective
Adjective phrase
aorta
aorticus, -a, um
plexus (m.) aorticus
myocardium
_______________
infarctus (m.) _________________
atrium
_______________
auricula (f) ___________________
cardia
_______________
nervus (m) ___________________
mesenterium
_________________
vena (f) ______________________
vasculum
_________________
systema (n) ___________________
ren
_________________
vena (f) ______________________
ilium
_________________
arteria (f) _____________________
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11. Give the Latin names of the vessels supplying the corresponding parts.
under the clavicle
v. _________________
arm
a. ____________________
at the liver
v. _________________
behind shinbone
a. __________ __________
thigh
v. _________________
armpit
a. ____________________
spleen
v. _________________
back of the knee
a. ____________________
testicles
v. _________________
medial forearm bone
a. ____________________
throat, neck
v. ________________
common head artery
a. ____________________
abdominal cavity
truncus ________________
Plural formation of Latin adjectives
Declension
I.
Gender
f
m
n
m/f
-a
-a
hepatica
dextra
-us
-er
hepaticus
dexter
-um
-um
hepaticum
dextrum
-is
-ior
Singular Nom.
-a
-us
-um
-is/-ior/-ns
-e/-ius/-ns
Singular Gen.
-ae
-i
-i
-is
-is
Plural Nom.
-ae
-i
-a
-es
-a/-ia
Plural Gen.
-arum
-orum
-orum
-um/-ium
-um/-ium
ictionary form
II.
III.
vena hepatic____ (us/a/um)
arteria digital____ (is/e) dorsal____ (is/e)
vas (n) lymphatic____ (us/a/um)
valvula semilunar____ (is/e)
vena perforans
vas efferens
vena tibial____ (is/e) poster___ (ior/ius)
vena intercostal____ (is/e) anter___ (ior/ius)
septum interventricular____ (is/e)
vas sanguine____ (us/a/um)
Pluralis Nom.
-e
-ius
-ns
digitalis
digitale
superior
superius
ascendens (Gen. -ntis)
12. Choose the correct ending of the adjectives and put the phrase into plural.
Singularis Nom.
n
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13. Create Genitive phrases with the following words.
aneurysma, matis n - pathological dilation of an artery
angina, ae f- suffocating pain
bifurcatio, onis f - division
insufficientia, ae f - insufficiency, failure
thrombosis, is f - obstruction caused by a thrombus
infarctus, us m - death of tissue caused by an obstruction of supplying arteries
insufficientia (valva bicuspidalis)
insufficientia valvae bicuspidalis
aneurysma (valva aortae)
____________________
bifurcatio (truncus pulmonalis)
____________________
thrombosis (vena hepatica)
____________________
infarctus (myocardium)
____________________
aneurysma (aorta)
____________________
angina (pectus)(!)
____________________
14. Match the pairs. Greek and Latin equivalents in anatomical and clinical terminology
Latin
Greek
vas
sanguis
cor
vena
inflammatio
pulmo
a) cardib) angic) phlebd) pneum(on-)
e) haem-, haematf)
-itis
15. Inflammations
phlebitis
___________________________
vasculitis/angiitis
___________________________
______________________
inflammation of the heart muscle
pericarditis
___________________________
______________________
inflammation of lymph vessels
lymphadenitis
___________________________
______________________
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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Vocabulary 1
Latin
afferens (-ntis)
aorta ascendens
apex cordis
arcus aortae
arteria, ae f
arteria carotis (carotidis)
arteria coronaria dextra/sinistra
arteriola, ae f
ascendens (-ntis)
atrium, ii n
basis cordis
circumflexus 3
communis 2
cor, cordis, n.
cuspis, cuspidis f
descendens (-ntis)
diastole
efferens (-ntis)
endocardium, -ii, n
epicardium, -ii n
glandula, ae f
lymphoglandula, ae f
mediastinum, i, n
myocardium, -ii n
nodus lymphaticus
pericardium, -ii, n
pulmo, -onis m
sanguis, -inis m
septum, i n
systole
truncus brachiocephalicus
truncus pulmonalis
valva aortae
valva bicuspidalis / mitralis / atrioventricularis sinistra
valva tricuspidalis / atrioventricularis dextra
valva trunci pulmonalis
valva, ae, f.
valvulae semilunares
vas, vasis, n. (pl. vasa, -orum)
vasculum, i n
vena cava superior et vena cava inferior
vena cordis magna
vena pulmonalis
vena, ae f
ventriculus, i m
venula, ae f
English
leading toward, afferent
ascending aorta
apex, lower part of heart
aortic arch
artery
main head artery
right/left coronary artery
small artery, arteriole
ascending, up-going
atrium, smaller chamber
base, upper, broader part of heart
circumflex, bent around
common
heart
cusp, pointed elevation
descending, down-going
relaxation of heart
leading away
lining membrane of heart
inner layer of pericardium
gland
lymph node
space between lungs
heart muscle
lymph node
fibrous sac surrounding heart
lung
blood
dividing wall
heart contraction
innominate artery
pulmonary artery
aortic valve
bicuspid/mitral/left atrioventricular valve
tricuspid/right atrioventricular valve
pulmonary valve
valve
semilunar (half-moon shaped) valves
blood vessel
small vessel
superior and inferor vena cava (hollow vein)
large cardiac vein
pulmonary vein
vein
ventricle, lower larger chamber of heart
small vein
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Greek suffixes related to the cardiovascular system
1. Match the term with its definition and give the meaning of the suffix.
TERM
DEFINITION
SUFFIX
MEANING
cardialgia
a) image made of the heart
-algia
cardiectasia
b) protrusion of the heart through an
-ectasia
opening in the diaphragm
cardiocele
c) medical imaging of the heart action
-cele
cardiogramm
d) a device for making an image of the
-gramm
heart
cardiograph
e) pain localised at the heart
-graph
cardiographia
f) inflammation of heart muscle
-graphia
myocarditis
g) abnormal dilation of the veins
-itis
TERM
cardiologia
cardiomalacia
cardiomegalia
cardiomyopathia
cardiomyoplastica
cardioplegia
DEFINITION
a) rupture of the heart
b) hardening of heart
c) downward displacement of the heart
d) suture of heart muscle
e) study of the heart
f) pathological softening of heart
muscles
g) reconstructive surgery of the
damaged heart muscle
h) paralysis of heart
i) abnormal enlargement of heart
j) heart muscle disease
cardioptosis
cardiomyorrhaphia
cardiorrhexis
cardiosclerosis
SUFFIX MEANING
-logia
-malacia
-megalia
-pathia
-plastica
-plegia
-ptosis
-rrhaphia
-rrhexis
-sclerosis
SUFFIX
-spasmus
MEANING
a) condition of blood
TERM MEANING
angiospasmus
-stenosis
b) condition of breathing
angiostenosis
-tensio/-tonia
c) tumour
hypotensio
-tomia
d) incision
arteriotomia
-lith
-aemia
-pnoe
-rrhagia
e) stone
f)
haemorrhage
anaemia
g) examining device
eupnoe
h) condition of the urine
-scope
i)
excision, removal
-scopia
j)
visual examination
-oma
k) pressure, tension
-uria
l)
-ectomia
arteriolith
sudden contraction
m) narrowing
phleborrhagia
endoscope
laparoscopia
angioma
haematuria
angiectomia
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2. Fill in the blanks from the list. You do not need all of them.
Inflammation of vessels is termed ______________ or _____________. An image making procedure
of the vessels is called __________________. If the lymphatic vessels are examined in this way it is
called ____________________. Hardening of a vessel is termed ________________, softening of it is
termed __________________. Reconstructive surgery of vessels is called_________________. When
the vessels are sutured it is referred to as __________________. Widening of a vessel is
_______________, and its narrowing is __________________
angiectasia, angiitis, angiospasmus, lymphangiographia, angiosclerosis, angiologia, vasculitis,
angiorrhaphia, angioplastica, angiographia, angiostenosis, angioma, angiomalacia,
3. What do the following terms mean?
phlebitis
__________________
stenosis valvularum aortae
__________________
lymphadenopathia
__________________
lymphangiectomia
__________________
coronariasclerosis
__________________
phleborrhagia
_________________
phlebalgia
_________________
arteriogramm
_________________
coagulopathia
_________________
4. Opposites.
phlebostenosis ↔
______________
5. Explain the connection between the terms
hypotensio - hypertensio
erythrocyte - leukocyte - thrombocyte
coagulatio - thrombi - emboli
haemophilia - thrombophilia
anaemia - hyperaemia - hypercalcaemia - oligaemia -
-malacia
↔
______________
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6. Match the pairs.
Latin term
1 cor pulmonale
2 extrasystole
3 regurgitation
4 haemangioma
5 atherosclerosis
6 thromboangiitis
obliterans
7 avascular necrosis
8 ecchymosis
9 claudication
10 hypertrophia
ventricu
11 ischaemia
12 aneurysma
English meaning
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
7. Translate the term to English.
Latin term
1 collapse
2 haemorrhoid
3 angiography
4 congestive heart failure
5 angina pectoris
6 echocardiography
7 auscultation
8 acrocyanosis
9 coronary occlusion
10 thrombophlebitis
11 hypertension
12 palpitation
lameness or limping due to decrease in the blood supply to the legs
enlargement of the ventricle of the heart
decrease in the blood supply of a part or organ
widening of a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the wall of it
death of tissue because of the lack of blood supply through the blood vessels
inflammation of blood vessel resulting in formation of blood clot that blocks
the flow of blood
a heart disease resulting from a disorder in the pulmonary circulation
contraction of the heart out of normal rhythm, premature contraction
tumour consisting of blood vessels
form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substance deposit in and between the
layers of the lining of the arteries
outpouring of fluid (blood) under the skin
backflow of blood at the valves
Meaning in English
8. Give the Latin term based on the definition.
Latin term
English meaning
abnormal rhythm of heart contractions
slow heart rate
a ball of clotted blood that is carried within the bloodstream
inflammation of the arteries
inflammation of veins
death of a portion of heart muscle
heartbeat
a swelling because of accumulation of fluid outside of blood vessels
instrument for measuring of blood pressure by measuring the force of pulse
enlarged twisted veins
faster than normal heartbeats
widening of diameter of blood vessels
tumour or swelling that contains blood
narrowing of the diameter of the blood vessels
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Vocabulary 2 Cardiovascular system - Clinical terms
Latin term
English meaning
1 acrocyanosis
bluish tinge to the tips of the extremities
2 aneurysm
widening of a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the wall of it
3 angina pectoris
strangling pain in the chest area
4 angiography
x-ray of a blood vessel with an injection of a radiopaque substance to the vessel
5 arrhythmia
abnormal rhythm of heart contractions
6 arteriosclerosis
hardening of the walls of the arteries
7 arteritis
inflammation of the arteries
8 atherosclerosis
form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substance deposit in and between the layers of
the lining of the arteries
9 auscultation
listening for heart sounds
10 avascular necrosis
death of tissue because of the lack of blood supply through the blood vessels
11 bradycardia
slow heart rate
12 cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
13 cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
14 claudication
lameness or limping due to decrease in the blood supply to the legs
15 collapse
loss of consciousness because of disorder of peripheral circulation
16 cor pulmonale
a form of heart disease resulting from a disorder in the pulmonary circulation
17 ecchymosis
outpouring of fluid (blood) under the skin
18 echocardiography
ultrasound examination of heart action
19 embolus
a ball of clotted blood that is carried within the bloodstream
20 endocarditis
inflammation of the lining of the heart
21 extrasystole
contraction of the heart out of normal rhythm, premature contraction
22 fibrillation
uncontrolled twitching of the fibers of heart muscles
23 haemangioma
tumour consisting of blood vessels
24 haematoma
tumour or swelling that contains blood
25 hypertension
high blood pressure
26 ventricular hypertrophy
enlargement of the ventricle of the heart
27 myocardial infarction
death of a portion of heart muscle
28 congestive heart failure
the heart fails to pump blood adequately resulting in a backup of blood
29 ischaemia
decrease in the blood supply of a part or organ
30 haemorrhoid
dilated vein filled with blood at the anal sphincter
31 coronary occlusion
obstruction of the coronary artery
32 oedema
a swelling because of accumulation of fluid outside of blood vessels
33 palpitation
awareness of an abnormally strong or an abnormally rapid heartbeat
34 phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
35 pulse
impact of the ejection of blood from left ventricle felt at superficial arteries
36 regurgitation
backflow of blood at the valves
37 sphygmomanometer
instrument for measuring of blood pressure by measuring the force of pulse
38 tachycardia
faster than normal heartbeats
39 thromboangiitis obliterans inflammation of blood vessel resulting in formation of blood clot that blocks the lumen
40 thrombophlebitis
inflammation of veins that results in the formation of a blood clot
41 thrombus
blood clot
42 varicose vein
enlarged twisted veins
43 vasoconstriction
narrowing of the diameter of the blood vessels
44 vasodilation
widening of diameter of blood vessels
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Case Study -- A 57-year-old female with endocarditis and brain abscess
Explain the highlighted keywords
Contributed by Isil Yildiz, MD and A. William Pasculle, Sc.D.
CLINICAL HISTORY
Chief Complaint
Fever.
History of Present Illness
This 57 year-old female patient, 23 months prior to her admission, was diagnosed with Streptococcus pyogenes
group septic arthritis, diagnosed by culture of synovial fluid at an outside hospital. She was started on
vancomycin, and later switched to penicillin, and gentamycin and had debridement of her right knee.
Subsequently, she developed blurry vision, due to bilateral endophthalmitis which was treated with
fluconazole and moxifloxacin and transferred to our hospital. Six blood cultures drawn over her stay in our
hospital were negative. However, she was noticed to have a new heart murmur, transesophogeal
echocardiogram (TEE) suggested a mitral valve vegetation and she underwent a mitral valve repair for
presumed mitral valve endocarditis with placement of an annuloplasty band. Routine, fungal and AFB cultures
of the vegetation showed no growth.
Six months after the surgery, she presented with worsening symptoms of shortness of breath and dyspnea on
exertion. An echocardiogram revealed severe mitral stenosis with pulmonary hypertension and moderate to
severe tricuspid regurgitation necessitating replacement of her mitral valve with a mechanical valve, nine
months after her first surgery. Two blood cultures drawn over her stay in our hospital were negative.
Histopathological evaluation of the mitral valve showed fibrosis, calcifications and chronic inflammation
suggesting old rheumatic valvular disease. No material was submitted for culture.
Thirteen months after the second surgery, she presented to her PCP with complaints of confusion, left-sided
weakness, and a left facial droop. Imaging studies at the outside hospital demonstrated a 2.8 x 2.6 x 3.1 cm
multiloculated, peripheral-enhancing, necrotic mass in right frontal lobe, thought to be consistent with
necrotic neoplasm or abscess. A stereotactic brain biopsy was done and preliminary gram stain was negative
for organisms. While in the operating room, a TEE was performed and showed echogenic densities consistent
with perivascular abscess and dehiscence surrounding the mitral valve. The patient was transferred to our
hospital for further management of recurrent endocarditis and right frontal lobe brain abscess. She was started
on vancomycin , ceftriaxone and gentamycin and vancomycin was stopped later.
Two weeks after admission to our facility , her mitral valve was replaced for the third time because of prosthetic
mitral valve endocarditis, 14 months after her second surgery. She was discharged after 8 days, but returned
three days later with an elevated body temperature of 103 F. Two blood cultures as well as routine and fungal
culture of the mitral valve vegetation were negative. Serologic studies and PCR for Bartonella sp., Coxiella, and
Lyme disease were all negative as was a Legionella urinary antigen test and serology for Legionella
pneumophila, serogroups 1-2,6 and 8. Histopathological evaluation of the mitral valve showed organizing
fibrinopurulent exudate and gram and GMS stains were negative for microorganisms.
Past Medical History
1. Systemic lupus
2. Antiphospholipid syndrome.
3. Anticardiolipin antibodies
13
4. Hypothyroidism
5. Hypertension
At the present admission a transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a nondilated left ventricle with severely
hypokinetic basal posterior and overall preserved systolic function, tilting disc prothesis in the mitral position
with normal motion and function with no vegetations seen. A TEE, done a week after admission, demonstrated
a periprosthetic leak in the posterior lateral annular area with mitral regurgitation. and an increase in the
thickness of the perivalvular area consistent with periannular abscess. A repeat TEE six days later suggested
prosthetic mitral valve surrounded by inflammatory tissue and possible early abscess formation. Prosthesis did
not appear to be loose. Two distinct mobile echodensities suggestive of vegetations were seen.
Ten blood cultures drawn over this admission were negative.
The patient once again was taken to the OR despite negative cultures and no sign of infection, due to the
concern for the presence of an annular abscess. It was decided to proceed with early intervention of mitral
valve replacement and sternotomy for the fourth time, 4 weeks after the third surgery.
Fungal and bacterial cultures of the pericardial clot, pericardial patch and prosthetic mitral valve were negative.
Patient was started on gentamicin, cefepime and vancomycin. Vancomycin was later changed to daptomycin.
14
Greek prefixes
1. Give the meaning of the prefixes based on the examples.
EXAMPLES
MEANING
anaemia
low level of blood
anatomia
anatomy
antipyreticum
drug against fever
apophysis
outgrowth on a bone
bradycardia
slow heartbeat
catabolismus
chemical decomposition
diastole
relaxation, „pulling apart”
dyspnoe
difficulty in breathing
ectopia
out of place
ectoderma
outer germ layer
epidermis
outer layer of skin
embolia
obstruction
endocardium
inside lining of heart
eurhythmia
normal heart rhythm
exogén
originating from outside
hypertensio
high blood pressure
hypoglossus
under the tongue
mesoderma
middle germ layer
metacarpus
middle part of hand
paravertebral
beside the vertebrae
pericardium
sac surrounding the heart
prognosis
assessment of future course of disease
systole
contraction of heart muscle
tachycardia
too fast heartbeat
PREFIX MEANING
a-, ananaanti-/antapobradycata-/katadiadysececto-/exoepien-/emendoeuexohyperhypomesometaparaperiprosyn-/sym
tachy-
2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate Greek prefixes.
If a child is too active and can keep still only for short periods he is termed as _______active. When a person’s
body temperature drops below the normal (e.g. due to staying out in the street at night in winter) it is called
______thermia. Professionals can examine hollow organs without surgical operations with the help of an
______scope, but the crew of a submarine can look around above the surface of the sea with a _____scope.
If a person has difficulty in reading the condition is termed _____lexia, but if he has problems with writing it is
called ______graphia. The muscles whose contraction opposes the contraction of an other one is termed as
_____agonist, while the one which works together with an other muscle is termed a ___ergist. Sagittal planes
are also termed as ____median planes. At the end of books you may find an ____logue, and the end part of
the long bones is the ____physis. At the beginning of books a ____logue is found, and the symptom indicating
the onset of a disease is the ____drome. Making someone not feel pain is to administer ____aesthesia. A
decreased number of red blood cells is ____aemia.
15
3. Give the term.
middle part of a long bone
__________________
sac surrounding the heart_______________
cartilage connection of pubic bones_______________
lining of heart chambers_________________
covering membrane of bones __________________
inner layer of pericardium________________
bony fusion of bones
__________________
inner germ layer
__________________
lining of medullary canal
__________________
outer germ layer
__________________
4. Give the opposite of the prefixes.
dys↔
__________
anti-
↔
__________
ec-
↔
__________
ana-
↔
__________
endo- ↔
__________
hypo- ↔
__________
5. Match the pairs.
Greek
catameta-
English
Latin
a) through, apart
b) against
dia-
c) again, up, parts
eu-
d) inside
Greek
contra-
a) peri-
super-
b) syn-
circum-
c) endo-
con-/com-
d) para-
ana-
e) before, in advance
extra-
e) hyper-
peri-
f)
intra-
f)
juxta-
g) anti-
sub-
h) apo-
a-/ananti-
after, beyond, between,
g) good, normal
h) without, absence, not
endo-
i)
down,
pro-
j)
around
6. Match the terms with the definition.
Latin
periphericus
metastasis
euphoria
arrhythmia
dia-
a-/ab-
i)
hypo-
per-
j)
ecto-
English
a) abnormally good mood
b) spread of a malignant tumour from its origin
c) around the center
d) awareness of the heartbeat
palpitatio
e) increased heart rate
bradycardia
f)
deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart
tachycardia
g) decreased heart rate
16
Vocabulary 3 - Greek prefixes
Greek prefixes
a-, ananaanti-/antapocata-/katadiadysececto-/exoepien-/emendoeuexohyperhypomesometaparaperipro-
Meaning
without, absence
again, up, parts
against
away
down,
through, apart
abnormal
out, out of
outside, external
upon, on,
in, into
inside
good, normal
outer
above, over, excessive
under, below
middle
between, after
beside, beyond
around
before
Examples
anaemia
anatomia
antipyreticum
apophysis
catabolismus
diastole
dyspnoe
ectopia
ectoderma
epidermis
embolia
endocardium
eurhythmia
exogén
hypertonia
hypoglossus
mesoderma
metacarpus
paravertebral
pericardium
prognosis
syn-/sym
together
systole
Meaning
low level of blood
anatomy
drug against fever
outgrowth on a bone
chemical decomposition
relaxation, „pulling apart”
difficulty in breathing
out of place
outer germ layer
outer layer of skin
obstruction
inside lining of heart
normal heart rhythm
originating from outside
high blood pressure
under the tongue
middle germ layer
middle part of hand
beside the vertebrae
sac surrounding the heart
assessment of future
course of disease
contraction of heart muscle
17
Vocabulary 4 - Greek suffixes
English
Meaning
-ectomy
-itis,-itidis, f.
condition of blood
pain
immature cell
widening
surgical removal
image
image making
procedure
inflammation
-kele/-cele
-lith(iasis)
-logia
-malacia
-megalia
-odynia
-oma
-pathia
hernia, rupture
stone (formation)
study of
softening
enlargement
pain
tumour
disease
Greek suffixes
-aemia
-algia
-blast
-ectasia
-ectomia
-gramm
-graphia
-plastica
-plegia
-pnoe
-ptosis
-rrhaphia
-rhagia
-sclerosis
-graphy
-logy
-megaly
-pathy
-plasty
-pnoea
-rrhaphy
-rrhage
-scope
-scop
-scopy
-scopia
-spasm
-spasmus
-stenosis
-tensio
-thrombosis
-tomia
-tonia
-uria
-tension
-tomy
reconstructive surgery
paralysis
condition of breathing
downward
displacement
surgical suture
bleeding
hardening
instrument with
mirror
examination using an
instrument with
mirror
sudden involuntary
contraction
narrowing
blood pressure
blood clot formation
surgical incision
pressure, tone
condition of the urine
Examples
anaemia
otalgia
osteoblast
phlebectasia
angiectomy
arteriogramm
echocardiography
myocarditis
gastrocele
arteriolith
cardiology
cardiomalacia
cardiomegaly
angioma
cardiomyopathy
phleboplasty
cardioplegia
eupnoe(a)
cardioptosis
angiorrhaphy
phleborrhage
cardiosclerosis
endoscope
laparoscopia
angiospasm
Meaning of example
decreased number of red
cells
ear pain
immature bone cell
widening of veins
removal of a vessel part
image of an artery
medical imaging of the
heart action
inflammation of heart
muscle
hernia of the stomach
stone in the artery
study of the heart
softening of heart muscles
enlargement of heart
tumour of a vessel
heart muscle disease
reconstructive surgery of a
vein
paralysis of heart
normal breathing
downward displacement of
the heart
suture of a vessel
excessive venous bleeding
hardening of heart
examination through the
abdominal wall
sudden contraction of
vessels
angiostenosis
narrowing of vessels
hypotension
low blood pressure
phlebothrombosis thrombus formation in a
vein
arteriotomy
incision of an artery
hypertonia
high tension in muscles
haematuria
blood in the urine
18
Latin and Greek parallel names in anatomy and clinical medicine
Latin
English
Greek
Example
abdomen, -inis n.
adeps, adipis m
aqua, ae f
articulatio, -onis f
auris, auris f.
caecum, i n
capillus, capilli m.
caput, capitis n.
caro, carnis f
cartilago, cartilaginis f
cellula, ae f
cerebrum, i n
clavicula, claviculae, f.
columna vertebralis
cor, cordis n.
cornea, ae f
corpus, corporis n.
cutis, cutis, f.
dens, dentis m
diaphragma, -matis n.
digitus, digiti m.
extremitas, -tatis f
facies, faciei f.
fel, fellis n/ bilis, is f
femina, feminae f.
fibula, fibulae, f.
foramen, inis n
genu, genus n.
glans, glandis f
glandula, ae f
glandula lacrimalis
homo, hominis m.
intestinum crassum
intestinum tenue
labium, ii n
lac, lactis n
lens, lentis f
lien, lienis m.
ligamentum, i n
lingua, ae f
lumbus, lumbi m.
mamilla, ae f
mamma, mammae f.
belly
fat
water
joint
ear
blind intestine
hair
head
flesh
cartilage
cell
brain
clavicle
spinal column
heart
cornea
body
skin
tooth
diaphragm
finger
limb, extremiti
face, surface
bile
woman
fibula
foramen, hole
knee
end-part of penis
gland
lacrimal gland
human, man
large intestine
small intestine
lip
milk
lens
spleen
ligament
tongue
loin
nipple
breast
laparliphydrarthrottyphltrichcephalsarcchondr-cyta, cytencephalcleidrachicardi-,
keratsoma, somatderma, dermatodontphrendactylacrprosopon, prosopcholgyn-, gynaecperontresgonbalanadendacryocystanthropcol-, colonentercheilgalaktphacsplendesm-, syndesmglosspsoa, psoas
thelmast-
laparoscopy
lipoma
hydrocephalus
arthritis
otitis
typhlitis
trichosis
hydrocephalus
sarcoma
chondroblast
cytology, erythrocyte
encephalitis
sternocleidomastoideus
rachischisis
cardiology
keratitis
somaticus
dermatitis
odontology
N. phrenic
dactylogramm
acrocyanosis
prosopagnosia
cholelithiasis
gynecomastia
peroneus 3
atresia
gonalgia
balanitis
adenitis
dacryocystitis
anthropology
colonoscopy
enteritis
cheilitis
galactorrhoea
phacomalacia
splenomegaly
syndesmosis
hypoglossus
m. psoas
thelitis
mastoideus m.
19
Latin
English
Greek
Example
mandibula, -ae, f.
manus, manus f.
maxilla, ae f
medicus, i m
medulla, ae f
mens, mentis f.
mentum, menti n.
mors, mortis f
musculus, musculi m.
nasus, nasi m.
nervus, nervi m.
nox, noctis f
oculus, oculi m.
os, oris n.
os, ossis n
ovarium, ii n
palpebra, ae f
pectus, pectoris n.
pelvis renalis
penis, is m
perineum, i m
pes, pedis m.
praeputium, ii n
puer, pueri m
pulmo, pulmonis m
pupilla, ae f
pus, puris n
rectum, i n
ren, renis m.
sanguis, inis m
testis, is m
tuba uterina
umbilicus, umbilici m.
unguis, is m
uterus, i m
vagina, ae f
vas, vasis n
vena, venae f.
ventriculus, i m.
vertebra, ae f
vesica fellea
vesica urinaria
vir, viri m
viscera, um n
lower jaw
hand
upper jaw
medical doctor
marrow
mind
chin
death
muscle
nose
nerve
night
eye
mouth
bone
ovary
eyelid
upper chest
renal pelvis
male genital
perineum
foot
foreskin, prepuce
boy, child
lung
pupil
pus
rectum
kidney
blood
testicle
uterine tube
navel
nail
womb
vagina
vessel
vein
stomach, ventricle
vertebra
gall bladder
bladder
man, male
visceral organs
gnath-/genichirgnathiatrmyelpsychgenithanat-, thanasmy-, myosrhinneurnyctophthalmstoma, stomatosteoophorblepharstethpyelphallepisipodposthpaed-, pedpneumoncorpyproctnephrhaem-, haematorchisalpingomphalonychhyster-/metrcolpangiphlebgastrspondylcholecystcystandrsplanchn-
genioglossus
chiropractic
gnathoschisis
iatrogenic
osteomyelitis
psychology
genioglossus
euthanasia
myocardium
rhinitis
neuralgia
nycturia
ophthalmology
stomatitis
osseous, osteoporosis
oophoritis
blepharitis
stethoscope
pyelography
phallitis
episiotomy
podagra
posthitis
pediatrics
pneumonia
corectopia
pyuria
proctology
nephrology
haematology
orchitis
salpingitis
omphalitis
onycholysis
hysterectomy / metritis
colposcopy
angiology
phlebitis
gastritis
spondylosis
cholecystitis
cystitis
androgen
splanchnology
20
Latin and Greek prefixes
Latin
a-, ab-, (abs-, au)
Greek
a-, an-
ad- (acc-, add-, aff-,
etc.)
alloanaanisoanteanti-/antapoautobibrachybradycacocata-/katacircumcom-, (con-, co-, etc-)
contradedi-, diplodiadisdyse-, ex-(eff-)
ececto-/exoen-/emendoepieuexoextrahemiheterohomohomoiohyperhypoidioin- (im-, ir-)
in-(im-)
infrainter-
Meaning
away, apart
not, absence of, without
to, toward
Examples
abduction
anaemia
adduction
different but same species
again, up, into parts
unequal
before, in front of
against
away
his own
twoshort
slow
ill, bad
down
around
together
against
away, down
two, double
through, apart
apart, into two
abnormal
out,
out
outside
in, into
inside
on, upon
good, normal
outside
outer, outside of
half
different
the same
similar
over, excessive
under, below
individual,
not, absence of sg
in, into
below
in between
allogen
anatomy
anisocoria
anteflexio
antipyretic
apophysis
autotransfusion
bipolar
bracydactylia
bradycardia
cacogeusia
catabolismus
circumduction
compositus
contraindication
descendens
diplegia,diplopia
diastole
dislocation
dyspnoea
exitus
ectopia
ectoderma
embolia
endocardium
epidermis
eurhythmia
exogenous
extracellular
hemisphaerium
heterogenous
homozygote
homeopathy
hypertonia
hypoglossus
idiopathy
irreversible
incisure
infrascapular
intervertebral
21
Latin
intra-,
intro-
Greek
isojuxtaleptomacro-, mega(lo)mesometamicromonomultineoob- (occ-, off-, opp-)
olig(o)omni-, toti
orthopan(to)paraperperipolypostpraepraeterpresbypro
propseudoquadr/ire- (red-)
retrosesemisub-(succ-, suff-, etc)
supersuprasyn-/sym
tachytetratrans- (tra-)
triultrauni-
tri-
xero-
Meaning
inside, into
into
equal
beside, parallel
thin, weakbig
middle
after, between
small
one
many
new
against,
a few
all, the whole
straight, correct
total, the whole
next to, beside
through,
around
a lot, many
after
before, in front of
passing
old-age
to the front
before, in advance
not real, not true,
fouragain
behind, backwards
apart,
half
under, up from under
above, higher than
above
together
fast
fourthrough,
three
over, excessive
onedry
Examples
intraabdominal
introitus
isothermia
juxtaposition
leptophonia
macrosomia, megacolon
mesoderma
metacarpus
micrognathia
monocyte
multilateral
neoplasm
opposition
oligodactylia
omnipotens
orthodontia
panplegia
parathyroid
perforation
pericardium
polyodontia
postoperative
praepatellar
praeternatural
presbyopia
protraction
prognosis
pseudopodium
quadriceps
retraction
retroflexion
segregation
semilunar
subcutaneous
supernumerary
supraclavicular
systole
tachycardia
tetraplegia
transfusion
triceps, trigonum
ultrafiltration
unipennated
xerophthalmia
22
Greek suffixes
Suffix
-aemia
-agog(um),
-agra
-algia
-blast
-centesis
-cid
-cyta
-ectasia
-ectomia
-gen
-genesis
-gnosia/-gnosis
-gramm
-graph
-graphia
-iater
-iatria
-itis,-itidis, f.
-kele/-cele
-lith(iasis)
-logia
-lysis
-malacia
-mania
-megalia
-meter
-metria
-morphia/morphismus
-odynia
-oid
-oma
-opia/-opsia
-osis
-pathia
-penia
-pexia
-phag
-phagia
-phil
-philia
-phobia
-phor(us)
-plasia
English
-agogue
-algy
-cyte
-ectomy
-graphy
-iatrist
-iatry
-logy
-megaly
-metry
-pathy
-pexy
-phage
Meaning
blood condition
stimulating
gout
pain
immature cell
puncture
killer
cell
widening
cutting out
originating from,
causing
development
knowledge
image making result
device for image making
image making technique
specialist
specialty
inflammation
hernia
stone
study of
decomposition
softening
obsession, compulsion
enlargement
measuring device
measurement
-form
Example
anaemia
cholagogue
podagra
angialgia
osteoblast
arthrocentesis
bactericid
leukocyte
cardiectasia, ae, f.
angiectomia
endogen, carcinogen
pain
like sg, resembling
tumour
vision
disease condition
disease condition
decrease
fixation
engulfing organism
engulfing, eating
attracted to,
attraction
avoidance, fear of sg
carrying
forming, developement
mastodynia
adenoid
angioma
diplopia
tuberculosis
cardiomyopathy
thrombocytopenia
hysteropexy
bacteriophage
aerophagia
basophil
haemophilia
hydrophobia
phosphorus
prostatahyperplasia
osteogenesis
diagnosis, pharmacognosia
arteriogramm
elektrocardiograph
electrocardiography
psychiatrist
pediatrics
myocarditis
cardiocele
arteriolith
cardiology
haemolysis
cardiomalacia
pyromania
cardiomegalia
diameter
craniometry
polymorphismus
23
-plastica
-plegia
-pnoe
-poesis
-ptoe
-ptosis
-rrhagia
-rrhaphia
-rrhexis
-rrhoea
-schisis
-sclerosis
-scop
-scopia
-plasty
-spasmus
-spasm
-stasis
-stenosis
-stomia
-tomia
-tonia
-trop
-trophia
-uria
-pnoea
-rrhage
-rrhaphy
-scope
-scopy
-stomy
-tomy
reconstructive surgery
paralysis
breathing
formation
spitting
downward displacement
excessive bleeding
surgical suture
rupture
flow, discharge
splitting,
hardening
mirror
examination using a
mirror
sudden involuntary
contraction
stagnation
narrowing
creation of artificial
orifice
surgical incision
pressure, tone
acting on sg
feeding, nourishing
condition of urine
phleboplasty
tetraplegia
eupnoe
haemopoesis
haemoptoe
nephroptosis
phleborrhage
angiorrhaphia
gastrorrhexis
diarrhoea
cheilognathopalatoschisis
cardiosclerosis
endoscop
laparoscopia
angiospasmus
lymphostasis
angiostenosis
gastrojejunostomy
arteriotomy
hypertonia
somatotrop
atrophia
haematuria