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Srevau Pnounsrn
WereR nrsouRcts tN DANUBE
Rt\i'ER BASTN
Introduction
The ilanube River is the second longest river in Europe and flows through - orfrom a part of the
borders of ten countries. The total length of the main Danuhe catchmenrt is 2,860 km. The total drained
areas (including parts of nine countries/areas with Danube triibutaries only) cover 817,000 km2, which
represents B% of the total European land surface. Therefore, one can see that this area is of interest both
historically and in relation to components of everyday life.Thris work deals with the water balance in this
area.
The Danube River Basin is home to 81 million people with a wide range of cultures, languages and
historical backg rounds.
Some Remarks on the History of the Danube Water balance
Co-operation in the field cf hydrology on the official {supplementary to the regular exchange of the
data for discharge forecast in the frame of the World Meteorological Organisatio.Q b"g...l in 19.72as.a cooperation among a group of states lead by UNESCO (Germany, Austria, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
and a group of states (Czechoslovakia, HunEary, Soviet Uniorr, Bulgaria, Romania) under the umbrella
of the scientific working group for hydrology of the Danube (navigation) Cornmission in Budapest.
This first phase of co-operation, which was later unified into tl"re International Hydrological Programme
produced a very interesting result - the Hydrological Monograph of the Danube River (Staniik et al.,
1988) - a representative publication in thefour languages, giving an overview of tabular processing
and spatial distribution of the l'nain hydrological elements (pnecipitation, superficial runoffdepth and
actuai superficial evapotranspiration) in the whole Danube River Basin. The rnethodology at that time
was based on the national contribution in the form of maps of the balance elements. The role of the co-
$
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287
ordinator was first to provide guidance in relation to methodological questions and secondly to bring
together the national input in the form of isolines of the individual balance elements into "tailor-made"
maps of water balance elements.
It was determined that this regional co-operation in the frame of the IHP UNESCO was about the
great significance and it was decided that the topic would be studied further and follow-up volume to
the Danube Hydrological Monograph would be published.
lnthe 1990s,a new initiative-atthattime underthe leadershipof Dr.OskarBehr (TUVienna) -started to
assernble a new version of the water balance for the whole Danube River Basin.The first methodological
Srwnru PnoHnsrl
proposals were at the working meeting of the Chairmen of the NCs (National Comm,ittees) for the IHP
UNESCO of the Danube Countries in Ledn,ice (Czech Republic) At that meeting it was decided that the
Slovak NC IHP UNESCO would be responsibleforWater Balanc'e on the whole area of the Danube Basin.
The final results of this work, concerning the water balance in the Danube River Basin, will be presented
in this paper.
Water Balance Methodology and Results
The methodology and results of the present study are based on contemporary available technology
and data processing tools. This section consists of three parts.The first deals with the Gl5 base and tools
for improved input data preparation for the further study and processing. The second part describes
data assembly. The third part of the study provides an evaluation of water modelling and tuning for
selected balance regions using a modified rnathematical modr:l of water balance working with lumped
parameters for each balance region.
Assessment of Water Dividing Lines
Construction of water divides was a task for each participating country itself (through IHP UNESCO
NCs and notional hydrological services).The expected precision was a reference scale of 1:50,000 or,
better.
I
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-...,*
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Figure
1.
Map of balonce regians
in the Danube River Basin
288
Wntn
RtsouRcrs tN DANUBE
RtvER BAstN
The water dividing lines from "boundaries" of balance regions. Therefore, the balance regions
should be natural runoff areas {sub-basin or group of sub-basins) from our point of view with quasihomogeneous characteristics if the vertical gradient of basic hydrometeorological e]ements.The region
(some of them transboundary) must fully cover the whole territory of the Danube Basin. The resulting
map of selected balance regions in the Danube River Basin can be seen in Fig. 1.
Maps of Water Balance Elements
The maps were prepared based on data provided by participating countries and their resolution is 1
km. The preparation map was constructed by interpolation of measured rain-gauge data. Kriging with
extended drift was used for interpolation.The map of actual evapotranspiration was based on data from
WatrBat simulations performed for sub-basins: Actual evapotranspiration was simulated by WatBal for
each sub-basin was attributed to the centre of gravity of the sub-basin. The similar approach was used
to construct the map of mean annual runoff. All calculation ofwater balance components were made
for the period 1961-1990.
Map of Mean Annual Freciplitation
The precipitation map is based on data from 1901 stations (rain gauges).The numbers of gauges
from particular Danube countries and densities are given in Table 1.
Country
lNumber of
precipitation stations
Approximate area (GlS) in
Density 0t precipitation
stations
Danube Ba:;in {km2)
llu
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55
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797.O\4
Table l. Amount of stations used in precipitiation map assembly
The spatial distribution of precipitation stations as well as the final map of mean annual precipitation
are shown in Fig.2.
ll-r P.nonnsx*
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MaBof rnean
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Comparlson
ft?l'
fqa*il: f$!rtsr{asets-&\i\*i4s$H*ts$
I
location of
of measured precipitation with precipitation extiacted from
shows that for the majority of the point both values were comparable. Most of
measured and interpolated precipitation were within the interval of + 10%. lt
rneasufed,,,pre€ipit€tion fepresents a point'i\lalue, whil€ the exffacted pr€ai
of 1 km2, which is the resolution of precipitation map. The two values are
Further differences between measuied end extracted precipitation may be
pre.€ipiiEtion with
statiof|s
inter,po.lated map
d'ifferenees.a,mong
suld be noted that
rep.f€sents the area
r€ a priori dif'ferent.
b-y the:dl,fferenc€s
iro6dt
f,jJtis*w"
*-...(]#r'*s
Figur
et6$s*rtFtr**t lru*i
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ffiS,.".
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Map
4?
r.n€al1.dnilualaCtual
Wnrrn nesouRcrs
tN DANUBE RtvEfl BAsIN
between the true elevation of the station that was used in interpolation and the elevation provided by
the specific grid of the digital elevation.
Map of Mean Annuat Actual Evapotranspiration
Mean annualactualevapotranspiration (Eta) for each sub-basin was simulated byWatBalmodel.The
attributed to the centres of gravity of the sub-basins. An evapotranspiration map was
then created by interrpolation among the centres of gravity usiing Kriging with extended drift. The map
sf the spatial distribution of mean annual evapotranspir:ation is shown Fig 3.
By comparison of Eta from WatBal with sub-basin actual evapotranspiration from the interpolated
map can be seen that the sub-basin values extracted from th,: map are rather different from those by
WatBal.The rnean differences for ail the sub-basin is about 370, rrrrhich means thatthe evapotranspiration
from the map for the Danube Basin is 3olo higher than that fronn WatBal.
The differ,ences are within the interval + 10o/o for about 560lo of the sub-basin of the total number 101
of procesed sub-basin (Table 2). lt can be seen that the differences exceeding + 10o/o occur in mountain
regions.
Eta values were
Eva
potranspiration
Differences {%}
No. of sub-basin
Runoff
l\ln nf crrh-hrcin
n
3
-AOo/^
1
3
-)O +n -1Oo/^
6
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1q
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11
Hichpr than 4O%
evapotranspiration and runofffrom interpolated maps with WatBal
(evapotranspiration) and measured volues (runoff)
Table 2 . Camparisians af
Map of Mean Annual Runoff
The map of rnean annual runoff was constructed in the similar way as_the map of mean annual
evapotranipiration. Measured runofl values were attributed to the centre of gravity of each sub-basin
291
Srw*n Pnounsre
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Map
.torinterpolate,t,tre rnap-The interpolated
Comparison with the measured runoff and runoff extracted from the interp,
can be concluded that the rnean differenie for all sub-basin was 806, which
overestimated measured runoff for whole Danube Basin by 8o/o' Table 2 indicates
among measured and interpolated runoff, i.e. the ones from interval 10% exi
fourthlf catchments.The differences were higherthan + 20Vofor about 40ohof
t
4.
meFn a,nntral:r,unoff
of rn€*nan*ual
:.
r.
map as a resurt
1661.,1fi9 ,rn8p;
smafldifferences
just for abut one
11.
Preview of..wateF,,btr|ail(€ in',Banubg',River Basirl
In the previous section it was analysed the approach and performed.the appli'
for the Djnube Basin water balance estimation. A summary of final results related
lt can be seen from this table, that the total area of the Danu
processing was only 797,054 km2. This is because "small" part of the Danuh-e in
ijoland, M-acedonia, Rlbania) and part of the Danube Delta below the profile (
included in Table 3.
is shown in Table 3.
of rnethodology
i:ndividuatrrcsufl$ies
'Easfn
inctudd,into
e€untries {ttaly,
Itma:il w€re not
WnrrR
Country
Area in the Danube Basin
Km2
o/o
1 7R)
o))
D
55 82R
700
CH
ResouRces tN DANUBE RIvER BAstN
:
Actual evapotranspiration
Precipitation(mm),'
r--l
Mpen
1
0936
q6g
HunolT depth
lmm'l
Mean
?4? O
Mpan
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qqq
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HIJ
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RO
RC
Sum or mean
1
R
1
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1
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qA??
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2na<
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nq?
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509
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7
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784.6
513.5
292.2
Toble 3, Selected characteristics of the Ltanube countries:
sfsfJsfics of precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff were extracted from the maps
Conclusions
Based on
the results it can be concluded that the all examined water balance components
are
unevenly distributed along the territory of the Danube Basin. The highest precipitation is registered in
Slovenia (1,308.5 mm) and the lowest in Moldavia (579.8 mm) while the average annual precipitation
falls to 784.6mm in the Danube Basin.The average annual precipitation in the Serbian part of the
Danube Basin is 758.8 mm, which is only 2.3olo less than in the entire basin. The spatial pattern of
evapotranspiration shows considerably lowervariation comparcd to precipitation and it ranges between
3+3.0 mm in Switzerland and 582.1 mm in Croation.The mean annual evapotranspiration up to 513.5
mm in the Danube Basin corresponds to the evapotranspiratio,n in Serbia (509.9 mm).The higest spatial
distribution is registred for the runoff with values of 916,6 rnm in the upper Danube Basin, Switzerland
and onfy 74.0 mm in Moldavia. The average annual runoff in the Danube Basin is 292,2 mm, and in the
Serbian part of the Danube Basin is 252.7 mm,
From the water balance components it is possible to conclurde that the territory of the Danube Basin
in Serbia is moderately poor with water resources in comparison with the entire basin. This conclusion
is mostly based on runoff component because runofffrom Serbian territory is about 15% less.
293
Srwar h$rnsxn
RCfei.ences
,Le
ko A,A,1fi7+1p tody.i*eCtreta ispareniya s sels'kocho
lr\+r$t.
(Methods of evaporation from agricultural fields estimation - 126 pp) GMI Leningrad
:Gfit]le,el su Confgrenc€
Petrovich P. (2002).The Danube Basin water balance - case study:The Nitra river basin. ln. Pro'
bf,Water m[nqgqmenti
of the Danubian,.Coufit! s on the Flydrologie*l,Forecastir.";ig,,,a,nS F*ydrcme{eorological
,fiuchares:t, Sept,
Eanube rniret bias,in: lni
Petror/icFl:P,,Badyuto-va-K,d2$04. GlStechnologyr*sd:i:n:the bas-i'li.w,ide water baiance estir{ratioftofa
fl$ro rrrcteoro,log ica l
Proieeding:ofth+Z2,ndeonfene,Ece of,the,Oanu,$i+n Countr:iesron the;Ffydrological:Forecaetirtg,
bases.of W6ter'r:rrahaggr-nEnt.BmeCz6ch,:Rqpu$lia.
Danube iRiver Basini
Fetrov.ei ,F., llltravcsva:-K;.Holko,l-,- Kostka Z"; #ikfanek B {2G19), Basin-Wide Water Balane€,rin:
rydro.togieaf.Pr,ocesse of the Danube River Basir{, Progpektiveswfrorn the:DaBl.ihiban Gctuntfie SFiingeri
Stanchik A,, Jovanovi€ S., et al, (1988). Hydrolpgy of phe River Danube, VUVH, Bratislava. 272 pp + 4
KCInstatiaov A;P-, AstaCh'sva.
,il kx, ,lFoppvid
${pl$H:,Vldskffiff,
Hj$fdle $i.,,,KosfK
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CIP - Kara.norr:aquja y n.v6.nuxaxnjq
Ilapotrr:r 6r&1nur*xu CpSNje, Eearpa;t
0/9(082X0.03412)
RESOURCES of Danubian Region [plektronski
izvorl : the popsibility ofcooperation and
utilir.*lion / ettliicrs l,uka C. Popovid, ltlelita
Vidakovid. *)arile S" Kosti{. - ll*lgrndo :
ftxmboklt-Cl$tt $erhien,
2013 {Belgrade :
elektronski optiiki {isk
Planeta print), -
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{CD-Rt}l'r};
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112
Sistemski zahtevi: Nisu navedeni. - Napl. s
naslovnog ekrpna. - Radovi na engl. i nem.
jeziku. - Tird 208. - Sibliogralija ttz svaki
rad.
ISIIX
97S-86-91 6771
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Resou,rces <tf Danubian Region:
the ,Possibility of Cooperation and Utilizrttion
,
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Resources of Danubian Region: the Possibility of Cooperation and Utilization
Editors: Luka C. Popovii, Melita Vidakovii, Djardje 5. Kostii
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Forthe publisher
prof. dit-uka i. popovif, President of the Hpmbaldt-Club Serbien
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EtILtAf,i.IAtg.{IfEI:
Edi,tatitbwrd,
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Srot.drr,Mariia:6avr{vii.hkul
Prof.
drTiberiu
Colosi;Prof.
Marija Gavrqvid-Jankulovii;
Fruf, dr
fi,berirr folori;
Prof, dr Dietrnar Goltsr
vid; Frsf,
€ojkovid.Sukar:lea; Prcf, d,ridefff+Hf.H,einle; Praf. dr $ranimir Jovantidevif; Prcf.1
Prcf.,dr jovan,J,svensltid;,Frnt dl lVlirko Kohatina; Dr Dorde S. Kostii; Dr Ana Ko
Maksim vid;,Prof, dr Slnhed:a,n fVlar*ovii; Priof. dr,Mirsslav lVla,rteta; Prof. dr Jasmir
Prsi,dr trark6,.Mcndirn|prsfi.dr Gerhard Mlue!{:er; Prof. dr Ytrli:-F{aidyuk; Dr Favle
1, p6:povit; FrOf" Ur Slo,hodan ,Savjfi:F+ol d[ Jan schwarzbauef;rFref' dr nnatoly
efuna Zar E
Urhn; Frof s:r Georg M Vayss ov; Br ME il$ V
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The publication of this issue is financially sr,rpported by the Alexander von Hu
,Fo,Hndation,
Ministry of Education, Science andTechnolbgycal Development of Serbia
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P.ardina Sasheva
Dep.a,rtment,of Pharrn,seoEnosy, Faculty of iPhar:n:r:acy, Medical University of Sofia,
$ofia .
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Bul$,aria
Dunavstr,1000
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Marija Smederevac-Lalid
lnsti:tgtefor'Multid'isciptrihary Researrctr, Univeeityof Belgrade Kneza,Vi3eslava,l, 1000 Belgrade
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Institute'ofr,F,,,,,!aryac.ofogf1Clhtigal P.ha.rmagolog,y arndrT,oxicology, Medital FaGu
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Serbia
E-mail:
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Belgrde ',, .
[email protected]
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