Page 12

Page 12
News of Polonia Pasadena, California November 2007
Dr. Guzłowski from 8
Autumn of life from 8
In her study Victims, Heroes, Survivors:
Sexual Violence on the Eastern Front in
World War II (available on the internet),
historian Wendy Jo Gertjejanssen argues
that sexual violence against women by
Russians and Germans both was common
and seldom talked about.
Dr. Gertjejanssen says at the start of her
study that sexual violence during the war
happened to many, many women, perhaps
millions, on the eastern front. These women
were sexually abused and harassed, they
were forced into military brothels, and they
were raped and mutilated. Also, because
they were deliberately starved, these women
often found that they had to exchange sex
for food and water to stay alive.
If you look at the memoirs left by women
who had been in the camps, not many of
these memoirs talk about the sexual brutality
that took place in the camps. One of them
that does is Seed of Sarah by Judith
Isaacson. In fact, she talks about women’s
silence about being sexually brutalized. In
her book, Isaacson relates a conversation
she had with her daughter about what
happened to the women her mother knew
during the war. Isaacson tells her that most
of them had been raped and killed either by
Nazis or the Russians. When her daughter
wonders why no one ever hears about all of
the women who were raped during the war,
Isaacson answers, “The Anne Franks who
survived rape don’t write their stories.”
several millions, and it will systematically
grow.
Was my mother raped? Was she sexually
brutalized?
These are hard questions for me to think
about. They make me feel very sad. You
want to think about the good things that
happened to the ones you love; you don’t
want to think of all the terrible things that
might have happened. If my mother herself
was not the victim of sexual brutalization,
she must have seen it, and it must have hurt
her deeply. One of the things my father
frequently talked about and that I heard
about from the time I was a kid was the
story about the German soldier cutting a
woman’s breasts with his bayonet. This
woman was my aunt Genja who died with
her baby and my grandmother when the
Germans came to my mother’s farm.
Toward the end of her life, my mother told
me about how she cried and couldn’t stop
crying after this killing. I wrote a poem
about it called “Grief.” It talks about how
she was taken to Germany after the death of
her sister Genja and the baby and her
mother. Here it is:
Grief
My mother cried for a week, first in the
boxcars then in the camps. Her friends said,
“Tekla, don’t cry, the Germans will shoot
you and leave you in the field,” but she
couldn’t stop.
Even when she had no more tears, she
cried, cried the way a dog will gulp for air
when it’s choking on a stick or some bone
it’s dug up in a garden and swallowed.
The woman in charge gave her a cold look
and knocked her down with her fist like a
man, and then told her if she didn’t stop
crying she would call the guard to stop her
crying.
But my mother couldn’t stop. The howling
was something loose in her nothing could
stop.
I want to say one more thing. The poet
Christina Pacosz sent me an email a couple
weeks ago reminding me that bad things
haven’t stopped happening with the end of
World War II. She’s absolutely right.
This comes from a UNICEF post on
Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War:
“The State of the World’s Children 1996
report notes that the disintegration of
families in times of war leaves women and
girls especially vulnerable to violence.
Nearly 80 per cent of the 53 million people
uprooted by wars today are women and
children. When fathers, husbands, brothers
and sons are drawn away to fight, they leave
women, the very young and the elderly to
fend for themselves. In Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Myanmar and Somalia,
refugee families frequently cite rape or the
fear of rape as a key factor in their decisions
to seek refuge.”(http://www.unicef.org/
sowc96pk/sexviol.htm)
My mother wasn’t the only one. ❒
Replaceability of generations
Currently, women live 79 years on
average and men 71. This means that most
of us will reach old age. A decade later 26%
of our countrymen will be elderly. At that
time, in such countries as Austria, Belgium,
Norway or Sweden every third citizen will
be over 60. In Italy there will be almost 40%
of old people. In Western countries the
increase of lifespan began much earlier than
in Poland and these countries are better
prepared to face this process. They have
more social services and their style of life is
different as well: they promote activities in
old age, and pensioners themselves are
wealthy people. From the economic point of
view we would say that they are good
customers who visit the world and Poland in
their retirement, which could be seen in
Malbork. The Western countries have begun
preparing for a steady increase of old
people. For example, Germany introduced
obligatory old age insurance 11 years ago in
order to have appropriate social services.
There are similar plans in our country. It is
most likely that from 2009 we will pay
obligatory care fee to finance the system of
old people’s health care. The Ministry of
Health has already worked out a project.
Why is such a form of insurance needed?
What makes demographers anxious is the so
-called lack of replaceability of generations,
i.e. the fact that the generation of children is
smaller than the generation of parents. This
dangerous tendency is in our country, too.
This phenomenon has been strengthened
since 1989. In 2005, the replaceability of
generations was lower than the necessary
40%. And that was the worst result in the
European Union.
Challenges
The increase in old people requires
changes on the labour market. New work
places for young people should be created
but that must not be done at the cost of old
people as it has been so far. It has been the
unemployed, over 50 years old, that have
had slight chances to find new employment,
and outside of big cities that has been even
impossible. “In Poland old people have not
been considered on the labour market.
Employers value progress more than the
experience of employees,” says Prof.
Lucyna Frąckiewicz from the Academy of
Economics in Katowice. In the West the
problem of old people on the labour market
was solved by creating lifelong learning and
furthermore, more flexible forms of
employment were introduced, for example
part time jobs or self-employment. The
former was accepted in the so-called
collective agreement signed by the
organizations of employers and trade unions
in Spain. It means that an experienced
employee works fewer and fewer hours. At
the same time the employee instructs a
newly employed person to take over his/her
duties. This formula would not have been
beneficial for Spanish employers if some
part of the pension contribution had not
been paid by the state. Other challenges that
our country faces in the context of aging
population are: building social facilities for
the elderly and lonely and bigger means for
health care for these groups. This also
means preparing a migration policy since we
have only delivered a cheap labour force so
far. And little is said about the conditions of
foreigners’ employment in our country and
which nationalities should be allowed to
work here although some decisions have
been taken. In the last part of July our labour
market was opened for Ukrainians and
Bylorusians. The challenges resulting from
aging population require a wide debate,
especially for social partners, i.e. workers’
unions, organizations of employers and the
government that meet in the Tripartite
Commission for Social and Economic
Affairs in Poland. In Prof. Hrynkiewicz’s
opinion a way to solve the present, and most
of all the future problems concerning aging
society, should be based on the principle of
solidarity.
“It means that the whole society is obliged
to help old people. Unfortunately, in the
years 1997-98 the government chose the
system (open pension funds), which was
purely individualistic, in which every person
collects money for his/her pension. Thus the
unemployed or those who choose the black
market employment do not receive any
benefits. Those who earn only 900 złoty will
be in very difficult situations”, Prof.
Hrynkiewicz predicts. Solutions should be
found now since in several years’ time it
will be too late. Similarly, it was too late to
take decisions to encourage young people
to have more children. If that had been
done in the right time the problem of an
aging society would not have been our
biggest challenge in the first half of the 21st
century.
Under the auspices of Caritas there are
about 200 health care centres for old people.
These are mainly teams of district nurses
and medical practitioners who regularly visit
chronically ill people. The teams offer
professional medical health and care. They
treat patients, measure their blood pressure
and wash them or do rehabilitation exercises
with them. The last task has been fulfilled
by 70 rehabilitation centres run by Caritas.
The specialists help senior citizens recover
physical fitness after injuries: broken,
twisted or crushed limbs. Caritas also runs
hospices for terminally ill people and 29
palliative-hospice care centres. “These are
groups that care for old families and the sick
in their homes” Fr. Sobolewski explains.
The old and the lonely can also find help in
100 canteens and hostels in parishes and 60
centres that were founded on the diocesan
level. Another help is occasional parcels
with food and extra payment for the rent or
money for coal in winter.
(Printed with permission
POMOST, Phoenix, AZ) ❒
from
Radio
2007. Hours before his death he talked about
Poland and our life in the United States. He
said he knew there would be difficult
challenges ahead, but he believed we were
up to the task.
He believed in human ingenuity and
compassion, in thinking long-term instead of
short term, in putting our many differences
and superstitions aside. He believed in a
better tomorrow.
He believed in us. May he rest in peace!
Marzenna Słowińska-Kołodziey
Pope John Paul II
Polish Center
3999 Rose Drive,
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
Mass Schedule:
Saturday 4:00 PM ENG
Sunday 7:00 AM Tridentine
9:00 AM ENG 10:30 AM PL
Tuesday - Friday 8:30AM ENG.
First Friday of the month
8:30 AM Eng 7:30 PM. PL
First Saturday of month
8:30 a.m. ENG
Director: Rev. George P. Blais
Assisting: Rev. Henry Noga SVD
714-996-8161 office
714-996-8130 Fr. George P. Blais
www.polishcenter.org
[email protected]
Martin Krawiec, Attorney
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Out of state members
WE NEED YOU
Helen Simmons
National Director
Tel: (818) 360-7707
Fax: (818) 366-5083
e-mail: [email protected]