March Mock Revision Sheets

March Mock
Revision Sheets
Core
Classification (How Scientists put animals into groups)
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B1 Cheat Sheet
The order of Classification is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus and Species (Remember –
K.P.Crisps.Offer.Fairly.Good.Snacks
There are five kingdoms of organisms: Animalia, Plantae,
Fungi, Protoctista and Prokaryotae (be careful with
spelling)
Viruses – There is no kingdom for viruses as scientists do
not think of them as being alive; they are not living until
they are in a host cell. The virus doesn’t show all the life
process such as growth or feeding.
Vertebrates (Chordata) and Invertebrates (non chordata)
(back bone and no back bone)
Animal Kingdom contain five sections;
M.R F.A.B – Mammals, Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians and Birds
--------------------------------------------------------------Oxygen Absorption methods
Lungs – Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and adult amphibians
Gills – Fish
Moist skin – young amphibians
--------------------------------------------------------------Reproduction
Viviparous (internal fertilisation/live birth) – mammals
Oviparous – (external fertilisation/lay eggs) – Reptiles, Fish,
Amphibians, Birds
--------------------------------------------------------------Thermoregulation (how they regulate heat)
Homeotherm (warm blooded) – mammals and birds
Poikilotherm (cold blooded) – reptiles, fish, amphibians
Species
Definition: When to organisms can interbreed to produce FERTILE offspring.
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Two organisms with similar characteristics can reproduce but do not belong to the
same species – these are called HYBRIDS
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E.g. donkey + zebra = Zedonk
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Lion + tiger = Liger
Most hybrids are infertile e.g. zedonk however ligers are fertile and can reproduce to
form liligers
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HYBRIDS DO NOT BELONG TO ANY SPECIES
Naming Species
An organism has two Latin words
E.g. Erithacus rubecula
The first name is the GENUS - Erithacus
The second name is the SPECIES - rubecula
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The system is agreed by scientists all over the word to allow them to communicate
clearly, whatever their language
Variation – Differences in characteristics
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All organisms are adapted to their surroundings e.g. a
dessert fox does not look the same as an artic fox.
Genetic variation – variation caused by information inside cells (genes)
Environmental variation – differences in characteristics caused b the environment
Discontinuous variation – e.g. rolling your tongue, blood group and gender (you can only ever
be one) caused by genetic variation
Continuous variation – e.g. height, weight (you can change) caused by genetic and
environmental variation
This graph shows continuous variation – the shape of the graph (bell shape) is called normal
distribution curve.
It shows that most individuals measure within the middle part of the range in variation and
there are fewer individuals within the measurements at the extremes of the range.
Evolution
Organisms generally produce far more offspring than the
environment can support. Most will die before adulthood
because there are not enough resources for all of them (e.g. food
and space)
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Organisms have different characteristics and they are in
competition for resources.
The organisms that have the best suited characteristics for
the environment will survive ‘survival of the fittest’
The organisms that survive pass on their genes to their
offspring.
The organisms that didn’t survive will eventually become
extinct
Genes
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DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell.
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Lots of DNA makes up a chromosome
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There are 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in the human body
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Chromosomes are divided up into genes
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Genes carry instructions for out characteristics e.g. eye colour
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Alleles are alternate forms of a gene e.g. blue or brown eyes
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Phenotype – Physical appearance e..g brown eyes or tall
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Genotype – Genetic makeup e.g. BB or Bb
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Homozygous dominant – BB, TT, RR
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Homozygous recessive – bb, tt, rr
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Heterozygous – Bb, Tt, Rr
Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth
Topic 1
The Earth is thought to be about 4.5 billion
years old
Had volcanoes
98% nitrogen
atmosphere
Titan
Some scientists
believe our
atmosphere was
like Titan
Had volcanoes
Mainly carbon
dioxide
atmosphere
Mars
and
Venus
Some scientists
believe our
atmosphere was
more like mars and
venus
The two ways carbon dioxide
was removed from the
atmosphere was by dissolving
in the oceans and through
photosynthesis
The amount of oxygen in the
atmosphere increased because
photosynthesising organisms
evolved, these release oxygen
into the atmosphere and
remove carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere. Over time
more and more
photosynthesising organisms
evolved so more oxygen was
put into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere today
Examiners Tip
It is difficult to be certain how
the planet has changed
Be clear about this when writing
about theories and express
alternative points of view
Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth
granite
In any reaction the total mass of
products is the same as the total mass
of the reactants
Topic 2
May become hot enough
to partially melt
Contain crystals – size of
crystal depends on rate
at which it has cooled
Rocks deep inside the
earth
Molten rock is called
magma
Igneous
May erupt onto the
surface as lava
Layers and layers of
sediment build up along
with the hard parts of
dead organisms
Chemical Reactions
Action of heat and
pressure changes the
rock forming new
crystals
Types
of rock
Thermal decomposition of limestone
•
•
Sedimentary
limestone
Rocks broken down by
physical processes
Fossils may be
found in
sedimentary rock
Metamorphic
Erosion happens when
the rock is transported
Cement is made in a kiln
Limestone
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Making buildings
Crushed to make a firm
base for railway lines and
roads
Raw material for cement,
concrete and glass
Quarrying limestone
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Limestone is removed from the
ground in a quarry.
Explosives break the limestone into
pieces- these are cut or crushed
and transported to customers.
Cement is made by heating
limestone with powdered clay
Concrete is made by mixing
cement with sand, gravel and
water
•
Marble
Balanced equations show what
happens to the atoms in a
chemical reaction.
There needs to be equal
numbers of each atom type on
either side of the arrow!
The symbols (s) etc are state
symbols showing the state that
the chemical is in
Grains held tightly
together
Limestone undergoes thermal decomposition when heated. The same happens to other
carbonates. For example, consider copper carbonate
Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth
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Topic 3
Types of antacid
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To test for oxygen: place a glowing splint in the
mouth of the test tube. If the splint relights, you
have oxygen!
To test for hydrogen: place a lit splint in the mouth
of the test tube. If the test tube contains
hydrogen (mixed with air) you will hear an explosion
that sounds like a 'squeaky pop'.
Since chlorine is toxic, a leak
near a town could kill
thousands.
Electrolysis can be used to break
down an acid into its elements
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45 million tonnes of
chlorine are
produced
from seawater
each year.
Sometimes
this can leak
from a
factory or
tanker if
there has
been an
accident.
Bleach is harmful
to living
things.
Antacids neutralise excess stomach acid.
Antacids contain bases- these are substances
that react with acids.
The neutralisation reaction between an acid
and a base produces water and a salt:
Acid + base → salt + water
Chlorine “bleaches” damp
indicator paper. It is also a
toxic gas so don’t breathe it!
This leads to problems when it
comes to large-scale
manufacture of chlorine gas.
recognisable smell
Manufacture
plastics
such as
poly(chlor
oethene),
also
called
PVC
Green toxic gas
Corrosive
Flammable
Toxic
Harmful or
irritant
It reacts with
coloured
substance
s to make
them
colourless
(e.g. in
paper
making).
To treat our water supply
(kills microbes)
Uses of
chlorine
To manufacture
bleach/oth
er cleaning
products
Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth
Topic 4
This is the process of getting a metal from a
compound in a rock by a chemical reaction.
The way in which a metal is extracted depends
upon its reactivity.
Reactivity of metals
Gold!
Jewellery made from pure gold is very soft. Gold jewellery
is usually made from alloys, in which gold is mixed with
other metals
Stainless steel is an alloy that contains
other metals such as Nickel and Chromium.
Stainless steel has the strength of steel
combined with the corrosion resistance of
nickel and the shininess of chromium
Shape memory alloys
(e.g. Stent to keep a
blocked blood vessel
open)
Properties of
metals
Fuels
Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth
These fuels are called “fossil fuels” and
are described as being “non-renewable
Topic 5 Part 1
Fractions with low boiling points
condense at the top
Longer chains mean…
Wood
Oil
Gas
Increasing length
Coal
Less ability to flow
Less flammable
Less volatile
Higher boiling point
Fractions with high boiling points
condense at the bottom
Crude oil is a mixture of HYDROCARBONS
(compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen).
Some examples:
Test for carbon dioxide
Burning a Fuel – Complete
combustion
Distillation
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
Burning a Fuel –Incomplete
combustion
This apparatus can be used to separate water
and ink because they have different boiling
points
Causes of acid Rain
Rainwater is naturally acidic
This is because carbon dioxide and other
gases in the air dissolved in it
Acid rain has a pH lower than 5.2
Solutions to acid rain
•Using low sulphur fuels
•Removing acidic gases from factory fuel emissions
Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth
Topic 5 Part 2
Biodiesel is made from
vegetable oils like oil
seed rape or soya
beans
Ethanol is made from wheat,
sugar cane or sugar beet.
It can be made from fermenting
sugar with yeast
Hydrogen as a fuel
Advantages
Disadvantages
Hydrogen is nonpolluting.
Costly to convert to
liquid
Hydrogen has the
highest energy content
Hydrogen is very
reactive so difficult to
store
Hydrogen is a renewable
fuel source
Fossil Fuels May be
Needed to Produce
Hydrogen
Reduce dependency on
foreign oil.
Biodiesel can be used in
diesel engine cars. These
cars often use a mixture of
diesel and biodiesel fuel
beans
The ethanol can be
mixed with petrol for
use in car engines.
This reduces the
demand for petrol
P1 REVISION – Space
Observing the universe
We observe space in a number of
ways. We can observe space with
our eyes. However we can not see
distance/faint objects well.
Telescopes collect l _____ and
magnify images well.
The invention of photography
help scientists to keep a
permanent u______ record of
their observations.
We can use different waves to
explore space. Examples of these
waves are ___-rays and i___-red.
GEOCENTRIC
The geocentric
model was proposed
by P______. It
suggested that the
e_____ was at the
centre of the solar
system and that the
earth was stationary.
Ptolemy thought that
Mars moved
.forwards and then
backwards, he
suggested the planet
moved in a circle
upon its orbit around
earth. This idea was
known as r________
m________.
Reflection
The law of reflection states that the angle of
I_________ equals to angle of
r____________.
Refraction
When light enters a denser material it
s______ down and changes d________. This
light will bend towards to normal.
As light leaves this denser material (e.g.
g_____) its speed will i_______ and it will
change direction again.
. The angle of i________ is larger than the
angle of r ______ in the diagram across from
this box.
HELOCENTRIC
Copernicus suggest that the
s____ was at the centre of
the solar system and that
earth and the planets
orbited this.
Copernicus suggested that
planets orbit the sun in
c_______ orbits.
Copernicus also notices that
planets further away from
the sun moved much more
s___________.
Galileo discovered that
Jupiter had m_____ with
orbited Jupiter (this
disproved the Geocentric
model)
Converging lens
Converging or convex lenses are
f______ in the middle and are
curved on the sides.
Converging lens refract light to one
point called the f________
p________.
This is where an image will form.
When measuring the focal l
_________ you measure from the
image to the lens.
Telescopes
Refracting telescopes have t____
converging lenses. One is called
the objective lens (this
f__________ incoming light) and
one magnifies the image.
These telescopes are typically
very large . They are not
considered to be as good as
reflecting telescopes as they lose
light.
Reflecting telescopes possess a
primary mirror which r______
light onto the small flat mirror.
The light is then sent into the
e_____ l ______ which magnifies
the image.
KEY WORDS:
light
updated
X
infra
incidence
refraction
slows
slows
direction
glass
increase
refraction
fatter
focal
point
length
two
focuses
reflects
eyepiece
lens
P1 REVISION - Waves
Wave speed
Waves travel at different
speeds. A wave speed can
be calculated by using the
following these
equations.
Speed (m/s) = distance
(m) ÷ t______ (s)
Wave types
There are two types of wave, these are
transverse and l____________ waves.
Transverse: Particles move from up
and down at 900 to the wave direction.
Longitudinal:
The vibrations are along the direction
in which the ____ travels.
.
Speed (m/s) = frequency
(Hz) x wavelength (m)
Waves
Waves
can transfer e _______ . They do not transfer m__________ in the
.
direction that they are travelling. The upper most part of a wave is known as
the p______ and the lowest point is called the t___________. The a ________
is the maximum displacement of a wave measured in m_______. The
frequency is the number of w________ passing by a set point every second.
.
Seismic waves
Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes. There are 2
types of seismic waves . Primary (or P) waves are l_________
waves. ________ waves are transverse waves. Seismometers
can be used to detect these waves.
Infrared and ultraviolet
William H_______ discovered i_____ red waves. He used
t__________ in order to measure the temperature of different
colours of the visible spectrum (red, orange, yellow, g_____,
b_____ indigo, violet.) He placed a thermometer beyond red
and realised that this was the hottest part. He called this
Invisible wave infrared.
Ultraviolet was discovered by Johann R_________. He used
silver c________ which turns black when exposed to sunlight.
He placed some of this chemical beyond violet and found that
It broken down quickest here. He called this n_______ wave
Ultra v________.
KEY WORDS:
time
peak
longitudinal
longitudinal
wave
energy
matter
trough
amplitude
Herschel
chloride
infra
new
green
violet
thermometers
blue
transverse wave
meters
waves
peak
wavelength
amplitude
S
Ritter
P1 REVISION – The electromagnetic spectrum
Properties of the EM
waves waves. They can travel through a v_________. They all
They are all transverse
travel at the same s_____. They transfer energy. They can be reflected, refracted
and diffracted (spreading of a wave through a gap.)
Waves at
this end
have a
low
frequency
and little
energy.
.
Waves at
this end
have a
high
frequency
and lots
of
energy.
Further uses of electromagnetic
Ultraviolet can be produced by special UV lamps with mercury inside them.
. The mercury emits UV when a
A florescent lamp contains mercury vapour.
current is passed through it. f_______ bank notes can be identified using UV as
genuine notes have special florescent markings. Bottle water can be
disinfected by exposure to intense u_____________.
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons hit a metal. X rays are
absorbed by more dense materials. X-rays can be used to: identify dangerous
objects at an airport, check for b______ bones at hospital and even identify
cracks along a p______ wing.
Gamma rays can be used to s_________ food items. This irradiation kills
microbes and increase foods shelf life. Metal instruments in hospitals can also
. be sterilised in this way. Patients can be injected with special chemical tracers
which release g____ rays. These tracers help to identify the presence of
cancerous c ________. Intense gamma rays can even be used to d ______
cancers cells.
Microwaves
Microwaves are used to h______ our food. They are absorbed
by water an fatty molecules in the food.
Microwaves are also used for communicating with m_______
p__________. These microwaves are of a lower f_________
and have less energy.
Radiowaves
Medium frequency radio waves can be reflected off the
Ionosphere and can therefore travel long distance around
the world. Higher f______ radio waves can travel in straight
lines over long distances.
Infrared waves
Infrared waves are given out by most objects (above -273oc.)
Police and rescuers can uses thes e waves to find and track
p________. Remote controls also use these waves as do
Security systems and o_________fibres.
Visible light
This is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we
can s______.
Ionisation
Most atoms contain a stable nucleus made of p_______ and
n_______. Electrons orbit the nucleus. Radioactive material
contain nuclei that is unstable. The nuclei split up and emit either a
particle or a burst of electromagnetic radiation in the form of
alpha, b________ and g_________. All three of these forms of
radiation are ionisers. Ionisation is the process of removing
electrons from atoms, creating positive ions. Alpha is the most
ionising whilst gamma is the l_________ ionising.
KEY WORDS:
vacuum
speed
forged
ultraviolet
broken
plane
sterilise
gamma
cells
destroy
heat
mobile
phones
frequency
frequency
people
optical
see
protons
neutrons
beta
gamma
least