What are primates? - EUPRIM-Net

Transcription

What are primates? - EUPRIM-Net
Primate diversity
Characteristics of the different primate radiations
Primate
phylogenetic tree
Martin 1990
Primates in numbers
• 65 living genera (Groves 2001; mammals: >1000)
• >356 living species (Groves 2001)
• ca. 200 known fossil species,
but ca. 6500 estimated (Martin 1993)
• >66 species discovered or described since 1990
• about 1/3 of primate species threatened
Geographic distribution
Martin 1990
Geographic diversity
Asia
Africa
America
Madagascar
Australia
13
22
16
14
-
Dermoptera
1
-
-
-
-
Scandentia
5
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
1
1
-
-
-
Pholidota
1
1
-
-
-
Hyracoidea
-
3
-
-
-
Macroscelidae
-
4
-
-
-
Tubulidentata
-
1
-
-
-
Xenarthra
-
-
13
-
-
Marsupialia
-
-
9
-
60
Primates
figures = number of genera
Regional diversity
Neotropics
>205*
Africa
>170
Madagascar
>80
Asia
>180
* number of species/subspecies
Primate diversity and rainforest area
Fleagle 1999
Taxonomic ranking
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Subclass
Eutheria
Order
Primates
Suborder
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Species
Subspecies
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Haplorrhini
Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini
Fleagle 1999
Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini
Tapetum lucidum
+
−
Tapetum lucidum
Martin 1990
Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini
Tapetum lucidum
+
−
Fovea centralis
−
+
Fovea centralis
nerve fibres
ganglion cell layer
inner plexiform layer
inner nuclear layer
outer plexiform layer
outer nuclear layer
(photoreceptor nuclei)
photoreceptors
pigment epithelium
Martin 1990
Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini
Tapetum lucidum
+
−
Fovea centralis
−
+
tooth comb
+
−
Tooth comb
Geissmann 2003
Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini
Tapetum lucidum
+
−
Fovea centralis
−
+
tooth comb
+
−
epitheliochorial
hemochorial
placenta
Placenta types
fetal endothelium
fetal connective tissue
chorionic epithelium
endometrial epithelium
maternal connective tissue
maternal endothelium
Strepsirrhini
Haplorrhini
nach: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/structure.html
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Madagascar
Loriformes
Africa,
Asia
Haplorrhini
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Cheirogaleidae
Lemuridae
Megaladapidae
Indridae
Daubentoniidae
Loriformes
Haplorrhini
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Haplorrhini
Loriformes
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Megaladapidae
Indridae
Daubentoniidae
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Haplorrhini
Loriformes
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Megaladapidae
Indridae
Daubentoniidae
Tarsiiformes
Simiiformes
Synapomorphies of the Simiiformes (1)
Fleagle 1999
Synapomorphies of the Simiiformes (2)
Scandentia
Uterus bicornis
Strepsirrhini,
Tarsiiformes
Simiae
Uterus simplex
Martin 1990
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Haplorrhini
Loriformes
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Megaladapidae
Indridae
Daubentoniidae
Tarsiiformes
Tarsiidae
Simiiformes
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Haplorrhini
Loriformes
Tarsiiformes
Simiiformes
Platyrrhini
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Megaladapidae
Indridae
Daubentoniidae
Tarsiidae
Catarrhini
Platyrrhini - Catarrhini
Fleagle 1999
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Haplorrhini
Loriformes
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Tarsiiformes
Simiiformes
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini
America
Africa,
Asia
Tarsiidae
Megaladapidae
Indridae
Daubentoniidae
Madagascar
Africa,
Asia
Asia
Monophyly of the Simiiformes:
morphological evidence
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini
Goodman et al. 1999, Mol Phyl Evol 9:585-598
Monophyly of the Simiformes:
genetic evidence
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini
Goodman et al. 1999, Mol Phyl Evol 9:585-598
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Haplorrhini
Loriformes
Tarsiiformes
Simiiformes
Platyrrhini
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Tarsiidae
Cebidae
Callitrichidae
Megaladapidae
Aotidae
Indridae
Pitheciidae
Daubentoniidae
Atelidae
Catarrhini
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Haplorrhini
Loriformes
Tarsiiformes
Simiiformes
Platyrrhini
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Tarsiidae
Cebidae
Callitrichidae
Megaladapidae
Aotidae
Indridae
Pitheciidae
Daubentoniidae
Atelidae
Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Hominoidea
Hylobatidae
Pongidae
Hominidae
Cercopithecoidea - Hominoidea
Fleagle 1999
Colobinae - Cercopithecinae
Fleagle 1999
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Prosimiae
Loriformes
Simiae (Anthropoidea,
Haplorrhini
Tarsiiformes
Pithecoidea)
Simiiformes
Platyrrhini
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Tarsiidae
Cebidae
Callitrichidae
Megaladapidae
Aotidae
Indridae
Pitheciidae
Daubentoniidae
Atelidae
Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Hominoidea
Hylobatidae
Pongidae
Hominidae
„Simiae“ - „Prosimiae“
= „Simiae“
Fleagle 1999
Schmitz et al 2001. Genetics 157:777-783
Monophyly of the Haplorrhini
Taxonomic arrangement of primates
Primates
Strepsirrhini
Lemuriformes
Haplorrhini
Loriformes
Tarsiiformes
Simiiformes
Platyrrhini
Cheirogaleidae
Loridae
Lemuridae
Galagonidae
Tarsiidae
Cebidae
Callitrichidae
Megaladapidae
Aotidae
Indridae
Pitheciidae
Daubentoniidae
Atelidae
Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Hominoidea
Hylobatidae
Pongidae
Hominidae
Madagascar
Africa+Asia
Asia
America
Africa+Asia
Take care with common names !!!
• Monkeys
=
Platyrrhini +
Cercopithecoidea
• Old World monkeys
=
Catarrhini
or
Cercopithecoidea
• Old World primates
=
Loridae +
Tarsiidae +
Cercopithecoidea +
Hominoidea
TIME FOR A BREAK
Cheirogaleidae
•
Microcebus
•
Mirza
•
Cheirogaleus
•
Allocebus
•
Phaner
Cheirogaleidae
• Madagascar
• 24-500 g
• dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3
• nocturnal
• arboreal
• dispersed social organization, pairs
• fruits, insects, exudates, leaves, nectar
• litter size: 1-4
Lemuridae
•
Eulemur
•
Hapalemur,
Prolemur
•
Lemur
•
Varecia
Lemuridae
• Madagascar
• 1-4 kg
• dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3
• diurnal, cathemeral
• arboreal, semi-terrestrial
• fruits, leaves, nectar, insects
• groups, pairs
• litter size: 1(-2[-4])
Megaladapidae (Lepilemuridae)
• Lepilemur
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Madagascar
0.5-1 kg
dental formula: 0.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3
nocturnal
arboreal
folivor
pairs
litter size: 1
Indridae
• Avahi
• Propithecus
• Indri
Indridae
• Madagascar
• 1-8 kg
• dental formula: 2.1.2.3 / 1.1.2.3
• diurnal, nocturnal (Avahi)
• arboreal
• leaves, fruits
• pairs, groups
• litter size: 1
Daubentoniidae
• Daubentonia
• Madagascar
• 2.5 kg
• dental formula 1.0.1.3 / 1.0.0.3
• nocturnal
• arboreal
• fruits, nuts, insect larvae
• solitary
• litter size: 1
• extremely thin middle finger
Extinct giant lemurs
Palaeopropithecus
Archaeoindris
Megaladapis
Archaeolemur
Hadropithecus
Megaladapis edwardsii
compared to Gorilla
Galagonidae
• Galago
• Euoticus
• Otolemur
Galagonidae
• Africa
• 60-1200 g
• dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3
• nocturnal
• arboreal
• fruits, insects, exudates
• dispersed, pairs
• litter size: 1-2
Loridae
•
Perodicticus
•
Arctocebus
•
Loris
•
Nycticebus
•
Pseudopotto
Loridae
• Africa, Asien
• 200-850 g
• dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3
• nocturnal
• arboreal
• insects, fruits, exudates
• dispersed, pairs
• litter size: 1
Tarsiidae
• Tarsius
• South-east Asia
• <100-130 g
• dental formula:
2.1.3.3 / 1.1.3.3
• extremely large eys
• nocturnal (secondarily)
• arboreal
• faunivore
• dispersed, pairs
• litter size: 1
Cebidae
• Cebus
• Saimiri
Cebidae
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
South- and Central America
650 g – 3.5 kg
dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3
diurnal
arboreal
group living
fruits, insects, vertebrates, nectar
Aotidae
• Aotus
•
•
•
•
•
•
South America
700-1000 g
nocturnal
arboreal
pairs
fruits, insects, nectar
Callitrichidae
•
Saguinus
•
Leontopithecus
•
Callimico
•
Callithrix
•
Mico
•
Cebuella
Callitrichidae
• South- and Central America
• 110-650 g
• dental formula: 2.1.3.2 / 2.1.3.2
• diurnal
• arboreal
• fruits, insects, exudates
• groups, pairs
• litter size: 2
• chimerism
Pitheciidae
• Callicebus
• Pithecia
• Chiropotes
• Cacajao
Pitheciidae
•
•
•
•
•
•
South America
800 g – 3.5 kg
diurnal
arboreal
groups, pairs
fruits, seeds
Atelidae
• Alouatta
• Ateles
• Lagothrix
• Oreonax
• Brachyteles
Atelidae
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
South and Central America
3.5-12 kg
diurnal
arboreal
groups
fruits, leaves
prehensile tail with dermatoglyphs
Cercopithecinae
•
Allenopithecus
•
Cercopithecus
•
Chlorocebus
•
•
Erythrocebus
Miopithecus
•
•
Cercocebus
Lophocebus
•
Macaca
•
Mandrillus
•
Papio
•
Theropithecus
• Rungwecebus
Cercopithecinae
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Africa, Asia
1-30 kg
dental formula: 2.1.2.3 / 2.1.2.3
diurnal
arboreal, semi-terrestrial, terrestrial
groups
fruits, leaves, seeds, (omnivorous)
Colobinae
•
•
•
Colobus
Pliocolobus
Procolobus
•
Nasalis
•
Presbytis
•
Pygathrix
•
Rhinopithecus
•
Semnopithecus
•
Trachypithecus
Colobinae
• Africa, Asia
• 4-20 kg
• diurnal
• arboreal
• groups
• leaves, fruits, seeds
• enlarged, complex stomach
Hylobatidae
• Hylobates
• Bunopithecus
(Hoolock)
• Nomascus
• Symphalangus
www.gibbons.de
Hylobatidae
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
South-east Asia
5-12 kg
diurnal
arboreal
pairs
fruits, leaves, insects
suspensory locomotion Æ brachiation
duetting
Pongidae
• Pongo
•
•
•
•
•
•
South-east Asia
30-80 kg
diurnal
arboreal
fruits
solitary
Hominidae
• Gorilla
• Pan
• Homo
Hominidae: Pan and Gorilla
•
•
•
•
•
•
Africa
30-170 kg
diurnal
semi-terrestrial, terrestrial
groups
fruits, leaves (Gorilla), insects + vertebrates (Pan)
Apes and men: new tree
Pongo
Gorilla
Pan
Homo
Hylobatidae
Cercopithecoidea
nach: Fleagle 1999
Literature
Fleagle JG. 1999. Primate adaptation and evolution. 2nd ed. New York, Academic Press.
Geissmann T. 2003. Vergleichende Primatologie. Heidelberg, Springer.
Martin RD. 1990. Primate origins and evolution. London, Chapman & Hall.
Richard AF. 1985. Primates in nature. New York, Freeman & Company.

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