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 THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY THE
TRANSLATORS IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT TERMS INTO INDONESIAN
Nella Fitri Maya Juwita , Dr. Mashadi Said, M.Pd.
Undergraduate Program, 2009
Gunadarma University
http://www.gunadarma.ac.id
Keyword : TRANSLATION, STRATEGIES, TRANSLATOR, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
TERM
ABSTRACT :
This study intends to shed some light on how business management terms are translated from
English into Indonesian and what translation strategies are employed in the translation those
terms. The data were collected by means of business management terms taken from various
glossaries of English business management terms. The aims of this research are; (1) to identify
the equivalence of those terms in Indonesian; (2) to describe the strategy employed in the
translation of the terms; (3) to find out the most common strategies employed in the translation
of business management terms. The method employed in this research is a qualitative descriptive
method. The data consists of terms in English and Indonesian. There are 600 terms that were
found by the writer. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that the translators employed
more than one strategy in translating business management terms from English into Indonesian.
The strategies include direct translation, combination of direct translation and naturalization,
naturalization, and descriptive translation. Results also showed that direct translation is the most
widely used in English-Indonesian translation of business management terms (55%). It is
followed by the combination of direct translation and naturalization (25%), naturalization (15%),
and descriptive translation (5%).
THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY THE TRANSLATORS IN
TRANSLATING ENGLISH BUSINESS MANAGEMENT TERMS INTO INDONESIAN
Written by:
Name
NPM
NIRM
Major
Advisor 1
Advisor 2
: Nella Fitri Maya Juwita
: 10605097
: 20053137200350095
: English Literature
: Dr. Mashadi Said, M.Pd.
: Wawan Wurjantoro, SS, Mhum.
ABSTRACT
This study intends to shed some light on how business management terms are translated from
English into Indonesian and what translation strategies are employed in the translation those terms. The
data were collected by means of business management terms taken from various glossaries of English
business management terms.
The aims of this research are; (1) to identify the equivalence of those terms in Indonesian; (2) to
describe the strategy employed in the translation of the terms; (3) to find out the most common strategies
employed in the translation of business management terms. The method employed in this research is a
qualitative descriptive method. The data consists of terms in English and Indonesian. There are 600 terms
that were found by the writer.
After analyzing the data, it was concluded that the translators employed more than one strategy in
translating business management terms from English into Indonesian. The strategies include direct
translation, combination of direct translation and naturalization, naturalization, and descriptive translation.
Results also showed that direct translation is the most widely used in English-Indonesian translation of
business management terms (55%). It is followed by the combination of direct translation and
naturalization (25%), naturalization (15%), and descriptive translation (5%).
INTRODUCTION
Indonesian is the official language of the Republic of Indonesia. It means that, this is the language
that is used officially in the government, departments, and agencies. It is also the language that is applied
by teachers or lecturers in transferring knowledge to the students. In addition, Indonesian is also the
language that is used in the development of science and technology. For the above reasons, it is necessary
to develop Indonesian’s words and terms in various fields because the richness in vocabulary can be the
indication of the advancement of our nation.
In relation with facts above, many new terms just appear in the field of science and technology
which develop very fast. Although Pusat Bahasa (Language Center of Indonesia) has developed a list of
Indonesian terms taken from English terms, they are still very limited in number. Many important terms
are not included in the list. Therefore, translators still have serious problems in translating English terms
into Indonesian.
Based on the facts above, the writer is interested to conduct a research to find out the strategies
employed by the translators in translating terms. The writer focuses on English Business management
terminology due to the growth of the terms that is very important in education, world trade, and economic
development.
This research is conducted to describe how business management terms translated from English
into Indonesian and what translation strategies employed by the translators in translating these terms. The
writer also plans the research to find out the most widely used strategy in translating business
management terms.
Furthermore, this research is conducted because one of the difficulties that may be encountered
by the beginner translators in translating business management documents is to find out the most
appropriate equivalence for business management terms. The difficulties rise due to the absence of the
equivalence standard of the terms encountered by the translators. In relation with this point, the writer
believes that having people, especially novice translators, knows the strategies employed in translating the
terms is very important because by that point, they will get knowledge and new point of view in dealing
with terms translation. Accordingly, the translation strategies employed by the translators in translating
English business management terms into Indonesian have become the subject of study of this graduation
paper.
Previous Related Research
Aris Wuryantoro (2005)
Aris Wuryantoro conducted a research entitled Translation Procedure in the Translation of
Scientific Terms in the Text books as his master’s thesis. The sources of the data were taken from
textbooks on information technology. He found that the translation procedures employed by the
researcher includes transference by loan word, transposition, transference plus literal, cultural equivalent,
transference with adaptation, through translation, translation label, naturalization, loan word plus
explanation, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent and naturalization plus literal. He also found
that the translators of the scientific terms were faithful to the rule in the General Guideline of Terms
Formation by the Language Center of Indonesia, Department of National Education.
Fariah (2008)
Fariah conducted a research entitled The Rendering of Legal Terms (The Case of the Translation
of Instruments of Human Rights from English into Indonesian.) as her master’s thesis in Gunadarma
University. In her research she found strategies employed by the translator in translating legal terms from
English into Indonesian. The strategies employed by the translator include combination of translation and
naturalization, direct translation, naturalization, through translation, and descriptive translation.
Dimas Prasetyo (2008)
Dimas’ research was a master thesis on Annotated Translation of PIRLS 2006 International
Report. In his research he found some terminological problems on educational terms because those terms
do not exist in Indonesian language. Therefore, Dimas translated those terms utilizing direct translation,
descriptive translation, and naturalization. This means that he employed some strategies in translating
educational terms that their equivalences do not exist in Indonesian.
Position of this Research
This is a descriptive research on the translation of business management terms from English into
Indonesian that emphasizes on how business management terms are translated from English into
Indonesian. In this research, the writer takes three previous researches that have some similarities and
differences to her research. The first research is a research that was conducted by Fariah. The similarity of
the writer’s and Faria’s is on finding the strategies used in the translation terms. The difference is on the
field of the terms. Fariah took legal terms.
Furthermore, the writer takes Aris Wuryantoro’s research entitled Translation Procedure In The
Translation Of Scientific Terms In The Text Books. The connection of this research with the writer’s
research is both researches deal with translation, particularly on the strategies of translation and the use of
the terms as the data. Conversely, the dissimilarity of the researches is on the selection of the terms‫ــــــ‬
Wuryantoro took scientific terms in the text books.
The previous research conducted by Dimas Prasetyo was an annotated translation. The
relationship between Dimas’ and the writer’s research is both researches took terms as the data. Besides,
Dimas’ research also dealt with strategies in translating his data. In contrast, the difference of both
researches is Dimas emphasized his research on finding the problems in translating the terms, while the
writer’s research highlighted on finding the strategies in the translation of the terms.
In short, the above mentioned studies are just a few among a large number of studies related to
translation, each of which focuses on one aspect of the issue or views it from different angles. This study
aims at finding out the strategies employed by the translators in translating English business management
terms into Indonesian.
Problem Formulation
The study aims at answering the following questions:
1. What are the equivalences of the English business management terms in Indonesian?
2. What strategies are employed by the translators in the translation of these terms?
3. What are the most common strategies employed in the translation of these terms?
Aim of the Study
Based on the problems that have been formulated above, the aims of this study are as follows:
1. To identify the equivalence of the English business management terms in Indonesian.
2. To describe the strategies employed by the translators in the translation of those terms into
Indonesian.
3. To find out the most common strategies employed in the translation of those terms into
Indonesian.
Scope of the Study
In this research, the writer limits her research on the strategies employed by the translators in
translating business management terms from English into Indonesian. This research does not deal with the
reasons why certain strategies employed for certain terms.
.
Significance of the Study
The finding of this research includes business management terms in English and Indonesian. The
translation strategies are employed by the translators and the most commonly strategies are used by the
translators.
The findings have the following contributions:
1. To provide the glossary of business management terms both in English and Indonesian
that can be used by teachers, lecturers, and other users of business management terms.
2. To provide information on the translation strategies in dealing with business management
terms for students of translation and novice translators.
3. To provide information on the most commonly used strategy in the translation of
business management terms.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Theoretical Review
This chapter begins with an overview of terms and business management. It is then
followed by giving a few explanations of translation and equivalence. Lastly, this chapter
attempts to provide a number of general ideas on translation strategies that are proposed by some
experts.
An Overview of Terms
Definition of Terms
Hornby (2000:1340) defined “term” as a word or phrase used of the name of something,
especially one connected with a particular type of language: technical / legal / scientific term.
Besides, Collins (1994:1507) in his dictionary described that “term” is a word or an expression
with a specific meaning, especially one that is used in a particular subject.
In addition, it is stated in a book that is published by language centre (Pusat Bahasa) that
“term” is word or combined words which accurately express the meaning of concept, process,
situation, or specific characteristic in certain field. Furthermore Pusat Bahasa also stated that
term is divided into two namely, general term and specific term. General term is defined as a
term which comes from specific field but since it is used widely, this term becomes general
element of vocabulary. In the contrary, specific term is a term that is applied in specific field and
has a definite meaning (Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah, 2007:1).
Source of Terms
It is stated in Pedoman Umum Pembentuka Istilah (2007:2-3) that the source of terms can
be as follows:
1. Indonesian vocabulary
Indonesian word that can be made a term is a general word that is fulfilling the following
requirements:
a)
The chosen word or phrase can exactly express the meaning of concepts, process,
condition or characteristic of the term, e.g. tunak (steady), telus (percolate), imak
(stimulate).
b)
The chosen word or phrase is the shortest one among the other choices that can be made a
term, e.g. gulma instead of tumbuhan pengganggu, suaka politik instead of perlindungan
politik.
c)
The chosen word or phrase is the one that has good connotation e.g. tunakarya instead of
penganggur.
2. Language family vocabulary
If there is no appropriate terms in Indonesian that can express the meaning of concept,
process, situation, and characteristic of the foreign terms, so term can be formed by from
language family that meets the requirement of Indonesian vocabulary.
3. Foreign language vocabulary
If there is no appropriateness in both of Indonesian vocabulary and language family
vocabulary, so that foreign language can be used as source of Indonesia terms. A new term can
be found by translating, naturalizing, and translating plus naturalizing those foreign terms.
Strategies of Translating Terms
Strategies Proposed by Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah
It is stated in Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah (2007:4-21), that there are some
procedures taken to translate foreign terms into Indonesian. Those procedures are as follows:
A. Translation.
The procedure of translation consists of two ways that is, direct translation and translation
by recreating.
A.1. Direct Translation.
Indonesian terms can be formed by translating the words using the equivalence
available in Indonesian dictionary. It can be by adjustment the meaning but the
form is different, for examples:
supermarket : pasar swalayan
merger
: gabung usaha
Or it can be by adjustment the meaning and the form is equal, such as
black market : pasar gelap
annual plans : rencan tahunan
A.2. Translation by recreating.
Sometimes the effort of equivalent of foreign language is needed by creating new
terms. The term of catering is difficult to translate or to naturalize as a whole. In
Indonesian vocabulary, there is jasa boga which describe the translation of
service in ordering meal in big quantity.
B. Naturalization
The process of naturalization foreign terms can be considered if one or more the below
requirement fulfills: 1) chosen naturalization term is more appropriate because of its connotation,
2) chosen naturalization term is shorter than its Indonesian translation, 3) chosen naturalization
term is easier to make agreement if many synonyms in Indonesian terms. There are four ways of
terms formation using naturalization; they are:
B.1. Adjustment of spelling and pronunciation
For examples: camera (kaemera)
: kamera (kamera)
microphone (maikrofon) : mikrofon (mikrofon)
system (system)
: sistem (sistem)
B.2. Adjustment of spelling but the pronunciation is retained
For examples: design (desain)
: desain (desain)
file (fail)
: fail (fail)
science (sains)
: sains (sains)
B.3. Adjustment of pronunciation but the spelling is retained
Fro examples: bias (baies)
: bias (bias)
Nasal (neisal)
: nasal (nasal)
B.4. Spelling and pronunciation are retained
1. Naturalization of foreign terms without making adjustment on
pronunciation and spelling is done if the pronunciation and
spelling of those terms are not changed in many languages.
For examples: stautus quo, in vitro, dulce et impere.
2. Naturalization of foreign terms without adjustment on
pronunciation and spelling is done if the terms are used in general
vocabulary widely. For examples: golf, internet.
B.5 Naturalization of Affixes and Bond Morpheme of Foreign Term
B.5.1 Examples of Adjustment of Prefixes and Bond Morpheme
Foreign prefixes which are come from European (in this case English) can be used in
Indonesian terms by making some spelling adjustments. Here are some examples of prefixes in
English and Indonesian.
English Prefixes
aababsbicatadediseximilininterre-
Examples
Amoral
Abnormal
Abstrak
Biconvex
Cataclysm
Dehydration
Disharmony
Exclave
Immigration
Illegal
Induction
International
Reflection
Indonesian
Prefixes
aababsBi
Kata
dediseksimilininterre-
Examples
Amoral
Abnormal
Abstrak
Bikonveks
kataklisme
Dehidrasi
disharmoni
Eksklave
Imigrasi
Illegal
Induksi
Internasional
Refleksi
B.5.2 Some Examples of Adjustment of Suffixes
Foreign suffixes in Indonesian language are naturalized as a part of affixed words
completely. Below are some examples of English-Indonesian suffixes.
English Suffixes
Examples
Indonesian
Examples
Suffixes
-ist
Capitalist
-is
Kapitalis
-ity
Facility
-itas
Fasilitas
-ive
Descriptive
-if
Deskriptif
-ical
Practical
-is
Praktis
-or
Director
-ur
Direktur
-tion
Publication
-si
Publikasi
-ant
Accountant
-an
Akuntan
-al
National
-al
Nasional
-ac
Maniac
-ak
Maniak
-able
Variable
-abel
Variabel
-ism
Capitalism
-isme
Kapitalisme
-cy
Accuracy
-si
Akurasi
-tion
Appreciation
-si
Apresiasi
-ency
Efficiency
-ensi
Efisiensi
-ate
Emirate
-at
Emirat
C. Combination of Direct Translation and Naturalization
Indonesian terms can be formed by transferring and translating foreign terms all at one.
Here are some examples of combination of direct translation and naturalization:
Vertical market
Tax subsidy
Product mix
: Pasar vertikal
: Subsidi pajak
: Bauran produk
D. Recreating
Scientist, cultural observer, and artist are people who frequent declare new concepts that
are not existed before. New terms which are used to express those concepts can be recreated after
the circumstances and patterns of the field of activities.
E. Standardization and Codification of Indonesian Terms
Terms that have been selected by way of stabilization, translation, naturalization and
recreation are standardized through codification; therefore the reliability of the rules and manners
can be retained.
Theories of translation Procedures Proposed by Newmark
In this part, the writer will only take three procedures proposed by Newmark (1988:8193) in his book entitled A Text book of Translation. The procedures are as follows:
A. Naturalization.
Transferred word is adapted to the target language (pronunciation and
morphology).
B. Direct Translation
Direct translation means utilizing the equivalence of the terms available in the
receptor language.
C. Descriptive translation
Descriptive translation means the meaning of the original word is explained in
several words. It is often used with transference to translate a cultural
word/expression. Description sometimes has to be weighed against function.
Description and function are essential elements in explanation and therefore in
translation.
Theories Proposed by Said
Said (2008:37-38) also proposed the strategies in translating foreign terms into
Indonesian, namely direct combination of translation and naturalization.
a. Direct translation
Utilizing the equivalence terms available in the receptor language. In this strategy,
the translators use the equivalence of the terms which are available in the receptor
language.
b. Naturalization
The term is adopted into the receptor language using the spelling of the alphabet
of the receptor language. This strategy is used or employed if the first strategy or
the equivalence of foreign terms is not available in the receptor language.
The Brief Explanation of the Strategies
Direct Translation
This strategy is generally used because the source language terms have their equivalences
in the target language terms. This statement is supported by some experts in translation, such as
Newmark and Said. In relation to this matter Newmark (1988:81-93) comments:
“Direct translation means utilizing the equivalence of the terms available
in the receptor language.”
It is then supported by Said (2007:37-38) that stated:
“In this strategy, the translators use the equivalence of the terms which
are available in the receptor language.”
Besides, it is stated in Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah (2007:4) that also supports the
statement by stated that
“Direct translation can be done by finding the equivalence of form and
meaning.”
Combination of Direct Translation and Naturalization
The next strategy is combination of direct translation and naturalization. This strategy is
proposed by Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah. This strategy employed in the translation
because the source language terms need to be translated using more than one strategies for the
reason that a part or some parts of words do not have its equivalence in the source language
terms. This is in line with the Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah (2007:20) that stated:
“Indonesian terms can be formed by both direct translation and
naturalization. This strategy translates the word by making adjustment of
the spelling or pronunciation and by combining it with the word that
translated using direct translation strategy.”
More to the point, Said (2008:37-38) also proposed the strategies in translating foreign terms into
Indonesian, namely direct combination of translation and naturalization. Said comments that:
“Direct translation means utilizing the equivalence terms available in the
receptor language. In this strategy, the translators use the equivalence of
the terms which are available in the receptor language.”
“Naturalization means the term is adopted into the receptor language
using the spelling of the alphabet of the receptor language. This strategy
is used or employed if the first strategy or the equivalence of foreign
terms is not available in the receptor language.”
Naturalization
The third strategy is naturalization. Newmark (1988:81-93) and the General Guidelines
for Indonesian Formation (2007:6) stated that the translators translate the original terms by
adopting the original terms of the source language terms by making some changes dealing with
pronunciation and spelling. This strategy is supported by some theories stated by some experts.
Said (2007:37-38) stated:
“Naturalization means the term is adopted into the receptor language
using the spelling of the alphabet of the receptor language.”
According to Newmark (1988:82)
“Naturalization succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the
normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-form) of the
target language terms.”
Descriptive Translation
The last strategy is descriptive translation. According To Newmark (1988:83),
description sometimes has to be weighed against function. Description and function are essential
elements in explanation and therefore in translation. The translator used this strategy in some
terms because the terms cannot be translated by using equivalences since the words do not have
it. The terms should be explained to achieve the meaning in the target language in order to
deliver the correct meaning of the terms. It is supported by Newmark that claimed:
“Descriptive translation means the meaning of the original word is
explained in several words. It is often used with transference to translate
a cultural word/expression.”
Besides, in employing descriptive translation as a strategy, the source language terms use generic
as the head and giving an explanation to the translation work.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research Design
This research employed a qualitative descriptive method. It is highlighting on the translation of
business management terms. This research utilizes qualitative and descriptive method because firstly, the
data and the result gathered in this study, which are terms both in English and Indonesian, are verbal data
in the form of verbal expression. Secondly, this research involves the collecting data in order to answer
research questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study (Wilkinson, 2000:7).
According to Miles and Huberman (1992:16-18) in analyzing qualitative data, there are three
concurrent flows of activity, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. In
the data reduction, the data are categorized according to some categorizations. Meanwhile in the data
display, the data that have been categorized are calculated based on the frequencies of the occurrence of
each categorization. After that, to simplify the result of the study, the data are presented in a table and a
pie chart. The last one is in the conclusion drawing and verification. In this part, the data are presented in
the form that suit to the research. The data have to be verified by the advisor to identify whether the data
are correct or incorrect.
Source of the Data
The source of the data in this research consists of various English-Indonesian business
management glossaries. Besides, several of business management dictionaries from English into
Indonesian also become the sources of the data. The sources of the data are “Ensiklopedia Ekonomi
Keuangan Perdagangan” by A. Abdurrachman, 1982, “Kamus Istilah Akuntansi” by G. Joel Siegel and K.
Jae Shim, 1996, “Kamus Istilah Ekonomi Populer” by Raluna M., 2006, “Pengindonesian Kata dan
Ungkapan Asing” by Pusat Bahasa, 2003, “Kamus Istilah Keuangan dan Perbankan” by Pandji
Aliminsyah, 2003, “Collins Kamus Lengkap Ekonomi” by Bryan Lowes and Christophe Pass, 1998, “The
Contemporary Business Dictionary English-Indonesian, 1993, ”Glosarium Istilah Manajemen Bisnis” by
Mashadi Said and Iman Murtono Soenhadji, http://pusatbahasa.diknas.go.id/glossarium/ retrieved 23 May
2009, http://www.powerhomebiz.com/Glossary/glossary-G.htm#1 retrieved 25 May 2009.
Data Collection Procedure
The data included business management terms from English into Indonesian. The data were
collected employing the following actions:
1. Reading the English-Indonesian business management terms.
2. Identifying the strategies employed by the translators in translating business management terms
from English into Indonesian.
3. The identified strategy is typed into the third right column after the column of source language
and target language.
Data Analysis Procedure
In analyzing the data, the writer uses components of data analysis from Miles and Huberman
(1992:16-18) called as interactive model. Therefore, the analysis of the data consists of three flows of
activity, which are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The three
activities are intertwined and cannot be separated to build up the analysis.
Data Reduction
In the data reduction, the data are categorized according to the strategies of translation. The
strategies are divided into four that consist of direct translation, combination of direct translation and
naturalization, naturalization, and descriptive translation. Here, the data is business management terms
from English into Indonesian. The results of data collection are put into categories of translation strategies
and the frequency of that categories occur in the process of translating the terms.
Data Display
The data that have been categorized are calculated based on the frequencies of the occurrences of
the strategy used, then, they are presented in a table and a pie chart in purpose to simplify the data.
Conclusion Drawing and Verification
In the conclusion drawing, the data are presented in the form of terms both in English and
Indonesian. Based on that form of terms, the writer draws a conclusion that is related to the research. In
the verification, the data are verified by the advisors to find out if the data are correct or incorrect. In
addition, verification is also done for the categorization of translation strategies employed by the writer.
RESULT OF STUDY AND DISCUSSION
Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to present the result and the discussion of study. It starts with the
pie chart which shows the result of analyzing the data. It is then followed by the discussion of each
category of translation strategies and the description of the strategies employed in the translation of the
terms.
In this graduation paper, the writer focuses her study on the strategies employed by the translators
in translating English terms, English business management terms in particular, into Indonesian. The data
that are analyzed consist of 600 business management terms, both in English and Indonesian.
After analyzing them, the writer finds out that 328 terms out of 600 terms from the data are
translated by employing direct translation strategy. Then, the combination of direct translation and
naturalization is employed to translate 149 terms. The naturalization strategy is used to translate 90 terms.
t
is applied tto translate 33 terms. T
The proportiion of thesee
The lastt strategy, ddescriptive translation,
strategiees can be seen in the folloowing table and
a pie chartt.
The Tab
ble of Transslation Strattegy
NO
Sttrategy of Trranslation
1 Direct Transslation
2 Combinationn of Direct Translation
T
a
and
Naturalization
3 Naturalization
4 Descriptive Translation
Frequen
ncy
328 term
m
149 term
ms
%
55%
25%
90 term
ms
33 term
ms
15%
5%
The Pie Chart of Trranslation Strategy
S
of Business
B
Maanagement Terms
T
5%
15%
D
Direct Transla
ation
Combination of Direct C
T
Translation an
nd Naturalizattion
N
Naturalization
n
55%
25%
D
Descriptive
Disccussion
Direect Translattion
Direct translation is
i the most common
c
straategies used in translatinng business management
m
t
term
ms. This straategy showss that the soource languaage terms have
h
their eqquivalence in
i the targett
langguage througgh the dictionnary. So in this
t part, thee translators translated thhe meaning of
o the sourcee
langguage terms into the targget language terms by ussing equivaleence available in the targ
get languagee
term
ms. There aree about 328 (55%)
(
out off 600 terms oof business management
m
that were translated into
o
Indoonesian emplloying directt translation strategy.
s
A.
Exaamples of thee Data
NO
Sourcce Text Lang
guage
Targget Text Lan
nguage
1
Capital exppenditure buudget
Anggaran pengeluaran
p
m
modal
2
Market maaker
Penggerak pasar
p
3
Non-votingg stock
Saham tanppa hak suara
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
B.
Opportunity cost
Profit and loss statement
Profit center
Quality control
Questionnaire
Registered capital
Replacement cost
Biaya peluang
Laporan laba-rugi
Pusat laba
Kendali mutu
Angket
Modal terdaftar
Biaya pengganti
Analysis
Using direct translation as the strategy of translation means that every word or term has its
equivalence in the target language. In this case, the writer has some examples that can be seen in the
part A. Those Indonesian terms that are presented in the table A are the equivalence of the English
terms. So, since the equivalence of these terms is available in the target language (Indonesian), the
translators decided to use direct translation strategy in translating the terms.
The term capital expenditure budget is translated into anggaran pengeluaran modal where
capital means modal, expenditure means pengeluaran and budget means anggaran. The term modal,
pengeluaran, and anggaran are available in the target language. Therefore, this term is translated by
employing direct translation and by making adjustment to meaning. The form of the term in target
language is equal to the form in source language.
After that, the writer takes market maker as one of examples. The term market has its
equivalence in Indonesian which is pasar and maker also has its own equivalence that is penggerak. It
means that market maker can be translated into penggerak pasar by employing direct translation as a
strategy. This term is translated by employing adjustment to the meaning. In addition, the form
between the source and target language is equal.
The next term is non-voting stock. The non-voting is translated into tanpa hak suara and
stock has saham as its equivalence. So, non-voting stock is translated into saham tanpa hak suara in
Indonesian language. This example is translated by using direct translation because it has equivalence
in target language. This term is also translated by constructing adjustment to the meaning but the form
of source language and target language is not equal.
Then, the example is followed by opportunity cost that is translated into biaya peluang. The
term opportunity is translated into peluang and cost is translated into biaya. Since the equivalence of
the term is available, the translators employe direct translation to translate it. This term is translated
by making adjustment to the meaning. In this example, the form of source and target language is
equal.
After that, the writer takes profit and loss statement as the example. The equivalence of this
term in Indonesian is laporan laba-rugi. The term profit is translated into laba. The loss has rugi as
its equivalence and statement means laporan. In translating this term by using direct translation
strategy, the translators do adjustment to meaning. The form of source language and target language
term is equal.
The next example is profit center which has pusat laba as the translation, where profit is
translated into laba and center is translated into pusat. Besides translating this part by employing
direct translation, the translators also translate the term by creating adjustment to the meaning. The
form between the source and the target language is equal.
Quality control is being the next case in analyzing the data. The translators translate this
term into kendali mutu, where quality is translated into mutu and control is translated into kendali. In
translating this term, the translators employ adjustment to the meaning. Besides, this example shows
us that the form of the source language is equal with the form in the target language
Henceforth, the writer takes questionnaire as the example. Questionnaire in Indonesian is
called angket. By seeing on this example, the writer wraps up that this example is translating by
employing direct translation as well as by making some adjustment to the meaning. The form of the
term in the target and source language is equal.
After that, registered capital becomes the next example. This term is translated into modal
terdaftar. The term registered is translated into terdaftar, while capital is translated into modal. The
writer concluded that the translation of this example followed by making adjustment to the meaning
of the term. The form of the term in source and target language is equal.
Here is the last example that would explain the use of direct translation as the strategy in
translating the terms. The example is replacement cost. This term is translated into biaya pengganti,
where the replacement is translated into pengganti and the cost is translated into biaya. So, the writer
comes to a decision that this example is translated by employing adjustment to the meaning. The form
of the term in both languages is equal.
By analyzing all those ten examples, the writer has led to conclude that all the above
examples have their own equivalence; therefore the translators decide to employ direct translation in
translating the terms. Moreover, by exploring these ten examples, the writer summarizes that in
translating terms by using direct translation, the translators have to consider the two kinds of direct
translation which are translation by making adjustment to the meaning but the form is different and
translation by conducting adjustment to the meaning and the form of the term is equal.
Combination of Direct Translation and Naturalization
Combination of direct translation and naturalization in Indonesian can be formed by finding
the equivalence of the terms which are available in the target language and adopting the source
language terms by making adjustment to the spelling, pronunciation, to both spelling and
pronunciation or by retaining the spelling and pronunciation. There are about 149 (25%) out of 600
terms that were translated into Indonesian using combination of direct translation and naturalization
as a strategy.
A.
Examples of the Data
NO
Source Text Language
Target Text Language
1
Accounting cost
Biaya Perakunan
2
Accounting equation
Persamaan Perakunan
3
Guerrilla marketing
Pemasaran gerilya
4
Horizontal integration
Integrasi mendatar
5
Trade credit
Kredit perdagangan
6
Turnkey contract
Kontrak terima jadi
7
Uncertainly analysis
Analisis ketidakpastian
8
Valued policy
Polis bernilai
9
Variable annuity
Tunjangan variabel
10 Vertical market
Pasar vertikal
B.
Analysis
Combination of direct translation and naturalization is the second most common strategy
employed in the translation business management terms from English into Indonesian. The reason
why the translators utilize this strategy is because the source language terms consist of words which
cannot be translated only by employing direct translation or naturalization. It happens because some
words in the terms have equivalence in the target language, while some do not. Therefore, the
translators decided to translate the terms by both translating (for the words that have equivalence) and
naturalizing the source language terms into target language terms (for the words that do not have
equivalence). In this part, the writer has some examples that can be found in table A
To make the explanation of the use of combination of direct translation and naturalization as
one of strategies in translating business management terms clearer, the writer will give some
examples that will be started in this paragraph. The first term that becomes the example is accounting
cost which is translated into biaya perakunan, where accounting is naturalized into perakunan, and
cost is translated into biaya. This term uses the combination of direct translation and naturalization
because it has word that can be translated directly as they have equivalence in the target language
(cost becomes biaya) and word that is adopted from the source language (accounting becomes
perakunan).
The second example is accounting equation. The word accounting is naturalized into
perakunan, while equation is translated directly into persamaan since the word equation has its
equivalence in the target language. The word accounting in the source language term is translated into
target language by adopting the word and by making adjustment to the spelling and pronunciation in
the target language. So, the translation of this word becomes perakunan. Therefore, this term is
translated and naturalized into persamaan perakunan.
The third example is guerrilla marketing. The term guerrilla is naturalized into gerilya by
adopting the word and by making adjustment to the spelling and pronunciation. Marketing is
translated into pemasaran since the word marketing has its equivalence in Indonesian. As a result, this
term is translated and naturalized into pemasaran gerilya.
The next term is horizontal integration. The term horizontal is translated into mendatar.
Integration is naturalized into integrasi by adopting the word and making adjustment to the
pronunciation and spelling in the target language; suffix –tion is naturalized into Indonesian suffix –
si. So, the translation of this term is integrasi mendatar.
After that, trade credit becomes the example of this case. Here, trade is translated directly
into perdagangan and credit is naturalized into kredit. The word credit is naturalized by making
adjustment to the pronunciation and spelling; the first alphabet ‘c’ is naturalized into ‘k’. So this
example is translated and naturalized into kredit perdagangan.
Then, the writer chooses turnkey contract as the example of combination of direct
translation and naturalization strategy. Turnkey has equivalence in the target language which is terima
jadi, while contract is naturalized into kontrak by making adjustment to the pronunciation and
spelling; the first alphabet ‘c’ in (c)ontract is naturalized into ‘k’, so it becomes (k)ontrak, and the
two last alphabets, ‘ct’ contra(ct), is naturalized into ‘k’ kontr(k). As a result, turnkey contract is
translated and naturalized into kontrak terima jadi.
The term uncertainly analysis becomes the next example to support the explanation of using
combination of direct translation and naturalization as strategy. In this example, the word uncertainly
is translated into ketidakpastian. The word analysis itself is naturalized into analisis. The word which
has equivalence in Indonesian is uncertainly (ketidakpastian). Then, the word that needs to be
naturalized is analysis (analisis). This word is naturalized by making adjustment to the spelling (the
alphabet ‘y’ in anal(y)sis is naturalized into ‘i’, so it becomes anal(i)sis) and also by making
adjustment to the pronunciation. So, uncertainly analysis is translated and naturalized into analisis
ketidakpaastian.
Furthermore, the writer takes valued policy as the example. Here, the word valued is
translated directly into bernilai since valued has its equivalence in the target language. On the
contrary, the translators do not translate the word policy but do naturalization to it. So, policy is
naturalized into polis. At this point, the translators naturalize the word policy by making adjustment
both to the spelling and the pronunciation. So, valued policy becomes polis bernilai.
Variable annuity is being the next example in this strategy. In Indonesian, this term is called
tunjangan variabel. The word variable is naturalized into variabel, while another word which is
annuity is translated into tahunan. The word variable is naturalized by constructing adjustment to the
spelling and pronunciation.
The last example of combination of direct translation and naturalization is vertical market.
This example is naturalized and translated into pasar vertikal. Here, the translators naturalize the
word vertical into vertikal by making adjustment to the pronunciation and spelling (the alphabet ‘c’
(verti(c)al) becomes ‘k’ (verti(k)al), while, the word market is translated directly into pasar.
The analysis of the combination of direct translation and naturalization by taking ten
examples has guided the writer to the conclusion that this strategy is employed when the translators
find terms that consists of more than one words, where some words have equivalence in the target
language and some do not. For the words that have equivalence, the translators can directly translate
it by using direct translation. However, for those that do not have equivalence, the translators have to
naturalize it.
Naturalization
Occasionally in translating terms, the translators have to translate them by naturalization and
by making some adjustments to the spelling, pronunciation, to the both of spelling and pronunciation,
or by retaining the spelling and pronunciation in the target language terms. It happens because the
source language terms do not have appropriate equivalences in the target language. There are about
90 terms (15%) out of 600 terms of business management that were translated into Indonesian
employing naturalization strategy.
A.
Examples of the Data
NO
Source Text Language
Target Text Language
1
Appreciation
Apresiasi
2
Facsimile machine (FAX)
Mesin Faksimile
3
Dumping
Dumping
4
Matrix management
Manajemen matriks
5
Micro business
Bisnis mikro
6
Nationalization
Nasionalisasi
7
Publicity
Publisitas
8
Royalty
Royalti
9
Voucher system
Sistem vocer
10 Virtual organization
Organisasi virtual
B.
Analysis
Employing naturalization strategy in translating means that the translators transfer and adopt the
source language term, first to the normal pronunciation then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of
the target language texts. In this analysis, the writer presents ten examples out of 90 data of business
management terms that were translated using naturalization strategy. The examples can be seen in the
table A.
The translators use naturalization in translating 90 terms because the terms do not have
equivalence in the target language, therefore the translators render the meaning of the terms by adopting
the source language into the target language terms and also by changing the terms’ pronunciation and
spelling or by retaining the pronunciation and the spelling .
In this part the writer will give ten examples, so that the analysis will be clearer. The first
example is appreciation that is naturalized into apresiasi, where the suffix –tion in the source language
terms is naturalized into ‘si’ in the target language term. In this case, the translators adjust the spelling and
the pronunciation of the term.
The second example is facsimile machine which is naturalized into mesin faksimile, where the
‘cs’ in facsimilie becomes ‘ks’ (faksimile) and machine becomes mesin. In the second example, the
translators adjusted the spelling and the pronunciation of the term.
The next example is dumping. In Indonesian language, this term is naturalized into dumping.
Here, we can see the naturalization by retaining the spelling but do adjustment to the pronunciation.
Then, the writer has matrix management as the example. This term becomes manajemen matriks
in the target language. The ‘g’ in (mana(g)ement) becomes ‘j’ and the last alphabet, which is ‘t’, is
omitted. The ‘x’ in matri(x) turns into ‘ks’ (matri(ks)). So, the translators naturalized the term by adjusting
the spelling and the pronunciation of the term.
The next example is micro business. This term is naturalized into bisnis mikro, where micro is
naturalized into mikro and business is changed into bisnis. In this case, the translators do adjustment both
to the spelling and pronunciation for the term.
Henceforth, to make the analysis clearer, the writer takes nationalization as the example. The
naturalization of nationalization in Indonesia is nasionalisasi. In this case, naturalization is done by
adjustment the pronunciation and the spelling. In adjusting the spelling, the translators naturalized the
alphabet ‘t’ into ‘s’ in the target language. Besides, the translators also naturalized the prefix –tion into –si
in the target language.
Publicity is being the next example to support the explanation of using naturalization as a strategy
in translating business management terms. Publicity is naturalized into publisitas. In this case, the
translator naturalized the word by constructing adjustment both to the spelling and pronunciation.
Adjustment of the spelling is done by naturalized the alphabet ‘c’ (publi(c)ity) into ‘s’ (public(s)itas) and
also by naturalized the prefix –ity (publicity) into –itas (publisitas).
Then, the writer takes royalty as the example. In Indonesian royalty is called royalti. It means
that, royalty is being naturalized. In this example, the translators naturalized the term by making
adjustment to the pronunciation and spelling. The adjustment of spelling is done by naturalized the last
alphabet ‘y’ (royalt(y)) into ‘i’ (royalt(i)).
The term voucher system is naturalized into sistem vocer, where system is naturalized into sistem
and voucher is adopted into vocer. The naturalization of this term is followed by the adjustment of the
spelling. The adjustment of spelling is happened because the ‘y’ in (s(y)stem) is changed into ‘i’ (sistem)
the ‘u’ and ‘h’ in voucher (vo(u)c(h)er) are omitted. Naturalization of the term, system voucher, is also
followed by adjusting the pronunciation.
The last example is virtual organization that is naturalized into organisasi virtual. In this case,
the suffix –tion (organization) in the source language is changed into ‘si’ (organisasi) in the target
language. It means that the translators adjusted the spelling and the pronunciation of the word
organization. For the word virtual, the translators naturalize it into virtual. The translators adjust the
pronunciation but retain the spelling.
Finally, the writer concludes that the reason of employing this strategy is because the translators
do not find the appropriate equivalence of the terms in the target language. In addition, the writer comes
to the conclusion that in using naturalization, the translators have to deal with some forms, namely:
adjustment of spelling and pronunciation, adjustment of spelling but the pronunciation is retained,
adjustment of pronunciation but the spelling is retained, and the last one is spelling and pronunciation are
retained.
Descriptive Translation
Sometimes, in translating words, texts, or terms from one language to another language, the
translators find difficulties in finding the equivalences, whether using direct translation or naturalization.
As a result, the translators have to translate them by describing and giving some information dealing with
the purposes of the words, texts, or terms in the target language. It also happens when the translators try to
translate business management terms from English into Indonesian. The writer found 33 (5%) out of 600
of business management terms that were translated using descriptive strategy.
A.
Examples of the Data
NO
Source Text Language
Target Text Language
1
Marketable security
Surat berharga yang dapat diperjualbelikan di pasar modal.
2
Hard goods
Barang tahan lama.
3
Hard sell
Teknik menjual agresif
4
Pay pal
Pembayaran melalui internet
B.
5
Viral marketing
6
7
8
Wallet Technology
Web marketing
Year-end
Konsep pemasaran dengan sistem kerja
virus
Perangkat lunak computer
Pemasaran melalui situs internet
Akhir dari periode akuntansi
Analysis
In this part, the translators translate business management terms by describing and giving some
information dealing with the purposes of the terms in the target language terms. The examples of this
strategy can be seen in table A.
The translators used the descriptive strategy because the terms cannot be translated by using their
equivalences in the target language terms. The terms should be explained to achieve the meaning in the
target language in order to deliver the correct meaning of them. In this strategy, the translators also
translated the terms by taking the generic information as the head and give some explanations to the head.
In this analysis’ part, the writer will explain eight examples that are taken from the data. The
opening example is marketable security. This term is translated into surat berharga yang dapat diperjualbelikan di pasar modal. The head of this term is security which is translated into surat berharga. Then,
marketable is translated into dapat diperjual-belikan. To make the translation of this term clearer, the
translators add some words, which are yang and di pasar modal. That is why this term is translated by
employing descriptive translation.
The second example is hard goods that is translated into barang tahan lama. The word goods
which is translated into barang is the head of the term. Besides, the equivalence of hard in the target
language is keras. By that fact, this term should be translated into barang keras but since the rendition of
this term into barang keras can bring confusion to the readers, so the translators describe the translation
of hard into tahan lama. Thus, the translation of this term becomes barang tahan lama.
Then, the writer has hard sell as the example. This term is translated into teknik menjual agresif
in Indonesian. The word menjual is the head of the term. The equivalence of hard is keras. Since the
meaning of the translation will be blur if the term is translated into menjual keras, so the translators
describe hard as agresif. Then, the translators give addition, which is teknik, to make the translation
unambiguous. So, the translation of this term becomes teknik menjual agresif.
The next example is pay pal. Indonesian language does not have the concept of this term, so the
translators describe it as pembayaran melalui internet. The translators take the description of this term by
taking from the term’s definition which is a web based service that enables internet users to send and
receive payments electronically (Indonesian: layanan berbasis situs internet yang memungkinkan
pengguna internet untuk mengirim dan menerima pembayaran secara elektronik).
Furthermore, the writer has viral marketing as the example. The translators translate this term into
konsep pemasaran dengan sistem kerja virus. The head of this term is marketing which is translated into
pemasaran. The term viral is translated into dengan sistem kerja virus. In order to make this translation
clearer for the readers, the translators add konsep to the Indonesian term.
The next example is wallet technology. The target language does not have this concept so, the
term is described as perangkat lunak komputer. The translators take the description of this term by taking
from the term’s definition which is a software package providing digital wallets or purses on the
computers of merchants and customers to facilitate payment by digital cash (Indonesian: Paket perangkat
lunak yang menyediakan layanan dompet digital pada komputer penjual dan pelanggan untuk
memfasilitasi mereka dalam pembayaran melalui tunai digital). Moreover, the writer has web marketing
as one of the examples that is translated into pemasaran melalui situs internet. The head of this term is
marketing which is translated into pemasaran. Website itself is translated into situs internet. To avoid
puzzlement for the readers, the translators add melalui as the connection between pemasaran and situs
internet. Accordingly, this term is rendered into pemasaran melalui situs internet.
The last next example is year-end. The translators translated this term into akhir dari periode
akuntansi. The term year is translated into periode and end is translated into akhir. By that detail, this
term should be translated into akhir periode. Unfortunately, the translation of this term into akhir periode
lets the readers encounter misunderstanding. Therefore, to overcome the misunderstanding, the translators
compose the translation clearer by adding some addition. As this term focuses on business management,
the translators add akuntansi. So, this term is translated into akhir dari periode akuntansi.
The Strategies Employed by the Translators in Translating Business Management Terms
Based on the analysis in the previous part, the writer found four strategies employed in translating
business management terms from English into Indonesian. The strategies include direct translation,
combination of direct translation and naturalization, naturalization, and descriptive translation.
In this research, direct translation is the most common strategy employed in translating business
management terms. The findings of the study are the terms capital expenditure budget, market maker,
non-voting stock, opportunity cost, profit and loss statement, profit center, quality control, questionnaire,
registered capital, and replacement cost that are translated into anggaran pengeluaran modal, penggerak
pasar, sahan tanpa hak suara, biaya peluang, laporan laba-rugi, pusat laba, kendali mutu, angket, modal
terdaftar, and biaya pengganti. These Indonesian terms are the equivalence of the previous English
terms. The translators used direct translation strategy in translating those terms because the equivalence of
those terms is available in the target language. This study is supported by some experts of translation.
According to Said (2007:37-38), Newmark (1988:81-93) that direct translation means utilizing the
equivalence of the terms available in the receptor language. Besides, Pedoman Umum Pembentukan
Istilah (2007:4) stated that direct translation can be done by finding the equivalence of form and meaning.
The second most common strategy is combination of direct translation and naturalization. This
strategy employed by the translators in translating the terms because the source language terms are
needed to translate using more than one strategy since a part of word does not have its equivalence in the
target language and a part of word has equivalence in the target language. It is stated in Pedoman Umum
Pembentukan Istilah (2007:20) that Indonesian terms can be formed by both naturalization and
translation. This strategy adopts the word by making adjustment to the spelling or pronunciation and
translates the word that has the equivalence in the target language texts. For examples, accounting costs,
accounting equation, guerrilla marketing, horizontal integration, trade credit, turnkey contract,
uncertainly analysis, valued policy, variable annuity, and vertical market that are translated into biaya
perakunan, persamaan perakunan, pemasaran gerilya, integrasi mendatar, kredit perdagangan, kontrak
terima jadi, analisis ketidakpastian, polis bernilai, tunjangan variabel, dan pasar vertical.
The next strategy is naturalization. The translators employed naturalization in translating the
terms because they do not find the appropriate term equivalence in the target language. Based on that
reason, the translators adopt the original terms of the source language by making some changes dealing
with pronunciation and spelling to get the appropriate terms in the target language. It is supported by Said
(2007:37-38) that stated naturalization means the term is adopted into the receptor language using the
spelling of the alphabet of the receptor language. Besides, it is also supported by Newmark (1988:81-83)
that commented naturalization succeeds transference and adopts the source language word first to the
normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-form) of the target language. For examples,
appreciation (apresiasi), matrix management (manajemen matriks), micro business (bisnis mikro),
Nationalization (nasionalisasi), publicity (publisitas), and voucher system (sistem vocer)
The last strategy is descriptive translation. The translators use this strategy because the terms in
source language cannot be translated by using their equivalence in the target language. The terms should
be explained to achieve the meaning in the target language in order to deliver the correct meaning of the
terms. It is supported by Newmark (1988:1983) that stated descriptive translation means the meaning of
the original word is explained in several words. Besides, in employing this strategy, the source language
terms use generic as the head and giving an explanation to the translation work. The examples of this
strategy are marketable security (surat berharga yang dapat diperjual-belikan di pasar modal), hard
goods (barang tahan lama), Hard sell (teknik menjual agresif), pay pal (pembayaran melalui internet),
and viral marketing (konsep pemasaran dengan sistem kerja virus).
The Frequency of Strategies Occurred in Translating the Business Management Terms
The frequency of the strategies is calculated by proportion of the strategies in translating the
terms. The frequencies of the strategies are as follow direct translation (55%), combination of direct
translation and naturalization (25%), naturalization (15%), and descriptive translation (5%).
The translators used direct translation because the business management terms have their
equivalence in the target language. The combination of direct translation and naturalization is used since
the meaning of the terms cannot be separated each others. The translators employed naturalization in
which the terms were transafered and adopted into the normal pronunciation and morphology because the
temrs do not have their equivalences in the target language. The strategy of descriptive translation
employed by the translators is used to describe the source language terms using generic words as the head
and add it with some explanations to the target language terms.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
The analysis of the data in chapter four has led the writer to the conclusion that there are four
translation strategies employed by the translators in translating English business management terms into
Indonesian namely direct translation, combination of direct translation and naturalization, naturalization,
and descriptive translation.
Direct translation strategy is employed when the source language terms have appropriate
equivalence in the target language terms, while the combination of direct translation and naturalization is
used when the translators find that the source language terms are needed to translate using more than one
strategies since a part of word does not have its equivalence in the target language and a part of word has
equivalence in the target language. The third strategy is naturalization. This strategy is employed by the
translators because they do not find the appropriate equivalence of the terms in the target language. The
last strategy is descriptive translation. In employing this strategy the translators give some explanations to
the terms to achieve the correct meaning of the terms.
Furthermore, most of the English business management terms are rendered into Indonesian
employing direct translation. The second most frequent strategy is combination of direct translation and
naturalization. It is then followed by naturalization in the third position. The least frequent strategy that is
employed in the translation of English business management into Indonesian is descriptive translation.
Suggestion
This research focuses on the strategies employed by the translators in the translation of English
business management terms into Indonesian. Since the research on the translation of English terms into
Indonesian, especially in finding the right strategies to translate those terms, brings so many benefits to
the students of English department in particular and to the other students from other departments in
general, the writer suggests the next researchers to conduct a research in the same part but they have to
choose other field of studies. For instance they can take terms in the field of information technology,
education, or agriculture.
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