docNuevas técnicas para el aseguramiento fitosanitario de plantas de
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Nuevas técnicas para el aseguramiento fitosanitario de plantas de
Seminario de Aseguramiento Fitosanitario de ! Plantas de Viveros Ornamentales y Frutales de Chile! 30 DE JULIO DE 2015 – OPEN HOTEL QUILLOTA! ! ! Nuevas técnicas para el aseguramiento fitosanitario de plantas de vivero en California! ! ! ! ! ! ! Michael Parrella, Ph. D.! Entomólogo Universidad de California! Coordinates activities across different federal agencies! • • • Every 60 days California gains a new potentially damaging invasive species! Six new species establish in the state every year! Estimated losses from all invasive species in the state is $3 billion USD/year ! American Entomologist (Spring 2015) 61(1):39-50 ! The Nursery Industry & Invasive Species:" Guilty as Charged!! • Although many agricultural weeds have arrived accidentally, the majority of invasive plants were introduced for horticultural purposes. ! • One study found that 82% of 235 woody plant species identified as colonizing outside of cultivation had been used in landscaping. ! • An additional 3% were widely distributed for soil erosion control and virtually all of these were originally introduced as ornamentals ! • A voluntary code of conduct has been developed to reduce the importation of invasive plants by the nursery industry ! Invasive Species Affecting the Nursery Industry in California! • • • • • • • • • • Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta)! Light brown apple moth [Epiphyas postivittana ! Brown Garden Snail (Cyrptomphalus aspersa) ! Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum)! Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri) ! Glassy-winged Sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis)! Diaprepes root weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus)! Red Palm Weevil (Rhynocophorus ferrugineus ! Bagrada bug (Bragrada hilaris)! Brown marmorated stink bug (Hlyomorpha halys)! Impact of Invasive Species on the Floriculture/Nursery Industry in California! Overall pesticide use in California agriculture is declining! ! This is not the case for nursery plants, primarily due to ! satisfying quarantine requirements to prevent the spread of! invasive pests! How To Use the Best Management Practices on-Line Tool! How To Use the Best Management Practices on-Line Tool! How To Use the Best Management Practices on-Line Tool! For Red Imported Fire Ant….! • Open land on which nursery stock is grown must be treated once every 3 months, alternating between fenoxycarb and hydramethylnon.! • In addition, growers must treat the individual containers in which the plants are grown and acceptable treatments include either a drench with chlorpyrifos thirty days before shipping, or incorporating a granular insecticide, bifenthrin, into the soil every 6 months. ! • The total cost of RIFA becoming established in California may equal $989 million per year, ! • The annual cost to treat nurseries for RIFA was estimated to be $650 per acre in 2002 and is likely higher today. ! 2012. Plant Disease 96 (9): 1236 - 1244 ! http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411229&fy=2010! The Hazard Analysis of ! Critical Control Points ! System (HACCP)! http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411229&fy=2010! New Technology to Control (Invasive) Pests! • Improving plant health with soil amendments/microbial inoculants! • Spraying and trapping/monitoring! • High resolution spectral imaging cameras attached to UMV for early detection, other info! • Use of pheromones/baits in attract and kill strategies! • Use of natural enemies to supplement other control strategies! • Development and use of safer, biopesticides as a supplement to control strategies! • Use of genetic RNAi strategies to reduce pests ! http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411229&fy=2010! Silicon sources:! – – – – Calcium Silicate! Sodium Silicate! Rice hull ash! Fly ash! Potassium Silicate ! – – – – Liquid formulation! Water soluble! Commercially available! High pH! Electrostatic Spraying! • Improved deposition and greater safety to greenhouse workers! http://www.ontargetspray.com/! http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=10623! Egg Larvae Pupae Adults UC IPM Guidelines for Monitoring Thrips • Use yellow or blue sticky cards • yellow are easier to count and trap other insects • Place vertically just above the crop canopy • Adjust height as the crop grows • Use a minimum of 8 traps/100,000 ft2 • locate traps in more sensitive cultivars/doorways • Check at least weekly - thresholds vary • Roses = 25-20 thrips per card • Other Crops = 5-10 thrips per card • Correctly identify the WFT and check plants • Sticky tape to reduce thrips populations? http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r280390411.html?printpage! www.green-tek.com/pdf/Insect.pdf! Spanish National Hydrological Plan ! (SNHP) in 2001. ! http://www.allaboutswirskii.com/ Natural Enemies! WFT Management on Chrysanthemums! ! !Plant Releases! Predatory Mites! - - - Amblyseius cucumeris! Amblyseius swirksi! Add alternate food! Entomopathogens! - Beauveria bassiana! !Soil Releases! Predatory Mites! - Stratiolaelaps scimitus! Entomopathogenic nematodes! - Steinernema feltiae! Questions?!
