Habitats of North Carolina Ferns

North Carolina
Ferns and
“Fern Allies”:
a survey
Ferns of North Carolina
• 122 species, in 46 genera, in 22 families
• from sea level to tops of Mount Mitchell
• in nearly all habitats (under water and dry
sands and rocks)
Lycopodiaceae
• 14 species
Selaginellaceae
• 6 species (2 aliens)
Isoetaceae
• 9 species – more on
the way
Psilotaceae
• 1 species
(alien?, new to
NC)
Equisetaceae
• 3 species (1 alien, newly documented for NC)
Azollaceae
• 1 species
Salviniaceae
• 1 species
(alien)
Marsileaceae
• 1 species (alien)
Hymenophyllaceae
• Filmy ferns
(Trichomanes
petersii)
Ophioglossaceae
• 16 species
New
Yorker
cartoon
by
Charles
Saxon,
Sept. 12,
1983
Osmundaceae
• 3 species
Dennstaedtiaceae
• 3 species
Pteridaceae
• 8 species
Aspleniaceae
• 12 species
Dryopteridaceae
• 24 species (1
alien)
Thelypteridaceae
• 6 species
Blechnaceae
• 2 species
Polypodiaceae
• 3 species
Schizaeaceae
• 1 species
Lygodiaceae
• 2 species (1 alien)
Grammitidaceae
• 1 species
Vittariaceae
• 1 species
Changes -- 1
• New systematics
– monographs, revisions, studies using
traditional approaches
– cladistic approaches
– molecular systematics
• New nomenclature
– continued “nontaxonomic” changes in
nomenclature
Changes -- 2
• New discoveries
– new natives are found to be (and to have
been) in the Carolinas
– new aliens become established in the
Carolinas
• differing criteria for inclusion in floras
Changes -- 4
• Additions to the flora
– by description (new circumscription) [+250]
– re-elevation from synonymy [net +250]
• New discoveries and new arrivals
– “finds” (natives new to the flora area)
[+250]
– naturalization [+250]
• Rearrangements of lower taxa [plenty]
• New nomenclature [plenty]
New species and infrataxa
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Gymnocarpium appalachianum Pryer & Haufler
Huperzia appalachiana Beitel & Mickel
Hymenophyllum tayloriae Farrar & Raine
Isoetes appalachiana Brunton & Britton
Isoetes hyemalis Brunton
Lycopodium hickeyi W.H. Wagner, Beitel, & R.C.
Moran
Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham
Trichomanes intricatum Farrar
Vittaria appalachiana Farrar & Mickel
Additional Isoetes in the works
New taxonomic concepts -species
• Isoetes
New natives to the Carolinas
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Bog Fern (Thelypteris simulata)
Fragile Fern (Cystopteris fragilis)
Northern Bog Clubmoss (Lycopodiella inundata)
Leather Grapefern (Sceptridium multifidum)
Daisyleaf Moonwort (Botrychium matricariifolium)
Least Moonwort (Botrychium simplex)
Lanceleaf Moonwort (Botrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum)
etc…
New aliens to the Carolinas
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Holly Fern (Cyrtomium falcatum)
Holly Fern (Cyrtomium fortunei)
Giant Water Spangles (Salvinia molesta)
Curly-grass Fern (Schizaea pusilla)
European Water-clover (Marsilea quadrifolia)
Out of synonymy
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Appalachian Woodsia (Woodsia appalachiana from W.
scopulina)
Tree Ground-pine (Dendrolycopodium dendroideum from
Dendrolycopodium obscurum)
Generic splits
• Lycopodium Æ Lycopodium, Diphasiastrum,
Huperzia, Lycopodiella, Palhinhaea,
Pseudolycopodiella
• Grammitis Æ Micropolypodium
• Athyrium Æ Athyrium, Deparia, Diplazium
• Botrychium Æ Botrychium, Botrypus,
Sceptridium
• Thelypteris Æ Macrothelypteris, Thelypteris,
Phegoteris
Generic splits –
future “attractions”?
• Thelypteris Æ Parathelypteris, Christella,
Thelypteris, Cyclosorus, Stegnogramma
• Selaginella Æ Bryodesma, Lycopodioides
Phylogenetic families
• Traditional morphological, cytological,
anatomical criteria
• Cladistic analyses
• Molecular data
“Lycopodium”
Diphasiastrum digitatum
(=Lycopodium digitatum,
Lycopodium flabelliforme,
Lycopodium complanatum var.
flabelliforme)
Running-cedar
Ground-pine
Ground Cedar
Running Clubmoss
Hag’s-bed
Southern Running Pine
Fan clubmoss
Crowfoot club-moss
Southern ground-cedar
Trailing ground-pine
Lycopode en évantail
Lycopode aplati
Lycopodiaceae of the Carolinas
Radford, Ahles, & Bell (1968)
Now
change
Lycopodium selago
----
new species named, this species not in Carolinas
----
Huperzia appressa
new species (replacing former “selago”)
Lycopodium lucidulum
Huperzia lucidula
generic split
Lycopodium porophilum
Huperzia porophila
generic split
Lycopodium flabelliforme
Diphasiastrum digitatum
new nomenclature + generic split
Lycopodium tristachyum
Diphasiastrum tristachyum
generic split
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium clavatum
NO CHANGE!!
Lycopodium obscurum
Dendrolycopodium obscurum
narrower concept + new genus
"
Dendrolycopodium dendroideum
resplit species + new genus
"
Dendrolycopodium hickeyi
new species + new genus
Lycopodium carolinianum
Pseudolycopodiella carolinianum
generic split
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Lycopodiella alopecuroides
resplit species + generic split
Lycopodiella prostrata
resplit species + generic split
Lycopodium appressum
Lycopodiella appressa
generic split
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Lycopodiella inundata
native species newly discovered in Carolinas
---
Palhinhaea cernua
non-native species newly discovered in Carolinas
"
Regional diversity
Main fern habitats
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moist forests -- 53
rock outcrops -- 41
aquatic situations -- 8
bogs -- 6
dry forests -- 5
savannas -- 4
other wetlands -- 4
sandhills -- 1