P. omnivorus, B .intermedia ve E. larvarum türlerinin etkili parazitoitler

Türkiye 5. Biyolojik Mücadele Kongresi, 4· 7 Eylü l 2002 , ERZURUM
B ioeco!ogical a b ilitie s of p arasitoids parasitisin g Hyphantria cunea Drury
(Lepido pter a, Arcti idae) in Azerbaij an
ırada NURIEV A i
Summary
Formation of fauna of parasitoids inc!uding wasps and tachins parasıtızıng
Hypantria cunea in the North-Eastem Azerbaijan was studied during 1994 -2000.
lt was revealed that the number of H. cunea is parasitized by 9 primary parasito ids
in the North-Eastem region of Azerba ijan: larva! parasit oids - Apanteles plutella (K.) ,
Meteorus versicolor (Wesın.) , Exorista larvarum (L,), Compsüura consinnata (Mg.);
pupa! ones - Pimpla turlanella (L.), Brachimeria intermedia (Nees), Psichophagus
omnivorus (Walk.), Conomorium patulum (Walk) and Pteromalus sp, from family
Pteromalidae. For the first time the parasitoids of american fall webworm are studied in
detail and parasitization ability of each parasitoids was estimated. Results of
investigations have s hown that P. omnivorus, B. intermedia and E. larvarum are the
effective species and they can be applied in the bio!ogical control ofthe fall webworm.
Key words: Parasitoid, Fauna , American fall webworm
Özet
Azerbaycan'da lIypantria cunea Drury'nın parazltoitlerinin bio-ekolojik
etkinlikleri
Azerbaycan' in Kuzey- Doğu Bölgesi'nde lIypantria
wasp ve tachinidler dahil parazitoitlerin durumu incelenmi ştir. '
cunea 'yı
parazitleyen
H. cun ea' nın primer parazitoidi olarak dokuz tür be lirlenm işti r. Larval parazitoitler,
Apanteles plutella (K.), Meteorus versicolor (Wesm.), Ex orista larvarum (L. ) ve
Conıpsilu ra conslnnata (M g.), pupal parazitoitler ise Pimpla turionella (L .),
Brachimeria lntermedla (Nees), Psichophagus omnivorus (Walk.), Conomorium
patu lum (W alk) ve Pteromalus sp.'dir. Amerikan Beyaz Ke leb e ği ' rı irı parazitoitleri ilk
defa detaylı olarak çalı ş ılmış ve herbir parazitoidin etkinliği ortaya konmuştur. Çalışma
s o nu ç l arı, P. omnivorus, B .intermedia ve E. larvarum türlerinin etkili parazitoitler
olduklarını
ve H. cunea'n ın biyolojik mücadelesinde kullanılabileceklerini
göstermek tedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Parazitoit, Fauna, Amerikan Beyaz
Kel ebe ğ i
I n t r o d u ct io n
Hyphantria cunea Drury (Arc tiidae) is the dange rous pe st o f many wood,
p ark, omamental and field plants. in A zerbaij an it was found out for the firs t
time in N orthem region (K hachma z re gi on ) in i 984. Now the pest wi de ly
d istributed in the Kuba-Khachmaz region and Absheran peninsular.
i Laboratory of ecology and pbysiology of insects, NAS of Azerbaij an, 370073, pr. 1128,
kv.504, Baku, Azerb aijan, e-mail: ilhama @bakililar.az
161
Formation of parasitoid fauna of H. cunea in the North-Eastem regions of
Azerb aijan was studied within 1994-1998.
For phytopha gous insects para sitoid complex differing by feeding
specificity may be fo rmatted. T hus s a me o ft he parasitaids m ay fee d o n host
eggs, others on little instar larvae, thirds on old larvae, fourth on pupae, ete.
From this point of view each stages of phytophagan develo pment is suitable for
development of certain parasitoid. When american fall webworm distributed in
the new regions local-aborigenous parasita ids included to the range of their
hosts. We have recorded 9 species of parasitaids parasitizing H. cunea in the
North-Ea stem regions of the republic. These are the parasitods of phytophagous
insects living in the same stations together with H. cunea. Most of the
entomophags of the local lepidopterians, such as Lymantria dispar L.,
Yponomeuta malinellus Z., Laspeyresia poııı oııella L., Orgia antiqua L., ete,
can para sitize H. cunea, too. It may be because of similarity of life conditions in
certain stages of ontegenesis of the pests.
Mater!al an d Method
Researches were carried out in the field and laboratory. Field works were
done in the Guba-Khachmaz region, in the villages of Absheron peninsular, in
the parks of Baku city. During these works development of host and seasonal
dynamics of its parasitisation by parasita ids were studied. For that eggs, larvae
and pupae of host were collected in the studied area from April and November.
Larva were kept in jars and fed on natural food of pest. Jars were cleaned every
day. Host larvae of IV-V instar were collected from nature in order to study the
larval parasita ids of H. cunea parasiting smail instar (l-4th) larvae. Host pupae
were collected with the help of trap belts.
Parasita ids raised from parasitized host larvae and pupae were fed on LO
percent glucose solution. In order to study the larva1 parasitaids of H. c unea
parasitizing in smail instar (i " - 4 tb ) larvae.
Concluslon and Discussion
Two parasitai ds of American fall webworm belong to Braconidae family.
Apanteles plutellae (Kurd.). it is a Palcaretic species. Recorded by
Abdinbekova ( 1975, 1995) as a parasito id of Heliothis armigera (Hb .). A.
pluıellae is a solitar parasitoid parasitizing the 1-2 instar larvae of host. it is the
mass species widely distributed in Azerbaijan . But A. plutella is not the main
parasitoid of american fall webworm. From 100 web nests of the second
generatian of pest in Guba-Khachmaz, Baku and Absheron one only recorded to
be parasitized by A. plııtella . Preimaginal development of parasitoid completes
within 25-30 days and imago hatches from 3-4 instar larvae of host , Parasitoid' s
larva pupates n ear the host, inside yellowish cocoon. I mago h atches a!'ter 5-7
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days. Thus, parasitoid completes the development of one generatlan during 3040 days. in one generatian of host only generatian of parasitoid is developed. A.
plutella hatches from the larvae of the first generatian of H. cuıı ea in the third
ten days of June in Baku and Absheron, in the first ten days of July in GubaKhachmaz region.
The time of hatching of parasitoid imago from the second generatian larvae
of host falls on the first and second ten days of August.
A. plutella collected from the Devechi district (Guba-Khachrnaz region)
revealed to be parazitized by secondary parasitoids,
Meteorus versicolar Wesın. Palearctic species. in Azerbaijan for the first
time was recorded by Abdinbekova (1975,1995 ). Mass species, distributed all
over the Azerbaijan territory. We have raised M. versicolar from the larvae of
the first generatian of H.cunea collected in the Absheron peninsular. M.
versicolor is a solitary parasitoid known to parasite the 3'" instar larvae of H.
cunea. We could parasitize host larvae by M. versicolor in the laboratory
conditions. Life history of parasitoid was studied at the laboratory. Embryonal
development of parasitoid takes 2-3 days. Larvae develops within 6-7 days, then
pupates inside the cocoon. The stage of pupa takes 8 to i O days. lmago flights
out of cocoon gnawing its end. Meterous is a sinovigenous parasitoid. it needs
additicnal nutrition for eggs maturation. Therefore female lay eggs after feeding.
If feeds on nectar of weeds. But i n t he i aboratory we fed i t by honey syrup.
Imago lived 10-13 days in the Iaboratory. M. versicolor parasitize the larvae of
H. cunea at the end of June and the beginning of July. But it has little impact on
H. cunea population. Among parasitaids of H. cunea there is one ichneumonud
Pimpla tu rtonella (1.). E.P.Sidorovina (1960) recorded P. turianella
parasitizing L. pomonella and Y. malinellus in Azerbaijan. But its distribution in
Guba-Khachmaz, Baku and Absheron peninsula was noticed for the first time by
us. Studies on P. turion ella showed that it is a polyphagous parasitoid. it
parasitizes H. cunea in pupa stage. Parasitoid usually gives 2-3 generations. The
i and III generatian of P. turionella develops on pupae of H. cunea. We have
not recorded the parasitisation of overwintered pupae of H. cunea by this
parasitoid. P robably P. turionella g oes t o w inter h ibematian a s i mago o r i ast
instar larvae. Adult parasitoid feeds on nectar and host hemolymph gnowing the
extemal cover of host pupae. Females of parasitoid are polygamous. In spite of
the fact that farasitoid' s female can lay several eggs inside the one host pupa
only one individual of parasitoid can complete is development. Larvae develops
within 15-17 days, pupa - 4-6 days. Adult parasitoid lives more than 30 days.
The whole development from egg to pupa !asts about 30 days. The number of
females in generatian is more than males: 55-60%.
Sometimes parasitoid' s eggs are incapsulated inside the host body. P.
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turionella does not stand the interspecitic competition with tachins and
Psyehophagus omnivorus Walk.
The number of this parasitoid may be increased artifically with the help of
"separation", For that H. eunea pupae are collected by trap belts from the nature
and rared in the "separators". "Separator "s are rearing cages having cells for
flying out of parasitoid adults. Host adult can not fly out ofthese cells,
P. turioııella kills host not only parasitizing it, but also gnawing its cover
for feeding on hemolymph . There is direct dependence between productivity of
parasitoid and its feeding on host hemolymph. Feeding on host hemolymph
results in deerease of sugar in the food allowance of parasitoid.
We have reeorded 4 speeies of chaleids in the entomophagous eomplex
Hıcunea. The dominant speeies from them was Psychophagous omnivorus
Walker (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae).
P. omnivorus is a polyphagous species widely distributed in our republic. It
was reeorded in Azerbaijan for the tirst time by Rzaeva (1971). P. turionella is a
primary gregarious endoparasitoid of H. cunea. Sometimes in the other hosts it
may be secondary. About 38 individuals of parasitoid ean fly out of one host
pupae. in 1994 it was 54 individuals, in 1996 - 25. The number of individuals
depending on weather eondition, sizes of host and quality of food ofhos!.
We have notieed to individuals of P. omnivorus to flight out of H. eunea
pupa. P. omnivorus leaves the pupa with the part of matured eggs in ovary. For
maturation of other eggs female needs attitional nutrition. Average potential
productivity of one female is 240 eggs. One female can parasitize averagely 12
host pupae. They begin to lay eggs in the next day. Ovipositor of the female İs
short. Female spends 8-10 minutes to parasitize the host at 28-30oC temperature
rubregonal development takes 1-2 days. Larvae feed inside of host during 7 days
and pupate. Preimaginal development of P. omnivorus completes within 15-16
days. 20-250C temperature brings on diapause of part of the larvae of P.
omnivorus . P arasitoid i s a etive t ill the e nd of t he f all a nd e an p arasitize h ost
even at low (l2-13°C) temperatures. Average life duration offemale is 7,3 days,
but after additional nutrition it ean inerease 2-times. Adults of parasitoid emerge
in May. Mass flight lasts i Odays.
Pereentage of females and males in generation of P. omnivorus is 54% and
46% respeetively. P. om nivo rus is the parasitoid of more than 20 hosts (Rzaeva,
1971), b ut i t i s the m ass p arasitoid o f H . cuıı ea. P. omnivorus is u sed as a n
agent ofbiological eontrol of some Lepidoptera (Mosson et aL., 1997).
The seeond numerous parasitoid of H. cuııea is Brachlmeria intermedia.
Palearetie speeies, polyphagous endoparasitoid, solitary, primary, sometimes
seeondary parasitoid. It was raised from A rcfı ips rosana (L.), L pomonella and
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L. dispar in Azerbaijan (Djafarov et aL., 1965). We have raised it from H. cunea
in 1995. B. intermedia parasitize H. cunea in pronymph stage, Larvae stage
lasts 8- i Odays. Preimaginal development completes during 16 days at 28-30°C.
B. interm edia does not spin a coccoon. Imago lives 12-13 days in the laboratory
conditions, but feeding on honey syrip extends this period up to 20 days. Sizes
of males are smaller than that of females. Ratio between males and females in
the generation is i : I . Arrhenotoky is characteristic to it.
B. intermedia gives 2-3 generation. Hibemates as imago under the bark. it
is an epiovigenous species in. in various times after emergence (in 2 hours, i
day, 5 days) the abdomen of females was opened and eggs were calculated. it
was revealed that in ovariols of females of 2 h after emergance were not matured
eggs, 50 eggs were in the ovariols of i days females and i i Oeggs in the ovariols
of 5 days females. Studied biological abilities of B. intermedia allow to consider
this parasiloid as a perspective species for biological control.
From the H. cunea pupae collected in Baku from the mulberry tree, th
chalcid Conomorium patulum (Walker) (=eremita Forster) was raised.
it is the gregarous parasitoid. About 150 individulas of parasitoid observed
to be flight out of the pupa. Other chalcid belonging to Pteromalidae famiy was
raised from pupae of H. cunea collected from black mulberry in Baku in 1997.
The role of above mentioned chalcids in control of H. cun ea is very Iirtle.
From t achin flie s controlling H. cunea n umber a re in Azerbaijan a re the
fol1owings: Exerista larvarum L., Compsilura concinnata Meigen.
Ex erista larvarum (L.) - Palearctic species. Djafarov and Kuliev raised it
for the first time from L. Dispar ( I965). We recorded it parasitizing H. cunea in
i 994 (Nuriyeva, 200 i )
E. larvarum is a wide polyphagous ectoparasiloid. it parasitizes H. cunea
larvae of average and old instar. Flies come out of hibemation in May. It
parasitizes H .cun ea's middle instar larvae at the end of June first ten days of
j uly. Parasitoid lays its eggs on the skin of larva. 70% of eggs are laid on middle
and back segments of thorax, i 2% on the first segment of abdomen, 5% on the
second segment, i -5% on head and last segments of abdomen. Thus most
number of eggs are laid on the upper part of body. it is may be elucidated by the
behavior of larvae and visual features of parasiloid. Usually parasitoid is
attracted by mobile host. H. cunea larvae raises fore part of its body and shakes
it from side to side in order to scaring away parasitoid. But movement of
forepart of host body attracts the parasitoid, and it lays majority of ils eggs on
this part. Some eggs have time to hatch and penetrabe into the host body., others
are throwed out by host while moiting. E. larvarum can not differ parasitired
host from unparasitized one. It can parasitize one host repeatedly (lO times in
165
nature, about 30 times in laboratory) . When parasitoid parasitizes middlle instar
larvae ofhost it leave s host at pronymph stage and pupates. If il lays eggs on the
body of old instar larvae then pupates inside the pupa of host. Eı larvarum
develops sinchronously with Hıcunea. It gives 2 generations . E. larvarunı does
not bare competition with chalcids and Pimpla. "Separati on" method was
suggested for using it in the control of H.cune a.
Conıpsilura c oneinnata - Holoarlctic species, being wide polyphagous it
can parasite 95 species of Lepidoptera. Totally its host ranges encompasses 161
species. it prefer larvae, big, colored, covered with hairs. From H. cuııea was
raised by us for the first time. Imago flies out from April to Augus!. Flight time
is synchronous with development of H .cunea . Development of ebmryon takes
i O days. Irnago lives from 18 to 30 days. Viviparous species. It usually lays
larvae on middle segments of host body. Average productivity of female is 110
larvae. Larvae of tachin develops inside the body of host and leaves it when host
pupates. Then larvae burrow 30 cm into the soil to pupate. Pupa stage lasts 1214 days. There are 2-3 generations in Azerbaijan One generation completes
development within 40 days. Hibemates as pupa C. concinnata can not bare
competilion with i .nıpla spp . and chalcids.
Studying of b i oecologicaı abilities of parasitoids of H. cunea in Azerbaijan
and estimation of parasitisation possibility of each species (Nuriyeva, 200 i)
shows that during choosing the new species for biological control
entomophagous complexis should be taken into consideration . Because its
separate components suplement each other.
Refe re nces
Abdinbekova A.A. 1975. Brakonidi (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) Azerbaijana.
Izd.Elm. Baku, p.332
Abdınbekova,
AA. i 995. Azerbaıjanın zarganadlt jujulen (Hymenoptera,
Braconidae) Baki, 470 p.
Djafarov Sh.M., Kuliyev A.M. ' 1965. Materiali k izucheniyu mukh - parazitov
cheshuekrilikh Azerb. Baku. p.8 i -82
I..Nuriyeva. 2001. Ag avepaxa xen eır eyı n m (Hyphantria cunea DTUry) say
dınamıkasında ye rlı
parazıtoıd lerm
rolu. AlHp6. MEA XH6HpJlHpll,
li H oJloıııiia eJl'IJIHplı cepa ü ac sı , N2 4-6, p.120-126.
Messon H.l ., Marris O.C., Edwards 1.P. 1997. The comparative biology of the pupal
endoparasitoid PsyCııophagus oınnivorus (Hym., Pteromalidae) on three
candıdate of lepidopterian hosts. Enlomphaga.-42. N213. p.367-376
Rzaeva L.M. 1971. Materiali k izucheniyu fauni chalsid (Chalcidoidae) Azerbaijana.
Izv.Akad.Nauk Azerb.SSR. biL. i med. Nauk. N25-6, p.82-90
Sidorovina E.P. 1960. Kratkie pezultati izucheniya i preimenovaniya poleznikh
entomophagov v borbe s ocnovnimi vreditelyami plodovikh kultur. Tr.
Azerb.ct.zash.past. VUZP-a. V.1. p.99-105
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