geo-data: the world geographical encyclopedia

Transcription

Geodata.book Page iv Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM
GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA
Project Editor
John F. McCoy
Editorial
Mary Rose Bonk, Pamela A. Dear, Rachel J.
Kain, Lynn U. Koch, Michael D. Lesniak, Nancy
Matuszak, Michael T. Reade
© 2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale
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Cover photographs reproduced by permission
of Digital Stock (Taj Mahal, center left), Digital Vision (Fall trees, top left; Waterfall, top
right; Water carriers, center; City in smog,
center right), and PhotoDisc (Pink buttes, top
center; Mountains, bottom).
Since this page cannot legibly accommodate
all copyright notices, the acknowledgements
constitute an extension of this copyright
notice.
While every effort has been made to ensure
the reliability of the information presented in
this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does
not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no
payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does
not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the
publisher and verified to the satisfaction of
the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
All of the maps appearing in this book were
created to order by XNR Productions, Inc., of
Madison, WI. Maps are the property of Gale,
© 2002, all rights reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Geo-data : the world geographical encyclopedia / John F. McCoy, project
editor.-- 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-7876-5581-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Gazetteers. I. McCoy, John, 1976G103.5 .G36 2002
910'.3--dc21
2002010926
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Geodata.book Page ix Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM
PREFACE
Gale is pleased to present the third edition of Geo-Data:
The World Geographical Encyclopedia. This is the first
new edition of Geo-Data since 1989, and it represents a
complete revision and updating of that work. The purpose of the book remains unchanged: to provide the
reader with the most detailed and comprehensive
descriptions available for the physical geography of countries.
Geo-Data’s focus and design is unique. Many encyclopedias, atlases, and other books provide some information on geography, but it is usually secondary to history,
current events, or other topics. In these sorts of references physical geography receives a few paragraphs of
coverage per country at best, compared to pages in GeoData. Among the few books that can rival Geo-Data coverage, none can match its ease of use. There is no need to
hunt from one end of a dictionary or gazetteer to another,
searching for details on a country's many different features. In Geo-Data everything is presented in one place.
Each of Geo-Data’s entries gives the reader a complete
portrait of a country's mountains, fields, forests, deserts,
rivers, seas, wetlands, and other features, with additional
information on population distribution and natural
resources. Key facts and statistics are highlighted at the
beginning of each entry. In addition to the country
entries, Geo-Data features a World Rankings Appendix,
listing the world's tallest mountains, longest rivers, deepest oceans, largest lakes, most populous countries, and
other outstanding features.
Selection Criteria
Geo-Data features 207 entries, each describing a single
country or dependency. Every entry includes a relief map
depicting the country or dependency. There is a separate
entry for each of the world’s 192 countries, including the
new nation of East Timor. In addition, the autonomous
G EO -DATA: THE WORLD G EOG RAPHICAL ENC YCLOP EDIA
island of Taiwan and the continent of Antarctica have their
own entries, as do 13 dependencies: Anguilla, Aruba, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands,
French Guiana, Greenland, Guadeloupe, Martinique,
Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Turks and Caicos
Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Smaller, less populated, and more remote dependencies, such as the Cook
Islands, Palmyra Atoll, and Svalbard, are discussed in the
entries of their parent states.
Although all countries and dependencies are
described in detail, entries can vary greatly in length.
This is often due to the obvious reason that some countries are much larger than others. However, countries
with particularly complicated geography, such as Nepal,
may have longer entries than much larger countries with
fewer outstanding features, such as Libya. Countries with
a large number of dependencies, such as France or the
United Kingdom, also have longer entries than comparably sized countries.
Names and Measurements
Geography is an imprecise science. Knowledgeable
experts, most of whom have lived, worked, or studied
extensively in the countries about which they wrote, prepared the entries for this new edition of Geo-Data. Gale
editors have relied on authoritative sources such as Merriam Webster’s Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., The
World Factbook 2001 of the CIA, The Columbia Gazetteer
of the World, and the statistics and geographic divisions
of the United Nations and various countries to check our
facts. However, the reader should be aware that it is difficult if not impossible to measure exactly such large and
irregular features as mountains, lakes, and rivers. Even
authoritative sources often vary slightly in their information. Population information can be even more difficult
to determine accurately, as many countries do not mea-
ix
Geodata.book Page x Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM
Preface
sure this scientifically and on a regular basis. While basic
population statistics are present in every entry, detailed
tables and other breakdowns are present only in those
entries for which accurate and reasonably current information was available.
It is common for a single geographical feature or
country to be called by many different names, depending
on the source and context. In Geo-Data we have
attempted to use the names that will be most familiar to
the majority of our readers. These are most commonly
English-language names, but widely used names in other
languages and names which have no English equivalent
also appear frequently. In addition, the reader will often
find alternative names for the same feature given in
parentheses after it is first mentioned in the text.
In the case of country and dependency names, the editors have again opted for using the most easily recognized
versions of their names. Thus the reader will find Brazil
under B, not under F for Federative Republic of Brazil or R
for República Federative do Brasil. Full, formal, names are
used with the two Congos and the two Koreas, but these
countries still appear under C and K, respectively.
When discussing geography it is impossible to avoid
controversy. There are many regions around the world
whose ownership is disputed, sometimes violently.
Although Gale does not support or seek to legitimize the
views of any of the parties of these disputes, for the sake
of completeness it was necessary to include these disputed regions in one entry or another. The editors have
chosen to discuss disputed regions within the entries of
the countries that physically control them, while at the
same time carefully noting in those entries that the
region is claimed by other countries and its status is not
determined. Thus the West Bank can be found under
Israel, Jammu and Kashmir within the entries on India
and Pakistan, and Taiwan in its own separate entry.
How Each Profile is Organized
in the Overview. Next, Mountains and Hills describes the
major elevations of the country. Inland Waterways then
describes the country’s lakes, rivers, and wetlands. The
Coast, Islands, and the Ocean gives information on the
bodies of water that border on the country, the country's
coasts, and its major islands. Climate and Vegetation
describes the country’s temperature and rainfall patterns,
as well as its forests, grasslands, deserts, and other ground
cover. Human Population outlines the major concentrations of people in the country. Then Natural Resources
identifies the most important resources found within the
country. Finally, the Further Readings rubric gives an
interested reader suggestions on where to find more
information.
All eight rubrics appear in every entry, in the order
given above, making it easy to navigate within entries and
to compare information across countries. Entries are
written as a narrative, so the reader looking for the complete picture on a country should find the entire entry an
enjoyable read. Rubrics are clearly denoted in the text,
however, so a reader looking for specific information can
find it easily. Throughout the text, major features are
identified by name, and their height, length, or other
dimensions are provided whenever possible, both in
imperial and metric units. Sidebars highlight particularly
unusual and interesting facts.
Geo-Data’s entries are greatly enhanced by their
maps. Every entry in the book includes a relief map.
These maps were created specifically for their entries and
give the user an extremely detailed view of the geography
they are reading about. Since they were created especially
for Geo-Data, the reader can be assured that all but the
smallest of features mentioned in the text also appear on
the map. In addition to the maps, most entries feature
one or two tables. These tables list the country's largest
cities and their populations and the country's provinces,
their capitals, area, and populations.
Additional Features
Geo-Data’s 207 entries are organized alphabetically.
All entries follow the same basic structure, beginning
with a collection of Key Facts. The purpose of the Key
Facts is to gather together in one easy to find place the
basic information about each country that readers most
often need. These facts always include a country’s: area
(total and ranked relative to other entries), location relative to the rest of the world, coordinates, border length
(overall and with individual countries), coastline length,
territorial seas, highest point, lowest point, population
(total and ranked relative to other entries), largest city,
and capital city. When available and applicable, the longest distances across the country, its longest river, and its
largest lake are also provided.
Readers looking for comparative information on the
world's most remarkable features will find the World
Rankings Appendix useful. The 19 tables in this section
include lists of the world’s tallest mountains by continent
and country; the world’s longest borders; the world’s
largest bays and gulfs; the world’s tallest volcanoes; the
world’s deepest oceans; and much more. Geo-Data’s
exhaustive subject index can help the reader find more
information in the text on these and other features. A
glossary is also provided, for those readers who are
unfamiliar with some of the terms used throughout the
book.
Following the Key Facts are eight rubrics. First, the
overall geography and geology of the country is described
Earlier edition of Geo-Data were produced by George
Kurian and associates, and distributed by Gale. Gale
x
Acknowledgements
GE O-DATA: THE WORLD G EO GR APHIC AL ENC YCLOP EDI A
Geodata.book Page xi Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM
Preface
thanks Mr. Kurian entrusting us with Geo-Data and
allowing us to continue his excellent work. Many assisted
Gale in producing Geo-Data, for which Gale thank’s
them. Eastword Publications, Inc., of Cleveland, OH,
contributed most of the research and writing required for
the book’s text and tables, as well as typesetting the book.
Their many contributors are acknowledged below, but
Gale would like to give special thanks to Eastword’s Susan
Gall. All maps appearing in Geo-Data were created by
XNR Productions of Madison, WI (Tanya Buckingham,
Jon Daugherity, Laura Exner, Paul Exner, Andy Grosvold,
Cory Johnson, Rob McCaleb, and Paula Robbins). Copyediting support was provided by Cathy Dybiec Holm,
John Krol, Christopher “Rollo” Romig, and Carrie Snyder. The index was prepared by Synapse Corporation of
Franktown, CO.
Contributors
T. Anne Dabb
Karen Ellicott
Susan Gall
Robert J. Groelsema, Ph.D.
Jim Henry
Jeneen Hobby, Ph.D.
Tara Hohne
Hendrick Isengingo
Sarah Kunz
David H. Long
Daniel Lucas
John McCoy
Edith Mirante
Christine Sciulli
Jeanne Marie Stumpf, Ph.D.
Michelle Tackla
Max White
Rosalie Wieder
We Welcome Your Suggestions
Gale appreciates your comments and suggestions. Please
direct all correspondence to:
Editor
Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia
Gale Group
27500 Drake Rd.
xi
Geodata.book Page 613 Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM
WORLD RANKINGS APPENDIX
Islands by area
Continents by area
All measurements are approximate
Rank
Continent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Asia
Africa
North America
South America
Antarctica
Europe
Australia
Area (sq mi)
Area (sq km)
17,139,445
11,677,239
9,361,791
6,880,706
5,500,000
3,997,929
2,967,909
44,391,162
30,244,049
24,247,039
17,821,029
14,245,000
10,345,636
7,686,884
Islands by area
Rank
Island
Continent
Body of water
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Greenland
New Guinea
Borneo
Madagascar
Baffin
Sumatra
Honshu
Great Britain
Victoria
N. America
Oceania
Asia
Africa
N. America
Asia
Asia
Europe
N. America
10
11
12
Ellesmere
Sulawesi (Celebes)
South Island (New
Zealand)
Java
North Island (New
Zealand)
Newfoundland
Cuba
Luzon
Iceland
Mindanao
Ireland
Hokkaido
Sakhalin
Hispaniola
Banks
Sri Lanka
Tasmania
Devon
Novaya Zemlya
Grande de Tierra del
Fuego
N. America
Asia
Oceania
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
South China Sea
Indian Ocean
Baffin Bay
Andaman Sea
Pacific Ocean
North Sea
Viscount Melville
Sound
Arctic Ocean
Celebes Sea
Pacific Ocean
Asia
Oceania
N. America
N. America
Asia
Europe
Asia
Europe
Asia
Asia
N. America
N. America
Asia
Australia
N. America
Europe
S. America
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
840,000 2,175,600
305,000
790,000
285,000
737,000
226,657
587,040
196,000
507,000
164,000
425,000
88,000
228,000
84,400
219,000
83,900
217,000
75,800
67,400
58,200
196,000
174,000
151,000
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
50,000
44,200
129,000
114,000
Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Sea of Okhotsk
Atlantic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Baffin Bay
North Kara Sea
Atlantic Ocean
42,000
40,500
40,400
39,769
36,500
32,500
30,100
29,500
29,200
27,000
25,332
24,900
21,300
18,900
18,700
109,000
105,000
105,000
103,000
94,600
84,100
78,000
76,400
75,600
70,000
65,610
64,400
55,200
48,900
48,400
[continued]
Rank
Island
Continent
Body of water
30
31
32
33
Marajo
Alexander
Axel Heiberg
Melville
S. America
Antarctica
N. America
N. America
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Southampton
West Spitsbergen
New Britain
Taiwan
Kyushu
Hainan
Prince of Wales
N. America
Europe
Oceania
Asia
Asia
Asia
N. America
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Novaya Zemlya
Vancouver
Timor
Sicily
Somerset
Sardinia
Bananal
Halmahera
Shikoku
Ceram
New Caledonia
Bathurst
Europe
N. America
Asia
Europe
N. America
Europe
S. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Oceania
N. America
53
54
55
56
Prince Patrick
North East Land
Flores
Oktyabrskoy
Revolyutsii
Sumbawa
King William
Samar
Negros
Palawan
Kotelnyy
Panay
Bangka
Ellef Ringnes
Bolshevik
Sumba
Bylot
Jamaica
Dolak
Hawaii
Viti Levu
Cape Breton
N. America
Europe
Asia
Asia
Atlantic Ocean
Bellingshausen Sea
Arctic Ocean
Viscount Melville
Sound
Husdon Bay
Arctic Ocean
Bismarck Sea
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
South China Sea
Viscount Melville
Sound
Barents Sea
Pacific Ocean
Timor Sea
Mediterranean
Lancaster Sound
Mediterranean
Araguaia River
Molucca Sea
Pacific Ocean
Banda Sea
Coral Sea
Viscount Melville
Sound
Arctic Ocean
Barents Sea
Flores Sea
Arctic Ocean
Asia
N. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
N. America
Asia
Asia
N. America
N. America
Asia
Oceania
Oceania
N. America
Indian Ocean
Queen Maud Gulf
Pacific Ocean
Sulu Sea
South China Sea
Arctic Ocean
Sulu Sea
Java Sea
Arctic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Baffin Bay
Caribbean Sea
Arafura Sea
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
18,500
16,700
16,700
16,300
48,000
43,200
43,200
42,100
15,900
15,300
14,600
13,892
13,800
13,100
12,900
41,200
39,500
37,800
35,980
35,700
34,000
33,300
12,800
12,100
10,200
9,810
9,570
9,190
7,720
6,950
6,860
6,620
6,470
6,190
33,300
31,300
26,300
25,400
24,800
23,800
20,000
18,000
17,800
17,200
16,700
16,000
6,120
5,790
5,520
5,470
15,800
15,000
14,300
14,170
5,160
5,060
5,050
4,900
4,550
4,500
4,450
4,370
4,360
4,350
4,310
4,270
4,243
4,160
4,040
4,010
3,980
13,400
13,100
13,100
12,700
11,800
11,700
11,500
11,320
11,300
11,270
11,200
11,100
10,990
10,800
10,500
10,400
10,300
[continued]
613
World Rankings Appendix
Islands by area
Islands by area
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
Pacific Ocean
South China Sea
Foxe Basin
Pacific Ocean
Mediterranean
Arctic Ocean
Banda Sea
Mediterranean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Davis Strait
Pacific Ocean
Mediterranean
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Chukchi Sea
Visayan Sea
Baltic Sea
Barrow Strait
Trinidad Gulf
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Timor Sea
East Siberian Sea
Indian Ocean
Grand Bahama Bank
3,880
3,760
3,680
3,670
3,571
3,480
3,470
3,370
3,350
3,340
3,310
3,240
3,190
3,070
2,820
2,780
2,710
2,700
2,610
2,600
2,590
2,460
2,440
2,400
2,390
2,320
2,300
2,180
10,000
9,730
9,520
9,510
9,250
9,010
9,000
8,720
8,680
8,650
8,580
8,390
8,260
7,940
7,300
7,210
7,020
7,000
6,750
6,720
6,700
6,360
6,310
6,220
6,200
6,000
5,960
5,660
Asia
Oceania
Oceania
N. America
S. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
N. America
N. America
Indian Ocean
Solomon Sea
Pacific Ocean
Hudson Bay
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Gulf of Alaska
Java Sea
Peary Channel
Hazen Strait
2,170
2,170
2,140
2,120
2,120
2,100
2,080
2,040
2,030
1,950
5,620
5,630
5,530
5,500
5,500
5,430
5,400
5,290
5,260
5,050
Europe
Asia
Asia
S. America
S. America
Europe
Oceania
N. America
Australia
S. America
S. America
Oceania
Antarctica
S. America
S. America
Europe
Europe
Oceania
Barents Sea
Arctic Ocean
Coral Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Amazon River
Skagerrak
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Weddell Sea
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Aegean Sea
Mediterranean
Pacific Ocean
1,940
1,930
1,930
1,920
1,880
1,810
1,750
1,723
1,680
1,680
1,590
1,550
1,500
1,450
1,450
1,410
1,400
1,350
5,030
5,000
5,000
4,970
4,860
4,680
4,530
4,462
4,350
4,350
4,110
4,010
3,880
3,760
3,760
3,650
3,630
3,500
Europe
Antarctica
Asia
Europe
S. America
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
N. America
Europe
S. America
Africa
S. America
Antarctica
S. America
Europe
Africa
Antarctica
Kara Sea
Bellingshausen Sea
Pacific Ocean
Barents Sea
Strait of Magellan
Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea
Barents Sea
Barents Sea
Lake Huron
Baltic Sea
Moraleda Channel
Indian Ocean
Nassau Bay
Ross Sea
Strait of Magellan
Norwegian Sea
Bight of Bonny
Bellingshausen Sea
1,310
1,270
1,250
1,240
1,200
1,160
1,150
1,120
1,080
1,068
1,030
998
970
955
888
863
849
779
772
3,380
3,300
3,250
3,200
3,110
3,000
2,980
2,900
2,800
2,766
2,680
2,580
2,512
2,470
2,300
2,240
2,200
2,020
2,000
Rank
Island
Continent
Body of water
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
Bougainville
Mindoro
Prince Charles
Kodiak
Cyprus
Komsomolets
Buru
Corsica
Puerto Rico
New Ireland
Disco
Chiloe
Crete
Anticosti
Wrangel
Leyte
Zealand
Cornwallis
Wellington
Iturup (Etorofu)
Prince of Wales
Graham
East Falkland
Melville
Novaya Sibir
Kerguelen
Andros
Prince Edward
Island
Bali
Guadalcanal
Vanua Levu
Coats
Santa Ines
Lombok
Chicagof
Madura
Amund Ringnes
MacKenzie King
Island
Edge
Faddeyevskiy
Espiritu Santo
Caviana
Grande de Gurupa
Vendsyssel -Thy
Malaita
Long
Kangaroo
West Falkland
Hoste
Santa Isabel
Berkner
Isabela
South Georgia
Euboea
Majorca
Makira (San
Cristóbal)
Vaygach
Adelaide
Waigeo
Kolguyev
Riesco
Gotland
Fyn
Zemlya Georga
Zemlya Aleksandry
Manitoulin
Sarema
Magdalena
Reunion
Navarino
Ross
Clarence
Hinn
Bioko
Charcot
Oceania
Asia
N. America
N. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Europe
N. America
Oceania
N. America
S. America
Europe
N. America
Asia
Asia
Europe
N. America
S. America
Asia
N. America
N. America
S. America
Asia
Asia
Antarctica
N. America
N. America
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
[continued]
614
Rank
Island
Continent
Body of water
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
Tenerife
Mauritius
Skye
Fuerte Ventura
Zanzibar
Lesbos
Gran Canaria
Mexiana
Sao Luis
Grande Comore
Sao Tiago
Pemba
Santa Cruz
Margarita
Dahlac
São Tomé
Lanzarote
Santo Antao
Madeira
La Palma
Fernandina
Boa Vista
San Salvador
Djerba
San Cristobal
Fogo
Nzwani
Africa
Africa
Europe
Africa
Africa
Europe
Africa
S. America
S. America
Africa
Africa
Africa
S. America
S. America
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
S. America
Africa
S. America
Africa
S. America
Africa
Africa
176
Mayotte
Africa
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Sea of the Hebrides
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Aegean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Red Sea
Gulf of Guinea
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Gulf of Gabes
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Mozambique
Channel
Mozambique
Channel
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
745
720
643
642
640
629
592
592
465
443
384
380
358
355
347
330
302
302
286
256
253
239
199
197
185
184
164
1,930
1,860
1,670
1,663
1,656
1,630
1,530
1,530
1,200
1,147
995
984
927
920
900
854
782
782
741
662
655
620
515
510
480
476
424
144
374
Oceans and seas by area
All measurements are rounded to the nearest thousand
Rank
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Southern Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Coral Sea
Arabian Sea
South China Sea (Nan Hai)
Weddell Sea
Caribbean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Tasman Sea
Bering Sea
Bay of Bengal
Sea of Okhotsk
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Guinea
Barents Sea
Norwegian Sea
Gulf of Alaska
Hudson Bay
Greenland Sea
Bellinghausen Sea
Amundsen Sea
Arafura Sea
Philippine Sea
Sea of Japan
Mozambique Channel
Ross Sea
East Siberian Sea
Scotia Sea
Kara Sea
Labrador Sea
East China Sea (Dong Hai / Tung Hai)
Solomon Sea
Laptev Sea
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
60,060,000
29,638,000
26,469,000
7,848,000
5,427,000
1,850,000
1,492,000
1,423,000
1,080,000
1,063,000
971,000
900,000
890,000
839,000
614,000
596,000
592,000
542,000
534,000
512,000
476,000
465,000
430,000
400,000
400,000
400,000
378,000
376,000
370,000
361,000
347,000
341,000
309,000
290,000
278,000
270,000
155,557,000
76,762,000
68,556,000
20,327,000
14,056,000
4,791,000
3,864,000
3,685,000
2,796,000
2,753,000
2,515,000
2,331,000
2,305,000
2,173,000
1,590,000
1,544,000
1,533,000
1,405,000
1,383,000
1,327,000
1,233,000
1,205,000
1,110,000
1,036,000
1,036,000
1,036,000
979,000
975,000
958,000
936,000
900,000
883,000
800,000
752,000
720,000
700,000
[continued]
Ocean trenches by depth
Rank
Name
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Baffin Bay
Banda Sea
Drake Passage
Timor Sea
Andaman Sea
North Sea
Davis Strait
Chukchi Sea
Great Australian Bight
Beaufort Sea
Celebes Sea
Black Sea
Red Sea
Java Sea
Sulu Sea
Yellow Sea (Huang Hai)
Baltic Sea
Gulf of Carpentaria
Molucca Sea
Persian Gulf
Gulf of Thailand
Bismarck Sea
Gulf of Aden
Makassar Strait
Ceram Sea
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
268,000
268,000
240,000
237,000
232,000
232,000
230,000
225,000
187,000
184,000
182,000
178,000
175,000
167,000
162,000
161,000
147,000
120,000
119,000
93,000
92,000
92,000
87,000
85,000
75,000
72,000
695,000
695,000
620,000
615,000
601,000
601,000
596,000
582,000
484,000
476,000
472,000
461,000
453,000
433,000
420,000
417,000
382,000
310,000
307,000
241,000
239,000
239,000
225,000
220,000
194,000
187,000
Rank
Name
Ocean
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Kuril Trench
New Britain Trench
Puerto Rico Trench
Bonin Trench
Japan Trench
South Sandwich Trench
Palau Trench
Peru-Chile Trench
Yap Trench
Aleutian Trench
Roanche Gap
Cayman Trench
New Hebrides Trench
Ryukyu Trench
Java Trench
Diamantina Trench
Mid America Trench
Brazil Basin
Ob Trench
Vema Trench
Agulhas Basin
Ionian Basin
Eurasia Basin
Pacific
Pacific
Atlantic
Pacific
Pacific
Atlantic
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Atlantic
Atlantic
Pacific
Pacific
Indian
Indian
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Indian
Indian
Mediterranean
Arctic
Depth (ft)
Depth (m)
34,678
31,657
31,037
29,816
29,157
28,406
27,972
27,687
27,552
26,775
26,542
26,519
25,971
25,597
24,744
24,249
22,297
22,274
21,785
19,482
19,380
17,306
16,122
10,577
9,655
9,466
9,094
8,893
8,664
8,531
8,445
8,403
8,166
8,095
8,088
7,921
7,807
7,547
7,396
6,801
6,794
6,644
5,942
5,911
5,278
4,917
Rivers by length
Length
(mi)
Length
(km)
4,160
3,900
6,693
6,280
N. America
Egypt, Sudan, Uganda
Brazil, Colombia, Peru,
Venezuela
U.S.A.
3,860
6,211
Asia
China
3,434
5,525
Asia
S. America
Asia
Kazakhstan, Russia
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
China
3,335
3,030
2,903
5,380
4,870
4,671
Asia
Asia
Asia
Africa
2,760
2,734
2,719
2,700
4,441
4,400
4,350
4,344
2,635
2,600
4,290
4,200
2,594
4,184
Asia
N. America
N. America
Europe
Asia
Asia
S. America
S. America
Asia
Kazakhstan, Russia
Russia
China, Russia
Angola, Dem. Rep. of the
Congo, Rep. of the
Congo
Canada
Cambodia, China, Laos,
Myanmar, Thailand,
Vietnam
Benin, Guinea, Mali, Niger,
Nigeria
Russia
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Russia
Russia
Iraq, Syria, Turkey
Brazil, Peru
Brazil
Russia
2,566
2,466
2,348
2,293
2,270
2,235
2,100
2,013
2,000
4,129
3,968
3,787
3,689
3,650
3,596
3,380
3,241
3,220
Asia
S. America
N. America
N. America
Asia
Pakistan
Brazil
Canada, U.S.A.
Mexico, U.S.A.
Bangladesh, China, India
1,988
1,988
1,980
1,885
1,800
3,200
3,199
3,180
3,034
2,900
Europe
Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Germany, Hungary,
Romania, Ukraine,
Slovakia, Yugoslavia
China, Myanmar
1,775
2,857
1,770
2,849
Bays, gulfs, inlets and passages by area
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
1
2
Nile
Amazon
Africa
S. America
Area
(sq km)
3
4
8
9
10
11
MississippiMissouri
Chang Jiang
(Yangtze or
Yangtse)
Ob'-Irtysh
Paraná
Huang He
(Huang-ho
or Yellow)
Irtysh
Lena
Amur
Congo (Zaire)
12
13
Mackenzie
Mekong
N. America
Asia
14
Niger
Africa
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
29
Yenisey
Missouri
Mississippi
Volga
Ob'
Euphrates
Purus
Madeira
Lower
Tunguska
Indus
São Francisco
Yukon
Rio Grande
Brahmaputra
(Jamuna)
Danube
30
Salween
Asia
Area
(sq mi)
Rank Name
Continent
Country
1
Bay of Bengal
Asia
839,000 2,173,000
2
3
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Guinea
N. America
Africa
4
5
6
7
Gulf of Alaska
Hudson Bay
Baffin Bay
Great Australia
Bight
Gulf of
Carpentaria
Persian Gulf
N. America
N. America
N. America
Australia
India/Myanmar/Sri
Lanka
U.S.A./Cuba/Mexico
Cameroon/Nigeria/
Equatorial Guinea
U.S.A./Canada
Canada
Greenland/Canada
Australia
Australia
Australia
120,000
310,000
Asia
93,000
240,000
Gulf of St.
Lawrence
Gulf of Thailand
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Oman
Gulf of California
Gulf of Tonkin
Gulf of Bothnia
Bight of Benin
Strait of Malacca
Gulf of Boothia
Amundsen Gulf
Gulf of Finland
N. America
Bahrain/Iran/Qatar/
Saudi Arabia/U.A.E.
Canada
93,000
240,000
Asia
Asia and Africa
Asia
N. America
Asia
Europe
Africa
Asia
N. America
N. America
Europe
Cambodia/Thailand
Somalia/Yemen
Iran/U.A.E/Oman
Mexico
Vietnam/China
Finland/Sweden
Benin
Malaysia/Indonesia
Canada
Canada
Finland/Estonia
92,000
85,000
70,000
62,000
45,000
45,000
26,000
25,000
23,000
23,000
12,000
239,000
220,000
181,000
161,000
117,000
117,000
67,000
65,000
60,000
60,000
30,000
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
596,000 1,544,000
592,000 1,533,000
512,000 1,327,000
476,000 1,233,000
268,000
695,000
187,000
484,000
5
6
7
24
25
26
27
28
Ocean trenches by depth
Rank
Name
Ocean
Depth (ft)
Depth (m)
1
2
3
4
5
Mariana Trench
Philippine Trench
Tonga Trench
Izu Trench
Kermadec Trench
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
38,635
37,720
37,166
36,850
34,728
11,784
11,505
11,336
11,239
10,592
[continued]
[continued]
615
World Rankings
Oceans and seas by area
Rivers by length
Rivers by drainage area
In thousands of sq mi and sq km. All measurements are approximate
Length
(mi)
Length
(km)
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Russia
Angola, Mozambique,
Namibia, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
1,702
1,677
1,660
1,650
1,650
2,739
2,698
2,671
2,650
2,650
Australia
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Afghanistan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan
Russia
Bangladesh, India
Kazakhstan, Russia
Kazakhstan, Russia
Brazil, Colombia
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Belarus, Russia, Ukraine
Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Central African Rep., Dem.
Rep. of the Congo, Rep.
of the Congo
Russia
Canada, U.S.A.
1,609
1,584
1,580
2,589
2,549
2,540
1,562
1,560
1,520
1,510
1,500
1,460
1,450
1,420
1,400
1,400
2,513
2,510
2,450
2,430
2,414
2,350
2,330
2,290
2,250
2,253
1,390
1,390
2,240
2,240
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Uzbekistan
Brazil
Russia
Myanmar
Angola, Dem. Rep of the
Congo
U.S.A.
1,370
2,200
1,366
1,350
1,350
1,338
2,198
2,170
2,170
2,153
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
31
32
33
34
35
Darling
Tocantins
Nelson
Vilyuy
Zambezi
Australia
S. America
N. America
Asia
Africa
36
37
38
Murray
Paraguay
Amu Dar'ya
Australia
S. America
Asia
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Kolyma
Ganges
Ishim
Ural
Japurá
Arkansas
Colorado
Dnieper
Negro
Ubangi
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
S. America
N. America
N. America
Europe
S. America
Africa
49
50
Asia
N. America
51
Aldan
ColumbiaSnake
Syr Dar'ya
Asia
52
53
54
55
Araguaia
Olenek
Irrawaddy
Kasai
S. America
Asia
Asia
Africa
56
OhioAllegheny
Tarim
Orange
Asia
Africa
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
N. America
S. America
Africa
S. America
N. America
S. America
Asia
Europe
66
67
68
69
70
71
Orinoco
Shabeelle
Xingu
Columbia
Mamoré
Tigris
Northern
Dvina
Don
Angara
Kama
Indigirka
Pechora
Limpopo
72
73
74
75
76
77
Salado
Guaporé
Tobol
Snake
Red
Sénégal
S. America
S. America
Asia
N. America
N. America
Africa
78
79
80
81
Churchill
Jubba
Okavango
Pilcomayo
N. America
Africa
Africa
S. America
82
83
Uruguay
Volta
S. America
Africa
Europe
Asia
Europe
Asia
Europe
Africa
China
Lesotho, Namibia, South
Africa
Venezuela
Ethiopia, Somalia
Brazil
Canada, U.S.A.
Bolivia
Iraq, Turkey
Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Botswana, South Africa,
Mozambique
Argentina
Bolivia, Brazil
Kazakhstan, Russia
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Guinea, Mali, Mauritania,
Senegal
Canada
Ethiopia, Somalia
Angola, Botswana
Argentina, Bolivia,
Paraguay
Uruguay
Burkina Faso, Ghana
1,310
2,109
1,300
1,300
2,090
2,090
1,281
1,250
1,230
1,214
1,200
1,180
1,160
2,061
2,011
1,979
1,953
1,931
1,900
1,870
1,153
1,151
1,120
1,112
1,112
1,100
1,860
1,852
1,800
1,789
1,789
1,770
1,110
1,087
1,042
1,038
1,018
1,015
1,770
1,749
1,677
1,670
1,638
1,663
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,613
1,613
1,613
1,613
1,000
992
1,613
1,600
Rank Name
Continent
Country
1
Amazon
S. America
2
Congo (Zaire)
Africa
3
4
5
Nile
Mississippi
Paraná
Africa
N. America
S. America
6
7
8
9
Ob'-Irtysh
Yenisey
Lena
Niger
Asia
Asia
Asia
Africa
10
Asia
Asia
12
13
14
15
Amur (Hei-lung
chiang or
Heilong Jiang)
Chang Jiang
(Yangtze or
Yangtse)
Mackenzie
Saint Lawrence
Volga
Zambezi
Venezuela
Angola, Dem. Rep. of
the Congo, Rep. of
the Congo
Egypt, Sudan
U.S.A.
Argentina, Brazil
Paraguay
Kazakhstan, Russia
Russia
Russia
Benin, Guinea, Mali,
Niger, Nigeria
China, Russia
N. America
N. America
Europe
Africa
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Madeira
Indus
Nelson
Shatt al-Arab*
Paraguay
Murray
Negro (Guainía)
Ganges
Kasai
S. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
S. America
Australia
S. America
Asia
Africa
25
26
Orinoco
Orange
S. America
Africa
27
28
29
Yukon
Para
Danube
N. America
S. America
Europe
30
Mekong
Asia
32
Okavango
Salado
Ubangi
Africa
N. America
Africa
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Huang He (Huangho or Yellow)
Ob'
Aldan
Shari
Columbia
Kolyma
Colorado
São Francisco
Guapore (Iténez)
Brahmaputra
Panjnad
Ohio-Allegheny
Sungari
Kama
Dnieper
Lower Tunguska
Tapajós
Volta
Asia
Asia
Africa
N. America
Asia
N. America
S. America
S. America
Asia
Asia
N. America
Asia
Europe
Europe
Asia
S. America
Africa
52
Northern Dvina
Europe
11
33
34
Asia
Drainage Drainage
basin
basin
(sq mi) (sq km)
2,375
6,150
1,476
3,822
1,293
1,247
1,197
3,349
3,230
3,100
1,154
996
961
808
2,990
2,580
2,490
2,092
716
1,855
China
705
1,827
Canada
Canada, U.S.A.
Russia
Angola, Mozambique,
Namibia, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
Brazil
Pakistan
Canada
Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey
Argentina, Paraguay
Australia
Brazil
Bangladesh, India
the Congo
Venezuela
Lesotho, Namibia,
South Africa
Canada, U.S.A.
Brazil
Austria, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Germany,
Hungary, Romania,
Ukraine, Slovakia,
Yugoslavia
Cambodia, China, Laos,
Myanmar, Thailand,
Vietnam
Angola, Botswana
Argentina
Central African Rep.,
Dem. Rep. of the
Congo, Rep. of the
Congo
China
690
550
525
514
1,787
1,424
1,360
1,331
463
450
437
427
425
408
386
368
349
1,200
1,165
1,132
1,105
1,100
1,057
1,000
952
904
340
330
880
855
328
323
315
850
836
816
313
811
303
309
298
78531
800
773
297
771
295
281
270
258
248
247
241
232
224
206
204
202
196
195
183
179
154
765
729
700
668
648
640
623
600
580
533
528
524
507
504
473
463
398
138
357
Russia
Russia
Cameroon, Chad
Canada, U.S.A.
Russia
Mexico, U.S.A.
Brazil
Bolivia, Brazil
Bangladesh
India, Pakistan
U.S.A.
China
Russia
Belarus, Russia, Ukraine
Russia
Brazil
Burkina Faso,
Ghana
Russia
*The Shatt al-Arab is the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers.
616
Lakes by area
Rate
River
Continent
Country
1
Amazon
S. America
2
Congo (Zaire)
Africa
3
4
5
6
Negro (Guainía) S. America
Chang Jiang
Asia
(Yangtze or
Yangtse)
Orinoco
S. America
Paraná
S. America
Venezuela
the Congo
Brazil
China
7
8
Madeira
Brahmaputra
S. America
Asia
9
10
11
12
Yenisey
Lena
Mississippi
Mekong
Asia
Asia
N. America
Asia
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Irrawaddy
Zhu (Pearl)
Ganges
Ob'-Irtysh
St. Lawrence
Salween
Kasai
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
N. America
Asia
Africa
20
Asia
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Amur (Hei-lung
chiang or
Heilong Jiang)
Mackenzie
Para
Volga
Magdalena
Ohio
Solo
Ubangi
N. America
S. America
Europe
S. America
N. America
Asia
Africa
28
Zambezi
Africa
29
31
32
33
Caqueta
Indus
Yukon
Danube
S. America
Asia
N. America
Europe
34
35
36
Araguaia
S. America
Tapajos-Juruena S. America
Niger
Africa
37
Uruguay
S. America
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Columbia
Branco
Aldan
Putumayo
Ob
Atrato
Caroni
Ogooue
Fly
Paraguay
N. America
S. America
Asia
S. America
Asia
S. America
S. America
Africa
Asia
S. America
48
48
48
49
49
50
51
Chindwin
Jurua
Pechora
Northern Dvina
Fraser
Lower Tunguska
Kama
Asia
S. America
Europe
Europe
N. America
Asia
Europe
Discharge Discharge
rate (cu ft rate (cu m
per sec)
per sec)
6,180,000
175,000
1,377,000
39,000
1,236,000
1,137,000
35,000
32,190
Venezuela
Argentina, Brazil,
Paraguay
Brazil
Bangladesh, China,
India
Russia
Russia
U.S.A.
Cambodia, China,
Laos, Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam
Myanmar
China
Bangladesh, India
Russia
Canada, U.S.A.
Myanmar
Rep. of the Congo,
Dem. Rep. of the
Congo
China, Russia
890,000
809,000
25,200
22,900
770,000
678,000
21,800
19,200
622,000
586,000
531,000
501,000
17,600
16,600
15,040
14,200
447,000
441,000
440,000
438,000
355,000
353,000
351,000
12,660
12,500
12,460
12,400
10,050
10,000
9,951
349,000
9,860
Canada
Brazil
Russia
Colombia
U.S.A.
Indonesia
Central African Rep.,
Rep. of the Congo,
Dem. Rep. of the
Congo
Angola, Mozambique,
Namibia, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
Brazil
Pakistan
Canada, U.S.A.
Austria, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Germany,
Hungary, Romania,
Ukraine, Slovakia,
Yugoslavia
Brazil
Brazil
Benin, Guinea, Mali,
Niger, Nigeria
Argentina, Brazil,
Uruguay
Canada, U.S.A.
Brazil
Russia
Brazil
Russia
Colombia
Venezuela
Gabon
Papua New Guinea
Argentina, Brazil,
Paraguay
Myanmar
Brazil
Russia
Russia
Canada
Russia
Russia
316,000
305,000
285,000
283,000
272,000
268,000
265,000
8,940
8,630
8,060
8,000
7,710
7,600
7,500
250,000
7,070
247,000
235,000
223,000
221,000
7,000
6,640
6,310
6,250
217,000
212,000
201,000
6,140
6,000
5,700
194,000
5,490
194,000
191,000
177,000
177,000
174,000
173,000
168,000
165,000
157,000
155,000
5,490
5,400
5,010
5,010
4,920
4,900
4,750
4,670
4,450
4,400
141,000
141,000
141,000
120,000
120,000
117,000
99,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,400
3,400
3,300
2,800
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
1
Caspian Sea
Asia
2
3
4
5
6
7
Superior
Victoria
Aral Sea
Huron
Michigan
Tanganyika
N. America
Africa
Asia
N. America
N. America
Africa
8
9
10
11
12
13
Baikal
Great Bear
Great Slave
Erie
Winnipeg
Malawi
Asia
N. America
N. America
N. America
N. America
Africa
14
15
16
17
18
Ontario
Balkhash
Ladoga
Maracaibo
Chad
N. America
Asia
Russia
S. America
Africa
19
29
30
31
32
Embalse del Río
Negro
Patos
Onega
Eyre
Volta
Titicaca
Nicaragua
Athabasca
Reindeer
Smallwood
Reservoir
Turkana (Rudolf)
Issyk Kul
Torrens
Albert
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Vanern
Netilling
Winnipegosis
Nasser
Bangweulu
Chott el Djerid
Urmia
Nipigon
Gairdner
Manitoba
Kyoga
Khanka
Saimaa
Mweru
Europe
N. America
N. America
Africa
Africa
Africa
Asia
N. America
Australia
N. America
Africa
Asia
Europe
Africa
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Great Salt
Qinghai (Koko)
Woods
Taymyr
Nasser
Orumiyeh
Dubawnt
Van
Tana
Peipus
Uvs
N. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
Africa
Asia
N. America
Asia
Africa
Europe
Asia
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
143,000
371,000
31,820
26,828
24,900
23,000
22,400
12,700
82,732
69,484
64,500
59,570
58,020
32,020
12,160
12,095
11,030
9,920
9,420
8,680
31,500
31,328
28,570
25,690
24,390
22,490
7,440
7,030
7,000
5,020
4,000–
10,000
4,000
19,240
18,200
18,130
13,010
10,360–
25,900
10,360
S. America
Azerbaijan, Iran,
Kazakhstan, Russia,
Turkmenistan
Canada, U.S.A.
Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Canada, U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Burundi, Dem. Republic
of the Congo, Tanzania,
Zambia
Russia
Canada
Canada
Canada, U.S.A.
Canada
Malawi, Mozambique,
Tanzania,
Canada, U.S.A.
Kazakhstan
Russia
Venezuela
Cameroon, Chad, Niger,
Nigeria
Uruguay
S. America
Europe
Australia
Africa
S. America
S. America
N. America
N. America
N. America
Brazil
Russia
Australia
Ghana
Bolivia, Peru
Nicaragua
Canada
Canada
Canada
3,920
3,750
3,668
3,276
3,200
3,150
3,060
2,570
2,500
10,153
9,720
9,500
8,485
8,288
8,160
7,940
6,650
6,460
Africa
Asia
Australia
Africa
Ethiopia, Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Australia
Dem. Republic of the
Congo, Uganda
Sweden
Canada
Canada
Egypt, Sudan
Zambia
Tunisia
Iran
Canada
Australia
Canada
Uganda
China, Russia
Finland
Dem. Republic of the
Congo
U.S.A.
China
Canada
Russia
Egypt
Iran
Canada
Turkey
Ethiopia
Estonia, Russia
Mongolia
2,473
2,360
2,230
2,160
6,405
6,100
5,780
5,590
2,160
2,140
2,070
2,026
1,930
1,930
1,879
1,870
1,840
1,800
1,710
1,700
1,700
1,680
5,580
5,540
5,370
5,248
5,000
5,000
4,868
4,850
4,770
4,660
4,430
4,400
4,403
4,350
1,680
1,625
1,580
1,540
1,522
1,500
1,480
1,430
1,390
1,386
1,300
4,350
4,209
4,100
3,990
3,942
3,880
3,830
3,710
3,600
3,555
3,366
617
World Rankings
Rivers by discharge rate
Lakes by depth
Lakes by volume
Rank
Lake
Continent
Country
1
2
Baikal
Tanganyika
Asia
Africa
3
Caspian Sea
Asia
4
Malawi
Africa
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Issyk Kul
Great Slave
Matana
Crater
Toba
Hornindals
Sarez
Tahoe
Chelan
Kivu
Asia
N. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
Europe
Asia
N. America
N. America
Africa
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Quesnel
Sals
Adams
Mjøsa
Manapuri
Poso
Nahuel Huapi
Dead Sea
Tazawa
Great Bear
Como
Superior
Hawea
Wakatipu
Suldals
Maggiore
Fyres
Chilko
Pend Oreille
Shikotsu
Powell
Llanquihue
Garda
Towada
Wanaka
Bandak
Telestskoya
Eutsuk
Atitlan
Lunde
Geneva
Morar
Kurile
Walker
Titicaca
Argentino
Iliamna
Tyrifjorden
Lugano
Takla
Ohrid
Atlin
Nuyakuk
Michigan
Harrison
Te Anau
N. America
Europe
N. America
Europe
Oceania
Asia
S. America
Asia
Asia
N. America
Europe
N. America
Asia
Asia
Europe
Europe
Europe
N. America
N. America
Asia
N. America
S. America
Europe
Asia
Asia
Europe
Asia
N. America
N. America
Europe
Europe
Europe
Asia
N. America
S. America
S. America
N. America
Europe
Europe
N. America
Europe
N. America
N. America
N. America
N. America
Oceania
Russia
Burundi, Tanzania, Dem.
Republic of the Congo,
Zambia
Azerbaijan, Iran,
Kazakhstan, Russia,
Turkmenistan
Malawi, Tanzania,
Mozambique
Kyrgyzstan
Canada
Indonesia
U.S.A.
Indonesia
Norway
Tajikistan
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Rwanda, Dem. Republic of
the Congo
Canada
Norway
Canada
Norway
New Zealand
Indonesia
Argentina
Israel, Jordan
Japan
Canada
Italy
Canada, U.S.A.
New Zealand
New Zealand
Norway
Italy, Switzerland
Norway
Canada
U.S.A.
Japan
Canada
Chile
Italy
Japan
New Zealand
Norway
Russia
Canada
Guatemala
Norway
France, Switzerland
Scotland
Russia
U.S.A.
Bolivia, Peru
Argentina
U.S.A.
Norway
Italy, Switzerland
Canada
Albania, Yugoslavia
Canada
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Canada
New Zealand
Depth
(ft)
Depth
(m)
5,315
4,825
1,621
1,471
3,363
1,025
2,316
706
2,303
2,015
1,936
1,932
1,736
1,686
1,657
1,645
1,605
1,575
702
614
590
589
529
514
505
501
489
480
1,560
1,522
1,500
1,473
1,453
1,444
1,437
1,421
1,394
1,356
1,352
1,333
1,286
1,240
1,234
1,221
1,211
1,200
1,200
1,191
1,174
1,148
1,135
1,096
1,086
1,066
1,066
1,060
1,050
1,030
1,017
1,017
1,004
1,000
997
984
980
968
945
941
938
930
930
923
916
906
475
464
457
449
443
440
438
433
425
413
412
406
392
378
376
372
369
366
366
363
358
350
346
334
325
325
325
323
320
314
310
310
306
305
304
300
299
295
288
287
286
283
283
285
279
276
Rank
Lake
Continent
Country
1
Caspian Sea
Asia
2
3
Baikal
Tanganyika
Asia
Africa
4
5
Superior
Malawi
N. America
Africa
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Michigan
Huron
Victoria
Great Bear
Great Slave
Issyk Kul
Ontario
Aral Sea
Ladoga
Titicaca
Erie
Winnipeg
Hovsgol
Kivu
N. America
N. America
Africa
N. America
N. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
Russia
S. America
N. America
N. America
Asia
Africa
20
21
Onega
Maracaibo
Europe
S. America
Azerbaijan, Iran,
Kazakhstan, Russia,
Turkmenistan
Russia
Burundi, Tanzania,
Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Zambia
Canada, USA
Malawi, Tanzania,
Mozambique
USA
Canada, USA
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Canada
Canada
Kyrgyzstan
Canada, USA
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Russia
Bolivia, Peru
Canada, USA
Canada
Mongolia
Rwanda Congo, Dem.
Republic of
Russia
Venezuela
Volume
(cu mi)
Volume
(cu km)
18,882
78,707
5,517
4,391
22,995
18,304
2,921
1,473
12,174
6,140
1,169
858
604
550
542
420
369
348
218
198
111
89
88
80
4,874
3,575
2,518
2,292
2,258
1,725
1,539
1,450
905
827
462
370
367
333
70
67
285
280
Glaciers, ice shelves, and related features, by area
Only named features are included in this list. All measurements are
approximate. Also note that glaciers and similar features can vary in size
over time.
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
3,805,235–
4,619,957
659,087
9,855,570–
11,965,700
1,707,038
8,301–
9,112
7,247
21,500–
23,600
18,770
Switzerland
6,216
16,100
Canada
5,019
13,000
S. America
Argentina-Chile
5,019
13,000
N. America
Europe
9,800
8,413
Rank Name
Continent
Country
1
Antarctic Ice Shelf*
Antarctica
Antarctica
2
Greenland
Ice Sheet
Novaya Zemlya Ice
Sheet
Prince of Wales Ice
Field
Mer de Glace
Agassiz
Devon Island
Ice Cap
Southern Patagonian
Ice Field
Bering Glacier
Austfonna Ice Cap
N. America
Greenland
Asia
Russia
N. America
Canada
Europe
N. America
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Vatnajökull Ice Cap
Akaioa Ice Cap
Malaspina Glacier**
Barnes Ice Cap
Bering Glacier
Axel Heiberg Island
Ice Cap
Northern Patagonian
Ice Field
Hubbard Glacier
Olav V Land
Ice Field
Kallstenius Ice Field
Vestfonna Ice Cap
Europe
N. America
N. America
N. America
N. America
N. America
U.S.A.
3,800
Svalbard
3,248
(dependency
of Norway)
Iceland
3,166–3,297
Canada
2,799
U.S.A.
847–3,089
Canada
2,292
Canada-U.S.A.
2,008
Canada
1,969
S. America
Argentina-Chile
1,622
4,200
N. America
Europe
1,313
1,158
3,400
3,000
1,050
967
2,720
2,505
Juneau Icefield
Skeidararjökull
Asgardfonna
Ice Cap
Edgeoyjokulen
Ice Cap
N. America
Europe
Europe
U.S.A.
Svalbard
(Norway)
Greenland
Svalbard
(Norway)
U.S.A.
Iceland
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)
703
665
635
1,820
1,722
1,645
512
1,300
N. America
Europe
Europe
8,200–8,538
7,250
2,195–8,000
5,935
5,200
5,100
[continued]
618
Deserts by area
Only named features are included in this list. All measurements are
approximate. Also note that glaciers and similar features can vary in size
over time.
Rank Name
25
26
Continent
27
Breidamerkurujökull Europe
Glacier Bruggen
S. America
(Pio XI)
Hinlopenbreen
Europe
28
Negribreen
29
Brasvellbreen
Europe
30
Etonbreen
Europe
31
32
33
34
Columbia Glacier
Siachen Glacier
Langjökull
Leighbreen
N. America
Asia
Europe
Europe
35
36
37
38
39
Holtedahlfonna and Europe
Isachsenfonna
Fedchenko Glacier Asia
Nabesna Glacier
N. America
Jostedalsbreen
Europe
Kvitoyjokulen
Europe
40
Stonebreen
Europe
41
42
Myrdals Glacier
Kronebreen
Europe
Europe
43
Taku Glacier
Europe
44
45
46
Hochstetterbreen
Glacier
Kahiltna Glacier
Barentsjokulen
N. America
Europe
47
48
Kennicott Glacier
Shokalsky Glacier
N. America
Asia
49
Balderfonna
Europe
50
51
52
53
Baird Glacier
Muldrow Glacier
Baltoro Glacier
Aletsch Glacier
N. America
N. America
Asia
Europe
*
Europe
Europe
Country
Iceland
Argentina-Chile
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)
U.S.A.
India-Pakistan
Iceland
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)
Tajikistan
U.S.A.
Norway
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)
Iceland
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)
U.S.A.
Svalbard
(Norway)
U.S.A.
KazakhstanKyrgyzstan
Svalbard
(Norway)
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Pakistan
Switzerland
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
489
488
1,266.5
1,265
482–483
1,248–1,250
456
1,180
448
1,160
413–440
1,070–1,140
422–425
386
368
357
1,093–1,100
1,000
953
925
347
900
347
316
315
272
900
819
815
705
270
700
268.3
267.5
695
693
259
671
224.3
581
223.9
220
580
571
213
210.4
551
545
209.7
543
205
199
70
66
532
516
181
171
Antarctic glaciers are difficult, if not impossible, to list by their surface area, because
Antarctica is an effectively continuous ice mass and there is no easy way to determine
the boundaries of a given glacier.
** Scientists do not agree on the size of this glacier; area measurements reported reflect
the range of research findings as of 2002.
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
1
Sahara
Africa
2
Arabian*
Asia
3
4
Gobi
Kalahari
Asia
Africa
5
6
7
Great Victoria
Australia
Taklimakan
Asia
(Takla Makan)
Sonoran
N. America
Algeria, Chad, Egypt,
Libya, Mali,
Mauritania,
Morocco, Niger,
Sudan, and
Tunisia
Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait, Qatar, the
United Arab
Emirates, Oman,
Yemen, Jordan,
Syria, Iraq
China, Mongolia
Botswana, Namibia,
South Africa
Australia
China
8
Kara-Kum
Asia
9
Kyzyl Kum
Asia
10
Namib
Africa
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Great Sandy
Somali
Thar
Tanami
Atacama
Simpson
Gibson
Little Sandy
Australia
Africa
Asia
Australia
S. America
Australia
Australia
Australia
United States of
America, Mexico
Kazakhstan,
Turkmenistan
Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan
Namibia, South
Africa
Australia
Somalia
India, Pakistan
Australia
Chile, Peru
Australia
Australia
Australia
Area
(sq mi)
Area
(sq km)
3,475,000
9,000,000
900,000
2,330,000
500,000
360,000
1,300,000
930,000
134,652
125,000
348,750
320,000
120,000
310,000
115,830
300,000
115,000
297,850
110,000
285,000
103,185
100,000
90,000
71,235
70,000
68,150
60,230
43,050
267,250
260,000
233,000
184,500
180,000
176,500
156,000
111,500
* Two deserts are commonly referred to by this name. This entry refers to the deserts of
the Arabian Peninsula and not the Arabian Desert of Egypt, which is part of the
Sahara.
Mountain peaks by height and continent
All measurements are approximate. Note that many mountains have multiple
peaks, which will appear separately in the table.
Rank
Name
Country
Africa
1
2
3
4
5
Kibo (Mt. Kilimanjaro)
Mawensi (Mt. Kilimanjaro)
Batian (Mt. Kenya)
Nelion (Mt. Kenya)
Margherita Peak (Mt. Stanley)
6
Alexandra Peak (Mt. Stanley)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Albert Peak (Mt. Stanley)
Savoia Peak (Mt. Stanley)
Elena Peak (Mt. Stanley)
Elizabeth Peak (Mt. Stanley)
Phillip Peak (Mt. Stanley)
Moebius Peak (Mt. Stanley)
Vittorio Emanuele (Mt. Speke)
Ensonga (Mt. Speke)
Johnston (Mt. Speke)
Edward (Mt. Baker)
Umberto (Mt. Emin)
Semper (Mt. Baker)
Kraepelin (Mt. Emin)
Iolanda (Mt. Gessi)
Bottego (Mt. Gesi)
Sella (Mt. Luigi)
Ras Deshen
Weismann (Mt. Luigi)
Okusoma (Mt. Luigi)
Tanzania
Tanzania
Kenya
Kenya
Dem. Rep. of the Congo,
Uganda
Dem. Rep. of the Congo,
Uganda
Dem. Rep. of the Congo
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ethiopia
Elevation Elevation
(ft)
(m)
19,340
17,100
17,058
17,020
16,756
5,895
5,210
5,203
5,190
5,110
16,700
5,094
16,690
16,330
16,300
16,170
16,140
16,130
16,040
15,960
15,860
15,890
15,740
15,730
15,720
15,470
15,418
15,178
15,157
15,157
15,020
5,090
4,981
4,972
4,932
4,923
4,920
4,892
4,868
4,834
4,846
4,798
4,795
4,791
4,751
4,699
4,626
4,620
4,620
4,578
[continued]
619
World Rankings
Glaciers, ice shelves, and related features, by area
Rank
Name
Country
Elevation Elevation
(ft)
(m)
Antarctica
1
Vinson
2
Tyree
3
Shinn
4
Gardner
5
Epperly
Antarctica
Antarctica
Antarctica
Antarctica
Antarctica
16,860
16,290
15,750
15,370
15,100
5,142
4,968
4,800
4,690
4,600
Asia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Everest (Zhumulangma Feng)
K2
Kanchenjunga
Lhotse
Makalu
Kanchenjunga, south peak
Kanchenjunga, west peak
Lhotse Shar
Dhaulagiri
Manslu
Cho Oyu
Nanga Parbat I
Masherbrum I
Annapurna I
Gasherbrum I
Broad, highest peak
Gasherbrum II
Gosainthan
Broad, middle peak
Gasherbrum III
Annapurna II
Gasherbrum IV
Gyachung Kang
Nanga Parbat II
Kangbachen
Manslu, east pinnacle
Distaghil Sar
Nuptse
Himachuh
Khiangyang Kish
Ngojumba Ri
Dakura
Masherbrum II
Nanda Devi, west peak
Nanga Parbat III
Rakaposhi
Batura Mustagh I
GasherbrumV
Kamet
Nepal, China
China, Pakistan
India, Nepal
China, Nepal
China, Nepal
India, Nepal
India, Nepal
China, Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
China, Nepal
Pakistan
Pakistan
Nepal
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan
China
Pakistan
Pakistan
Nepal
Pakistan
China, Nepal
Pakistan
India, Nepal
Nepal
Pakistan
Nepal
Nepal
Pakistan
China, Nepal
Nepal
Pakistan
India
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan
China, India
29,030
28,251
28,169
27,890
27,824
27,800
27,620
27,500
26,813
26,775
26,750
26,660
26,610
26,500
26,470
26,400
26,360
26,290
26,250
26,090
26,040
26,000
25,990
25,950
25,930
25,900
25,870
25,850
25,800
25,760
25,720
25,710
25,660
25,650
25,650
25,550
25,540
25,500
25,440
8,850
8,611
8,586
8,500
8,481
8,479
8,424
8,388
8,172
8,155
8,150
8,130
7,810
8,080
8,070
8,050
8,030
8,010
8,000
7,950
7,940
7,930
7,927
7,910
7,909
7,900
7,890
7,880
7,860
7,850
7,847
7,842
7,826
7,823
7,823
7,793
7,790
7,770
7,760
Europe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
El'brus (Elborus), west peak
El'brus (Elborus), east peak
Shkhara
Dykh, west peak
Dykh, east peak
Koshtan
Pushkina
Kazbek, east peak
Dzhangi
Katyn
Shota Rustaveli
Mizhirgi, west peak
Mizhirgi, east peak
Kundyum-Mizhirgi
Gestola
Tetnuld
Mont Blanc, main peak
Dzhimariy
Adish
Courmayer (Mont Blanc)
Ushba
Russia
Russia
Georgia, Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia, Russia
Georgia, Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Georgia, Russia
Georgia, Russia
France, Italy
Georgia
Georgia, Russia
France, Italy
Georgia
18,481
18,360
17,064
17,050
16,900
16,880
16,730
16,526
16,520
16,310
16,270
16,170
16,140
16,010
15,930
15,920
15,772
15,680
15,570
15,577
15,450
5,633
5,590
5,205
5,200
5,150
5,148
5,100
5,040
5,039
4,975
4,962
4,932
4,923
4,880
4,860
4,850
4,810
4,780
4,749
4,748
4,710
U.S.A.
Canada
Canada
U.S.A.
Canada
Mexico
20,323
19,550
19,470
19,470
19,420
18,701
6,194
5,959
5,930
5,930
5,920
5,700
North America
1
McKinley (Denali), south peak
2
Logan, central peak
3
Logan, west peak
4
McKinley (Denali), north peak
5
Logan, east peak
6
Pico de Orizaba
[continued]
620
Elevation Elevation
(ft)
(m)
Rank
Name
Country
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Logan, north peak
Saint Elias
Popocatepetl
Foraker
Ixtacihuatl
Queen
Lucania
King
Steele
Bona
Blackburn, highest peak
Blackburn, southeast peak
Sanford
Wood
Canada
U.S.A., Canada
Mexico
U.S.A.
Mexico
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Canada
18,270
18,010
17,887
17,400
17,342
17,300
17,150
16,970
16,640
16,500
16,390
16,290
16,240
15,880
5,570
5,490
5,452
5,300
5,286
5,270
5,230
5,170
5,070
5,033
5,000
4,968
4,950
4,840
Oceania
1
Puncak Jaya
2
Daam
3
Pilimsit
4
Trikora
5
Mandala
6
Wisnumurti
7
Yamin
8
Wilhelm
9
Kubor
10
Herbert
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
16,503
16,150
15,750
15,580
15,420
15,080
14,860
14,793
14,300
14,000
5,033
4,926
4,800
4,752
4,700
4,590
4,530
4,509
4,360
4,270
South America
1
Aconcagua
2
Ojos del Salado, southeast peak
3
Bonete
4
Pissis
5
Mercedario
6
Huascarán, south peak
7
Llullaillaco
8
Libertador
9
Ojos del Salado, northwest peak
10
Tupungato
11
Gonzalez, highest peak
12
Huascarán, north peak
13
Muerto
14
Yerupaja, north peak
15
Incahuasi
16
Galan
17
Tres Cruces
18
Gonzalez, north peak
19
Sajama
20
Yerupaja, south peak
21
Chimborazo
Argentina
Argentina, Chile
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Peru
Argentina, Chile
Argentina
Argentina, Chile
Argentina, Chile
Argentina, Chile
Peru
Argentina, Chile
Peru
Argentina, Chile
Argentina
Argentina, Chile
Argentina, Chile
Bolivia
Peru
Ecuador
22,835
22,573
22,550
22,240
22,210
22,204
22,100
22,050
22,050
21,900
21,850
21,840
21,820
21,760
21,700
21,650
21,540
21,490
21,463
21,380
20,681
6,960
6,880
6,870
6,780
6,770
6,768
6,730
6,720
6,720
6,670
6,664
6,661
6,655
6,630
6,610
6,600
6,560
6,550
6,542
6,510
6,267
Volcanoes by height
All measurements are approximate.
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Tupungato
Tipas
Cerro el Condor
Antofallo
Guallatiri
Lascar
Cotopaxi
Kilimanjaro
El Misti
Pico de Orizaba
Tolima
Popocatépetl
Yucamani
Sangay
Tungurahua
Cotacachi
Purace
S. America
S. America
S. America
S. America
S. America
S. America
S. America
Africa
S. America
N. America
S. America
N. America
S. America
S. America
S. America
S. America
S. America
Chile
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Chile
Chile
Ecuador
Tanzania
Peru
Mexico
Colombia
Mexico
Peru
Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador
Colombia
Elevation
(ft)
Elevation
(m)
22,310
21,845
21,425
20,008
19,882
19,652
19,344
19,341
19,031
18,702
18,425
17,887
17,860
17,159
16,684
16,250
15,604
6,800
6,660
6,532
6,100
6,060
5,990
5,896
5,895
5,801
5,700
5,616
5,450
5,444
5,230
5,085
4,939
4,756
[continued]
Volcanoes by height
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
18
19
20
21
22
Klyuchevskaya
Kronotskaya
Shiveluch
Pichincha
Karasimbi
Asia
Asia
Asia
S. America
Africa
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Rainier
Wrangell
Colima
Tajumulco
Mauna Kea
Mauna Loa
Cameroon
Tacana
Kerintji
Erebus
Fuji
Fuego
Agua
Rindjani
Pico de Teide
N. America
N. America
N. America
N. America
Oceania
Oceania
Africa
N. America
Asia
Antarctica
Asia
N. America
N. America
Asia
Africa
38
39
40
41
42
43
Tolbachik
Semeru
Ichinskaya
Atitlan
Torbert
Nyirangongo
Asia
Asia
Asia
N. America
N. America
Africa
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Kroyakskaya
Irazu
Slamet
Spurr
Lautaro
Sumbing
Raung
Etna
Baker
Lassen
Dempo
Sundoro
Agung
Prahu
Llaima
Redoubt
Tjiremai
One-Take
Nyamulagira
Asia
S. America
Asia
N. America
S. America
Asia
Asia
Europe
N. America
N. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
S. America
N. America
Asia
Asia
Africa
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Iliamna
Ardjuno-Welirang
San Pedro
Gede
Zhupanovsky
Apo
Merapi
Marapi
Geureudong
Bezymianny
Shishaldin
Tambora
Villarrica
Fogo
Ruapehu
Peuetsagoe
Paricutin
Big Ben
N. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
N. America
Asia
S. America
Africa
Oceania
Asia
N. America
Antarctica
81
Balbi
Oceania
82
83
84
85
86
Avachinskaya
Melbourne
Poas
Papandajan
Piton de la
Faournaise
Asia
Antarctica
N. America
Asia
Africa
Russia
Russia
Russia
Ecuador
Dem. Rep. of
the Congo
USA
USA (Alaska)
Mexico
Guatemala
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
Cameroon
Guatemala
Indonesia
Antarctica
Japan
Guatemala
Guatemala
Indonesia
Spain (Canary
Is.)
Russia
Indonesia
Russia
Guatemala
USA (Alaska)
Dem. Rep. of
the Congo
Russia
Costa Rica
Indonesia
USA (Alaska)
Chile
Indonesia
Indonesia
Italy
USA
USA
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Chile
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
Japan
Dem. Rep. of
the Congo
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
Guatemala
Indonesia
Russia
Philippines
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Russia
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
Chile
Cape Verde
New Zealand
Indonesia
Mexico
Heard Island
(dependency
of Australia)
Papua New
Guinea
Russia
Antarctica
Costa Rica
Indonesia
Reunion
(dependency
of France)
Elevation
(ft)
Elevation
(m)
15,584
15,580
15,580
15,173
14,873
4,750
4,749
4,749
4,625
4,507
14,410
14,163
13,993
13,845
13,796
13,680
13,353
13,300
12,483
12,448
12,388
12,346
12,307
12,224
12,198
4,395
4,317
4,265
4,220
4,205
4,170
4,070
4,053
3,805
3,794
3,776
3,763
3,751
3,726
3,718
12,077
12,060
11,800
11,650
11,450
11,365
3,682
3,676
3,621
3,551
3,480
3,465
11,336
11,260
11,247
11,137
11,120
11,060
10,932
10,902
10,778
10,492
10,390
10,367
10,337
10,285
10,245
10,197
10,098
10,056
10,026
3,456
3,432
3,428
3,385
3,380
3,371
3,332
3,323
3,285
3,187
3,158
3,151
3,142
3,137
3,125
3,108
3,078
3,067
3,056
10,016
9,968
9,902
9,705
9,705
9,692
9,551
9,479
9,459
9,449
9,372
9,350
9,318
9,281
9,175
9,115
9,100
9,006
3,053
3,038
3,020
2,958
2,958
2,954
2,911
2,891
2,885
2,882
2,856
2,850
2,840
2,829
2,796
2,780
2,775
2,745
8,999
2,743
8,987
8,957
8,872
8,744
8,626
2,741
2,732
2,704
2,665
2,631
[continued]
Elevation
(ft)
Elevation
(m)
Guatemala
USA
Japan
USA (Alaska)
USA (Alaska)
Philippines
Indonesia
Japan
Indonesia
Philippines
Chile
Indonesia
El Salvador
Comoros
Russia
Indonesia
USA (Alaska)
Papua New
Guinea
Indonesia
New Zealand
Jan Mayen Is.
(dependency
of Norway)
Indonesia
Papua New
Guinea
Chile
Japan
Indonesia
Indonesia
USA (Alaska)
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
El Salvador
Japan
USA (Alaska)
Japan
Tristan da
Cunha
(dependency
of the United
Kingdom)
USA (Alaska)
USA (Alaska)
USA (Alaska)
Chile
USA (Alaska)
Japan
New Zealand
Russia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Japan
Costa Rica
Chile
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
Russia
Papua New
Guinea
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
Nicaragua
8,367
8,366
8,300
8,261
8,220
8,077
8,066
8,049
7,993
7,984
7,941
7,823
7,828
7,746
7,669
7,636
7,597
7,546
2,552
2,550
2,530
2,518
2,507
2,462
2,460
2,455
2,438
2,435
2,422
2,386
2,386
2,361
2,339
2,329
2,317
2,300
7,541
7,515
7,470
2,300
2,291
2,277
7,377
7,338
2,249
2,248
7,331
7,314
7,285
7,113
7,098
7,016
6,964
6,957
6,814
6,777
6,775
6,760
2,236
2,229
2,222
2,168
2,165
2,140
2,124
2,120
2,077
2,067
2,065
2,060
6,715
6,688
6,678
6,567
6,564
6,557
6,516
6,403
6,400
6,390
6,289
6,282
6,246
6,111
6,102
6,098
5,994
5,964
5,925
2,047
2,040
2,035
2,003
2,002
2,000
1,986
1,953
1,952
1,949
1,917
1,916
1,905
1,864
1,860
1,860
1,827
1,819
1,807
5,921
5,830
5,721
1,806
1,778
1,745
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
USA (Alaska)
Indonesia
Iceland
Guadeloupe
(dependency
of France)
Vanuatu
Martinique
(dependency
of France)
5,705
5,679
5,672
5,630
4,954
4,813
1,740
1,731
1,730
1,717
1,510
1,467
4,744
4,583
1,447
1,397
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
Pacaya
Mt. St. Helens
Asama
Pavlof
Veniaminof
Mayon
Sinabung
Yake Dake
Tandikat
Canalaon
Shoshuenco
Idjen
Izalco
Karthala
Alaid
Bromo
Griggs
Ulawun
N. America
N. America
Asia
N. America
N. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
S. America
Asia
N. America
Africa
Asia
Asia
N. America
Oceania
105
106
107
Sibajak
Ngauruhoe
Beerenberg
Asia
Oceania
Europe
108
109
Guntur
Bamus
Asia
Oceania
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
Puyehue
Chokai
Butak Petarangan
Galunggung
Mageik
Douglas
Amburombu
San Miguel
Tokachi
Chiginagak
Azuma
Queen Mary's
Peak
S. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
N. America
N. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
Africa
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Katmai
Kukak
Makushin
Calbuco
Pogromni
Niigata Yakeyama
Tongariro
Zheltovskaya
Kaba
Sangeang Api
Nasu
Rincon de la Vieja
Hudson
Trident
Awu
Martin
Soputan
Tiatia
Manam
N. America
N. America
N. America
S. America
N. America
Asia
Oceania
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
S. America
S. America
N. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
Asia
Oceania
141
142
143
N. America
Asia
N. America
144
145
146
147
148
149
Tanaga
Siau
El Viejo (San
Cristobal)
Great Sitkin
Kelud
Cleveland
Batur
Askja
La Soufriere
N. America
Asia
N. America
Asia
Europe
N. America
150
151
Lopevi
Pelée
Oceania
N. America
[continued]
621
World Rankings
Volcanoes by height
Volcanoes by height
Countries and selected dependencies, by area
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
152
153
154
Catarman
Vesuvius
Soufrière
Asia
Europe
S. America
Philippines
Italy
St. Vincent and
the
Grenadines
Elevation
(ft)
Elevation
(m)
4,367
4,190
4,048
1,332
1,277
1,234
Waterfalls by height
All measurements are approximate. If a waterfall has multiple cascades they
are listed separately.
Height
(ft)
Height
(m)
Rank
Name
Continent
Country
1
2
3
4
Angel (upper falls)
Utigord
Monge
Mtarazi (Mutarazi)
S. America
Europe
Europe
Africa
2,648
2,625
2,539
2,500
807
800
774
760
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Itatinga
S. America
Cuquenán (Kukenaam) S. America
Kahiwa
N. America
Tysse (Tusse)
Europe
Maradalsfos
Europe
Ribbon
N. America
Roraima
S. America
Della
N. America
Yosemite, Upper
N. America
Gavarnie
Europe
Tugela (highest falls Africa
in chain)
Krimml
Europe
Silver Strand
N. America
Basaseachic
N. America
Staubbach
Europe
Vettis
Europe
King George VI
S. America
Wallaman
Oceania
Takakkaw
N. America
Hunlen
N. America
Jog (Gersoppa)
Asia
Skykje
Europe
Sutherland, Upper
Oceania
Sutherland, Middle
Oceania
Kaieteur
S. America
Wollomombi
Oceania
Kalambo
Africa
Fairy
N. America
Feather
N. America
Maletsunyane
Africa
Bridalveil
N. America
Multnomah
N. America
Panther
N. America
Voringfoss
Europe
Nevada
N. America
Angel, Lower
S. America
Augrabies
Africa
(Aughrabies)
Tully
Oceania
Helmcken
N. America
Nachi
Asia
Tequendama
S. America
Bridal Veil
N. America
Illilouette
N. America
Yosemite, Lower
N. America
Twin
N. America
Venezuela
Norway
Norway
Mozambique,
Zimbabwe
Brazil
Guyana, Venezuela
U.S.A. (Hawaii)
Norway
Norway
U.S.A.
Guyana
Canada
U.S.A.
France
South Africa
2,060
2,000
1,750
1,749
1,696
1,612
1,500
1,445
1,430
1,385
1,350
628
610
533
533
517
491
457
440
436
422
411
Austria
U.S.A.
Mexico
Switzerland
Norway
Guyana
Australia
Canada
Canada
India
Norway
New Zealand
New Zealand
Guyana
Australia
Tanzania, Zambia
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Lesotho
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Canada
Norway
U.S.A.
Venezuela
South Africa
1,250
1,170
1,020
980
902
850
850
838
830
830
820
815
751
741
726
704
700
640
630
620
620
600
597
594
564
480
380
357
311
299
275
260
260
254
253
253
250
248
229
226
220
215
213
195
192
189
189
183
182
181
172
146
450
450
430
427
400
370
320
260
137
137
131
130
122
113
98
80
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Australia
Canada
Japan
Colombia
Canada
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Canada
Rank
Country
Continent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Russia
Antarctica
Canada
U.S.A.
China
Brazil
Australia
India
Argentina
Kazakhstan
Sudan
Algeria
Congo, Dem. Rep.
of the
Greenland
Mexico
Saudi Arabia
Indonesia
Libya
Iran
Mongolia
Peru
Chad
Niger
Angola
Mali
South Africa
Colombia
Ethiopia
Bolivia
Mauritania
Egypt
Tanzania
Nigeria
Venezuela
Namibia
Pakistan
Mozambique
Turkey
Chile
Zambia
Myanmar
Afghanistan
Somalia
Central African
Republic
Ukraine
Botswana
Madagascar
Kenya
France
Yemen
Thailand
Spain
Turkmenistan
Cameroon
Papua New Guinea
Sweden
Uzbekistan
Morocco
Iraq
Paraguay
Zimbabwe
Japan
Germany
Congo, Rep. of
Finland
Malaysia
Vietnam
Norway
Côte d’Ivoire
Poland
Italy
Philippines
Ecuador
Burkina Faso
New Zealand
Gabon
Asia/Europe
Antarctica
N. America
N. America
Asia
S. America
Australia
Asia
S. America
Asia
Africa
Africa
Africa
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
Area
(sq mi)
Percent of
Area world land
(sq km)
area
6,592,735
5,405,000
3,851,788
3,717,792
3,705,386
3,286,470
2,967,893
1,269,338
1,072,157
1,049,150
967,493
919,590
905,563
17,075,200
14,000,000
9,976,140
9,629,091
9,596,960
8,511,965
7,686,850
3,287,590
2,776,890
2,717,300
2,505,810
2,381,740
2,345,410
11
9.4
6.7
6.4
6.4
5.7
5.1
2.3
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
N. America
N. America
Asia
Asia
Africa
Asia
Asia
S. America
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
S. America
Africa
S. America
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
S. America
Africa
Asia
Africa
Asia
S. America
Africa
Asia
Asia
Africa
Africa
840,000
761,606
756,984
741,096
679,358
636,293
604,247
496,223
495,755
489,189
481,350
478,764
471,008
439,733
435,184
424,162
397,953
386,660
364,879
356,667
352,143
318,694
310,401
309,494
301,382
292,258
290,584
261,969
250,000
246,199
240,534
2,175,600
1,972,550
1,960,582
1,919,440
1,759,540
1,648,000
1,565,000
1,285,220
1,284,000
1,267,000
1,246,700
1,240,000
1,219,912
1,138,910
1,127,127
1,098,580
1,030,700
1,001,450
945,037
923,768
912,050
825,418
803,940
801,590
780,580
756,950
752,614
678,500
647,500
637,657
622,984
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
Europe
Africa
Africa
Africa
Europe
Asia
Asia
Europe
Asia
Africa
Oceania
Europe
Asia
Africa
Asia
S. America
Africa
Asia
Europe
Africa
Europe
Asia
Asia
Europe
Africa
Europe
Europe
Asia
S. America
Africa
Oceania
Africa
233,089
231,803
226,656
224,961
211,208
203,849
198,455
194,896
188,455
183,567
178,703
173,731
172,741
172,413
168,753
157,046
150,803
145,882
137,846
132,047
130,127
127,316
127,243
125,181
124,502
120,728
116,305
115,830
109,483
105,869
103,737
103,347
603,700
600,370
587,040
582,650
547,030
527,970
514,000
504,782
488,100
475,440
462,840
449,964
447,400
446,550
437,072
406,750
390,580
377,835
357,021
342,000
337,030
329,750
329,560
324,220
322,460
312,685
301,230
300,000
283,560
274,200
268,680
267,667
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
[continued]
622
Percent of
Area world land
(sq km)
area
Rank
Country
Continent
Area
(sq mi)
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Guinea
United Kingdom
Ghana
Romania
Laos
Uganda
Guyana
Oman
Belarus
Kyrgyzstan
Senegal
Syria
Cambodia
Uruguay
Tunisia
Suriname
Bangladesh
Tajikistan
Nepal
Greece
Nicaragua
Eritrea
Korea, North
(Democratic
People’s Republic
of)
Malawi
Benin
Honduras
Liberia
Bulgaria
Cuba
Guatemala
Iceland
Yugoslavia
Korea, South
(Republic of)
Hungary
Portugal
Jordan
French Guiana
Azerbaijan
Austria
United Arab
Emirates
Czech Republic
Panama
Sierra Leone
Ireland
Georgia
Sri Lanka
Lithuania
Latvia
Togo
Croatia
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Costa Rica
Slovakia
Dominican
Republic
Bhutan
Estonia
Denmark
Netherlands
Switzerland
Guinea-Bissau
Taiwan
Moldova
Belgium
Lesotho
Armenia
Albania
Solomon Islands
Equatorial Guinea
Burundi
Haiti
Rwanda
Africa
Europe
Africa
Europe
Asia
Africa
S. America
Asia
Europe
Asia
Africa
Asia
Asia
S. America
Africa
S. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Europe
N. America
Africa
Asia
94,926
94,525
92,100
91,699
91,428
91,135
83,000
82,031
80,154
76,640
75,749
71,498
69,900
68,039
63,170
63,039
55,598
55,251
54,363
50,942
49,998
46,842
46,540
245,857
244,820
238,540
237,500
236,800
236,040
214,970
212,460
207,600
198,500
196,190
185,180
181,040
176,220
163,610
163,270
144,000
143,100
140,800
131,940
129,494
121,320
120,540
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Africa
Africa
N. America
Africa
Europe
N. America
N. America
Europe
Europe
Asia
45,745
43,483
43,278
43,000
42,822
42,803
42,042
39,769
39,517
38,023
118,480
112,620
112,090
111,370
110,910
110,860
108,890
103,000
102,350
98,480
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Europe
Europe
Asia
S. America
Asia
Europe
Asia
35,919
35,672
35,637
35,135
33,436
32,378
32,000
93,030
92,391
92,300
91,000
86,600
83,858
82,880
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Europe
N. America
Africa
Europe
Asia
Asia
Europe
Europe
Africa
Europe
Europe
30,450
30,193
27,699
27,135
26,911
25,332
25,174
24,938
21,925
21,831
19,741
78,866
78,200
71,740
70,280
69,700
65,610
65,200
64,589
56,785
56,542
51,129
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
N. America
Europe
N. America
19,730
18,859
18,815
51,100
48,845
48,730
0.03
0.03
0.03
Asia
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Africa
Asia
Europe
Europe
Africa
Asia
Europe
Asia
Africa
Africa
N. America
Africa
18,147
17,462
16,638
16,033
15,942
13,946
13,892
13,067
11,780
11,720
11,506
11,100
10,985
10,831
10,745
10,714
10,169
47,000
45,226
43,094
41,526
41,290
36,120
35,980
33,843
30,510
30,355
29,800
28,748
28,450
28,051
27,830
27,750
26,338
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
Area
(sq mi)
Percent of
Area world land
(sq km)
area
Rank
Country
Continent
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
Macedonia
Belize
Djibouti
El Salvador
Israel
Slovenia
Fiji
Kuwait
Swaziland
East Timor
Bahamas
Vanuatu
Qatar
Gambia, The
Jamaica
Lebanon
Cyprus
Puerto Rico
Brunei
Trinidad and
Tobago
Cape Verde
Samoa
Luxembourg
Comoros
Mauritius
Guadeloupe
Martinique
São Tomé and
Príncipe
Netherlands Antilles
Dominica
Tonga
Kiribati
Micronesia
Singapore
Bahrain
St. Lucia
Andorra
Palau
Seychelles
Antigua and
Barbuda
Barbados
Turks & Caicos
Islands
Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines
Virgin Islands
Grenada
Malta
Maldives
St. Kitts and Nevis
Cayman Islands
Aruba
Marshall Islands
Liechtenstein
British Virgin
Islands
Anguilla
San Marino
Bermuda
Tuvalu
Nauru
Monaco
Vatican City
Europe
N. America
Africa
N. America
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Asia
Africa
Asia
N. America
Oceania
Asia
Africa
N. America
Asia
Asia
N. America
Asia
S. America
9,781
8,867
8,494
8,124
8,019
7,820
7,054
6,880
6,704
5,640
5,382
4,710
4,416
4,363
4,243
4,015
3,571
3,515
2,228
1,980
25,333
22,966
22,000
21,040
20,770
20,253
18,270
17,820
17,363
14,609
13,940
12,200
11,437
11,300
10,990
10,400
9,250
9,104
5,770
5,128
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.004
0.003
Africa
Oceania
Europe
Africa
Africa
N. America
N. America
Africa
1,557
1,104
998
838
718
687
425
386
4,033
2,860
2,586
2,170
1,860
1,780
1,100
1,001
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.0007
0.0007
N. America
N. America
Oceania
Oceania
Oceania
Asia
Asia
N. America
Europe
Oceania
Africa
N. America
371
291
289
277
271
250
239
239
181
177
176
171
960
754
748
717
702
647.5
620
620
468
458
455
442
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
N. America
N. America
166
166
430
430
0.0003
0.0003
N. America
150
389
0.0003
N. America
N. America
Europe
Asia
N. America
N. America
S. America
Oceania
Europe
N. America
136
131
122
115
101
100
75
70
62
58
352
340
316
300
261
259
193
181.3
160
150
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
N. America
Europe
N. America
Oceania
Oceania
Europe
Europe
35
24
23
10
8.1
0.7
0.17
91
61.2
58.8
26
21
1.95
0.44
0.0001
-------
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
[continued]
623
World Rankings
Countries and selected dependencies, by population
Rank
Country
Continent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
China
India
U.S.A.
Indonesia
Brazil
Russia
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Japan
Nigeria
Mexico
Germany
Philippines
Vietnam
Egypt
Turkey
Iran
Ethiopia
Thailand
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
(Zaire)
Ukraine
Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
South Africa
Myanmar
Colombia
Spain
Poland
Argentina
Tanzania
Sudan
Algeria
Canada
Kenya
Morocco
Peru
Afghanistan
Nepal
Uzbekistan
Uganda
Venezuela
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Taiwan
Romania
Malaysia
Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic of (North Korea)
Ghana
Sri Lanka
Mozambique
Australia
Yemen
Kazakstan
Syria
Côte d’Ivoire
Madagascar
Netherlands
Cameroon
Chile
Ecuador
Guatemala
Cambodia
Burkina Faso
Zimbabwe
Cuba
Mali
Yugoslavia
Greece
Malawi
Angola
Niger
Belarus
Senegal
Czech Republic
Belgium
Asia
Asia
N. America
Asia
S. America
Asia/Europe
Asia
Asia
Asia
Africa
N. America
Europe
Asia
Asia
Africa
Asia
Asia
Africa
Asia
Europe
Europe
Europe
Africa
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
[continued]
624
Population
(July 2001)
1,273,111,290
1,029,991,145
278,058,881
228,437,870
174,468,575
145,470,197
144,616,639
131,269,860
126,771,662
126,635,626
101,879,171
83,029,536
82,841,518
79,939,014
69,536,644
66,493,970
66,128,965
65,891,874
61,797,700
59,647,790
59,551,227
57,679,825
53,624,718
Europe
Asia
Africa
Asia
S. America
Europe
Europe
S. America
Africa
Africa
Africa
N. America
Africa
Africa
S. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Africa
S. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Europe
Asia
Asia
48,760,474
47,904,370
43,586,097
41,994,678
40,349,388
40,037,995
38,633,912
37,384,816
36,232,074
36,080,373
31,736,053
31,592,805
30,765,916
30,645,305
27,483,864
26,813,057
25,284,463
25,155,064
23,985,712
23,916,810
23,331,985
22,757,092
22,370,461
22,364,022
22,229,040
21,968,228
Africa
Asia
Africa
Australia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Africa
Africa
Europe
Africa
S. America
S. America
N. America
Asia
Africa
Africa
N. America
Africa
Europe
Europe
Africa
Africa
Africa
Europe
Africa
Europe
Europe
19,894,014
19,408,635
19,371,057
19,357,594
18,078,035
16,731,303
16,728,808
16,393,221
15,982,563
15,981,472
15,906,500
15,328,467
13,183,978
12,974,361
12,491,501
12,272,289
11,365,366
11,184,023
11,008,518
10,677,290
10,623,835
10,548,250
10,366,031
10,355,156
10,350,194
10,284,929
10,264,212
10,258,762
Rank
Country
Continent
Population
(July 2001)
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Hungary
Portugal
Zambia
Tunisia
Sweden
Dominican Republic
Bolivia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bulgaria
Guinea
Somalia
Rwanda
Switzerland
Chad
Haiti
Benin
Tajikistan
Honduras
El Salvador
Burundi
Israel
Paraguay
Laos
Sierra Leone
Slovakia
Denmark
Libya
Finland
Jordan
Togo
Papua New Guinea
Georgia
Nicaragua
Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Norway
Moldova
Croatia
Singapore
Eritrea
Puerto Rico
Bosnia and Herzegovina
New Zealand
Ireland
Costa Rica
Lebanon
Lithuania
Central African Republic
Albania
Uruguay
Armenia
Congo, Republic of the
Liberia
Panama
Mauritania
Jamaica
Mongolia
Oman
United Arab Emirates
Latvia
Lesotho
Bhutan
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of
Kuwait
Slovenia
Namibia
Botswana
Estonia
Gambia, The
Guinea-Bissau
Gabon
Mauritius
Trinidad and Tobago
Swaziland
Fiji
East Timor
Qatar
Europe
Europe
Africa
Africa
Europe
N. America
S. America
Europe
Asia
Europe
Africa
Africa
Africa
Europe
Africa
N. America
Africa
Asia
N. America
N. America
Africa
Asia
S. America
Asia
Africa
Europe
Europe
Africa
Europe
Asia
Africa
Oceania
Asia
N. America
Asia
Asia
Europe
Europe
Europe
Asia
Africa
N. America
Europe
Oceania
Europe
N. America
Asia
Europe
Africa
Europe
S. America
Europe
Africa
Africa
N. America
Africa
N. America
Asia
Asia
Asia
Europe
Africa
Asia
Europe
10,106,017
10,066,253
9,770,199
9,705,102
8,875,053
8,581,477
8,300,463
8,150,835
7,771,092
7,707,495
7,613,870
7,488,773
7,312,756
7,283,274
7,114,400
6,964,549
6,590,782
6,578,681
6,406,052
6,237,662
6,223,897
5,938,093
5,734,139
5,635,967
5,426,618
5,414,937
5,252,815
5,240,599
5,175,783
5,153,378
5,153,088
5,049,055
4,989,285
4,918,393
4,753,003
4,603,244
4,503,440
4,431,570
4,334,142
4,300,419
4,298,269
3,937,316
3,922,205
3,864,129
3,840,838
3,773,057
3,627,774
3,610,535
3,576,884
3,510,484
3,360,105
3,336,100
3,258,400
3,225,837
2,845,647
2,747,312
2,665,636
2,654,999
2,622,198
2,407,460
2,385,231
2,177,062
2,049,412
2,046,209
Asia
Europe
Africa
Africa
Europe
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
S. America
Africa
Oceania
Asia
Asia
2,041,961
1,930,132
1,797,677
1,586,119
1,423,316
1,411,205
1,315,822
1,221,175
1,189,825
1,169,682
1,104,343
844,330
779,567
769,152
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
[continued]
Countries and selected dependencies, by boundary length
Borders plus coastline
Rank
Country
Continent
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
Cyprus
Guyana
Bahrain
Comoros
Equatorial Guinea
Solomon Islands
Djibouti
Luxembourg
Suriname
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Cape Verde
Malta
Brunei Darussalam
Maldives
Bahamas, The
Iceland
Barbados
Belize
Vanuatu
Samoa
French Guiana
São Tomé and Príncipe
Saint Lucia
Micronesia, Federated States of
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Tonga
Kiribati
Grenada
Seychelles
Marshall Islands
Dominica
Aruba
Andorra
Antigua and Barbuda
Bermuda
Greenland
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Cayman Islands
Liechtenstein
Monaco
San Marino
British Virgin Islands
Palau
Turks and Caicos Islands
Anguilla
Nauru
Tuvalu
Holy See
Antarctica
Asia
S. America
Asia
Africa
Africa
Oceania
Africa
Europe
S. America
N. America
N. America
Africa
Europe
Asia
Asia
N. America
Europe
N. America
N. America
N. America
Oceania
Oceania
S. America
Africa
N. America
Oceania
N. America
N. America
Oceania
Oceania
N. America
Africa
Oceania
N. America
N. America
Europe
N. America
N. America
Europe
N. America
N. America
Europe
Europe
Europe
N. America
Oceania
N. America
N. America
Oceania
Oceania
Europe
Antarctica
Population
(July 2001)
762,887
697,181
645,361
596,202
486,060
480,442
460,700
442,972
433,998
431,170
418,454
405,163
394,583
343,653
310,764
297,852
277,906
275,330
256,062
212,226
192,910
179,058
177,562
165,034
158,178
134,597
122,211
115,942
104,227
94,149
89,227
79,715
70,822
70,786
70,007
67,627
66,970
63,503
56,352
38,756
35,527
32,528
31,842
27,336
20,812
19,092
18,122
12,132
12,088
10,991
890
0
Rank
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Canada
Russia
Indonesia
Greenland
Australia
China
Philippines
United States
Japan
Norway
Brazil
India
Antarctica
New Zealand
Kazakstan
Greece
Total boundaries
(mi)
Total boundaries
(km)
156,949
35,743
35,718
27,333
22,831
22,905
22,499
19,991
18,479
15,156
13,752
13,084
11,230
9,404
9,284
9,250
252,684
57,614
57,490
44,087
36,735
36,671
36,289
32,172
29,751
24,440
22,182
21,103
17,968
15,134
14,976
14,886
[continued]
Rank
Name
17
18
19
20
21
Argentina
Mexico
United Kingdom
Chile
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
(Zaire)
Turkey
Italy
Colombia
Iran
Sudan
Venezuela
Mongolia
Vietnam
Thailand
Peru
Croatia
Pakistan
Myanmar
South Africa
Denmark
Malaysia
Algeria
Ukraine
Mali
Saudi Arabia
Mozambique
Spain
Angola
Bolivia
Uzbekistan
France
Libya
Micronesia, Federated States of
Germany
Papua New Guinea
Chad
Mauritania
Niger
Congo, Republic of the
Zambia
Afghanistan
Sweden
Namibia
Somalia
Solomon Islands
Ethiopia
Central African Republic
Laos
Eritrea
Egypt
Cameroon
Iceland
Nigeria
Madagascar
Tanzania
Bangladesh
Estonia
Ecuador
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic
of (North Korea)
Botswana
Kenya
Paraguay
Kyrgyzstan
Morocco
Finland
Turkmenistan
Cuba
Guinea
Iraq
Yemen
Tajikistan
Senegal
Bahamas, The
Oman
Gabon
Poland
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Total boundaries
(mi)
Total boundaries
(km)
9,106
8,617
7,720
7,834
6,684
14,654
13,868
12,789
12,606
10,781
6,142
5,911
5,758
5,355
5,306
5,277
5,070
5,023
5,022
4,491
4,886
4,859
4,840
4,686
4,587
4,563
4,553
4,576
4,661
4,383
4,373
4,272
4,215
4,190
4,117
3,925
3,823
3,789
3,732
3,711
3,700
3,622
3,540
3,518
3,496
3,428
3,370
3,373
3,350
3,301
3,300
3,233
3,151
3,009
3,109
3,095
3,098
3,044
3,000
2,997
2,995
2,744
2,556
2,590
9,827
9,532
9,212
8,620
8,540
8,493
8,161.9
8,083
8,082
7,950
7,863
7,820
7,806
7,548
7,382
7,344
7,341
7,340
7,243
7,055
7,041
6,881.8
6,798
6,743
6,641
6,316
6,153
6,112
6,007
5,972
5,968
5,828
5,697
5,673
5,627
5,529
5,423
5,396
5,391
5,313
5,311
5,203
5,083
5,015
5,014
4,993
4,988
4,900
4,828
4,826
4,820
4,427
4,247
4,168
2,488
2,473
2,436
2,410
2,391
2,327
2,322
2,316
2,311
2,291
2,270
2,264
2,257
2,201
2,154
2,135
2,099
4,013
3,982
3,920
3,878
3,852.9
3,754
3,736
3,735
3,719
3,689
3,652
3,651
3,632
3,542
3,466
3,436
3,379
[continued]
625
World Rankings
Rank
Name
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
Burkina Faso
Belarus
Zimbabwe
Honduras
Panama
Cambodia
Portugal
Nepal
Guyana
Malawi
Azerbaijan
Romania
Uganda
Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
Ghana
Tunisia
Austria
Vanuatu
Syria
Yugoslavia
Uruguay
United Arab Emirates
Liberia
Bulgaria
Nicaragua
Benin
Suriname
Haiti
Guatemala
Hungary
Costa Rica
Czech Republic
Switzerland
Ireland
Georgia
Togo
Latvia
Jordan
Taiwan
Dominican Republic
French Guiana
Palau
Netherlands
Belgium
Moldova
Lithuania
Sierra Leone
Slovakia
Sri Lanka
Israel
Armenia
Slovenia
Kiribati
Fiji
Albania
Bhutan
Guinea-Bissau
Jamaica
Burundi
Cape Verde
Kuwait
Lesotho
Belize
Rwanda
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Djibouti
Gambia, The
East Timor
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of
Lebanon
Cyprus
Maldives
Qatar
Brunei Darussalam
164
165
166
167
168
Total boundaries
(mi)
Total boundaries
(km)
1,983
1,925
1,905
1,894
1,892
1,873
1,868
1,818
1,811
1,789
1,751
1,698
1,676
1,656
1,635
1,597
1,588
1,567
1,520
1,520
1,381
1,355
1,345
1,343
1,330
1,308
1,297
1,268.7
1,251
1,248
1,204
1,169
1,151
1,124
1,098
1,058
1,043
1,022
973
977
970
944
919
918
900
864
850.4
250
842
833
795
778
753
709
702
672
668
667
634
605
598
598
565
559
555
530
517
511
510
492
465
3,192
3,098
3,066
3,050
3,045
3,015
3,007
2,926
2,921
2,881
2,813
2,733
2,698
2,651
2,632
2,572
2,562
2,528
2,446
2,445
2,224
2,185
2,164
2,162
2,141
2,110
2,093
2,046
2,017
2,009
1,929
1,881
1,852
1,808
1,771
1,703
1,681
1,645
1,566
1,563
1,561
1,519
1,479
1,478
1,451
1,389
1,372
1,360
1,355
1,340
1,279
1,254
1,211.6
1,143
1,129
1,082
1,075
1,074
1,022
974
965
963
909
902
893
852
835
822
820
792
748
422
403
400
387
337
679
648
644
623
541
Rank
Name
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
Swaziland
Côte d'Ivoire
Puerto Rico
Seychelles
Tonga
Samoa
Turks and Caicos Islands
Marshall Islands
Trinidad and Tobago
Luxembourg
Martinique
Comoros
Guadeloupe
Malta
São Tomé and Príncipe
Singapore
Virgin Islands
Mauritius
Cayman Islands
Saint Lucia
Antigua and Barbuda
Dominica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Bahrain
Grenada
Andorra
Bermuda
Barbados
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
British Virgin Islands
Liechtenstein
Aruba
Anguilla
San Marino
Nauru
Tuvalu
Monaco
Vatican City
Total boundaries
(mi)
Total boundaries
(km)
332
2,254
311
305
260
250
241
232.33
230
225
221
217
211
197.4
157
130
120
116.7
110
100
98
95
92
84
78
75
74.6
64
60
52
50
47
42.6
38
24
18.6
15
5.2
1.2
535
515
501
491
419
403
389
374.2
370
362
356
350
340
316.2
253
209
193
188
177
160
158
153
148
135
126
121
120.3
103
97
84
80
76
68.5
61
39
30
24
8.5
3.2
[continued]
626
SELECTED SOURCES
Altai Republic Territory and Geography. http://www.altairepublic.com/territory/resp_altay_eng.htm (accessed September 2002).
Atlas of Canada. http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/ (accessed July–
August 2002).
AUGLIG: Geoscience Australia: Spatial Information for the
Nation. http://www.auslig.gov.au (accessed July–August
2002).
CIA World Factbook 2002. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook (accessed July–August 2002).
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Country Studies. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html#toc (accessed
July–August 2002).
Internal Lake Environment Committee. LakeNet.
www.worldlakes.org (accessed July–August 2002).
http://
The Living Desert: World Desert. http://www.livingdesert.com/
worlddes.htm (accessed July–August 2002).
Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition.
Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1997.
Munro, David, ed. Oxford Dictionary of the World. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1995.
Peakware World Mountain Encyclopedia. http://www.peakware.com/encyclopedia/index.htm (accessed September
2002).
Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia, 2nd ed.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1989.
River Systems of the World. http://www.rev.net/~aloe/river
(accessed July–August 2002).
Hoelzle, M. and W. Haeberli. World Glacier Inventory. World
Glacier Monitoring Service and National Snow and Ice
Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder,
CO, 1999. http://www.nsidc.org/data/glacier_inventory/
(accessed September 2002).
United States Geological Survey.
(accessed September 2002);
http://www.usgs.gov/
World Atlas. http://www.graphicmaps.com (accessed July–
August 2002).
627
World Rankings
The World Rankings tables in Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. were based on a large number of sources. A key source of information for all of these tables are the country entries appearing elsewhere in the
book. Each of these entries has its own set of sources, and it would be impossible to list all of them here. However,
some sources which cover a large number of tables or were particularly useful are listed below.
GLOSSARY
Aboriginal Someone or something that is the first
or earliest known of its type in a country or region.
Atmosphere surface.
Acid rain Rain (or snow) that has become slightly
acid by mixing with industrial air pollution.
Atoll An island consisting of a strip or ring of coral
surrounding a central lagoon.
Alluvium Clay, silt, sand or gravel deposted by
running water such as a stream or river.
Avalanche A swift sliding of an accumulation of
snow or ice down a mountain.
Alluvial plain
alluvium.
Antarctic Earth.
Flatlands containing deposits of
Relating to the southernmost part of the
Badlands
The air surrounding the Earth’s
Eroded and barren land.
Barren land treeless.
Unproductive land, partly or entirely
Aquatic Of or relating to the water, particularly the
animals and plants that live there.
Barrier island An island formed by wave and tidal
action, oriented parallel to the shore and serving to
protect the shore from ocean wave action.
Aqueduct A bridge-like structure that carries
water over obstacles, usually man-made.
Barrier reef A coral reef that lies parallel to the
coast, often forming a lagoon along the shore.
Aquifer An underground layer of porous rock,
sand, or gravel that holds water.
Basalt Black or nearly black dense rock, usually
formed by the solidification or magma or from some
other high-temperature geological event.
Arable land Land that is naturally suitable for
cultivation by plowing and is used for growing crops.
Archipelago A group of islands, or a body of water
containing many islands.
Arctic Relating to the northernmost part of the
Earth, or anything that is frigidly and invariably cold.
Arid Extremely dry, particularly applied to regions
of low rainfall where non-irrigated agriculture is
impossible and there is little natural vegetation.
Artesian well A type of well where underground
pressure forces water to the surface.
substance
containing
high
Asphalt A
concentrations of hydrocarbons that is found in
naturally occurring beds, and is also produced as a
by-product of petroleum refinining. Used in road
building.
Basin A depression on land or on the ocean floor.
Usually relatively broad and gently sloped, as
compared to a trench, canyon, or crater.
Bay An indented body of water surrounded by
land on three sides.
Bayou A stagnant or slow-moving body of water.
Beach Sediment deposited through the action of
waves and the process of erosion along the shoreline
of a large body of water.
Bedrock
Biosphere
Bluff
Solid rock lying under loose earth.
All living organisms on Earth.
Elevated area with a broad, steep cliff face.
Bog Wet, soft, and spongy ground where the soil is
composed mainly of decayed or decaying vegetable
matter.
629
Glossary
Bora A very cold wind blowing from the north in
the Adriatic Sea region.
Continental divide The geographic line separating
the drainage basins of a continent.
Biome Ecological community of an area, such as
tropical rainforest or desert.
Continental shelf A shallow submarine plain
extending from the coast of a continent coast into the
sea, and varying in width; typically ends in a steep
slope to the ocean floor.
Broadleaf forest A forest composed mainly of
broadleaf (deciduous) trees, as opposed to a
coniferous forest.
Butte An elevated, flat-topped area, similar to but
smaller than a plateau or mesa.
Coral reef A ridge in the warm-water areas of the
ocean made up of the limestone and calcium deposits
of coral animals.
Caldera A crater formed by the eruption of a
volcano.
Cordillera mountains.
Canal An artificial waterway, either to connect two
bodies of water or for irrigation.
Canyon A deep gorge cut by a river, usually found
in arid regions characterized by plateaus.
Cape A projection of land that extends away from
a landmass out into a body of water.
Catchment
Area that collects water.
Cave Hollow places in the Earth produced by the
combined action of fracture of rock layers and the
eroding action of ground water.
Cay
Low-lying island or reef, also called a Key.
Caucasus Region of southeast Europe between the
Black and Caspian seas.
Channel A narrow body of water that connects
two larger areas. An area where water flows through a
narrow restricted path.
Chapparal Dense, shrubby vegetation that grows
in regions with hot, dry summers and cooler winters,
such as in the southwest United States and northwest
Mexico.
Cliff
A high, vertical face of rock.
Climate Weather conditions pertaining to a
specific area.
Coastal belt A coastal plain area of lowlands and
somewhat higher ridges that run parallel to the coast.
Coastal plain A fairly level area of land along the
coast of a land mass.
Coniferous forest A forest consisting mainly
evergreen trees such as pine, fir, and cypress trees.
Conifers Plants, mostly evergreen trees and
shrubs, that produce cones.
Continent the Earth.
One of the seven major land masses of
Continental climate A climate typical of the
interior of a continent. Particulars can vary widely
depending on the region, but in general areas with a
continental climate have greater variations in
temperature, both on a daily and seasonal basis, than
in areas with a maritime climate.
630
A continuous ridge, range, or chain of
Crater A bowl-shaped depression on the surface of
the Earth, generally with relatively deep, steep, sides.
The most common type of crater is a caldera, formed
by volcanic eruption.
Cultivable land Land that can be prepared by
plowing for the production of crops.
Cyclone A weather occurrence that involves the
wind blowing spirally around and in towards a center,
creating a powerful storm. In the northern
hemisphere, the cyclonic movement is usually
counter-clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere, it
is clockwise.
Dam A structure built across a river that restricts
its flow, causing a reservoir to form behind it. Dams
are often used to generate hydropower.
Deciduous forest A forest consisting of trees that
shed their leaves on a yearly basis (broadleaf) as
opposed to those (coniferous) that retain them.
Deciduous species Any species of tree or shrub
that sheds or casts off a part of itself after a definite
period of time, commonly used to describe trees that
lose their leaves on a yearly basis.
Deforestation The removal or clearing of a forest,
usually to enable the land to be used for another
purpose, such as agriculture or settlements.
Delta Triangular-shaped deposits of soil formed at
the mouths of large rivers. They are formed out of the
silt carried by the river, and have the effect of forcing
the river to split into distributary channels,
sometimes over a very wide area.
Density
Number of units in a specific area.
Depression A point on the Earth’s surface that
forms a hollow, or that has sunken or fallen in. Any
place where the Earth's surface is lower than the
surrounding terrain.
Desert A dry land area with little precipitation and
sparse vegetation.
Desertification The process wherby land that
supports vegetation gradually becomes desert as a
result of climatic changes, land mismanagement, or
both.
Glossary
Dike An artificial riverbank built up to control the
flow of water.
Discontiguous boundary with.
Not connected to or sharing a
Doldrums An area near the equator characterized
by variable winds and periods of calm.
Dormant volcano A volcano that has not
exhibited any signs of activity for an extended period
of time.
Drumlin A rounded, oval hill rarely more than 250
ft (75 m) high or more than a half mile (1 km) long.
Dry climate Weather patterns characterized by
little rainfall and dramatic temperature differences
between day and night.
Dune sand.
A mound or ridge of loose, wind-blown
Earth Fifth-largest planet in the solar system; its
orbit is third from the sun, its circumference
measured at the equator is 24,900 mi (40,064 km),
and measured around the poles is 24,860 mi (40,000
km). The diameter at the equator is 7,926 mi (12,753
km), and from pole to pole, 7,900 mi (12,711 km).
Earthquake Shaking or other movement of the
earth that is caused by tectonic shifts or volcanic
activity.
Erosion Changes in the shape of the earth’s surface
as a result of wind, water, or ice.
Escarpment A steep slope that separates areas of
different elevations.
Estuary The region where a river and a large lake
or sea meet, with their waters gradually blending into
each other.
Exclave Part of a country that is separated from the
larger, main portion of the country by foreign
territory. An exclave is considered an enclave in
respect to the foreign country or countries that
surround it.
Fault An area of weakness in the Earth’s crust
where the rock formation splits, allowing the
opposing sides shift and adjust to relieve stresses,
sometimes causing earthquakes. Most commonly
found along the boundaries between tectonic plates.
Also called a fault line.
Fauna
Animal life.
Fen Wet, soft, and spongy ground where the soil is
composed mainly of decayed or decaying vegetable
matter and is fed by surrounding soils and
groundwater; fens are similar to bogs but have higher
nutrient levels.
Easterlies Winds or air currents blowing more or
less consistently form east to west.
Fjord A relatively narrow arm of the sea that
indents deeply into the land, with generally steep
slopes or cliffs on each side.
Eastern Hemisphere The eastern half of the earth’s
surface, as divided by the Prime Meridian and 180th
meridian.
Flood The flow of excessive quantities of water
over land that is generally above water.
Ecology The branch of science that studies the
relationship between organisms and their
environments.
Eddy An air or water current that follows a course
different from that of the main flow and usually has a
swirling circular motion.
Enclave A political or cultural unit within a region
that is distinct and different from the territories that
surround it is an enclave within those territories. An
enclave within one country or culture is often an
exclave in respect to another country or culture.
Endangered species A plant or animal species
whose existence as a whole is threatened with
extinction.
Endemic Anything that is native to or restricted to
a specific place, especially if it is unique to or
characteristic of that place.
Flood plain An area of low-lying land bordering a
stream of water where floods, and the resulting
deposits of alluvium, occur frequently.
Flora
Vegetation.
Front Weather term describing the point at which
two air masses interact.
Game reserve An area of land reserved for wild
animals that are hunted for sport or for food.
Geothermal energy Energy derived from the heat
that constantly and naturally radiates out from the
center of the Earth. Also used to desrcibe the
radiation itself.
Geyser A hot spring that periodically erupts
through an opening in the surface of the Earth,
spewing boiling water and steam.
Glacier A large body of permanent ice on the
Earth's surface.
631
Glossary
Distributary A stream which branches off from a
river and never rejoins it, flowing indepdently into
another body of water.
Equator An imaginary line running around the
middle of the Earth halfway between the North and
South Poles, identified as 0° latitude, which divides
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Glossary
Gorge A deep ravine with steep, rocky walls,
through which a stream flows.
Iceberg A massive block of ice floating
independently in water that has broken from a glacier
or an ice shelf through a process known as calving.
Grassland An area where the vegetation is mostly
grasses and other grass-like plants, often providing a
transition between forests and deserts.
Ice caps Ice sheets covering less than 19,000 sq mi
(50,000 sq km).
Groundwater Water located below the earth’s
surface, the source from which wells and springs
draw their water.
Ice sheets Very large glaciers found in polar and
sub-polar regions, generally occupying high and
relatively flat regions.
Growler A semi-submerged iceberg that poses a
sea hazard.
Ice shelves Sheets of ice that extend over the sea
and float on the water, typically ranging from
approximately 500–3,500 ft (200–1000 m) thick. The
Arctic Ocean is partly covered by ice shelves, and the
continent of Antarctica is almost completely
surrounded by them.
Gulf Inlet of the sea formed by a concave
indentation in the coastline.
Gulf Stream Warm ocean current flowing from
roughly the Gulf of Mexico northeast along the coast
of North America, then east toward Europe.
Hardpan A layer of hardened clay soil, usually
underlying a thin layer of topsoil.
Hardwoods Deciduous trees, such as cherry, oak,
maple, and mahogany, that produce very hard,
durable, and therefore valuable, lumber.
Harmattan An intensely dry, dusty wind felt along
the coast of Africa between Cape Verde and Cape
Lopez. It prevails at intervals during the months of
December, January, and February.
Headland Slightly elevated land lying along or
jutting into a body of water.
Headstream
river.
Headwater
Heath
Stream that forms the source of a
Source of a stream or river.
Uncultivated land with low shrubs.
Hemisphere Any half of the globe—north, south,
east or west—as divided by the Prime Meridian and
180° longitude, or by the equator.
Hill A rounded area of elevation rising more or less
prominently above the surrounding, flatter
landscape. Hill is generally used to describe an
elevation of no more than 1,000 ft (300 m) above the
surrounding land, but this can vary greatly depending
on the region.
Humboldt Current A cold ocean current that runs
north from Antarctica along the west coast of South
America, primarily from June to November.
Inlet A narrow passage through which water from
an ocean or other large body passes, usually into a
bay or lagoon.
International Date Line An arbitrary line at about
the 180th meridian that designates where one day
begins and another ends.
Island Land entirely surrounded by water, of
relatively small area compared to the land mass of a
continent.
Isthmus A narrow strip of land bordered by water
on two side and connecting two larger bodies of land
on the others, such as two continents, a continent and
a peninsula, or two parts of an island.
Japan Current
Ocean.
A warm current in the Pacific
Karst Region of limestone characterized
underground streams and caverns.
by
Key A low flat island consisting of coral or sand,
coral fragments, shell fragments, and other debris
deposited on a coral flat, just above the high water
level. Also called a Cay.
Labrador Current A North Atlantic current that
flows southward from polar waters along the east
coast of Canada.
Lagoon A shallow body of water, often connected
with, or barely separated from, a nearby larger body
of water.
Lake An inland body of standing water of
considerable size.
A tropical storm with winds over 74
Landlocked country A country that does not have
direct access to the sea; it is completely surrounded by
other countries.
Hydropower Electricty generated by daming rivers
and using the water to turn turbines. Also called
hydroelectric power.
Landslide A flow of muddy soil or loose rock that
is usually triggered by heavy rainfall in areas where
the terrain is steep.
Hydrosphere Pertaining to the area of water along
the Earth’s surface.
Latitude An imaginary line running around the
Earth, parallel to the equator. In geography, another
Hurricane
mph.
632
Glossary
name for a parallel. The Earth is divided into two sets
of lines of latitude, each of 90 degrees, starting at the
equator, 0° latitude, and extending north or south to
the poles.
Leeward The direction identical to that of the
prevailing wind.
Littoral The area between the high water and low
water marks of a shore or coastal region.
Loam
Light soil consisting of clay, silt, and sand.
Loess A windblown accumulation of fine yellow
clay or silt.
Mediterranean climate A wet-winter, drysummer climate with a moderate annual temperature
range, as is typically experienced by countries along
the Mediterranean Sea.
Meridian
See longitude.
Mesa An isolated, elevated, flat-topped area of
land, typically larger than a butte but smaller than a
plateau.
Mistral wind.
In southern France, a cold, dry, northerly
Longitude An imaginary line that extends along
the surface of the Earth directly from one pole to
another. Another name for a meridian. The Earth is
divided into 360 degrees of longitude, with 0° being
designated the Prime Meridian.
Monsoon Seasonal change in the wind direction of
Southeastern Asia, leading to wet and dry seasons.
The monsoon develops when there is a significant
difference in temperature between the ocean and the
land. Monsoon is sometimes used to describe any
heavy rainfall.
Maghreb Region in northwest Africa made up of
Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.
Moor A poorly drained open area containing peat
and heath.
Magma Rock beneath the Earth’s surface that has
been melted by the heat of the Earth’s interior. When
magma breaches the Earth's surface it is known as
lava.
Moist tropical climate A weather pattern typical
to the tropics, known for year-round high
temperatures and large amounts of rainfall.
Mangrove A tree which abounds on tropical
shores in both hemispheres. Characterized by its
numerous roots which arch out from its trunk and
descend from its branches. Mangroves form thick,
dense growths along the tidal muds, reaching lengths
hundreds of miles long.
Marsh An area of soggy land, usually covered
wholly or in part by shallow water, and containing
aquatic vegetation.
Maquis Scrubby, thick underbrush, typical of that
found along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Marginal land for cultivation.
Marine life
the sea.
Land that is difficult or unattractive
The life that exists in, or is formed by
Maritime climate The climate and weather
conditions typical of areas bordering large bodies of
water. Details vary from one region to another, but
generally areas close to water have more even
temperatures (lower high temperatures and higher
low temperatures) than areas with a continental
climate.
Moraine glacier.
A deposit of rocky earth deposited by a
Mountain A lofty elevation of land, generally at
least higher than 1,000 ft (300 m), but varying greatly
depending on the surrounding terrain, with little
surface area at its peak; commonly formed in a series
of ridges or in a single ridge known as a mountain
range.
Natural harbor A protected portion of a sea or
lake along the shore resulting from the natural
formations of the land.
Nature preserve An area where one or more
species of plant and/or animal are protected from
harm, injury, or destruction.
Nilas A thin sheet of ice on the surface of the sea,
such as the sea around Antarctica, that moves with
the waves but does not break apart.
Northern Hemisphere The northern half of the
Earth’s surface, as divided by the equator.
Nunatak A mountain that rises above the ice sheet
in Antarctica.
Massif Central part of a mountain, or the
dominant part of a range of mountains.
Oasis Originally, a fertile spot in the Libyan Desert
where there is a natural spring or well and vegetation;
now refers to any fertile tract in the midst of a
wasteland.
Mean temperature The air temperature unit
measured by the National Weather Service by adding
Ocean The interconnected bodies of saltwater that
cover almost three-fourths of the Earth’s surface.
633
Glossary
Lava Molten rock (magma) that has been poured
out on the Earth’s surface, usually through a volcano.
the maximum and minimum daily temperatures
together and diving the sum by 2.
Glossary
Oceania A name used to refer collectively to the
islands that lie in the central and south Pacific
Ocean—including the islands of Micronesia (Kiribati
and Marshall Islands, and neighboring islands),
Melanesia (Vanuatu and Fiji, and neighboring
islands), and Polynesia (Hawaii, Tonga, Tuvalu, and
neighboring islands)—that are located far from any
continent.
Pampa
Grass-covered plain of South America.
Panhandle A long narrow strip of land projecting
like the handle of a frying pan.
Parallel
See latitude.
Peneplain A flat land surface that has been
subjected to severe erosion.
Peninsula A body of land surrounded by water on
three sides.
Permafrost
A frozen layer of soil that never thaws.
Petroglyph Ancient human carvings on rock,
often found in caves.
Piedmont The terrain at the base of a mountain or
range of mountains.
Plain An expansive area free of major elevations
and depressions.
Plateau
A relatively flat area of elevated land.
Plate tectonics A set of theories about the Earth's
structure used by many geologists to explain why
landmasses and oceans are arranged as they are, and
why seismic activity occurs. According to plate
tectonics the Earth's surface, including the bottoms of
the oceans, rests on a number of large tectonic plates.
These plates are slowly moving across the interior
layers of the Earth. Where they grind against each
other, earthquakes and other seismic activity occurs,
and the shape of the land gradually changes.
Polar circles A circle around the Earth
distinguishing the frigid polar zones from the
temperate zones. The Earth has two polar circles, the
Arctic Circle in the north and the Antarctic Circle in
the south.
Polar climate A humid, severely cold climate
controlled by arctic air masses, with no warm or
summer season.
Polar regions The areas surrounding the
northernmost (north pole) or southernmost (south
pole) points on the Earth, marked by extreme, yearround, cold temperatures.
Pole, magnetic Either of two points on the Earth’s
surface, close to the geographic north pole and south
poles, where the magnetic field is most intense.
Pond
A small body of still, shallow water.
Prairie An area of level grassland that occurs in
temperate climate zones.
Prime Meridian The meridian designated as zero
degrees in longitude that runs through Greenwich,
England, site of the Royal Observatory. All other
longitudes are measured from this point .
Proved reserves The quantity of a recoverable
mineral resource (such as oil or natural gas) that is
still in the ground.
Rainforest Forest of tall trees with a high, leafy
canopy where the annual rainfall is at least 100 in
(254 cm).
Ravine A narrow, deep valley usually forming the
channel for a stream.
Reef String of rocks or coral formations, usually on
a sandy bottom, that are barely submerged.
Reforestation Systematically replacing forest trees
lost due to fire or logging.
Reservoir
dam.
A lake that was formed artificially by a
Ring of Fire Region of seismic activity roughly
outlined by a string of volcanoes that encircles the
Pacific Ocean.
River A substantial stream of water following a
clear channel as it flows over the land.
Riverine
Related to a river or the banks of a river.
Roundwood Timber used as poles or in similar
ways without being sawn or shaped.
Sahel Semi-arid plains region in Africa, bordering
the Sahara Desert on the north, stretching
approximately from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red
Sea.
Salinization An accumulation of soluble salts in
soil. This condition is common in irrigated areas with
desert climates, where water evaporates quickly in
poorly drained soil due to high temperatures. Sever
salinization renders soil poisonous to most plants.
Polder Low land recovered from a body of water
and protected by dikes or embankments.
Salt pan An area of land in a sunny region that is
periodically submerged in shallow water, usually due
to tides or seasonal floods. The sun causes the
shallow water to evaporate and leave the salt it
contained behind on the ground. Also called a salt
flat.
Pole, geographic The extreme northern and
southern points of the Earth’s axis, where the axis
intersects the spherical surface.
Sand bar A deposit of sedimentary material in a
river, lake, or other body of water that lies in shallow
water.
634
Glossary
Savanna A treeless or near treeless plain of a
tropical or subtropical region dominated by droughtresistant grasses.
Sea
Stream Any flowing water that moves generally
downhill from elevated areas towards sea level.
Seasonal Dependant on the season. The flow of
rivers and volume of lakes often varies greatly
between seasons, as can vegetation.
Subarctic climate A high latitude climate of two
types: continental subarctic, which has very cold
winters, short, cool summers, light precipitation and
moist air; and marine subarctic, a coastal and island
climate with polar air masses causing large
precipitation and extreme cold.
Sedimentary rock Rock, such as sandstone, shale,
and limestone, formed from the hardening of
material deposits.
Subcontinent A land mass of great size, but
smaller than any of the continents; a large subdivision
of a continent.
Seismic activity Relating to or connected with an
earthquake or earthquakes in general.
Subtropical climate A middle latitude climate
dominated by humid, warm temperatures and heavy
rainfall in summer, with cool winters and frequent
cyclonic storms.
Season Regular variations in weather patterns that
occur at the same times every year.
Semiarid A climate where water and rainfall is
relatively scarce but not so rare as to prohibit the
growth of modest vegetation. Semiarid areas are often
found around arid deserts, and semiarid land is
sometimes called a desert itself.
Shoal A shallow area in a stream, lake, or sea,
especially a sand bank that lies above water at low tide
or during dry periods.
Sierra
Silt
A chain of hills or mountain.
Fine gravely inorganic material, between fine
sand and coarse clay particles in character, that is
carried the flow of a river and deposited along its
banks. Silt is generally very fertile soil.
Sirocco
Hot, sand-laden wind in Algeria.
Skerry
A rocky island.
Slough
A marshy pond that occurs in a river inlet.
Softwoods Coniferous trees, whose wood density
as a whole is relatively softer than the wood of those
trees referred to as hardwoods.
Sound A wide expanse of water, usually separating
mainland from islands or connecting two large
bodies of water; often lies parallel to the ocean
coastline.
Southern Hemisphere The southern half of the
Earth’s surface, as divided by the equator.
Spring Water flowing from the ground through a
natural opening.
Stalactites and stalagmites Deposits of calcium
carbonite formed in a cavern or cave; stalactites hang
down from the ceiling like icicles, and stalagmites rise
from the floor.
Steppe A flat, mostly treeless, semiarid grassland,
marked by extreme seasonal and daily temperature
variations. Although sometimes used to describe
other areas, the term applies primarily to the plains of
southeastern Europe and Central Asia.
Taiga trees.
An area of open forest made up of coniferous
Tectonic crust.
Relating to the structure of the Earth’s
Tectonic plate According to the theory of plate
tectonics, the outer layer of the Earth consists of a
series of large plates of rock called tectonic plates. The
largest plates have entire oceans or continents on
their surface.
Temperate zone The parts of the Earth lying
between the tropics and the polar circles. The
northern temperate zone is the area between the
tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. The southern
temperate zone is the area between the tropic of
Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. Temperate zones
are marked by the greatest seasonal variations in
temperature.
Terraces
Successive areas of flat lands.
Terrain General characteristics of the Earth’s
surface in a region, including its characteristic
vegetation.
Tidal bore A distinctive type of wave that travels
up a shallow river or estuary on the incoming tide. It
is a dramatic phenomenon that occurs in few places
in the world; the incoming tidal waters are flowing
against the river’s current.
Tidal wave See Tsunami.
Tide The rise and fall of the surface of a body of
water caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun
and moon.
Timber line The point of high elevation on a
mountain above which the climate is too sever to
support trees.
635
Glossary
A body of salt water that is connected to (and
therefore a part of) the ocean.
Strait Narrow body of water connecting two larger
bodies of water.
Glossary
Topography The elevations and depressions of a
region are its topography; also, the study of such
features.
Typhoon Violent hurricane occurring in the
region of the South China Sea, usually in the period
from July through October.
Tornado A violent, whirling wind that form a
funnel-shaped cloud that moves in a path over the
surface of the Earth.
Valley An elongated depression through which a
stream of water usually flows.
Torrid zone The part of the earth’s surface that lies
between the tropics, so named for the warm, humid,
character of its climate.
Trade winds Winds that consistently blow from
the northeast and southeast toward the equator.
Transcaucasia Region in southeast Eruope
between the Black and Caspian seas and south of the
Caucasus Mountains.
Trench Steep-sided section of the ocean floor
where the water is very deep.
Vegetation
Plants.
Veldt In South Africa, an unforested or thinly
forested tract of land or region, a grassland.
Volcano A hole or opening, usually at the peak of a
cone-shaped mountain, through which molten rock
and superheated steam erupt from the interior of the
Earth.
Wadi Dry stream bed, usually in a desert region in
southwest Asia or north Africa.
Waterfall A steep natural descent of water flowing
over a cliff or precipice to a lower level.
Tributary Any stream that flows into another
larger stream.
Watershed An area of shared water drainage, that
is, all the rainfall drains into a common river or lake
system.
Tropic of Cancer A latitudinal line located 23°27’
north of the equator, the northernmost point at
which the sun can shine directly overhead.
Wave The alternate rising and falling of ridges of
water, generally produced by the action between the
wind and the surface of a body of water.
Tropic of Capricorn A latitudinal line located
23°27’ south of the equator, the southernmost point
at which the sun can shine directly overhead.
Tropical monsoon climate One of the tropical
rainy climates; it is sufficiently warm and rainy to
produce tropical rainforest vegetation, but also has a
winter dry season.
Tsunami A powerful, massive, and destructive
ocean wave caused by undersea earthquake or
volcanic eruption.
Tundra A nearly level treeless area whose climate
and vegetation are characteristically arctic due to its
position near one of the poles; the subsoil is
permanently frozen.
636
Weather Atmospheric conditions at a given place
and time.
Western Hemisphere The western half of the
earth’s surface divided by the Prime Meridian at 180°.
West Indies Islands lying between North America
and South America made up of the Greater Antilles
(Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and
Puerto Rico) and the Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands,
Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados), and Bahamas.
Wildlife sanctuary An area of land set aside for
the protection and preservation of animals and
plants.
Windward Facing into the prevailing wind, or
lying closest to the direction from which the wind is
blowing.
INDEX
Page numbers in bold indicate primary treatment of a country; those in italics indicate
illustrations; and the letter t following a page
number denotes a table. The index is sorted
word by word. Entries are in natural language
order with the exception of country names,
which are sorted by their most recognizable
name as in the rest of the book (for example:
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of). Variant and abbreviated forms of names are listed
as cross references.
A
Aare River (Switzerland), 519
Abay River. See Blue Nile River
Aberdare National Park (Kenya), 290
Aberdare Range (Kenya), 288
Abi-Istada (Afghanistan), 3
Abkhazia (Georgia), 200
Abperon Peninsula (Azerbaijan), 40
Absoraka Range (U.S.), 573
Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), 562–563
Abu Hamand (Sudan), 509
Abs Msá Island, 257, 563
Acapulco (Mexico), 355
Acarai Mountains (Guyana), 227
Acaray River (Paraguay), 426
Accra plains (Ghana), 208
Achill Island (Ireland), 263
Acid rain, Switzerland, 520
Acklins Island (The Bahamas), 42
Aconcagua River (Chile), 113
Ad Dahna’ Desert (Saudi Arabia), 472–473,
475
Ad Dibdibah (Saudi Arabia), 474
Ad-Dukhan Hill (Bahrain), 43
Adamaoua Plateau. See Adamawa Plateau
Adamawa Plateau, 92–94, 402
Adam’s Bridge, 246
Adam’s Peak (Sri Lanka), 502
Addu Atoll (Maldives), 338
Adelaide (Australia), 35
Adelaide Island (Antarctica), 20
Adelie Land. See Southern and Antarctic Lands
(France)
Adelunga Toghi (Uzbekistan), 584
Aden (Yemen), 599–601
Adgiin Tsagaan Lake (Mongolia), 365
Adige River (Italy), 271, 272
Adirondack Mountains (U.S.), 571, 574
Administrative divisions
Côte d’Ivoire, 141t
Djibouti, 157t
Grenada, 217t
Guadeloupe, 219t
Haiti, 231t
Honduras, 234t
Japan, 280t
Kiribati, 294t
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,
296t
Laos, 307t
Malta, 344t
Namibia, 380t
Nauru, 382t
Papua New Guinea, 423t
Portugal, 443t
Saint Kitts and Nevis, 462t
Saint Lucia, 463t
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465t
San Marino, 469t
São Tomé and Príncipe, 470t
Saudi Arabia, 474t
Singapore, 484t
Solomon Islands, 490t
Somalia, 493t
Spain, 499t
Sri Lanka, 503t
Suriname, 512t
Admiralty Islands (Papua New Guinea), 422
Adrar des Iforas (Mali), 340
Aegean Islands (Greece), 212–213
Afar Triangle, 156
Affollé Hills (Mauritania), 347
Afghanistan, 1–5, 2, 4t
Afobaka Dam (Suriname), 510
Afram Plains (Ghana), 208
African Tectonic Plate
Algeria, 8
Benin, 58
Burundi, 87
Cameroon, 92
Central African Republic, 105
Chad, 108
Comoros, 127
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 130
Congo, Republic of, 133
Egypt, 167
Eritrea, 176
Ethiopia, 181
Gambia, 198
Ghana, 207
Greece, 212
Israel, 266
Jordan, 281
Lebanon, 310
Lesotho, 312
Libya, 316
Madagascar, 327
Malta, 343
Mauritania, 347
Mauritius, 350
Mozambique, 370
Namibia, 377
Nigeria, 401
Portugal, 440
Rwanda, 458
Seychelles, 478
Sierra Leone, 480
South Africa, 494
Tunisia, 543
Uganda, 556
Zambia, 605
Zimbabwe, 609
Agadez (Niger), 400
Agalega (Mauritius), 351
Agam Plateau (Indonesia), 250
Aganoa Black Sand Beach (Samoa), 467
Agno River (The Philippines), 434
637
Index
Agricultural chemicals
Azerbaijan, 40
Indonesia, 250
See also Water pollution
Agriculture
Albania, 6
Algeria, 10
Antigua, 23
Argentina, 27
Armenia, 29
Austria, 38
Azerbaijan, 40
Bangladesh, 45, 48
Barbados, 49
Belarus, 51
Bermuda, 61
Brazil, 73, 77
Bulgaria, 84
Burundi, 87
Cameroon, 94–95
Colombia, 125, 126
Comoros, 127–128
Costa Rica, 136–137
Côte d’Ivoire, 142
Cuba, 147, 148
Cyprus, 150
Denmark, 155
Dominica, 158
Dominican Republic, 161
East Timor, 162, 164
Ecuador, 166
Egypt, 170
Equatorial Guinea, 176
Estonia, 180
Fiji, 185
Finland, 188
France, 194
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 199
Georgia, 202
Germany, 204, 206
Ghana, 207
Greece, 213
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 219
Guatemala, 222
Guinea-Bissau, 227
Haiti, 232
Honduras, 234
Hungary, 235, 238
Iceland, 241
India, 248
Indonesia, 253–254
Iran, 254
Israel, 267
Japan, 281
Jordan, 282, 283
Kazakhstan, 286, 288
Kenya, 291, 292
296
Korea, Republic of, 298, 299
Kyrgyzstan, 302, 304
Laos, 306–307
Latvia, 307–308, 309
Lebanon, 311
638
Lesotho, 313
Liberia, 315
Libya, 318
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 320
Madagascar, 330
Malawi, 331, 333
Malaysia, 334
Malta, 343–344
Martinique, 347
Mauritius, 352
Mexico, 355, 357
Micronesia, 358
Moldova, 361–362
Mongolia, 367
Morocco, 370
Mozambique, 372, 373
Myanmar, 377
Nepal, 386
The Netherlands, 389
Nicaragua, 398
Niger, 400
Norway, 405, 407–408
Pakistan, 415
Panama, 417, 419, 420
Papua New Guinea, 423
The Philippines, 435, 436
Poland, 440
Portugal, 443
Puerto Rico, 444, 445
Romania, 451
Russia, 456, 457
Rwanda, 459
Saint Kitts and Nevis, 462
Saint Lucia, 464
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465
Samoa, 468
San Marino, 469
São Tomé and Príncipe, 471
Senegal, 476, 478
Seychelles, 480
Sierra Leone, 482
Somalia, 494
Spain, 502
Sri Lanka, 505
Sudan, 510
Swaziland, 513–514
Tanzania, 533
Thailand, 536
Tonga, 540
Trinidad and Tobago, 542–543
Tunisia, 545
Uganda, 558
Ukraine, 561
United States, 581
Uruguay, 583
Uzbekistan, 585–586
Venezuela, 593
Vietnam, 597
Yemen, 601
Yugoslavia, 605
Zimbabwe, 611
Agua (Guatemala), 220
Aguán River (Honduras), 233
Aguarico River (Ecuador), 165
Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (The
Philippines), 434
Agusan River (The Philippines), 434, 435
Ahaggar Mountains (Algeria), 8, 10, 399
AIDS, Burkina Faso and, 86
Ailinginae Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Ailinglaplap Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Aïr Massif (Niger), 399, 400
Air pollution
Czech Republic, 152
Indonesia, 249, 253
Iran, 258
Nepal, 386
See also Pollution
Airolo (Switzerland), 519
Airports, Japan, 279
Aiviekste River (Latvia), 308
Aja’ Mountains (Saudi Arabia), 472
Ajaria (Georgia), 200
’Ajman (United Arab Emirates), 562
Akaishi Mountains (Japan), 276
Akan Lowlands (Ghana), 208
Akanyaru River (Rwanda), 459
Akdzhakaya Depression. See Vpadina
Akchanaya (Turkmenistan)
Akhelóos River (Greece), 212
Akiyoshi-dai Plateau (Japan), 277
Akkeshi-ko (Japan), 278
Akosombo Dam (Ghana), 207, 208
Akrotiri Bay (Cyprus), 149
Akwa-Orlu Uplands (Nigeria), 402, 404
Akwapim-Togo Ranges, 207
Al Ahsa. See Al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia)
Al Amar (Saudi Arabia), 475
Al Atrun (Sudan), 509
Al Batinah Plain (Oman), 408
Al Fujayrah (United Arab Emirates), 562
Al Ghab (Syria), 521, 523
Al Guedam Canyon (Yemen), 599
Al Ha ’ar (Saudi Arabia), 475
Al Hajar Ash Sharqi (Oman), 409
Al Hamadah Al Hamra (Libya), 316
Al Hudaydah (Yemen), 600
Al Jafurah Desert (Saudi Arabia), 474
Al Jahrah (Kuwait), 300, 301
Al Kharj (Saudi Arabia), 473
Al Mahra Uplands (Yemen), 599
Al Muharraq (Bahrain), 43–44
Al Qasrayn. See Kasserine Pass (Tunisia)
Ala Tau (Kyrgyzstan), 302
Alabama (United States), 571, 574
Al-Ahmadj Ridge (Kuwait), 300
Alai Mountains, 584
Al-’Ajmah Mountains (Egypt), 167
Åland Islands (Finland), 188
Alantika Mountains, 92, 402
Al-’Arab Gulf (Egypt), 169
Al-’Aramah Plateau (Saudi Arabia), 472
Alaska (United States), 571, 573–574, 576–580
Alaska Peninsula (United States), 573, 577, 578
Alaska Range (United States), 574, 576
Al-’Ayn (United Arab Emirates), 562–563
Al-Bahr. See Nile River
Ålbæk Bay (Denmark), 154
Albania, 5–7, 6, 7t
Albany River (Canada), 98
Albert Canal (Belgium), 52, 53
Albert Nile River, 557
Index
Al-Wakrah (Qatar), 446, 447
Al-Wusta (Oman), 409
Alzette River (Luxembourg), 323, 324
Al-Zubayr Canal (Iraq), 261
Amadjuak Lake (Canada), 97
Amakusa Island (Japan), 279
Amatique Bay (Guatemala), 221
Amazon rainforests
Bolivia, 67
Brazil, 77
Ecuador, 166–167
See also Tropical rainforests
Amazon River, 73, 74–76, 77, 124, 428–430
Ambae (Vanuatu), 587
Ambergris Cay (Belize), 56
Ambergris Cay Island (Turks and Caicos
Islands), 553
Ambohitra Mountains (Madagascar), 327–328
Ambolesi National Park (Kenya), 290
Ambon (Indonesia), 252
Amboseli National Park (Kenya), 291
Ambrim Island (Vanuatu), 587
Ameland Island (The Netherlands), 388
American Samoa (United States), 571, 577–578
Amerrique Mountains (Nicaragua), 395
Amery Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 19, 21
Amindivi Islands (India), 246
Amirante Isles. See Les Amirantes (Seychelles)
Ammer Lake (Germany), 204
Amo Chhu (Bhutan), 63
Amour Mountains (Algeria), 8
Ampangalana Canal (Madagascar), 329
Ampasindava Bay (Madagascar), 329
Amsterdam Island (France), 192
Amsterdam-Rhine River Canal (The
Netherlands), 388
Amu Dar’ya River, 3, 528, 550–551, 583–586
Amu River. See Amu Dar’ya River
Amu-Bukhara canal (Uzbekistan), 585
Amundsen, Roald, 20
Amundsen Gulf (Canada), 99
Amundsen Sea (Antarctica), 20
Amundsen-Scott (Antarctica), 21
Amur River, 118, 454
An Nupayrjyah Mountains (Syria), 521, 523
Anáfi (Greece), 213
Anai Peak (India), 243
Anai Valley gorge (Indonesia), 250
Anatolia (Turkey), 548–549
Anatolian Plateau (Turkey), 546–547
Andalusian Mountains. See Baetic Cordillera
Mountains (Spain)
Andalusian Plain (Spain), 501
Andaman Islands (India), 246
Andaman Sea, 335
Andean region (Argentina), 24, 27
Andean spurs, 112
Andes Mountains, 24, 65–66, 111, 112, 164,
589–590
Peru, 428
Andorra, 11, 11–12, 12t
Andrews, Roy Chapman, 364
Andringitra Massif (Madagascar), 327
Andros (Greece), 213
Andros Island (The Bahamas), 42
Androy Plateau (Madagascar), 328
Anegada Island (British Virgin Islands), 79
Anegada Passage (British Virgin Islands), 79
Aneityum (Vanuatu), 587
Angara River (Russia), 454
Angaur Island (Palau), 416
Angel, Jimmie, 591
Ángel de la Guarda (Mexico), 355
Angel Falls (Venezuela), 591
Ångerman River (Sweden), 515
Anglo-French Condominium of the New
Hebrides. See Vanuatu
Angola, 12–16, 14, 15t
Angonia Highlands (Mozambique), 370, 372
Anguilla, 16, 16–17, 568
Animal habitats, 385
Angola, 13
Belarus, 51
Belize, 57
Botswana, 72
Brunei, 80
Burkina Faso, 86
Colombia, 124
El Salvador, 173
Estonia, 180
France, 192
in Iberá, Argentina, 26
Iceland, 240
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Latvia, 309
Moldova, 361
Nicaragua, 396
Oman, 409
Samoa, 467
Saudi Arabia, 473
Somalia, 493–494
South Africa, 496
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 530–531
Venezuela, 592–593
Vietnam, 594, 597
Yemen, 601
Zambia, 606, 608
See also Marine mammals; Wildlife habitats; specific animals
Aniwa (Vanuatu), 587
Anjou (France), 194
Anjouan (Comoros), 127
Anju Plain (DPRK), 296
Ankara (Turkey), 547–549
Ankaratra Massif (Madagascar), 327, 329
Ankaratra Plateau (Madagascar), 328
Ankobra River (Ghana), 208
Ankole District (Uganda), 556
An-Nabj Shu’ayb (Yemen), 599
Annabón (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175
An-Nafŭd Desert (Saudi Arabia), 472, 475
Annamese Cordillera, 305, 594–595
Annapurna (Nepal), 384
Antanarivo (Madagascar), 330
Antarctic Circle, 21
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 20
Antarctic Convergence, 20
Antarctic Current. See Benguela Current
Antarctic Lands. See Southern and Antarctic
Lands (France)
Antarctic Peninsula, 18, 19, 21
639
Index
Albert Peak (DROC), 130
Alberta plain (Canada), 100
Ålborg Bay (Denmark), 154
Al-Burghsth (Syria), 523
Aldabra Group. See Groupe d’Aldabra Atoll
(Seychelles)
Aldan River (Russia), 454
Aldeyjarfoss (Iceland), 240
Alegranza Island (Spain), 500
Alentejo (Portugal), 441–442, 443
Aleppo (Syria), 524
Aletsch Glacier (Switzerland), 518
Aleutian Islands (United States), 573, 579
Aleutian Range (United States), 574
Aleutian Trench (United States), 573
Alexander Archipelago (United States), 577
Alexander Bay (South Africa), 496
Alexander Island (Antarctica), 20
Algarve (Portugal), 440
Algeria, 7–11, 9, 11t
Al-Ghazal River (Sudan), 508
Algoa Bay (South Africa), 496
Al-Hajar Mountains (Oman), 408, 409
Al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia), 472, 473
Al-Hufŭf (Saudi Arabia), 473
Al-Huqf Depression (Oman), 409
Al-Hursj Al-Aswad Hills (Libya), 316
Aliákman River (Greece), 212
Alice Springs (Australia), 35
Al-Jabal (Sudan), 508
Al-Jafr Basin (Jordan), 283
Al-Jazjrah. See Mesopotamia
Al-Khawr (Qatar), 446
Al-Kufrah (Libya), 318
“Allah’s minesweepers,” 3
Allegheny Mountains (United States), 573–574
Allgäuer Mountains (Germany), 202
Allier River (France), 191
Al-Ljtanj River (Lebanon), 310
Almaty (Kazakhstan), 287
Al-Mudawwarah Desert (Jordan), 283
Alofi (Niue), 394
Alpheus River (Greece), 212
Alpine Foothills (Germany), 204
Alpine-Himalayan Mountains, 546
Alps
Austrian, 36, 487
Bavarian, 202
Bernese, 518
Carnic, 36, 269–270
Dinaric, 69, 142, 487, 602, 604
French, 190
Glarus, 518
Italian, 269–270
Japanese, 276
Julian, 270, 487
Lepontine, 518
North Albanian, 602
Pennine, 518
Rhaetian, 518
Swiss, 517–521
Transylvanian, 448, 449, 602, 604
Al-qash. See Mareb River
Alqueva Reservoir (Portugal), 442
Altai Shan, 116, 284, 363–364, 453
Altay Shan. See Altai Shan
Altiplano (Bolivia), 66–67
Index
Antarctic Treaty, 18
Antarctica, 17–22, 18, 391
Anti-Apennines (Italy), 271, 273
Anti-Atlas Mountains (Morocco), 369
Anticosti Island (Canada), 99
Antigua and Barbuda, 22–23, 23, 23t
Anti-Lebanon Mountains, 310, 521–523
Antongil Bay (Madagascar), 329
Antsiranana Bay (Madagascar), 329
Anuta Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Anzali Mordab (Iran), 257
Aozou Strip (Chad), 111
Apa River (Paraguay), 426
Apaporis River (Colombia), 124
Apennines, 269, 270–271
Apere River (Bolivia), 66
Apia (Samoa), 466–468
Apolima Island (Samoa), 466–467
Appalachian Chain (Canada), 97
Appalachian Mountains (United States), 571,
573–574, 576, 579–580
Appalachian Plateaus (United States), 571, 574
Approuague River (French Guiana), 195
Apulia (Italy), 272
Apure River (Venezuela), 591–592, 593
Apurímac River (Peru), 430
Apuseni Mountains (Romania), 449
Aqsu-Zhabaghly Nature Reserve (Kazakhstan),
284
Aquidaban River (Paraguay), 426
Aquitaine (France), 194
Ar Rahad River (Sudan), 508
Ar Rayyan (Qatar), 447
Arabat Spit (Ukraine), 561
Arabian Desert (Egypt), 167, 168, 170
Arabian Gulf. See Persian Gulf
Arabian Oryx Reserve (Oman), 409
Arabian Peninsula, 472–473
Arabian Plateau, 599
Arabian Tectonic Plate
Eritrea, 176
Iran, 255
Israel, 266
Jordan, 281
Kuwait, 300
Lebanon, 310
Pakistan, 411
Qatar, 446
Saudi Arabia, 472–474
United Arab Emirates, 562
Arafura Sea, 251, 252
Aragats Lerr. See Mount Aragats (Armenia)
Arakan Mountains (Myanmar), 375
Arakan Yoma Range (India), 244
Árakhthos River (Greece), 212
Araks River. See Aras River
Aral Sea, 584
Kazakhstan, 286
Aran Islands (Ireland), 263
Aras River, 28, 29, 40
Arauca River, 124, 591
Arava (Israel), 268
Aravali Range (India), 244
Arboletes (Colombia), 124
Arbuka Island (Estonia), 180
Archaeology
Malaysia, 334
640
Mongolia, 364
Nigeria, 402
Peru, 430
Archipiélago de Camagüey, 146
Archipiélago de los Canarreos, 146
Archipiélago de los Colorados, 146
Archipiélago de Sabana, 146
Archipiélago Solentiname (Nicaragua), 396
Arctic Archipelago (Canada), 95–96, 99
Arctic Circle, 214–215, 578
Arctic Institute of North America (Canada), 97
Arctic islands, 455
Arctic Ocean, 455
Arctic Slope (United States), 573
Arda River (Bulgaria), 83
Ardennes highlands (Belgium), 52, 54
Ardennes Plateau (France), 190–191
Ardennes region (Luxembourg), 323
Areicas (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Arenal volcano (Costa Rica), 136
Argentina, 23–27, 25, 27t
Argep River (Romania), 449
Arghandab River (Afghanistan), 3
Argun River (Russia), 454
Arhus Bay (Denmark), 154
Ari Atoll (Maldives), 338
Arial Khan (Bangladesh), 46
Arizona (United States), 579
Arkananía (Greece), 211
Arkansas (United States), 573
Arkansas River (United States), 576
Arlberg Pass (Austria), 36
Armenia, 28, 28–29, 29t
Armenian Plateau, 28, 29
Armorican Massif (France), 191
“Arms of Gold.” See Bras d’Or Lake (Canada)
Árnessýsla (Iceland), 238
Arno River (Italy), 271, 272, 273
Arosa Estuary (Spain), 501
Arquipélago dos Bijagós (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Arran (United Kingdom), 566, 568
Ar-Razzazah (Iraq), 259
Artibonite Plain (Haiti), 231–232
Artibonite River (Haiti), 230, 231–232
Artibonito River (Dominican Republic), 160
Aru Islands (Indonesia), 252
Aruba, 29–31, 30, 390
Arun River (Nepal), 385
Arunachal Pradesh (India), 247
Aruvi Aru River (Sri Lanka), 503–504
Aruwimi River (DROC), 131
Asan Bay (Korea, Republic of), 298
Asau (Samoa), 467
Ascension (United Kingdom), 568
Ash Shariqah (United Arab Emirates), 562–563
Ashanti Uplands (Ghana), 207–208
Ashmore Island (Australia), 31, 34
Ashqelon-Ashdod (Israel), 268
Ash-Shaqaya Peak (Kuwait), 300
‘Asir Mountains (Saudi Arabia), 472–473, 475
Ašmena Highland (Lithuania), 320
Asphalt in Trinidad and Tobago, 542
As-Summan Plateau (Saudi Arabia), 472
Astana (Kazakhstan), 288
Astola (Pakistan), 413
Astrolabe Bay (Papua New Guinea), 422
Asunción (Paraguay), 425, 427
Asveja Lake (Lithuania), 320
Aswa River (Uganda), 557
Aswan Dam, 508
Aswan High Dam, 168
Atacama Desert, 112, 114, 431
Atacama Plateau (Argentina), 25
Atakora Mountains (Benin), 58
Atar (Mauritania), 348
Atatürk Reservoir (Turkey), 548
Atauro Island (East Timor), 163
Atbara River, 182, 506, 508–509
Atetsu Plateau (Japan), 277
Athabasca River (Canada), 98
Atlantic Lowlands (Colombia), 124, 125
Atlantic Lowlands (Nicaragua), 395–398
Atlantic provinces (Canada), 96
Atlantic Right Whale, 26
Atlas Mountains, 8, 367, 368–369, 543
Atoll de Cosmoldeo (Seychelles), 479–480
Atoll de Farhuhar (Seychelles), 480
Atoll Island (United States), 577
Atrai River (Bangladesh), 46
Ätran River (Sweden), 515
Atrato River (Colombia), 124
Atrato swamp (Colombia), 124
Atrek River, 256, 550
Attersee (Austria), 37
Attica (Greece), 211, 213
Attock Gorge (Pakistan), 413
Atuel River (Argentina), 26
Atyras (Kazakhstan), 286–287
Auckland (New Zealand), 393, 394
Aunuu Island (United States), 578
Ausa River (San Marino), 469
Australia, 31–35, 32, 35t
Australian Alps, 32
Australian Antarctic Territory, 31
Australian Capital Territory, 31
Australian Tectonic Plate
Australia, 31
Fiji, 184
Indonesia, 249, 251
New Zealand, 391
Solomon Islands, 489
Austria, 36–39, 37, 38t
Auyán Tepuy (Venezuela), 591
Avalanches
Kyrgyzstan, 302
Switzerland, 518
Avarua (Cook Islands), 394
Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal), 442
Avenue of the Volcanoes. See Inter-Andean
Lane (Ecuador)
Aves Island (Venezuela), 592
Aveyron River (France), 191
Avon River (United Kingdom), 566
Awaji Island (Japan), 279
Awash River (Ethiopia), 182
Axar Fjord (Iceland), 241
Ayapel Mountains (Colombia), 122
Aydin Mountains (Turkey), 546
Ayers Rock. See Uluru Rock (Australia)
Ayeyarwady River. See Irrawaddy River
(Myanmar)
Ayrag Nuur Lake (Mongolia), 365
Az Zawr (Kuwait), 300
Index
Azerbaijan, 39, 39–41, 40t
Azores (Portugal), 440, 442
Azov Upland (Ukraine), 559
Azraq Oasis (Jordan), 282
Aztec Empire, 354
Azuero Peninsula (Panama), 419
Azul River (Guatemala), 221
B
Barrancas. See Canyons
Barrier Dam (The Netherlands), 388
Barrier reefs
Belize, 56
Martinique, 346
Mexico, 355
Micronesia, 358, 359
Palau, 416
Turks and Caicos Islands, 552–553
See also Coral reefs
Barro Colorado wildlife refuge (Panama), 418
Barrow River (Ireland), 263
Bartlett Trough, 146, 274
Basalt Desert. See Black Desert
Basawakkulan Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503
Basel (Switzerland), 519–520
Basilan (The Philippines), 435
Bass Strait (Australia), 33, 34
Bassas da India (France), 192
Basse-Terre island (Guadeloupe), 218–219
Bassenthwaite Lake (England), 566
Basseterre (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Bassin Blanc (Mauritius), 351
Bataan Peninsula (The Philippines), 435
Batan (The Philippines), 434
Batanghari River (Indonesia), 251
Batéké Plateau (Republic of the Congo), 134
Batinah Plain (Oman), 409
Bathurst Island (Australia), 34
Batinah Coast (United Arab Emirates), 563
Batticaloa (Sri Lanka), 503
Batumi (Georgia), 201, 202
Baucau (East Timor), 162
Baulai River (Bangladesh), 46
Bauxite
Guinea, 224
Guyana, 229
Jamaica, 275
Bavaria (Germany), 204
Bavarian Alps, 202
Bavarian Forest (Germany), 206
Bay Islands. See Islas de la Bahía (Honduras)
Bay of Bengal, 47, 245, 376
Bay of Kotor (Yugoslavia), 604
Bay of Monte Cristi (Dominican Republic),
160
Bay of Neiba (Dominican Republic), 159, 160
Bay of Plenty (New Zealand), 393, 394
Bay of Port-au-Prince (Haiti), 231
Bay of Samaná (Dominican Republic), 160
Bay of Wrecks (Kiribati), 293
Bayan Mountains (Afghanistan), 3
Bayanzag Canyon (Mongolia), 364
Bays. See names of specific bays
Bazardyuze (Azerbaijan), 40
Bazaruto Archipelago (Mozambique), 373
Bazaruto Island (Mozambique), 373
Beaches
Anguilla, 16
Antigua, 22
Argentina, 26
Aruba, 30
Australia, 34
The Bahamas, 42
Bahrain, 44
Bangladesh, 47
Barbados, 49
641
Index
Ba River (Fiji), 184
Baba Mountains (Afghanistan), 2–3
Babelthuap (Palau), 415–416
Babuyan (The Philippines), 434
Bâc River (Moldova), 361
Bactiara River Canyon (Iran), 255
Badanjilin Shamo (China), 120
Badigeru Swamp (Sudan), 508
Badiyat ash Sham Plateau (Saudi Arabia), 472
Badly Beacon (Belize), 56
Baetic Cordillera Mountains (Spain), 500–501
Baffin Bay, 99, 215
Baffin Island (Canada), 99
Bafing River (Mali), 341
Bagirmi. See Chari-Baguirmi (Chad)
Bah el Arab River (Sudan), 508
The Bahamas, 41–43, 42
Bahariya Oasis (Egypt), 170
Bahía de Campeche (Mexico), 355
Bahía de Monte Cristi. See Bay of Monte Cristi
(Dominican Republic)
Bahía de Neiba. See Bay of Neiba (Dominican
Republic)
Bahía de Paita (Peru), 430
Bahía de Samaná. See Bay of Samaná
Bahía de Sechura (Peru), 430
Bahktegan Lake (Iran), 256
Bahr Al-Jabal. See White Nile (Sudan)
Bahr el Ghazal (Chad), 109
Bahr Salamat (Chad), 109
Bahrain, 43, 43–44, 44t
Baie de Lévrier (Mauritania), 348
Baie du Marin (Martinique), 346
Baiyangdian Lake (China), 118
Baja California Peninsula (Mexico), 352–356
Bajuni Islands (Somalia), 492
Bakassi Peninsula (Cameroon), 92
Baker Island (United States), 577
Bakhuis Mountains (Suriname), 510
Bakir River (Turkey), 549
Bakony Mountains (Hungary), 235, 237–238
Bakoye River (Mali), 341
Baku (Azerbaijan), 40, 41
Bal Ghutah Oasis (Syria), 523
Balabac Strait, 335
Balbi (Papua New Guinea), 421
Balboa (Panama), 419
Balearic Islands (Spain), 500
Bali (Indonesia), 249, 252
Bali Sea, 251
Baljkh River (Syria), 522
Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria), 82, 84
Ballon de Guebwiller (France), 191
Balsam Coast. See Costa de Bálsamo (El
Salvador)
Balsas Depression (Mexico), 356
Balsas River (Mexico), 352, 355
Baltic Highlands (Lithuania), 320
Baltic states
Estonia, 178–180
Latvia, 307–309
Lithuania, 320–322
Baltoro (Pakistan), 411
Baluchistan Plateau (Pakistan), 411–414
Bamako (Mali), 341
Bamenda Highlands (Nigeria), 402, 403
Bamingui River (Central African Republic),
105
Banaba Island (Kiribati), 292, 293
Banados del Este y Franja Costers (Uruguay),
582
Banana Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Banana Islands (Sierra Leone), 481
Bananal Island (Brazil), 76
Banat (Romania), 448
Banat Mountains (Romania), 449
Banc d’Arguin National Park (Mauritania), 348
Banda Sea, 251
Bandai-Asahi National Park (Japan), 278
Bandai Plateau (Japan), 277
Bandama River (Côte d’Ivoire), 139
Bandarban Hill Tract (Bangladesh), 45
Bandar-e Anzali (Iran), 257
Bandar-e Lengeh (Iran), 257
Bandar-e Torkeman Lagoon (Iran), 257
Band-e Amir (Afghanistan), 3
Bandiagara Plateau (Mali), 340
Bandon River (Ireland), 263
Bangfai River (Laos), 306
Banggi Island (Malaysia), 335
Banghiang River (Laos), 306
Bangka (Indonesia), 252
Bangkok (Thailand), 535
Bangla State (India), 242
Bangladesh, 45–48, 46, 47t, 242
Bango Faros (Gambia), 198
Bangweulu Swamp (Zambia), 607
Bani River (Mali), 341
Banjarmasin River (Indonesia), 250
Banjul (Gambia), 198–199
Bank Islands (Vanuatu), 587
Banks Island (Canada), 99
Banks Peninsula (New Zealand), 393
Bantry Bay (Ireland), 263
Bantu (Zambia), 608
Banyas River (Israel), 267
Baobab trees, Madagascar, 330
Bara Issa River (Mali), 341
Barada River (Syria), 523
Barail Range (India), 244
Baraka River, 177, 508
Barba volcano (Costa Rica), 136
Barbados, 48–49, 49, 49t
Barents Island, 406
Barents Sea, 405, 455
Bargushat River (Armenia), 29
Barisan Mountains (Indonesia), 249
Barito River (Indonesia), 251
Barlavento (Cape Verde), 102
Barlett Deep (Cayman Islands), 104
Baro River (Ethiopia), 182
Barra (Mozambique), 373
Barranca del Cobre (Mexico), 354
Index
Barbuda, 22
Belgium, 54
Belize, 56
Bermuda, 61
Brazil, 76
British Virgin Islands, 79
Bulgaria, 83
Cameroon, 94
Cape Verde, 102
Cayman Islands, 104
Comoros, 127
Costa Rica, 137
Cuba, 146–147
Cyprus, 149
Djibouti, 156
East Timor, 163
Egypt, 169
El Salvador, 172–173
Eritrea, 177
Fiji, 185
France, 192
French Guiana, 195
Gambia, 198, 199
Greece, 213
Grenada, 217
Iceland, 241
Indonesia, 252
Iran, 257
Ireland, 263, 264
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 279
Jordan, 283
Kenya, 291
Latvia, 309
Libya, 316
Madagascar, 329
Malaysia, 335
Maldives, 338
Malta, 343
Martinique, 346, 347
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 355, 357
Monaco, 362
Mozambique, 373
Nauru, 381, 382
Pakistan, 413
Palau, 416
Puerto Rico, 445
Romania, 450
Saint Lucia, 463
Samoa, 467
Seychelles, 479
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 492–493
South Africa, 496
Spain, 501
Sri Lanka, 504
Tanzania, 532
Togo, 538
Tonga, 539
Turkey, 548
642
Turks and Caicos Islands, 553
United States, 578
Vanuatu, 587
Venezuela, 592
Yemen, 600–601
Yugoslavia, 604
Beachy Head (United Kingdom), 569
Beardmore Glacier (Antarctica), 19
Beas River, 244, 413
Beata Island (Dominican Republic), 160
Beau Bassin/Rose Hill (Mauritius), 351
Beaufort Sea (Canada), 99
Beerenberg volcano (Norway), 407
Beeshazar Tal (Nepal), 385
Bei Heng Shan (China), 117
Bei River (China), 118
Beirut (Lebanon), 311
Beitbridge (Zimbabwe), 610
Bejaï Plain (Algeria), 10
Bekáa Valley (Lebanon), 310, 311
Bekambeushi-shitsugen (Japan), 278
Belait District (Brunei), 80
Belait River (Brunei), 80
Belarus, 50, 50–52, 51t
Belau. See Palau
Belém (Brazil), 76
Belgian Lorraine, 52
Belgium, 52–55, 53, 54t
Belian Cave (Slovakia), 485
Belitung (Indonesia), 252
Belize, 55, 55–57, 57t
Belize Barrier Reef, 56
Belize River, 55–57, 221
Belle Sound (Turks and Caicos Islands), 553
Belle-Île-En-Mer (France), 192
Bellevue de l’Inini (French Guiana), 195
Bellingshausen, Fabian von, 20
Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctica), 20
Bellona Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Bell’s Beach (Australia), 34
Belorussian Ridge (Belarus), 50
Belovezhskaya Pushcha Reserve (Belarus), 51
Belvedere Park (Vatican City), 588
Ben Nevis (Scotland), 566
Benelux countries
Belgium, 52–55
Luxembourg, 322–324
The Netherlands, 386–389
Bengal tigers, 245
Benghazi (Libya), 316
Benguela Current, 14–15, 134–135, 197, 379
Benguerra Island (Mozambique), 373
Beni River (Bolivia), 66
Benin, 57–59, 58, 59t
“Benin window,” 59
Bénoué River (Cameroon), 94
Bentley Subglacial Trench (Antarctica), 19
Benue River (Nigeria), 401, 402–403
Bequia Island (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
Berbak National Park (Indonesia), 251
Berbice River (Guyana), 227–228, 229
Berchtesgaden (Germany), 202
Berezina River, 50–51, 560
Bergslagen (Sweden), 517
Bering Coast Uplands (United States), 573
Bering Sea, 455
Bering Strait, 455
Berkner Island (Antarctica), 20
Berlin (Germany), 206
Berlin Wall, 206
Bermejito River (Argentina), 26
Bermejo River (Argentina), 26
Bermuda, 59–61, 60, 61t, 568
Bermuda Triangle, 60
Bernese Alps (Switzerland), 518
Beskid Mountains, 485
Betanza Estuary (Spain), 501
Betpaqdala (Kazakhstan), 287
Betruit (Malaysia), 335
Betsiboka River (Madagascar), 329
Bette Peak. See Bjkks Bjttj (Libya)
Bhanrer Hills (India), 244
Bhubanswar. See Arial Khan (Bangladesh)
Bhumiphol Reservoir (Thailand), 534
Bhutan, 61–64, 62
Bicol Peninsula (The Philippines), 433
Bié Plateau (Angola), 13
Bíelé Karpaty Mountains, 485
Big Sand Cay Island (Turks and Caicos
Islands), 553
Bighorn Range (United States), 573
Bighorn River (United States), 576
Bight of Benin, 58, 403
Bight of Biafra, 175, 403
Bihor Mountains (Romania), 448–449
Bikini Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344, 345
Bjkks Bjttj (Libya), 316, 318
Bilauktaung Range (Thailand), 533–534
Bíle Karpaty Mountains (Czech Republic), 151
Biltine highland (Chad), 108
Bilugyun Island (Myanmar), 376
Binacka Morava River (Macedonia), 326
Bintimani. See Mount Loma Mansa (Sierra
Leone)
Bío-Bío River (Chile), 113
Biosphere Reserve of the Upper OrinocoCasiquiare (Venezuela), 593
Biosphere reserves
El Salvador, 173
Nicaragua, 398
Sri Lanka, 504
Uruguay, 582
Venezuela, 593
Bir Maqsur (Yemen), 599
Bird Island (South Africa), 496
Birds, 341, 385
Argentina, 26
Belize, 56
India, 245
Iran, 257
Ireland, 263, 264
Mauritania, 348
Namibia, 379
New Zealand, 393
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 418
Papua New Guinea, 421, 423
The Philippines, 434
Sierre Leone, 482
Sri Lanka, 504
Thailand, 534–535
Index
Boma National Park (Sudan), 508
Boma Plateau (Sudan), 507
Bombay. See Mumbai (India)
Bombetoka Bay (Madagascar), 329
Bombom Island (São Tomé and Príncipe), 471
Bon Pays. See Gutland (Luxembourg)
Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles), 390
Bondi Beach (Australia), 34
Bondoc Peninsula (The Philippines), 435
Bone Gulf, 252
Bong Range (Liberia), 314
Bongo Mountains (Central African Republic),
105
Bonin Islands (Japan), 279
Bonthe (Sierra Leone), 481
Booby Island (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Book of Revelation (St. John), 213
Boon Tsagaan Lake (Mongolia), 365
Border disputes. See Territorial disputes
Boreal forests, Canada, 100
Borena plain (Ethiopia), 183
Borgo Maggiore (San Marino), 469
Borneo, 248, 252, 333–336
Bornholm Island (Denmark), 154
Bosawás Biosphere Reserve (Nicaragua), 398
Boshavica River (Macedonia), 325
Bosna River (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69
Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBH), 68–70, 69, 70t
Bmsm Peninsula (Japan), 279
Bosque El Imposible (El Salvador), 173–174
Boston (United States), 578
Botanical medicines. See Medicinal plants
Boteti River (Botswana), 72
Botev (Bulgaria), 82
Bothnian Coast (Sweden), 516
Botswana, 70–73, 71, 72t
Bougainville (Papua New Guinea), 422, 423
Boundary disputes. See Territorial disputes
Bouregreg River (Morocco), 369
Bournemouth (England), 570
Bouvet Island (Norway), 407
Boyacá plateau (Colombia), 123
Boyne River (Ireland), 263
Boyoma Falls (DROC), 131
Brac Island (Croatia), 143
Bradano River (Italy), 271
Brahmaputra River, 45, 46, 63, 244, 245
Brakna (Mauritania), 348
Bran Castle (Romania), 449
Branco River (Brazil), 74
Brandberg Massif (Namibia), 378
Branfield Rift (Antarctica), 21
Brantas River (Indonesia), 251
Bras d’Or Lake (Canada), 98
Brassey Range (Malaysia), 334
Bratislava (Slovakia), 485
Bratsk Reservoir (Russia), 454
Brava (Cape Verde), 102
Brazil, 73–78, 75, 77t
Brazilian Highlands, 73–74
Breaksea Sound (New Zealand), 393
Brecon Beacons (Wales), 566
Bregalnica River (Macedonia), 326
Breidamerkurjökull (Iceland), 240
Breidha Fjord (Iceland), 241
Brenner Pass, 36
Bridgetown (Barbados), 49
Brienzersee (Switzerland), 519
Brindisi (Italy), 272
Brisbane (Australia), 35
Bristol Bay (United States), 578
Bristol Channel (United Kingdom), 569
Britain. See Great Britain (United Kingdom)
British Honduras. See Belize
British Indian Ocean Territory (United
Kingdom), 568
British Isles (United Kingdom), 564, 567–568
British Virgin Islands, 78–80, 79, 568
Brittany (France), 192
Brocken Peak (Germany), 204
Brooks Range (United States), 574
Brothers Islands (Yemen), 600
Brugge-Zeebrugge Canal (Belgium), 53
Brunei, 80–81, 81, 81t, 248
Brunei Bay, 336
Brunei River (Brunei), 80
Brussels (Belgium), 52
Bryce Canyon (United States), 575
Bsharrj (Lebanon), 311
Buada Lagoon (Nauru), 382
Bubaque (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Bsbiyan (Kuwait), 301
Buccoo Reef (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Bucharest (Romania), 450
Budapest (Hungary), 236–237, 238
Buddhism, sacred mountain peaks, 117
Buenaventura (Colombia), 125
Buenë River (Albania), 6
Buenos Aires (Argentina), 26, 27
Bug River, 51, 438, 559–561
Bugti Hills (Pakistan), 412
Buhayrat al Assad. See Lake Al-Asad (Syria)
Buir Lake (Mongolia), 365
Buka (Papua New Guinea), 422
Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau (The Philippines),
433, 434, 435
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (Singapore), 484
Bukovina (Romania), 450
Bulawayo (Zimbabwe), 611
Bulgan River (Mongolia), 365
Bulgaria, 82–84, 83, 84t
Bumtang River (Bhutan), 63
Bundala National Park (Sri Lanka), 504
Bung Khong Long (Thailand), 535
Bung Nong Han (Thailand), 534
Bur Sudan. See Port Sudan (Sudan)
Buraydah (Saudi Arabia), 473
Burgaski Zaliv (Bulgaria), 83
Buri Peninsula (Eritrea), 177
Burica Peninsula (Panama), 419
Burkina Faso, 84–86, 85, 86t
Burma. See Myanmar
Burnt Island. See Islas Quemadas (El Salvador)
Burnt Mountain (Namibia), 379
The Burren (Ireland), 264
Bursa (Turkey), 547
Buru (Indonesia), 252
Burundi, 86–89, 87, 88t
Buruntuma (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Busanga Swamp (Zambia), 607
Bush Cay Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),
553
Bsshehr (Iran), 257
Bsshehr Bay, 257
643
Index
Turkey, 548
Zambia, 606–607
Bird’s Head Peninsula (Indonesia), 252
Birket Qarsn (Egypt), 169
Birkirkara (Malta), 343
Birth control, Albania, 7
Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), 304
Bismarck Archipelago (Papua New Guinea),
422
Bismarck Range (Papua New Guinea), 420
Bismarck Sea, 422
Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), 225–226
Bitterroot Range (United States), 573
Biu Plateau (Nigeria), 402
Black Desert, 283
Black Forest (Germany), 204, 206
Black Hills (United States), 571, 575
Black Mountain Range (Bhutan), 62
Black Mountains (Wales), 566
Black River (Jamaica), 274
Black River (Vietnam), 595
Black River Range (Mauritius), 350–351
Black Volta River, 84–85, 208
Blacksod Bay (Ireland), 263
Blackwater River (Ireland), 263
Blanca Bay (Argentina), 26
Blantyre (Malawi), 331, 333
Bloemfontein (South Africa), 498
Blue Hills (Turks and Caicos Islands), 552
Blue Lagoon (Malta), 343
Blue Lagoon (Nauru). See Buada Lagoon
(Nauru)
Blue Mountain Peak (Jamaica), 274
Blue Mountains (DROC), 130
Blue Mountains (Jamaica), 274, 275
Blue Nile River, 182, 506–509
Blue poppies, Bhutan, 63
Blue Ridge Mountains (United States), 571,
573–574
Blue Stack Mountains (Ireland), 262
The Bluff (Cayman Islands), 103
Bo Hai (China), 119
Boa Vista (Cape Verde), 102
Boaz Island (Bermuda), 60
Bobotov Kuk (Yugoslavia), 602
Boby Peak (Madagascar), 327
Bocas del Toro Archipelago (Panama), 418, 419
Bodele Depression (Chad), 110
Bodensee. See Lake Constance
Boeotia (Greece), 211
Bogdaš (Yugoslavia), 602
Boggy Peak (Antigua), 22
Bogland. See Wetlands
Bohemia (Czech Republic), 150–152
Bohemian Forest, 151, 206
Bohemian highlands (Austria), 36, 37
Bohemian-Moravian highlands (Czech
Republic), 151
Bohol (The Philippines), 433, 434
Boiling Lake (Dominica), 157, 158
Bojana River (Yugoslavia), 604
Bokn Fjord (Norway), 407
Bolama (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Bolívar Peak (Venezuela), 590
Bolivia, 64–68, 65, 68t
Bolovens Plateau (Laos), 305, 306
Index
Bushveld (South Africa), 494–495
Buško Blato (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69
Buttermere Lake (England), 566
Butuan Bay, 435
Buurgplaatz (Luxembourg), 323
Büyükmenderes River (Turkey), 548
Buyyk Agri Dagi. See Mount Ararat (Turkey)
Búzi River (Mozambique), 372
C
Ca Mau Peninsula. See Mui Bai Bung
(Vietnam)
Cabeza de Duende (El Salvador), 172
Cabina (Angola), 13
Cablake (East Timor), 162
Cabo de Gata. See Cape Gata (Spain)
Cabo de la Nao. See Cape Nao (Spain)
Cabo de Sines (Portugal), 442
Cabot Strait (Canada), 99
Cabrera Island (Spain), 500
Cacheu River (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Cacine River (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Cagayan River (The Philippines), 433, 434
Cagayan Valley (The Philippines), 435
Caha Mountains (Ireland), 262
Cahora Bassa Dam (Mozambique), 372, 374
Caicos Passage, 41–42, 553
Caille Island (Grenada), 217
Cairngorm Mountains (Scotland), 566
Cairngorm Plateau (Scotland), 566
Cajone Cays (Honduras), 233
Calabria Peninsula (Italy), 271, 272
Calabrian-Sicilian earthquake (Italy), 269
Calalien Pass (Marshall Islands), 344
Calamian Group (The Philippines), 434
Calcutta. See Kolkata (India)
Caledon River (Lesotho), 312
Caledonian Canal (Scotland), 567
Cali (Colombia), 122
California (United States), 578, 579
Callejón Interandino. See Inter-Andean Lane
(Ecuador)
Calving, icebergs and, 20
Camargue (France), 192
Camayenne Peninsula (Guinea), 224
Cambembe Dam (Angola), 14
Cambodia, 89–92, 90, 91t
Cambrian Mountains (Wales), 564, 566
Cameron Highlands (Malaysia), 334
Cameroon, 92–95, 93, 95t
Cameroon Mountains, 92
Cameroun. See Cameroon
Cammon Plateau (Laos), 305, 306
Camotes Sea, 434
Campania (Italy), 272
Campine. See Kempenland (Belgium)
Campo River (Cameroon), 94
Campobello Island (Canada), 99
Camps Bay Beach (South Africa), 496
Canada, 95–101, 96, 100t
Canada Basin, 99
Canadian River (United States), 576
Canadian Rockies, 96–97
Canadian Shield, 96–100, 573
Canaima (Venezuela), 591
Canaima National Park (Venezuela), 592–593
644
Canal du Midi (France), 192
Canal du Nivernais (France), 192
Canals
Belarus, 51
Belgium, 53
China, 119
Egypt, 169–170
France, 192
Germany, 205
Iran, 255
Kazakhstan, 286
Madagascar, 329
Panama, 417
Sri Lanka, 503
Turkmenistan, 551
United Kingdom, 566–567
Uzbekistan, 585
See also names of specific canals
Canaries River (Saint Lucia), 462
Canary Islands (Spain), 500
Cancún (Mexico), 355
Candaba Swamp (The Philippines), 434
Canelles River (Saint Lucia), 462
Cango Caves (South Africa), 495
Cañon del Colca (Peru), 428
Cañon del Cotahuasi (Peru), 428
Canouan Island (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), 441, 499–501
Canterbury Bight (New Zealand), 393
Canterbury Plains (New Zealand), 391, 394
Canyonlands (United States), 575
Canyons
Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69
Burkina Faso, 85
China, 117
Czech Republic, 151
Ethiopia, 182
Guatemala, 220
Honduras, 233
India, 244
Indonesia, 250
Iran, 255
Japan, 278
Laos, 306
Macedonia, 325
Mexico, 354
Mongolia, 364
Myanmar, 375
Namibia, 379
Nepal, 384
Nicaragua, 396
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 417
Peru, 428
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 491
Sri Lanka, 503
Thailand, 534
Turkey, 547
United States, 574–575
Venezuela, 591
Yemen, 599
Yugoslavia, 602
See also names of specific canyons
Cao, Diogo, 380
Cap Blanc Peninsula (Mauritania), 348
Cap Point (Saint Lucia), 463
Cap Timiris (Mauritania), 348
Cap Vert Peninsula (Senegal), 476–477
Cape Adare (Antarctica), 21
Cape Agulhas (South Africa), 496
Cape Andreas (Cyprus), 148, 149
Cape Arnauti (Cyprus), 149
Cape Belle Tete (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Cape Bon (Tunisia), 543
Cape Breton Island (Canada), 99
Cape Brett (New Zealand), 393
Cape Carvoeiro (Portugal), 442
Cape Changgi (Korea, Republic of), 298
Cape Chelyuskin (Russia), 455
Cape Cod (United States), 578
Cape Codera (Venezuela), 590
Cape Comorin (India), 246
Cape Corrientes (Colombia), 125
Cape Corrientes (Mexico), 355
Cape Cross (Namibia), 380
Cape Darbat ’Alj (Oman), 410
Cape Datu (Indonesia), 252
Cape Delgado (Mozambique), 373
Cape Disappointment (United States), 578
Cape Elea (Cyprus), 149
Cape Emine (Bulgaria), 83
Cape Erimo (Japan), 279
Cape Espichel (Portugal), 442
Cape Farewell (Greenland). See
Uummannarsuaq (Greenland)
Cape Farewell (New Zealand), 393
Cape Francés Viejo (Dominican Republic), 160
Cape fur seals, 380
Cape Gata (Cyprus), 149
Cape Gata (Spain), 501
Cape Gracias a Dios, 234, 397
Cape Greco (Cyprus), 149
Cape Guardafui. See Ras Caseyr (Somalia)
Cape Kamui (Japan), 279
Cape Kidnappers (New Zealand), 393
Cape Kormakiti (Cyprus), 149
Cape Lara (Cyprus), 149
Cape Lopez (Gabon), 197
Cape Madonna (Slovenia), 488
Cape Mesurado (Liberia), 315
Cape Moem (Papua New Guinea), 422
Cape Morris Jessup (Greenland), 215
Cape Moule à Chique (Saint Lucia), 463
Cape Mount (Liberia), 315
Cape Nag’s Head (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Cape Nao (Spain), 500, 501
Cape Negrais (Myanmar), 376
Cape Nelson (Papua New Guinea), 422
Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), 496
Cape Palliser (New Zealand), 393
Cape Palmas (Liberia), 315
Cape Palos (Spain), 501
Cape Reinga (New Zealand), 393
Cape Reykjanes (Iceland), 241
Cape Ristna (Estonia), 179
Cape St. Vicente (Portugal), 442
Cape San Agustin (The Philippines), 435
Cape Santa Clara (Gabon), 197
Index
Casamance River (Senegal), 476–477
Cascade Range (United States), 574
Casiquiare Channel (Venezuela), 591
Caspian Depression, 285
Caspian Sea
Azerbaijan, 40
Iran, 257–258
Kazakhstan, 286–287
Russia, 453–454
wetlands, 257
Cassiar Range (Canada), 97
Castle Harbor (Bermuda), 60
Castles (administrative divisions). See
Administrative divisions
Castries (Saint Lucia), 463
Cat Ba Island (Vietnam), 595, 597
Cat Island (The Bahamas), 41, 42
Catalonia (Spain), 502
Cataratas Iguaçu. See Iguazú Falls
Cattle ranching. See Ranching and grazing
Cauca River (Colombia), 124
Cauca Valley (Colombia), 126
Caucasus Mountains (Russia), 453
Caura River (Venezuela), 592
Cauto River (Cuba), 146
Cavalla River, 139, 314
Cave paintings, El Salvador, 172
Cave Sandstone Foothills (Lesotho), 312, 313
Caves
Bulgaria, 82
El Salvador, 172
Germany, 204
295
Korea, Republic of, 298
Macedonia, 325
Malaysia, 334
Morocco, 369
Myanmar, 375
Slovakia, 485
Slovenia, 488
South Africa, 495
Cayman Bank, 104
Cayman Brac, 103–104
Cayman Islands, 103–105, 104, 104t, 568
Cayman Ridge, 103, 146, 355
Cayman Trough, 104, 355
Cayon River (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 460, 461
Cays
Belize, 56
Cuba, 146–147
Jamaica, 275
See also specific cays
Cébaco Island (Panama), 419
Cebu (The Philippines), 434–435
Celebes. See Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Celebes Sea. See Sulawesi Sea
Celtic Sea, 263
Census divisions. See Administrative divisions
Central African Republic, 105–107, 106, 107t
Central Alps (Italy), 269–270
Central American Cordillera, 233
Central Brahui Range (Pakistan), 412
Central Depression (Papua New Guinea), 421
Central Fiji. See Lomaiviti (Fiji)
Central Highlands (Afghanistan), 1, 2
Central Highlands (Brazil), 74–75
Central Highlands (Colombia), 122, 124
Central Highlands (Nicaragua), 395–398
Central Highlands (Republic of the Congo),
134
Central Highlands (Vietnam), 594–597
Central Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), 2–3
Central Karroo. See Great Karroo Plateau
(South Africa)
Central Lowlands (Germany), 205
Central Lowlands (Paraguay), 424–427
Central Lowlands (Scotland), 564, 570
Central Luzon Plain (The Philippines), 434
Central Mesa. See Meseta Central (Spain)
Central Mexico, 352
Central Midlands (England), 566
Central Mountains (Cuba), 145
Central Pampas (Argentina), 24, 27
Central Plains (Australia), 31, 35
Central Plateau (Haiti), 230
Central Plateau (Mexico), 352–357
Central Plateau (Rwanda), 458–459
Central Plateau (Switzerland). See Mittleland
Central Plateau (Tanzania), 531
Central Range (Taiwan), 525
Central Range (Trinidad and Tobago), 541–
542
Central Siberian Plateau (Russia), 451, 454, 457
Central Suriname Wilderness Nature
Reservation (Suriname), 511
Central Uplands (Germany), 203–206
Central Valley (Chile), 112–113, 114
Central Valley (United States), 574, 579
Cephalonia (Greece), 212
Ceram (Indonesia), 249, 252
Ceram Sea, 251
Cerknica (Slovenia), 488
Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina), 24
Cerro Catedral (Uruguay), 581
Cerro Colorado (Panama), 420
Cerro de Punta (Puerto Rico), 444
Cerro del Aripo. See Mount Aripo (Trinidad
and Tobago)
Cerro El Pital (El Salvador), 172
Cerro Fitz Roy (Argentina), 25
Cerro Jyamy (Peru), 428
Cerro Las Minas (Honduras), 233
Cerro Mercedario (Argentina), 24
Cerro Pináculo (Argentina), 25
Cerro Torre (Argentina), 25
Cerro Verde National Park (El Salvador), 172
Cestos River (Liberia), 314
Ceuta, 368, 499
Ceyhan River (Turkey), 548
Chaabahar Bay (Iran), 257
Chacachacare Island (Trinidad and Tobago),
541
Chaco Boreal. See Chaco region
Chaco region, 27, 424–427
Chad, 107–111, 109, 110t
Chaem River (Thailand), 534
Chaeryŏng Plain (DPRK), 296
Chagai Hills (Pakistan), 412
Chagos Archipelago (United Kingdom), 568
Chagres River (Panama), 418
Chaillu Massif (Gabon), 196
Chaine de Mateaux (Haiti), 230
Chalbi Desert (Kenya), 291
645
Index
Cape Santa Maria (Portugal), 442
Cape São Roque (Brazil), 76
Cape São Tomé (Brazil), 76
Cape Shiretoko-Masakai (Japan), 279
Cape Smya (Japan), 279
Cape Town (South Africa), 494, 496–498
Cape Tres Puntas (Argentina), 26
Cape Verde, 101–103, 102, 103t
Cape Verga (Guinea), 224
Cape Vilanandro (Madagascar), 329
Cape Ward Hunt (Papua New Guinea), 422
Cape Wrath (United Kingdom), 569
Cape York Peninsula (Australia), 34, 35
Capernaum Valley (Israel), 266
Capri (Italy), 272
Caprivi Strip (Namibia), 377, 380
Caquetá River (Colombia), 124
Caracas (Venezuela), 590–591
Caravéla (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Caraxe (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Carbet (Martinique), 346
Carcarañá River (Argentina), 26
Cardamom. See Krâvanh Range (Cambodia)
Cardigan Bay (Wales), 569
Cargados Carajos Shoals (Mauritius), 351
Caribbean Coastal Plain (Dominican
Republic), 161
Caribbean Islands. See specific islands
Caribbean Tectonic Plate
Aruba, 30
Barbados, 48
Cayman Islands, 103
Cuba, 145
Dominica, 157
El Salvador, 171
Guadeloupe, 218
Guatemala, 219–220
Honduras, 232
Jamaica, 274
Martinique, 346
Nicaragua, 395
Panama, 417
Puerto Rico, 444
Saint Lucia, 462
Cariboo Range (Canada), 97
Carinthia (Austria), 37
Carlingford Lough (Northern Ireland), 569
Carlisle Bay (Barbados), 48
Carney Island (Antarctica), 20
Carnic Alps, 36, 269–270
Carnsore Point (Ireland), 263
Carolinas (United States), 576
Caroline Islands archipelago, 358, 415–416
Caroni Plain (Trinidad and Tobago), 542
Caroni River (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Caroni Swamp (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Carpathian Basin, 235–238
Carpathian Mountains, 235, 437, 447–448, 450,
559–561
Carriacou (Grenada), 217
Carson Sink (United States), 575
Carstenz Pyramid. See Puncak Jaya (Indonesia)
Cartago basin (Costa Rica), 137
Carthage (Tunisia), 543
Cartier Island (Australia), 31, 34
Casablanca (Morocco), 369
Index
Chalcidice Peninsula (Greece), 212, 213
Chalkidhiki Peninsula. See Chalcidice
Peninsula (Greece)
Chalky Inlet (New Zealand), 393
Chambri Lakes (Papua New Guinea), 421–422
Chamelecón River (Honduras), 233
Chang Jiang River (China), 117, 118, 119
Changane River (Mozambique), 372
Changbai Shan (China), 117
Changjin River (DPRK), 295
Changsan Cape (DPRK), 296
Changuinola River (Panama), 418
Channel Country (Australia), 33
Channel Islands (United Kingdom), 568
Channel Tunnel (United Kingdom), 567
Chanthaburi Range (Thailand), 534
Chao Phraya River (Thailand), 533–535
Chao Phraya Valley (Thailand), 533
Chaparé River (Bolivia), 66
Chaparral. See Grasslands
Chapman’s Peak Drive (South Africa), 496
Chappal Waddi (Nigeria), 402
Charcot Island (Antarctica), 20
Chari-Baguirmi (Chad), 108
Chari River, 94, 105, 108, 109
Charleroi-Brussels Canal (Belgium), 53
Chars. See Islands
Chashma Barrage (Pakistan), 413
Chatham Islands (New Zealand), 393
Chatyr-Kul (Kyrgyzstan), 303
Cheduba Island (Myanmar), 376
Cheju Do (Korea, Republic of), 297–298, 298
Cheju Island. See Cheju Do (Korea, Republic
of)
Cheleken Peninsula (Turkmenistan), 551
Chelif River (Algeria), 9
Chemama (Mauritania), 348
Chenab River, 244, 413
Chennai (India), 242, 245, 246
Chepo River (Panama), 418
Cherangai Hills (Kenya), 289
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station (Ukraine),
560
Chernozem, 361
Cherrapunji (India), 246
Cherskiy Range (Russia), 453
Chesapeake Bay (United States), 577–578
Cheviot Hills (United Kingdom), 566
Chi River (Thailand), 534
Chiang Mai (Thailand), 534
Chiang Saen Lake. See Nong Bong Kai
(Thailand)
Chiapas (Mexico), 354
Chiapas Highlands (Mexico), 354, 356
Chibchas Indians, 126
Chicama River (Peru), 428
Chico River (Argentina), 26
Chilas-Gilgit (Pakistan), 414
Chile, 111–115, 112, 114t
Chilka Lake (India), 244, 245
Chiloé Island (Chile), 113
Chiltepe peninsula (Nicaragua), 396
Chimanimani Mountains, 371
Chimborazo (Ecuador), 164
Ch’i-Mei Yü Island (Taiwan), 525
Chin Hills (Myanmar), 375
Ch’in Ling Shan. See Qinling Shandi (China)
646
China, 115–121, 116, 120t, 121t, 242, 524
Chincha Islands (Peru), 430
Chindwin River (Myanmar), 375
Chinko River (Central African Republic), 105
Chios (Greece), 212
Chipya region, 608
Chiquimulilla Canal (Guatemala), 221
Chiquinquirá plateau (Colombia), 123
Chirac, Jacques, 223
Chiredzi (Zimbabwe), 610
Chiriquí (Panama), 417
Chiriquí Lagoon (Panama), 419
Chiriquí Viejo River (Panama), 418
Chiri-san (Korea, Republic of), 297
Chirripó Grande (Costa Rica), 136
Chisinău (Moldova), 360
Chitral Hills (Pakistan), 412
Chittagong (Bangladesh), 45, 47
Chobe River, 72, 379
Chocó Plug. See Tapón del Chocó (Colombia)
Chocolate Hills (The Philippines), 433
Choiseul Island (Solomon Islands), 489–490
Cholistan Desert. See Thar Desert
Choluteca River (Honduras), 233
Chomlungma. See Mount Everest
Chomo Lhari (Bhutan), 62
Ch’ŏngch’ŏn River (DPRK), 295
Chonos Archipelago (Chile), 113
Cho’onji Lake (DPRK), 295
Choshui River (Taiwan), 525
Chota Nagpur (India), 244
Chota Nagpur Hills (India), 244
Chott el Djerid (Tunisia), 544
Chott el Gharsa (Tunisia), 544
Chotts. See Salt lakes
Christ Church ridge (Barbados), 48
Christchurch (New Zealand), 394
Christmas Island (Australia), 31, 34
Christmas Island (Kiribati). See Kiritimati
Island (Kiribati)
Christo Rei Beach (East Timor), 163
Chu River (Kyrgyzstan), 303
Chu Valley (Kyrgyzstan), 304
Chubu region (Japan), 279
Chubut River (Argentina), 26
Chucunaque River (Panama), 418
Chugach Mountains (United States), 574
Chugoku region (Japan), 279
Chukchi Peninsula (Russia), 455
Chukchi Sea, 455
Chsgoku Mountains (Japan), 276
Ch’unch’ŏn (Korea, Republic of), 298
Churchill River (Canada), 98
Churia Hills. See Siwalik Hills
Churia Range. See Siwalik Hills
Chuuk Islands (Micronesia), 358–359
Chyulu Range (Kenya), 290
Ciandra Island (Somalia), 492
Cibao Valley (Dominican Republic), 161, 231
Ciénaga de Los Olivitos (Venezuela), 592
Cimarron River (United States), 576
Ciovai Islands (Somalia), 492
“City of Ghosts.” See Phae Muang Phi
(Thailand)
Ciudad Bolívar (Venezuela), 591
Ciula Island (Somalia), 492
Civil war
Angola, 15
Lebanon, 311
See also Wars
Civitavecchia (Italy), 272
Clare Island (Ireland), 263
Clare River (Ireland), 263
Clarence River (New Zealand), 393
Clew Bay (Ireland), 263
Cliff of Angavo (Madagascar), 328
Cliff of Bongolava (Madagascar), 328
Cliffs
Denmark, 154–155
France, 192
Germany, 205
Greece, 213
Madagascar, 328
Martinique, 346
Mauritius, 351
Oman, 409
Romania, 450
See also specific cliffs
Clifton Beach (South Africa), 496
Climate
Afghanistan, 3–4
Albania, 6
Algeria, 10
Andorra, 12
Angola, 15
Anguilla, 17
Antarctica, 21
Antigua, 22
Argentina, 26–27
Armenia, 28, 29
Aruba, 30
Australia, 34
Austria, 38
Azerbaijan, 39–40, 40
The Bahamas, 42
Bahrain, 44
Bangladesh, 47
Barbados, 49
Barbuda, 22
Belarus, 51
Belgium, 54
Belize, 56–57
Benin, 58–59
Bermuda, 61
Bhutan, 63–64
Bolivia, 67
Botswana, 72
Brazil, 76–78
Brunei, 81
Bulgaria, 83–84
Burkina Faso, 85–86
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 90–91
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 100
Cape Verde, 102
Cayman Islands, 104
Chad, 110
Chile, 113–114
China, 119–120
Index
Lithuania, 321
Luxembourg, 323–324
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 329
Malawi, 332
Malaysia, 336
Maldives, 338
Mali, 341
Malta, 343
Marshall Islands, 344–345
Martinique, 346
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 356
Micronesia, 359
Moldova, 361
Monaco, 362–363
Mongolia, 366
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 373
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 380
Nauru, 382
Nepal, 385
Netherlands Antilles, 390
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 397
Niger, 399–400
Nigeria, 403
Norway, 407
Oman, 410
Pakistan, 413–414
Palau, 416
Panama, 419
Papua New Guinea, 422–423
Paraguay, 426
Peru, 431
Poland, 439
Portugal, 442–443
Puerto Rico, 445
Qatar, 447
Romania, 450
Russia, 455–456
Rwanda, 459
Saint Lucia, 463
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464–465
Samoa, 467–468
San Marino, 469
Senegal, 477
Seychelles, 479
Sierra Leone, 481–482
Singapore, 483–484
Slovakia, 486
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 493
South Africa, 497
Spain, 501
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 508–509
Suriname, 511
Swaziland, 513
Sweden, 516
Switzerland, 519–520
Syria, 523
Taiwan, 526
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 532
Thailand, 535
Togo, 538–539
Tonga, 539–540
Trinidad and Tobago, 542
Tunisia, 544
Turkey, 548–549
Turkmenistan, 551
Tuvalu, 554–555
Uganda, 558
Ukraine, 561
United Kingdom, 569
Uruguay, 582
Uzbekistan, 585
Vanuatu, 587–588
Vatican City, 589
Venezuela, 592
Vietnam, 596
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 601
Yugoslavia, 604
Zambia, 607–608
Zimbabwe, 610–611
Cloud forests. See Forests
Clutha River (New Zealand), 393
Clyde River (Dominica), 157
Coal
Bangladesh, 48
Belgium, 54–55
Czech Republic, 152
Germany, 206
Iran, 258
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 297
Mozambique, 374
Nigeria, 404
Poland, 440
Russia, 453, 457
Coast of Light. See Costa de la Luz (Spain)
Coast Ranges (United States), 574
Coastal Lowlands. See Costa (Ecuador)
Coasts
Albania, 6
Algeria, 10
Angola, 14–15
Anguilla, 16
Antarctica, 21
Argentina, 26
Australia, 34
Azerbaijan, 40
Bahrain, 44
Bangladesh, 47
Barbados, 48–49
Barbuda, 22
Belgium, 54
Belize, 56
Benin, 58
Bermuda, 60–61
647
Index
Colombia, 125–126
Comoros, 127
Côte d’Ivoire, 140–141
Croatia, 143
Cuba, 147
Cyprus, 149
Czech Republic, 152
Denmark, 155
Djibouti, 156
Dominica, 158
Dominican Republic, 160–161
East Timor, 163
Ecuador, 166
Egypt, 169
El Salvador, 173
Eritrea, 177–178
Estonia, 180
Ethiopia, 183
Fiji, 185
Finland, 188
France, 193
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 199
Georgia, 201
Germany, 205
Ghana, 209–210
Greece, 213
Greenland, 215–216
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 219
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Guyana, 228
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 234
Hungary, 237
Iceland, 241
India, 246
Indonesia, 252
Iran, 257–258
Iraq, 261
Ireland, 264
Israel, 267
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 280
Jordan, 283
Kazakhstan, 287
Kenya, 291
Kiribati, 293–294
Kuwait, 301
Kyrgyzstan, 303–304
Laos, 306
Latvia, 309
Lebanon, 311
Lesotho, 313
Liberia, 315
Libya, 317
Liechtenstein, 319
Index
Brazil, 76
Brunei, 80–81
Bulgaria, 83
Cambodia, 90
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 99
China, 119
Colombia, 125
Congo, Republic of, 134–135
Costa Rica, 137
Croatia, 142
Cuba, 146–147
Cyprus, 149
Denmark, 154–155
Djibouti, 156
East Timor, 163
Ecuador, 166
Egypt, 169
Estonia, 179
Fiji, 185
Finland, 188
France, 192
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 198
Georgia, 201
Germany, 205
Ghana, 208–209
Greece, 213
Greenland, 215
Grenada, 217
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 225–226
Guyana, 228
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 233–234
Iceland, 241
India, 246
Indonesia, 252
Iran, 257
Iraq, 261
Ireland, 263
Israel, 267
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 279
Jordan, 283
Kenya, 290–291
Kiribati, 293
Kuwait, 301
Latvia, 308–309
Lebanon, 311
Liberia, 315
Libya, 316
Lithuania, 321
Madagascar, 329
Malaysia, 335–336
Martinique, 346
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
648
Mexico, 355–356
Micronesia, 359
Monaco, 362
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 373
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 380
The Netherlands, 388–389
New Zealand, 393
Nicaragua, 397
Nigeria, 403
Norway, 404, 407
Oman, 409–410
Pakistan, 413
Palau, 416
Panama, 419
Peru, 430
Poland, 438–439
Portugal, 442
Puerto Rico, 445
Qatar, 446
Romania, 450
Russia, 455
Saint Lucia, 463
Samoa, 467
Saudi Arabia, 474
Senegal, 477
Sierra Leone, 481
Singapore, 483
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 492–493
South Africa, 496
Spain, 501
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 508
Suriname, 511
Taiwan, 525–526
Tanzania, 532
Thailand, 535
Togo, 538
Tunisia, 544
Turkey, 548
Tuvalu, 554
Ukraine, 560–561
United States, 578
Uruguay, 582
Venezuela, 592
Vietnam, 596
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 600–601
Yugoslavia, 604
Cobourg Peninsula (Australia), 34
Cochabamba-Santa Cruz highway (Bolivia), 68
Cochin (India), 245
Cockburn Harbor (Turks and Caicos Islands),
553
Cockburn Town (Turks and Caicos Islands),
553
Cockpit Country (Jamaica), 274
Cockscomb Mountains (Belize), 56, 57
Coco-de-mer palm, 479
Coco Island (Costa Rica), 137
Coco River (Honduras), 233
Cocos Islands (Australia), 31, 34
Cocos Tectonic Plate
Costa Rica, 136
El Salvador, 171
Mexico, 352
Nicaragua, 395
Panama, 417
Codri Hills (Moldova), 360
Coetivy Island (Seychelles), 480
Coffee
East Timor, 162
El Salvador, 174
Nicaragua, 395, 398
Panama, 417
Coiama Island (Somalia), 492
Coiba Island (Panama), 419
Cold Canary Current (Cape Verde), 102
Colombia, 122–126, 123, 125t
Colombia Peninsula. See La Guajira Peninsula
(Venezuela)
Colombo (Sri Lanka), 504
Colón (Panama), 419
Colonia (Micronesia), 359
Colorado Piedmont (United States), 571
Colorado Plateau (United States), 574–576, 579
Colorado River, 355, 573–576
Colorado River (Argentina), 26
Colossus of Rhodes, 212
Columbia Plateau (United States), 574–575
Columbia River, 98, 574–575, 578
Columbus, Christopher
The Bahamas and, 42
Saint Kitts and Nevis and, 460
Columbus Passage. See Turks Island Passage
(Turks and Caicos Islands)
Columbus Reef (Belize), 56
Coma Pedrosa Peak. See Pic de Coma Pederos
(Andorra)
Comeragh Mountains (Ireland), 262
Comino (Malta), 343–344
Cominotto (Malta), 343
Commerce and industry
Belarus, 51
Denmark, 155
Estonia, 180
France, 194
Greece, 214
Japan, 281
Liechtenstein, 319
Luxembourg, 324
Russia, 457
Singapore, 484
Taiwan, 526
United Kingdom, 570
See also Manufacturing
Commewijne River (Suriname), 511
Commonwealth of Australia. See Australia
Commonwealth of the Bahamas. See The
Bahamas
Communism Peak. See Qullai Ismoili Somoni
(Tajikistan)
Index
Marshall Islands, 344
Martinique, 346
Mauritius, 350, 351
Mexico, 355
Micronesia, 358–359
Myanmar, 376
Nauru, 382
Nicaragua, 396
Palau, 416
Panama, 418
Qatar, 446
Samoa, 467
Saudi Arabia, 474
Seychelles, 478–479
South Africa, 496
Sri Lanka, 504
Thailand, 535
Togo, 538
Tonga, 539
Tuvalu, 554
United States, 573–574, 577–578
Venezuela, 592
Vietnam, 595
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 600
Coral Sea, 422, 489
Coral Sea Islands (Australia), 31, 34
Corantjin. See Courantyne River
Cordillera Blanca (Peru), 428
Cordillera Cantábrica. See Cantabrian
Mountains (Spain)
Cordillera Central
Colombia, 122
Ecuador, 164–165
Peru, 428
Cordillera Central (Costa Rica), 136
Cordillera Central (Dominican Republic),
159–160
Cordillera Central (The Philippines), 433
Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico), 444
Cordillera Dariense (Nicaragua), 395
Cordillera de Amambay (Paraguay), 424
Cordillera de Caaguazú (Paraguay), 424
Cordillera de Guanacaste (Costa Rica), 136
Cordillera de Guaniguanico (Cuba), 145–146
Cordillera de Mérida Mountains (Venezuela),
590–592
Cordillera de San Blas (Panama), 417
Cordillera de San Rafael (Paraguay), 424
Cordillera de Talamanca (Costa Rica), 136
Cordillera de Tilarán (Costa Rica), 136
Cordillera de Venezuela (Venezuela), 590
Cordillera del Quindío. See Cordillera Central,
Colombia
Cordillera Huayhuash (Peru), 428
Cordillera Isabella (Nicaragua), 395
Cordillera Los Maribios (Nicaragua), 395
Cordillera Neovolcanica (Mexico), 353
Cordillera Occidental
Bolivia, 65–67
Colombia, 122
Ecuador, 164–165
Peru, 428
Cordillera Oriental
Bolivia, 65–67
Colombia, 122–123
Dominican Republic, 159–160
Ecuador, 164–165
Peru, 428
Cordillera Real. See Cordillera Oriental,
Bolivia
Cordillera Septentrional (Dominican
Republic), 159
Cordillera Talamanca (Panama), 417
Cordilleras. See Mountains
Cordon littoral. See Sandbars
Corfu (Greece), 212
Corinth (Greece), 212
Cork (Ireland), 263, 264
Corn Islands (Nicaragua), 396
Cornwall (England), 566, 569
Coromandel Coast (India), 246
Corpus Christi (United States), 578
Corsica (France), 189, 192
Corubal River (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Çoruh River (Turkey), 548
Corvo (Portugal), 442
Cosmoldeo Group. See Atoll de Cosmoldeo
(Seychelles)
Costa (Ecuador), 164, 166
Costa Blanca (Spain), 501
Costa de Bálsamo (El Salvador), 173
Costa de la Luz (Spain), 501
Costa de Prata (Portugal), 442
Costa del Sol (Spain), 501
Costa Rica, 136–138, 137, 138t
Costa Verde (Portugal), 442
Cotabato Basin (The Philippines), 435
Cotabato Lowland (The Philippines), 433
Cotachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve
(Ecuador), 165
Côte d’Azur (France), 192
Côte d’Ivoire, 139–142, 140, 141t
Côte Sauvage (France), 192
Côtentin Peninsula (France), 192
Cotonou Lagoon (Benin), 58
Cotopaxi (Ecuador), 164
Cotswolds (England), 566
Cotton, 398
Courantyne River, 227–228, 511
Courland Lagoon. See Kuršiu Marios
(Lithuania)
Courland River (Trinidad and Tobago), 541–542
Cousteau, Jacques, 355
Cozumel (Mexico), 355
Crater Lake (United States), 575
Cres Island (Croatia), 143
Crete (Greece), 212, 213
Cricamola River (Panama), 418
Crimea. See Crimean Peninsula (Ukraine)
Crimean Mountains (Ukraine), 559
Crimean Peninsula (Ukraine), 559, 561
Cristóbal (Panama), 419
Crna River (Macedonia), 326
Crni Drim River (Macedonia), 326
649
Index
Como (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Comoros, 126–128, 127, 127t
Compagna (Italy), 272
Comté River (French Guiana), 195
Conakry (Guinea), 224
Concepción (Paraguay), 426, 427
Conchos River (Mexico), 354
Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DROC),
128–133, 129, 132t
Congo, Republic of the 133–136, 134, 135t
Congo Basin, 128–129, 134–135
Congo River, 13, 105, 128–131, 134
Congo-Nile Ridge (Rwanda), 458
Coniston Lake (England), 566
Connecticut River (United States), 576
Connetables (French Guiana), 195
Conservation. See Environmental protection
Constantinople. See Kstambul (Turkey)
Contador River (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470
Contadora Island (Panama), 419
Continental Divide (United States), 571
Cook Inlet (United States), 577
Cook Islands, 391, 393–394
Cook Strait (New Zealand), 391, 393
Cooper’s Creek (Australia), 33
Copacabana (Brazil), 76
Copiapó (Chile), 114
Copiapó River (Chile), 113
Coppename River (Suriname), 511
Copper
Cyprus, 149
Panama, 420
“Copper Belt” (Africa), 133
Copperbelt Mountains (Zambia), 605
Coquimbo (Chile), 114
Coquimbo River (Chile), 113
Coral Lake (Taiwan), 525
Coral reefs
Antigua, 22
Australia, 33
The Bahamas, 42
Barbados, 48
Barbuda, 22
Belize, 56
Bermuda, 60–61
Colombia, 124
Cuba, 146–147
Djibouti, 156
Dominica, 158
East Timor, 163
Fiji, 185
Grenada, 217
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 233
India, 246
Indonesia, 251
Iran, 257
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 279
Kenya, 290
Kiribati, 293
Madagascar, 329
Malaysia, 336
Maldives, 337
Index
Crni Vrh (Yugoslavia), 602
Croatia, 142–144, 143, 144t
Crocker Mountains (Malaysia), 333, 334
Crocodile habitats, 160
Crocus Hill (Anguilla), 16
Crooked Island (The Bahamas), 42
Cross River (Angola), 403
Crown Mountain (Virgin Islands), 598
Crozet (France), 192
Crude oil. See Petroleum
Crummock Lake (England), 566
Crystal Mountains, 130, 134, 175, 196
Cuango. See Congo River
Cuanza River (Angola), 13–14
Cuare (Venezuela), 592
Cuba, 144–148, 145, 148t
Cubango. See Okavango River
Cuchillas de Toa (Cuba), 145
Cuicocha Volcano lagoon (Ecuador), 165
Cul-de-Sac (Haiti), 230, 232
Cul de Sac River (Saint Lucia), 462, 463
Culebra Island (Puerto Rico), 444
Culiacán River (Mexico), 355
Cumana Highlands (Venezuela), 590
Cumberland Plateau (United States), 574
Cumbrian Mountains (England), 564, 566
Cunene River (Namibia), 379
Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles), 390
Curaray River (Ecuador), 165
Curepipe (Mauritius), 351
Curupayty River (Paraguay), 426
Cuvelai River (Namibia), 379
Cuyuni River (Guyana), 228
Cyclades Islands (Greece), 213
Cyclones
Bangladesh, 47
Fiji, 185
India, 246
Mozambique, 372
Taiwan, 526
Vanuatu, 588
Cyprus, 148–150, 149, 150t
Cyrenaica (Libya), 316, 317
Czech Republic, 150–152, 151, 152t
D
Da Hinggan Ling (China), 117
Da Lat (Vietnam), 595–596
Dac Lac Plateau (Vietnam), 595
Dadu River (China), 119
Dahlak Archipelago (Eritrea), 177
Dahlak Kebir (Eritrea), 176
Dahomey. See Benin
Daisetsu Mountains (Japan), 276, 279
Dakar (Senegal), 476–477
Dakhla Oasis (Egypt), 170
Dakigaeri Gorge (Japan), 278
Dal River (Sweden), 514–515
Dalmatia (Croatia), 143
Damascus (Syria), 522–524
Damietta Channel (Egypt), 169
Dâmrei Range (Cambodia), 89
Dams
Angola, 14
Australia, 33
China, 118
650
Egypt, 168
El Salvador, 172
Ghana, 207
Guinea, 223
Indonesia, 251
Japan, 278
Laos, 305, 306
Latvia, 308
Mexico, 355
The Netherlands, 387, 388
Nigeria, 402
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 418
Paraguay, 425, 427
Romania, 449
Sudan, 508
Suriname, 510
United States, 576
Uruguay, 581
Dan River (Golan Heights), 267
Danakil Depression, 176, 178, 181–183
Danau Sentarium (Indonesia), 251
Dangrek Mountains, 89, 91, 533–534
Danish West Indies. See Virgin Islands
Danube River
Austria, 36, 37
Bulgaria, 82
Germany, 204–205
Hungary, 236
Romania, 449, 450
Slovakia, 484
Ukraine, 560
Yugoslavia, 602–603
Danubian Plain (Bulgaria), 82, 84
Dao Phu Quoc Island (Vietnam), 595
Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), 531–532
Daracas Island (Somalia), 492
Dardanelles (Turkey), 548
Darién (Panama), 417
Darién Mountains (Panama), 417
Darién National Park (Panama), 419
Dark Caves. See Gua Kelam (Malaysia)
Darling River (Australia), 33
Darling Scarp (Australia), 33
Darnah (Libya), 316
Daror River (Somalia), 491
Dartmoor (England), 566
Darvel Bay (Malaysia), 336
Darwin, Charles, 165
Das Island (United Arab Emirates), 563
Dasht-e Arjan marsh (Iran), 257
Dasht-e-Kavjr (Iran), 255, 258
Dasht-e-Lst (Iran), 255, 258
Dasht River (Pakistan), 413
Dassen Island (South Africa), 496
Datu Bay (Malaysia), 335
Daugava River, 308
Daugavpils (Latvia), 309
Daule River (Ecuador), 165
Dauphiné Alps (France), 190
Davao-Agusan Trough (The Philippines), 434
Davao Gulf (The Philippines), 435
Davis Strait, 99, 215
Dawhat Salwah (Qatar), 446
Dawna Range (Thailand), 533
Dayun He. See Grand Canal (China)
De origine et situ Germanorum (Tacitus), 439
Dead Sea, 266, 267, 268, 281–283
Dead Sea Scrolls, 267
Death Valley (United States), 575, 579
Debed River (Argentina), 28, 29
Deccan Plateau (India), 244
Deception Island (Antarctica), 20–21
Deduru River (Sri Lanka), 504
Dedza Mountain (Malawi), 331
Dee River (United Kingdom), 565–566
Deep-sea fishing. See Fish and fishing
Deer Cave (Malaysia), 334
Defoe, Daniel, 113
Deforestation
Algeria, 10
Angola, 15
Bangladesh, 47, 48
Brazil, 77–78
Bulgaria, 84
Burkina Faso, 86
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 91
Cameroon, 95
Comoros, 127, 128
Costa Rica, 138
East Timor, 163
El Salvador, 173
Ethiopia, 183
Gambia, 199
Ghana, 210
Grenada, 217
India, 247
Indonesia, 249, 252, 253
Iran, 258
Israel, 268
Kenya, 291
Kyrgyzstan, 302
Laos, 306
Madagascar, 329, 330
Mexico, 356
Mongolia, 367
Myanmar, 376
Nepal, 386
Pakistan, 414
Panama, 419
Paraguay, 427
Thailand, 536
Venezuela, 593
Delagoa Bay (Mozambique), 373
Delaware Bay (United States), 578
Delft Island (Sri Lanka), 504
Delhi (India), 248
Delos (Greece), 213
Deltas del Estero Real (Nicaragua), 396
Demerara River (Guyana), 227–228
Demilitarized zone (DMZ), Korea, 294, 297
Demir Kapija canyon (Macedonia), 325
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. See
Korea, Democractic People’s Republic
of, (DPRK)
Index
Mexico, 356
Mongolia, 366–367
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 373
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 380
Niger, 400
Oman, 408, 410
Pakistan, 414
Peru, 428, 431
Qatar, 447
Somalia, 493
South Africa, 497
Spain, 501
Sudan, 506, 508–509
Syria, 523
Tunisia, 545
Turkmenistan, 551
United States, 579
Yemen, 601
See also names of individual deserts
Desna River (Ukraine), 560
Dettifoss (Iceland), 240
Devil’s Canyon (Venezuela), 591
Devil’s Hole, 567
Devil’s Island. See Île du Diable (French
Guiana)
Devil’s Triangle. See Bermuda Triangle
Devoke Water Lake (England), 566
Dez River (Iran), 256
Dhahira (Oman), 410
Dhaleswari River (Bangladesh), 46
Dhaulagiri (Nepal), 384
Dhíkti Mountains (Crete), 212
Dhobbah (Yemen), 601
Dhofar Plain (Oman), 408, 410
Diamante River (Argentina), 26
Diamond industry
Angola, 15
Belgium, 55
Namibia, 380, 381
Sierra Leone, 482
South Africa, 498
Swaziland, 514
Diamond Island (Grenada), 217
Diamond Mountains. See Kŭmgang-san
(DPRK)
Diaoyutai Islands, 119
Dibamba River (Cameroon), 94
Dicle. See Tigris River
Didinga Hills (Sudan), 507
Diego Garcia (United Kingdom), 568
Diego Ramírez Islands (Chile), 113
Dieng Plateau (Indonesia), 250
Dikes
Belgium, 52
Denmark, 154
See also Dams
Dîmboviţa River (Romania), 449
Dinaric Alps, 69, 142, 487, 602, 604
Dindar River (Sudan), 508
Dingalan Bay, 435
Dingle Bay (Ireland), 263
Disko Bay (Greenland), 215
Distilled water, Kuwait, 300
District of Columbia (United States), 571
Districts. See Administrative divisions
Diuata Mountains (The Philippines), 433
Diyala River (Iraq), 260
Djado Plateau (Niger), 399
Djambi River (Indonesia), 250
Djebel Libnan. See Lebanon Mountains
Djibouti, 155–157, 156, 157t
Djonovica (Macedonia), 325
Djourab Depression. See Bodele Depression
(Chad)
Djursland Peninsula (Denmark), 154
DMZ. See Demilitarized zone (DMZ)
Dnieper Lowlands (Ukraine), 561
Dnieper River, 50, 454, 559–561
Dnieper Upland (Ukraine), 559
Dniester Basin (Ukraine), 560
Dniester River, 360–361, 559–561
Dnipro River. See Dnieper River
Dniprodzerzhynsk Reservoir (Ukraine), 559
Dnistrovskyy Lyman (Ukraine), 560
Dobruja (Romania), 448, 449, 450
Dodecanese Archipelago (Greece), 213
Dodoma (Tanzania), 531
Dog Island (Anguilla), 16
Doha (Qatar), 446, 447
Doi Inthanon (Thailand), 533
Doi Luang Range (Thailand), 533
Dolomites (Italy), 270
Dolosbage Mountains (Sri Lanka), 503
Dolphins, 413
Dolpo (Nepal), 384
Dom (Switzerland), 518
Dominica, 157–159, 158, 158t
Dominica Passage, 218
Dominican Republic, 159, 159–162, 161t
Don Hai Lot (Thailand), 535
Don River (Russia), 454
Dôn River (Laos), 306
Donau River. See Danube River
Dondra Head (Sri Lanka), 504
Donegal Bay (Ireland), 263
Donets Basin (Ukraine), 560–562
Donets Hills (Ukraine), 559
Donets River (Ukraine), 559–560
Dong Hai. See East China Sea
Donga range (Bhutan), 62
Donga River (Nigeria), 402
Dongotona Mountains (Sudan), 507, 509
Dongting Hu (China), 118
Dopeth-Okok River (Uganda), 557
Dordogne River (France), 191
Doree River (Saint Lucia), 462
Dörgön Lake (Mongolia), 365
Dornoch Firth (Scotland), 569
Doro Range (Zimbabwe), 609
Dorsale Range (Tunisia), 543–545
Dortmund-Ems Canal (Germany), 205
Doubs River (France), 191
Douro River (Portugal), 440, 442
Dover (England), 567, 569
Dovrefjell (Norway), 405
DPRK. See Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic of, (DPRK)
Drâa River (Morocco), 369
651
Index
Democratic Republic of the Congo. See Congo,
Democratic Republic of the (DROC)
Denali. See Mount McKinley (United States)
Dender River (Belgium), 53
Denmark, 152–155, 153, 155t
Denmark Strait, 240
Dennery River (Saint Lucia), 462
Dense Forest Region (Côte d’Ivoire), 139, 141
D’Entrecasteaux Islands (Papua New Guinea),
422
Deosai Plateau (Pakistan), 413
Depressions. See names of specific depressions
Derryveagh Range (Ireland), 262
Derven canyon (Macedonia), 325
Derwent Lake (England), 566
Desaguadero River (Argentina), 26
Desaguadero River (Bolivia), 66
Deseado River (Argentina), 26
Desembarco del Granma National Park
(Cuba), 147
Desertas islet (Portugal), 442
Desertification
Chad, 111
China, 120
El Salvador, 173
Gambia, 199
India, 248
Indonesia, 253
Iran, 258
Kazakhstan, 287
Mali, 341–342
Pakistan, 414
Somalia, 493
Uzbekistan, 584
See also Deforestation
Deserts
Afghanistan, 3, 4
Algeria, 8, 10
Angola, 15
Argentina, 27
Australia, 34, 35
Bahrain, 44
Botswana, 71, 72
Cape Verde, 102
Chad, 110
Chile, 114
China, 120
Comoros, 127
Djibouti, 156–157
East Timor, 163
Egypt, 167, 170
El Salvador, 173
Eritrea, 178
Ethiopia, 183
India, 247
Iran, 255, 258
Iraq, 261
Israel, 267–268
Jordan, 281, 283
Kazakhstan, 287
Kenya, 291
Kuwait, 301
Libya, 316, 317–318
Madagascar, 330
Mali, 342
Mauritania, 349
Index
Dracula (Stoker), 449
Drake Passage, 21, 113
Drakensberg Mountains, 312, 494
Dramselva River (Norway), 405
Drangajökull (Iceland), 240
Drangme Chhu. See Drangme River (Bhutan)
Drangme River (Bhutan), 63
Drangme River Basin (Bhutan), 63
Drau River Valley (Austria), 36, 37
Drava River, 36, 37, 143, 236, 488
Drava River Valley. See Drau River Valley
(Austria)
Drigh Lake (Pakistan), 413
Drin River (Albania), 6, 7
Drina River, 69, 604
DROC. See Congo, Democratic Republic of the
(DROC) 132t
Drohobych (Ukraine), 560
Droughts
Australia, 34–35
Bahrain, 44
Burundi, 88
Cape Verde, 102
Hungary, 237
Iran, 255–256, 257, 258
Kiribati, 294
Mali, 341, 342
Mauritania, 348
Namibia, 380
Russia, 456
Somalia, 493
Drumlins, United Kingdom, 566
Duars Plains (Bhutan), 62–64
Dubayy (United Arab Emirates), 562–563
Dublin (Ireland), 264
Duero River (Spain), 500
Duff Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Dufourspitze (Switzerland), 518
Dukhan anticline (Qatar), 446, 447
Dulce River (Argentina), 26
Dumbara Mountains (Sri Lanka), 503
Dunany Point (Ireland), 263
Dunav River. See Danube River
Dundalk Bay (Ireland), 263
Dundee (Scotland), 567
Dunedin (New Zealand), 394
Dunes. See Sand dunes
Dungeness (United Kingdom), 569
Durand Line, 1
Dursey Head (Ireland), 263
D’Urville Island (New Zealand), 393
Dushanbe (Tajikistan), 528–529
Dust storms
Bahrain, 44
India, 246
Iran, 258
Dyfi National Nature Reserve (Wales), 567
Dzanga-Sangha nature reserve (Central
African Republic), 106
Dzavhan River (Mongolia), 365
Dzerzhinskaya Mountain (Belarus), 50
E
Earthquakes
Afghanistan, 2
Albania, 5
652
Algeria, 8
Argentina, 24
Armenia, 28
Barbados, 48
Bolivia, 66
Bulgaria, 82
Burundi, 87
Chile, 112
China, 115
Colombia, 122
Costa Rica, 136
Cuba, 145
Djibouti, 156
Ecuador, 164
Georgia, 200
Greece, 212
Guatemala, 220
Honduras, 232
Iceland, 239
India, 242
Indonesia, 250, 251
Iran, 255
Italy, 269
Jamaica, 274
Japan, 276, 278
Kazakhstan, 284
Kyrgyzstan, 302
Macedonia, 325
Mexico, 352–353
Myanmar, 374
New Zealand, 391
Nicaragua, 395
Pakistan, 411
Panama, 417
Peru, 428
Portugal, 441
Puerto Rico, 444
Russia, 453
Taiwan, 524
Tajikistan, 527
Turkey, 546
Turkmenistan, 550
United States, 573
Uzbekistan, 584
Venezuela, 590
East African Rift. See Great Rift Valley
East Anglia (United Kingdom), 567
East Antarctica, 18–19, 21
East Caicos Island, 553
East Cape (New Zealand), 393
East China Sea, 119, 278
East Country (Norway), 405, 407
East Falkland (United Kingdom), 568
East Frisian Islands (Germany), 205
East Germany, 206
East Gotland. See Öster Gotland (Sweden)
East Latvian Lowlands, 309
East Malaysia, 333–336
East Siberian Sea, 455
East Timor, 162, 162–163, 163t, 248
Easter Island (Chile), 112, 113
Eastern Alps (Italy), 270
Eastern Channel, 298
Eastern Coastal Plain (Australia), 31
Eastern Desert. See Arabian Desert (Egypt)
Eastern Ghats (India), 243
Eastern Group. See Ratak Group (Marshall
Islands)
Eastern Hajar. See Hajar al-Shargi (Oman)
Eastern Heights Plateau (Jordan), 281
Eastern Highlands (Australia), 31–35
Eastern Highlands (Venezuela). See Cumana
Highlands (Venezuela)
Eastern Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), 2
Eastern lowlands (Austria), 36
Eastern Lowveld (South Africa), 495, 497
Eastern Mountains (Nepal), 384
Eastern Paraguay, 424
Eastern Plains (Colombia), 126
Eastern Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 422
Eastern Plateau (Tanzania), 531
Eastern Plateau Region (Kenya), 290
Eastern Region (Ecuador), 164–167
Eastern Rift Valley, 530–531
Eastern Uplands (South Africa), 495, 497
’Eau Island (Tonga), 539
Ebino Plateau (Japan), 277
Ebon Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Ebro Basin (Spain), 501
Ebro River (Spain), 500
Ecosystems
Amazon rainforests, 77
Brunei, 80
Mongolia, 364–365
Okavango Delta, 72
See also Rainforests; specific ecosystems
Ecotourism
Brunei, 81
India, 248
Madagascar, 327
Ecuador, 164–167, 165, 166t
Edge Island (Norway), 406
Éfaté (Vanuatu), 587
Eger River (Hungary), 236
Egmont Peak (New Zealand), 391
Egypt, 167–170, 168, 170t, 266
Eilerts de Haan Mountains (Suriname), 510
Ekuma River (Namibia), 379
El Djouf (Mauritania), 349
El Faiyum Oasis (Egypt), 168, 170
El Fashar (Sudan), 507
El Niño, Peru and, 431
El Petén (Guatemala), 219–221
El Salvador, 170–174, 171, 173t
El Santuario Plateau (Panama), 417
El Trifinio International Biosphere Reserve (El
Salvador), 173
El Valle Sagrado (Peru), 430
El Viejo. See Volcán San Cristóbal (Nicaragua)
El Yunque National Forest (Puerto Rico), 445
Elat (Israel), 267, 268
Elat Mountains (Israel), 268
Elba Island (Italy), 272
Elbe River, 151, 204
Elburz Range (Iran), 255
Elephant Range. See Dâmrei Range
(Cambodia)
Eleuthera Island (The Bahamas), 42
Index
Equatorial Guinea, 174, 174–176, 175t
Er Rif Mountains (Morocco), 367, 369
Erg Chech (Mali), 342
Ergene Plain (Turkey), 548
Ergs
Algeria, 10
Libya, 318
Mali, 342
Niger, 400
See also Sand dunes
Erhai Lake (China), 118
Erie Canal (United States), 576
Eriksfjiord. See Tunulliarfik (Greenland)
Eritrea, 176–178, 177, 178t
Erne River (Northern Ireland), 566–567
Erongo Mountains (Namibia), 378
Eros Mountains (Namibia), 378
Erosion. See Soil erosion
Erromango (Vanuatu), 587
Erzgebirge Mountains. See Ore Mountains
Erzincan (Turkey), 546
Esan (Japan), 279
Escambray Mountains (Cuba), 145
Escarpada Point (The Philippines), 435
Escaut River. See Schelde River
Eschnerberg (Liechtenstein), 319
Esch-sur-Sûre (Luxembourg), 323
Esdraelon Plain (Israel), 267, 268
Esmeraldas (Ecuador), 166
Espagnol River (Dominica), 157
Española Island (Galápagos), 165
Espíritu Santo (El Salvador), 172
Espíritu Santo (Vanuatu), 587
Essequibo River (Guyana), 227–228
Estany de l’Estanyó (Andorra), 12
Estonia, 178–180, 179, 180t
Estrela (Portugal), 441
Etang Saumâtre. See Lake Saumâtre (Haiti)
Ethiopia, 176, 180–183, 181, 183t
Ethiopian Plateau, 176–177, 181–182
Ethnicities
Angola, 15
Belarus, 51
Belgium, 54
Belize, 57
Botswana, 72
Burkina Faso, 86
Cameroon, 94–95
Canada, 101
Chad, 110–111
China, 120
Colombia, 126
Ecuador, 167
El Salvador, 174
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 219
Guatemala, 222
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Honduras, 234
Iceland, 241
Iraq, 261
Kenya, 288
Malaysia, 336
Mali, 340
Mozambique, 373
Nauru, 382
Nicaragua, 395, 398
Norway, 408
Peru, 432
Poland, 439–440
Sierra Leone, 482
South Africa, 497–498
United Kingdom, 570
Zambia, 608
Zimbabwe, 611
Etna (Italy), 269
Etorofu Island, 276
Etosha Pan (Namibia), 379, 380
EU. See European Union
EU Blue Flag beaches (Ireland), 263
Eubalaena glacialis. See Atlantic Right Whale
Euboea (Greece), 212
Eucumbene Dam (Australia), 33
Euphrates River, 259–261, 521–522, 547–548
Eurasian Tectonic Plate
Afghanistan, 2
Albania, 5
Austria, 36
Belgium, 52
Bulgaria, 82
Cambodia, 89
China, 115
Cyprus, 148
Czech Republic, 150
Estonia, 179
Finland, 186
France, 189
Germany, 202
Greece, 212
Hungary, 235
Indonesia, 249, 251
Iran, 255
Ireland, 262
Italy, 269
Japan, 276
Kazakhstan, 284
294
Kyrgyzstan, 302
Laos, 305
Latvia, 308
Liechtenstein, 318
Lithuania, 320
Luxembourg, 323
Macedonia, 325
Myanmar, 374
Nepal, 383
Pakistan, 411
Poland, 437
Portugal, 440
Romania, 447
Russia, 453
San Marino, 469
Singapore, 483
Slovakia, 484
653
Index
Elgeyo Escarpment (Kenya), 289
Eli Malk Island (Palau), 416
El-Jem Colosseum (Tunisia), 543
Ellenborough Waterfall (Australia), 33
Ellesmere Island (Canada), 99
Ellice Islands. See Tuvalu
Ellsworth Mountains (Antarctica), 19
Elobey Islands (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175
Elphinstone (Oman), 409
Ema River (Estonia), 179
Emba River (Kazakhstan), 286
Embalse Cerrón Grande (El Salvador), 172
Embalse del Río Negro (Uruguay), 581
Emden Deep. See Philippine Trough
Emei Shan (China), 117
Emerald cuckoos, 482
Emilia-Romagna (Italy), 271
Emme River (Switzerland), 519
Empty Quarter. See Rub’ al-Khali
Ems River (Germany), 204
Endangered species
Angola, 13
Belize, 57
Nicaragua, 396
Pakistan, 414
yaks, 384
See also Wildlife protection
Enewetok Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
England (United Kingdom), 564, 566–570
English Channel (United Kingdom), 567, 569
Ennedi highland (Chad), 108
Ennerdale Lake (England), 566
Enns River (Austria), 37
Entebee (Uganda), 558
Enugu (Nigeria), 404
Environmental problems
Angola, 13
Cameroon, 94, 95
Chad, 111
India, 244
Kazakhstan, 286
Kiribati, 293
Lithuania, 322
Nauru, 382
Uzbekistan, 584
See also specific environmental problems
Environmental protection
Austria, 39
Brunei, 81
China, 119
India, 247
Indonesia, 251
Japan, 279
Kenya, 291
Malaysia, 335
Mongolia, 363, 365
Epi (Vanuatu), 587
Epidemics, Bangladesh, 48
Epirus (Greece), 211
Episkopi Bay (Cyprus), 149
Epupa Falls (Namibia), 379
Equatorial Channel (Maldives), 337
Index
Switzerland, 517
Taiwan, 524
Tajikistan, 527
Thailand, 533
Turkey, 546
Turkmenistan, 550
Ukraine, 559
Uzbekistan, 584
Vietnam, 594
Yugoslavia, 602
Europa (France), 192
European Union (EU), 52
Evans Strait (Canada), 99
Everglades (United States), 575, 580
Evros River. See Maritsa River
Evrótas River (Greece), 212
Exe River (United Kingdom), 566
Exmoor (England), 566
Exmouth Gulf (Australia), 34
Exploration, Antarctica, 20
Exuma Sound (The Bahamas), 42
Eyja Fjord (Iceland), 241
Eyre Peninsula (Australia), 34
F
Faakersee (Austria), 37
Fadiffolu Atoll (Maldives), 338
Faeroe Islands (Denmark), 154
Faial (Portugal), 442
Faiyum Depression. See El Faiyum Oasis
(Egypt)
Fakse Bay (Denmark), 154
Falémé River (Mali), 341
Falkland Islands (United Kingdom), 26, 568
Falster Island (Denmark), 154
Famagusta Bay (Cyprus), 149
Family Islands (The Bahamas), 41
Fanning Island. See Tabuaeran Island (Kiribati)
Fan-si-pan (Vietnam), 594
Far Western Mountains (Nepal), 384
Farafra Oasis (Egypt), 170
Faraony River (Madagascar), 329
Farasan al Kabir Island (Saudi Arabia), 473
Farim River. See Cacheu River (Guinea-Bissau)
Farquhar Group. See Atoll de Farhuhar
(Seychelles)
Farur (Iran), 257
Fatala River (Guinea), 224
The Father (Papua New Guinea), 421
Faults
Croatia, 142
El Salvador, 171
Ethiopia, 182
See also specific tectonic plates
Faylakah (Kuwait), 301
FBH. See Bosnia and Herzegovina
Fedchenko Glacier (Tajikistan), 527–528
Federated States of Micronesia. See Micronesia,
Federated States of
Fehmarn Island (Germany), 205
Feldberg (Germany), 204
Felidu Atoll (Maldives), 338
Fenkol (Micronesia), 358
Fenno-Scandian Shield (Finland), 186
The Fens (England), 567
654
Fergana Mountains (Kyrgyzstan), 302
Fergana Valley, 303–304, 527–529, 583–586
Ferlo Savanna (Senegal), 477
Fernandina Island (Galápagos), 165
Fernando de Noronha (Brazil), 76
Fernando Po. See Isla de Bioko (Equatorial
Guinea)
Fernão Veloso Bay (Mozambique), 373
Fetaka Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Fezzan (Libya), 316, 318
Fianarantsoa (Madagascar), 330
Fiji, 184, 184–186, 185t
Filchner Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 20, 21
Filfla (Malta), 343
Finger Lakes (United States), 576
Finisterre Range (Papua New Guinea), 420
Finland, 186–189, 187, 188t
Finn River (Ireland), 263
Finnmark Plateau (Norway), 405
Fiordland (New Zealand), 391, 393, 394
Firat River. See Euphrates River
Fires
Indonesia, 253
Japan, 278
Panama, 419
Firth of Clyde (Scotland), 567, 569
Firth of Forth (Scotland), 567, 569
Firth of Tay (Scotland), 567
Fish and fishing
Anguilla, 17
Antigua, 23
Azerbaijan, 41
The Bahamas, 42
Bangladesh, 48
Barbados, 49
Barbuda, 23
Bermuda, 61
Brunei, 80
Cambodia, 89
Canada, 98, 101
Cape Verde, 102, 103
Colombia, 123, 124
East Timor, 164
Ecuador, 167
Eritrea, 176
Estonia, 179
French Guiana, 195
Gambia, 199
Germany, 205
Ghana, 209
Greenland, 216
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 227
Honduras, 234
Iceland, 240, 241
India, 244, 248
Indonesia, 251
Ireland, 262
Japan, 281
Kuwait, 301
Kyrgyzstan, 303
Malawi, 333
Maldives, 339
Mali, 341
Mauritania, 348, 349
Mauritius, 352
Micronesia, 358, 359
Morocco, 370
Mozambique, 373
Nauru, 382
Norway, 408
Panama, 420
Peru, 432
Portugal, 443
Qatar, 447
Romania, 449, 451
Russia, 455
Samoa, 468
Senegal, 477–478
Sierra Leone, 482
Singapore, 484
Somalia, 492
Sri Lanka, 505
Suriname, 512
Sweden, 515
Thailand, 535, 536
Togo, 538
Tonga, 540
Uganda, 557–558
United Kingdom, 566
Uruguay, 583
Vanuatu, 588
Venezuela, 593
Fish River (Namibia), 379
Fish River Canyon (Namibia), 379
Five Sister Lakes (Austria), 37
Fjords
Denmark, 154
Germany, 205
Iceland, 241
Norway, 404–405, 407
Flaming Cliffs (Mongolia), 364
Flanders (Belgium), 54
Flemings (Belgium), 54
Flic-en-Flac (Mauritius), 351
Flightless birds, 393
Flint Island (Kiribati), 292, 293
Flooding
Australia, 34
Bangladesh, 45
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 89–90
Czech Republic, 151
Egypt, 169
France, 191
Guinea, 224
Hungary, 236–237
Iceland, 239
Iraq, 261
Italy, 271
Japan, 280
Laos, 306
Maldives, 337
Mali, 341
Mozambique, 372
Index
Botswana, 71
Brunei, 80–81
Bulgaria, 84
Burkina Faso, 86
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 91
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 100–101
Chad, 110
Chile, 114
China, 120
Colombia, 126
Comoros, 128
Costa Rica, 138
Croatia, 143–144
Cuba, 147
Cyprus, 149
Czech Republic, 152
Denmark, 155
Dominica, 158
East Timor, 163
Ecuador, 166–167
Estonia, 180
Ethiopia, 183
Fiji, 185
Finland, 186, 188
France, 194
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 199
Germany, 206
Ghana, 210
Greece, 213
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 219
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Guyana, 229
Honduras, 234
Hungary, 237–238
India, 247
Iran, 258
Ireland, 264
Israel, 268
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 280
Jordan, 283
Kazakhstan, 287
Kenya, 291
Kiribati, 294
296
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Laos, 306–307
Latvia, 309
Lebanon, 311
Liberia, 315
Libya, 318
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 321
Luxembourg, 324
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 330
Malawi, 332
Malaysia, 336
Maldives, 338
Mali, 342
Martinique, 346–347
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 356
Micronesia, 359
Moldova, 361
Mongolia, 367
Morocco, 368
Mozambique, 373
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 380
Nepal, 386
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 397–398
Nigeria, 403–404
Norway, 408
Pakistan, 414
Palau, 416
Panama, 419
Paraguay, 427
Peru, 431
Poland, 439
Portugal, 443
Puerto Rico, 445
Romania, 450
Russia, 456–457
Rwanda, 459
Saint Lucia, 463–464
Samoa, 468
Senegal, 477
Seychelles, 479
Sierra Leone, 482
Singapore, 484
Slovakia, 486
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 493
South Africa, 497
Spain, 501–502
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 509
Suriname, 510–511
Swaziland, 513
Sweden, 517
Switzerland, 520
Syria, 523
Taiwan, 526
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 532
Thailand, 536
Togo, 538
Tonga, 540
655
Index
Nepal, 385
Russia, 455
Somalia, 491
Sudan, 507–508
Flora. See Vegetation
Flores (Indonesia), 248, 250, 252
Flores (Portugal), 442
Flores Sea (Indonesia), 251
Florida (United States), 575–577, 578, 580
Florida Keys (United States), 577
Fly River (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422
Foehn (Switzerland), 520
Fog
Namibia, 379
Oman, 410
Foggaras (Algeria), 8
Fogo (Cape Verde), 102
Fohn. See Winds
Folgefonn (Norway), 405
Fond River (Saint Lucia), 462
Fontur Point (Iceland), 241
Fontvieille (Monaco), 362
Foothills. See Hills
Forcados River (Nigeria), 403
Forest Ecosystem Reserves (Japan), 280
Forest Region (Guinea), 222–224
Forestry products
Algeria, 11
Canada, 100
Chile, 114
Finland, 188
Georgia, 202
Guatemala, 222
India, 248
Indonesia, 253
Laos, 307
Macedonia, 326
Malaysia, 336
Mexico, 357
Myanmar, 377
Nepal, 386
Puerto Rico, 445
Romania, 451
Sweden, 517
See also Timber
Forests
Afghanistan, 4
Albania, 7
Algeria, 10
Angola, 15
Antigua, 23
Argentina, 27
Australia, 35
Austria, 38–39
The Bahamas, 42
Bangladesh, 47
Barbados, 49
Belarus, 51
Belgium, 52, 54
Belize, 57
Benin, 59
Bhutan, 64
Bolivia, 67
Index
Turkey, 549
Tuvalu, 555
Uganda, 558
Ukraine, 561
Vanuatu, 588
Venezuela, 593
Vietnam, 596–597
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 601
Zambia, 608
Zimbabwe, 611
See also Rainforests
Forever White Mountains. See Changbai Shan
(China)
Formentera Island (Spain), 500
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
See Macedonia, Former Yugoslav
Republic of
Formosa (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Fort-de-France (Martinique), 347
Fort-de-France Bay (Martinique), 346
Fortuna (Vanuatu), 587
Fouta Djallon, 222–223, 340, 476
Foveaux Strait (New Zealand), 393
Foyle River (Northern Ireland), 567
France, 189–194, 190, 193t
French Guiana, 194–196
Guadeloupe, 218–219
Martinique, 192, 345–347, 346
Franches-Montagnes Plateau (Switzerland),
519
Franconian Alb (Germany), 204
Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake (United States),
576
Franz Josef Land (Russia), 455
Fraser Island (Australia), 34
Fraser River (Canada), 98
Freetown (Sierra Leone), 481–482
French Alps, 190
French Guiana, 189, 194–196, 195
French Polynesia, 193
French Riviera, 192
Fresh Water Lagoons (Kiribati), 293
Friendly Islands. See Tonga
Frigate Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Frigate Island (Grenada), 217
Frigate Island (Seychelles), 479
Front Range (United States), 573
Fruit bats (Samoa), 467
FSM (Micronesia, Federated States of), 357–
360, 358
Fua Mulaku Island (Maldives), 338
Fuerte Island (Colombia), 125
Fuerte River (Mexico), 355
Fuerteventura Island (Spain), 500
Fuiloro (East Timor), 162
Fulufjäll (Sweden), 514
Funafuti (Tuvalu), 555
Funafuti Island (Tuvalu), 554
Funf Schwesterseen. See Five Sister Lakes
(Austria)
Fur seals, Antarctica, 20
Furka Pass (Switzerland), 519
656
Futuna. See Wallis and Futuna (France)
FYROM. See Macedonia, Former Yugoslav
Republic of
G
Gabon, 196–198, 197
Gabon River, 196
Gagil-Tomil (Micronesia), 359
Gahar Lakes (Iran), 255–256
Gaizinkalns (Latvia), 308
Gal Oya National Park (Sri Lanka), 503–504
Gal River (Sri Lanka), 503
Galana River (Kenya), 290
Galápagos Islands (Ecuador), 164–166
Galdhøpiggen (Norway), 405
Galicica National Park (Macedonia), 326
Galilee (Israel), 266, 267
Galion Bay (Martinique), 346
Gallegos River (Argentina), 26
Gallipoli Peninsula (Turkey), 548
Galty Mountains (Ireland), 262
Galway Bay (Ireland), 263
Gamba Protected Area Complex (Gabon), 197
Gambaga Scarp (Ghana), 208
Gambia, 198–200, 199, 199t
Gambia River, 198–199, 476
Gambier Island (France), 193
Gamgurtsev mountains (Antarctica), 19
Gamsberg (Namibia), 378
Gan Island (Maldives), 338
Gan River (Sri Lanka), 503–504
Gangdisê Shan (China), 116
Ganges River, 45–46, 244–245
Gangetic Plain, 244–245, 246–247, 385
Garabil Plateau (Turkmenistan), 550
Garabogazkol Gulf. See Kara-Bogaz Gol
(Turkmenistan)
Garifiri hydroelectric dam (Guinea), 223
Garonne River (France), 191
Gash River. See Mareb River
Gatun Lake (Panama), 418
Gau Island (Fiji), 185
Gaua (Vanuatu), 587
Gauja River (Latvia), 308
Gavater Bay (Iran), 257
Gaza Strip, 266, 268
Gdańsk-Gdynia (Poland), 438
Gêba River (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Gebel Katherina. See Mt. Catherine (Egypt)
Gediz River (Turkey), 548–549
Geghama Mountains (Armenia), 28
Gemstones
Cambodia, 91
Malawi, 333
Myanmar, 377
Namibia, 381
Thailand, 536
Uruguay, 583
Zambia, 608
See also Diamond industry
General Carrera (Argentina), 25
General Valley (Costa Rica), 137
Geneva (Switzerland), 518–520
Gennargentu (Italy), 271
George VI sound (Antarctica), 20
Georgetown (Gambia), 198
Georgetown (Guyana), 228
Georgia, 200–202, 201, 201t
Georgia (United States), 573, 576
Georgina River (Australia), 33
Geothermal resources
El Salvador, 174
Ethiopia, 183
Hungary, 237
India, 248
Indonesia, 254
Japan, 281
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 396, 398
Géricault, Théodore, 347
Gerlachovsky Peak (Slovakia), 484
Germany, 202–207, 203, 206t
Gestro River. See Jubba River
Geysers. See Hot springs
Ghadamis (Libya), 318
Ghana, 207–210, 209, 210t
Ghat (Libya), 318
Ghats (India), 243
Ghibli. See Winds
Ghodaghodi Tal (Nepal), 385
Ghubbat al Qamar (Yemen), 601
Giant’s Causeway (Northern Ireland), 569
Gibraltar (United Kingdom), 500, 568–569
Gibson Desert (Australia), 35
Gila River (United States), 576
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati), 292–293
Gilead. See Northern Highlands (Jordan)
Gilf Kebir (Egypt), 168
Gils Fjord (Iceland), 241
Gin River (Sri Lanka), 503
Girange Dzong Pass. See Rasua Garhi (Nepal)
Gizo Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Glacier National Park. See Parc Nacional Los
Glaciares (Argentina)
Glaciers
Antarctica, 19, 20, 21
Argentina, 24–25
Greenland, 215
Iceland, 238, 239–240
Kazakhstan, 284
Kyrgyzstan, 302
Mongolia, 363
New Zealand, 391
Norway, 404–405, 405
Pakistan, 411
Switzerland, 518
Tajikistan, 527–528
United States, 579
Glåma River (Norway), 405
Glarus Alps (Switzerland), 518
Gletsch (Switzerland), 519
Glettinga Point (Iceland), 241
Glint (Estonia), 179
Global climate, Mongolia and, 365
Global warming
ice shelves and, 20, 21
Indonesia and, 249
Japan, 279
Nauru, 382
Nepal and, 385
Glover’s Reef (Belize), 56
Index
Grand Canyon (United States), 574–576
Grand Cayman Island, 103–104
Grand Comore (Comoros), 127
Grand Coulee Dam (United States), 576
Grand Erg Occidental (Algeria), 10
Grand Erg Oriental, 10, 545
Grand Etang (Grenada), 216
Grand Lac (Switzerland), 519
Grand Manan Island (Canada), 99
Grand Popo Lagoon (Benin), 58
Grand Port Range (Mauritius), 350
Grand River South East (Mauritius), 351
Grand-Terre Island (Guadeloupe), 218
Grand Turk Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),
552–553
Grand Yaluzangbu Canyon (China), 117
Grande Range (Uruguay), 581
Grande River (Bolivia), 66
Grande Terre. See New Caldonia (France)
Grasmer Lake (England), 566
Grasslands
Albania, 6
Algeria, 10
Angola, 15
Argentina, 24, 27
Australia, 35
Austria, 38
Belarus, 50, 51
Belgium, 54
Benin, 59
Bhutan, 64
Bolivia, 67
Botswana, 71, 72
Brazil, 77
Bulgaria, 84
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 91
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 100
Cape Verde, 102
Chad, 110
Chile, 114
China, 120
Colombia, 126
Comoros, 127
Costa Rica, 138
Cuba, 147
Cyprus, 149
Czech Republic, 152
East Timor, 163
Ecuador, 166
El Salvador, 173
Estonia, 180
Ethiopia, 183
Fiji, 185
Finland, 188
France, 193–194
Gambia, 199
Germany, 205
Ghana, 210
Greece, 213
Greenland, 216
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Guyana, 228–229
Haiti, 231–232
Honduras, 234
Hungary, 237
India, 246–247
Indonesia, 252
Iran, 258
Ireland, 264
Israel, 267
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Jordan, 283
Kazakhstan, 287
Kenya, 291
296
Laos, 306
Latvia, 309
Lesotho, 313
Libya, 317
Liechtenstein, 319
Madagascar, 329
Malawi, 332
Maldives, 338
Mali, 341–342
Mauritania, 348
Mexico, 356
Moldova, 361
Mongolia, 366
Morocco, 368
Mozambique, 373
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 380
Nauru, 382
Nepal, 385–386
New Zealand, 394
Niger, 400
Nigeria, 403
Norway, 407–408
Pakistan, 414
Palau, 416
Panama, 419
Paraguay, 427
Poland, 439
Portugal, 443
Puerto Rico, 445
Romania, 450
Rwanda, 459
Sierra Leone, 482
Slovakia, 486
Somalia, 493
Spain, 501
Sri Lanka, 504
Suriname, 511
Swaziland, 513
657
Index
Goascoran River (Honduras), 233
Gobi Desert, 115, 120, 363, 364, 366–367
Gobobose Mountains (Namibia), 378
Godavari River (India), 245
Godesberg Plateau, 528
Godhafoss (Iceland), 240
Godthåb. See Nuuk (Greenland)
Goflo de Nicoya. See Golf of Nicoya (Costa
Rica)
Gökçeada Island (Turkey), 548
Göksu River (Turkey), 548
Gokteik Gorge (Myanmar), 375
Golan Heights, 266–267, 521
Gold
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Mozambique, 371
Golden Bay (New Zealand), 393
Golden Horn. See Haliç Estuary (Turkey)
Goldfish Lake. See Lake Lanoto’o
Golem Korab (Macedonia), 325
Golestan National Park (Iran), 258
Golf of Nicoya (Costa Rica), 137
Golfe de la Gonâve. See Gulf of Gonâve (Haiti)
Golfe de Lion (France), 192
Golfo de Fonseca. See Gulf of Fonseca
Golfo de Guayaquil. See Gulf of Guayaquil
Golfo de Montijo (Panama), 418
Golfo del Darién (Panama), 419
Golfo Dulce (Costa Rica), 137
Gomera Island (Spain), 500
Gonâve Island (Haiti), 231
Gönen (Turkey), 547
Gongola River (Nigeria), 403
Gora Ayribaba (Turkmenistan), 550
Gordon Dam (Australia), 33
Gorgol region (Mauritania), 349
Gorgol River (Mali), 341
Gorgona Island (Colombia), 125
Gorgonilla Cay (Colombia), 125
Gostivar (Macedonia), 326
Göta Canal (Sweden), 515
Göta River (Sweden), 515
Götberg (Sweden), 515
Gotel Mountains (Nigeria), 402
Gotland Island (Sweden), 514, 516–517
Gotm Island (Japan), 279
Gough (United Kingdom), 568
Goulburn River (Australia), 33
Gozo (Malta), 343–344
Grace Bay (Turks and Caicos Islands), 553
Graciosa (Portugal), 442
Graciosa Island (Spain), 500
Grain Coast. See Liberia
Grampian Mountains (Scotland), 566
Gran Caldera (Equatorial Guinea), 175
Gran Cararia Island (Spain), 500
Gran Chaco, 24, 65, 427
Gran Paradiso (Italy), 269
Gran Sabana (Venezuela), 591, 592–593
Gran Sasso Range (Italy), 270
Granada (Spain), 500
Grand Bahama, 42
Grand Bassin (Mauritius), 351
Grand Bay River (Dominica), 158
Grand Bonhomme (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
Grand Canal (China), 119
Index
Sweden, 516
Syria, 523
Taiwan, 526
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 532
Thailand, 535–536
Togo, 538
Tunisia, 544–545
Turkey, 549
Turkmenistan, 551
Uganda, 558
Ukraine, 561
United States, 579
Uruguay, 582
Uzbekistan, 585
Venezuela, 592
Vietnam, 596
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 601
Yugoslavia, 604
Zambia, 608
Zimbabwe, 611
Grauspitz (Liechtenstein), 318
Grazing. See Ranching and grazing
Great Abaco Island (The Bahamas), 42
Great Alföld (Hungary), 235, 237, 238
Great Artesian Basin (Australia), 31
Great Astrolabe Reef (Fiji), 185
Great Atlas Mountains. See High Atlas
Mountains (Morocco)
Great Australian Bight, 33, 34
Great Bahama Bank, 41
Great Barrier Island (New Zealand), 393
Great Barrier Reef, 33, 416
Great Basin (United States), 574–575, 579
Great Bear Lake (Canada), 97
Great Bermuda. See Bermuda
Great Bitter Lake (Egypt), 169
Great Britain (United Kingdom), 564, 567–569
Great Cave (Malaysia), 334
Great Channel (Indonesia), 251
Great Cliff. See Cliff of Angavo (Madagascar)
Great Corn Island (Nicaragua), 396
Great Dike (Zimbabwe), 609
Great Dike Hills (Zimbabwe), 609
Great Dismal Swamp (United States), 576
Great Dividing Range (Australia), 31–32
Great Eastern Erg. See Grand Erg Oriental
Great European Plain, 54, 451, 456, 457
Great Exhibition Bay (New Zealand), 393
Great Exuma (The Bahamas), 42
Great Green Wall of China, 120
Great Himalayas, 62, 242, 383
Great Inagua (The Bahamas), 42
Great Kanto Earthquake (Japan), 278
Great Karas Mountains (Namibia), 378–379
Great Karroo Plateau (South Africa), 495
Great Karroo Range (South Africa), 494
Great Lake (Cambodia). See Tonle Sap
(Cambodia)
Great Lakes (Africa), 131
Great Lakes (North America), 97, 571, 575–
576, 580
Great Lakes depression (Mongolia), 363, 364–
365
658
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands (Canada),
96
Great Maya Reef (Mexico), 355
Great Mountains. See Krkonoše Mountains
(Czech Republic)
Great Ouse River (United Kingdom), 566
Great Papuan Plateau (Papua New Guinea),
421
Great Plains (United States), 571, 574–576,
578–580
Great Red Island. See Madagascar
Great Rift Valley
Burundi, 87
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 129–130,
131
Eritrea, 176
Ethiopia, 181–183
Israel, 266
Jordan, 281
Kenya, 288–290, 291
Lebanon, 310
Malawi, 331
Mozambique, 370
Rwanda, 458
Tanzania, 529, 531
Zambia, 605
Great Ruaha River (Tanzania), 531, 533
Great Rye Island (Slovakia), 485–486
Great Salt Lake (United States), 575
Great Salt Pond (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 460
Great Sandy Desert (Australia), 35
Great Scarcies River (Sierra Leone), 481
Great Sea Reef (Fiji), 185
Great Slave Lake (Canada), 97
Great Smoky Mountains (United States), 573
Great Usutu River (Swaziland), 512
Great Victoria Desert (Australia), 35
Great Wall of China, 118
Great Wall of Malé (Maldives), 337
Great Western Erg. See Grand Erg Occidental
(Algeria)
Great White Place. See Etosha Pan (Namibia)
Great Zab River (Iraq), 260
Greater Antarctica. See East Antarctica
Greater Antilles
Cuba, 144–148
Hispaniola, 159, 229–232
Jamaica, 273–275
Puerto Rico, 444–445
Greater Barsuki Desert (Kazakhstan), 287
Greater Caucasus Mountains, 40, 200, 201, 453
Greater Kabylie range (Algeria), 8
Greater Khingan Range. See Da Hinggan Ling
(China)
Greater Sunda Islands (Indonesia), 248, 252
Greater Tunb Island (United Arab Emirates),
563
Greece, 210–214, 211, 214t
Greek Macedonia, 211
Green Canyon (Indonesia), 250
Green Island (Grenada), 217
Green Island (Taiwan). See Lü Tao Island
(Taiwan)
Green Line (Cyprus), 148, 150
Green Mountains (Libya). See Jabal al-Akhdar
(Libya)
Green Mountains (Oman). See Jabal Akhdar
(Oman)
Green Mountains (United States), 574
Green River (United States), 576
Greenhouses, in Hungary, 237
Greenland, 154, 214–216, 215
Greenland white-fronted goose, 264
Gregory River (Australia), 33
Grenada, 216–218, 217, 217t
The Grenadines, 216, 464–465
Grijalva-Usumacinta River (Mexico), 354
Grímsey Island (Iceland), 241
Grímsvötn (Iceland), 239
Groins (Belgium), 54
Groot Spitzkoppe (Namibia), 378
Groote Eylandt (Australia), 34
Groote-Swartberge Mountains (South Africa),
494–495
Gros Morne National Park (Canada), 98
Gros Piton (Saint Lucia), 462–463
Grossglockner (Austria), 36
Groupe d’Aldabra Atoll (Seychelles), 479–480
Grudnarfjördur wetland (Iceland), 240
Gua Kelam (Malaysia), 334
Guadalcanal Island (Solomon Islands), 489–
490
Guadalquivir River (Spain), 500–501
Guadeloupe, 22, 192, 218, 218–219, 219t
Guadiana River, 442, 500–501
Guaira Falls (Paraguay), 426
Guajira Peninsula (Colombia), 123
Guam (United States), 571, 577–578
Guanaja Island (Honduras), 233
Guatemala, 219–222, 220, 222t
Guaviare River, 124, 591
Guayaquil (Ecuador), 166
Guayas River (Ecuador), 165
Guban Desert (Somalia), 493
Gudenå River (Denmark), 154
Guemoy Islands (Taiwan), 524–525
Guera Massif (Chad), 108
Guernsey (United Kingdom), 568
Guerrero (Mexico), 354
Guerrero Cays. See Man-of-War Cays
(Nicaragua)
Guiana Highlands, 74, 589–593
Guimaras (The Philippines), 433
Guinea, 222–224, 223
Guinea-Bissau, 225–227, 226
Guinea Highlands, 223
Gulf Coast, 352, 355, 578
Gulf Coastal Plain (Mexico), 356
Gulf of Anadyr (Russia), 455
Gulf of Anna Maria (Cuba), 146
Gulf of Aqaba, 169, 267, 281, 283
Gulf of Bahrain (Qatar), 446
Gulf of Batabanó (Cuba), 146
Gulf of Boothia (Canada), 99
Gulf of Bothnia (Finland), 187–188
Gulf of Cádiz (Portugal), 442
Gulf of California (Mexico), 355, 357
Gulf of Carpentaria (Australia), 34
Gulf of Chihli. See Bo Hai (China)
Gulf of Chiriquí (Panama), 418–419, 420
Gulf of Cupica (Colombia), 125
Gulf of Edrimit (Turkey), 548
Gulf of Finland, 179, 187, 455
Index
H
Ha Long Bay (Vietnam), 595
Haanja Uplands (Estonia), 179
Ha’apai Island Group (Tonga), 538–539
Haardt Mountains, 202–203
Habomai Island, 276
Hacha Canyon (Venezuela), 591
Hachimantai Plateau (Japan), 277
Hackleton’s Cliff (Barbados), 48
Haddummati Atoll (Maldives), 338
Hadhramawt (Yemen), 599
Haedo Hills (Uruguay), 581
Haeju Bay (DPRK), 296
Haenam Peninsula (Korea, Republic of), 298
Haft Talar. See Astola (Pakistan)
Haho River (Togo), 537
Hai He (China), 119
Hai River (China), 118
Haifa (Israel), 267, 268
Hailstorms
Bangladesh, 47
India, 246
Hainan Island (China), 119
Haiphong (Vietnam), 594
Haiphong Harbor (Vietnam), 596
Haiti, 229–232, 230, 231t
Hajar al-Gharbi (Oman), 409
Hajar al-Shargi (Oman), 409
Hajar Range (United Arab Emirates), 562
Hakone hills (Japan), 278
Haleji Lake (Pakistan), 413
Half Moon Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Halhïn River (Mongolia), 365
Haliç Estuary (Turkey), 548–549
Halla San (Korea, Republic of), 297–298
Hallinskarvet (Norway), 405
Halls (Micronesia), 358
Halmahera (Indonesia), 249, 252
Haltiatunturi. See Mount Haltia (Finland)
Halul (Qatar), 446
Hamad (Syria), 523
Hamdhah (Saudi Arabia), 475
Hamersley Range (Australia), 32
Hamgyŏng Range (DPRK), 295
Hamilton (Bermuda), 60
Hamiz River (Algeria), 9
Hammal Lake (Pakistan), 413
Hamsin. See Winds
Han Chinese, 120
Han River (Korea, Republic of), 298
Hand of Fatima (Mali), 340
Hangayn Range (Mongolia), 363, 364, 367
Hanjsh Island (Yemen), 600
Hanoi (Vietnam), 595–596
Haochiung Bay (Taiwan), 526
Hapsburg Empire, 36
Har Us Lake (Mongolia), 365
Har Us Nuur National Park (Mongolia), 365
Harare (Zimbabwe), 609, 611
Harau Valley nature reserve (Indonesia), 250
Harbors
Brazil, 76
Crete, 213
Cuba, 146–147
Denmark, 154
Greenland, 215
Honduras, 234
Iceland, 241
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Micronesia, 359
Norway, 404
Panama, 419
Poland, 438
Portugal, 442
Tuvalu, 554
Vietnam, 594
Virgin Islands, 598
See also specific harbors
Hardanger Fjord (Norway), 407
Hardangervidda Plateau (Norway), 405
Harghita Mountains (Romania), 448
Harike Lake (India), 245
Harjrsd River, 1, 3, 551
Harmattan
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Liberia, 315
Mauritania, 348
Niger, 400
Harra Plateau (Yemen), 599
Harris (United Kingdom), 568
Harupai (East Timor), 162
Harz Mountains (Germany), 205
Hasban River (Golan Heights), 267
Hatohobei Island (Palau), 416
Hatton Plateau (Sri Lanka), 503, 505
Haud, 491, 493
Haulover Creek (Belize), 56
Hauraki Gulf (New Zealand), 393
Haut-Congo. See Upper Congo (DROC)
Hawaii (United States), 576, 579
Hawaiian Islands (United States), 573, 574,
577, 579
Hawar Islands (Bahrain), 43–44, 447
Haweswater Lake (England), 566
Hawke Bay (New Zealand), 393, 394
Hawr al-Habbanjyah (Iraq), 259, 261
Hawran Plateau (Syria), 521–523
Hazaribagh Hills (India), 244
Haze. See Air pollution
Health resorts, in Armenia, 29
Heard Island (Australia), 31, 32, 34
Heavenly Lake (China). See Tianchi Lake
(China)
Heavenly Lake (DPRK). See Cho’onji Lake
(DPRK)
Hebgen Lake (United States), 573
Hebron (Israel), 267
Hecate Strait (Canada), 99
Heilong Jiang. See Amur River (China)
Hejaz Mountains (Saudi Arabia), 472
Hekla Volcano (Iceland), 239
Helena, Montana (United States), 573
Hells Canyon (United States), 575
Helmand River (Afghanistan), 1, 3
Hendijan River (Iran), 256
Hendurabi (Iran), 257
Hentiyn Range (Mongolia), 363, 364, 367
Hercynian Massif, 150, 189, 190–191
Hermon Range, 266, 310
Herschel Sea Canyon. See Mackenzie Trough
(Canada)
Hervideros de San Jacinto (Nicaragua), 396
Herzegovina. See Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hesar Range (Afghanistan), 2
“Hessian Corridor” (Germany), 204
Hida Mountains (Japan), 276
659
Index
Gulf of Fonseca, 173, 233–234, 397
Gulf of Gaeta (Italy), 272
Gulf of Gdańsk (Poland), 439
Gulf of Genoa (Italy), 272
Gulf of Gonâve (Haiti), 229–231
Gulf of Guacanayabo (Cuba), 146
Gulf of Guayaquil, 166, 430
Gulf of Guinea, 140, 402, 403
Gulf of Hammamet (Tunisia), 544
Gulf of Honduras, 221
Gulf of Kskenderun (Turkey), 548
Gulf of Kachchh (India), 246
Gulf of Kassándra (Greece), 213
Gulf of Khambhat (India), 246
Gulf of Kotor (Croatia), 143
Gulf of Lion. See Golfe de Lion
Gulf of Manfredonia (Italy), 271, 272
Gulf of Mannar (India), 246
Gulf of Martaban (Myanmar), 376
Gulf of Mexico, 355
Gulf of Morrosquillo (Colombia), 125
Gulf of Ob’ (Russia), 455
Gulf of Oman, 257, 409
Gulf of Panama, 418–419, 419
Gulf of Papua, 422
Gulf of Parita (Panama), 419
Gulf of Riga, 179, 307, 308–309
Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada), 95
Gulf of St. Vincent (Australia), 34
Gulf of Salerno (Italy), 272
Gulf of Salûm (Egypt), 169
Gulf of San Miguel (Panama), 419
Gulf of Sidra (Libya), 316
Gulf of Spezia (Italy), 272
Gulf of Suez (Egypt), 169
Gulf of Tadjoura (Djibouti), 156
Gulf of Taranto (Italy), 271, 272
Gulf of Tehuantepec (Mexico), 355
Gulf of Thémai (Greece), 213
Gulf of Tibugá (Colombia), 125
Gulf of Todo (Indonesia), 252
Gulf of Tonkin, 119, 594–595
Gulf of Urabá (Colombia), 125
Gulf of Venice (Italy), 271, 272
Gullfoss (Iceland), 240
Gumal River (Pakistan), 413
Gunnbjorn Mountain (Greenland), 215
Gunung Agung volcano (Indonesia), 250
Gunung Mulu National Park (Malaysia), 334
Gunung Sewu Plateau (Indonesia), 250
Guri hydroelectric project (Venezuela), 592
Guri Reservoir (Venezuela), 591
Gusan (Yugoslavia), 602
Gutland (Luxembourg), 323, 324
Guyana, 227–229, 228
Gwaai Valley (Zimbabwe), 611
Gweebarra Bay (Ireland), 263
Gyala Pass (Nepal), 384
Gydan Peninsula (Russia), 455
Gyumri (Armenia), 28
Index
Hidden Valley Falls (Belize), 56
Hierro Island (Spain), 500
High Atlas Mountains (Morocco), 369
High Netherlands, 387
High Plains (United States), 571
High Plains of Hausaland. See Northern High
Plains (Nigeria)
High Steppes (Tunisia), 544–545
High Tatras Mountains (Slovakia), 484, 486
Highlands (Brazil), 73–74
Highlands (Papua New Guinea), 420–423
Highlands (Scotland), 564, 566
Highveld (South Africa), 494–495, 497
Highveld (Zimbabwe), 609–611
Highways, 68, 124, 414
Hiiumaa Island (Estonia), 179
Hillary, Edmund, 384
Hills
Brunei, 80
Chad, 108
China, 117
Comoros, 127
Czech Republic, 151
Denmark, 154
Ecuador, 165
Estonia, 179
Finland, 186
France, 191
Ghana, 208
Guadeloupe, 218
Guyana, 227
Hungary, 235
India, 244
Indonesia, 250
Iran, 255
Iraq, 259
Israel, 267
Italy, 271
Japan, 278
Laos, 306
Latvia, 308
Lesotho, 312
Liberia, 314
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 320
Luxembourg, 323
Malawi, 331
Malaysia, 334
Malta, 343
Mauritania, 347
Mexico, 354
Moldova, 360
Monaco, 362
Mongolia, 364
Mozambique, 371–372
Myanmar, 375
Namibia, 379
Nepal, 384
New Zealand, 391
Nicaragua, 396
Pakistan, 412
Panama, 417
Paraguay, 424–425
660
Poland, 437
Portugal, 441–442
Puerto Rico, 444
Qatar, 446
Romania, 449
Russia, 453
Senegal, 476
Singapore, 483
Uruguay, 581
See also Mountains
Himalayas
Bhutan, 62–64
China, 115, 116
India, 242–243
Myanmar, 375
Nepal, 383–384
Pakistan, 411
Hin Boon River (Laos), 306
Hindenburg Range (Papua New Guinea), 420
Hindu Kush mountains, 1, 2–3, 411
Hinnøya (Norway), 406
Hisor Valley (Tajikistan), 529
Hispaniola
Haiti, 229–232
Hitadu Island (Maldives), 338
Hkakabo Razi (Myanmar), 375
Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), 594, 596
Ho Tay (Vietnam), 595
Hoan Lien Mountains (Vietnam), 594
Hoanib River (Namibia), 379
Hoarusib River (Namibia), 379
Hŏch’ŏn River (DPRK), 295
Hobyo Desert (Somalia), 493
Hochfrottspitze (Germany), 202
Hodges River (Dominica), 157
Hodh el Gharbi basin (Mauritania), 348
Hofsjökull (Iceland), 240
Hoggar Mountains (Mali), 340
Hohe Tauern (Austria), 36
Hokianga Harbour (New Zealand), 393
Hokkaidm (Japan), 276–280
Hokuriku (Japan), 279
Holland. See The Netherlands
Hollick-Kenyon Plateau (Antarctica), 19
Holy See. See Vatican City
Hombori Mountains (Mali), 340
Home Island (Australia), 34
Homer (Greek author), 212, 269
Homs (Syria), 523
Homs Gap (Syria), 521, 523
Hondo River (Belize), 56
Honduras, 232–234, 233, 234t
Honolulu (United States), 577
Honshs (Japan), 276–280
Hoosac Mountains (United States), 574
Hormoz (Iran), 257
Hormozgan (Iran), 257
Horns Desert (Syria), 523
Horse Ears Mountain. See Maisan (Korea,
Republic of)
Horses, in Mongolia, 365
Hortobágy (Hungary), 238
Horton Plains (Sri Lanka), 504
Hospental (Switzerland), 519
Hot springs
Dominica, 157
East Timor, 163
Ethiopia, 182
Iceland, 239
Jamaica, 274
Kenya, 290
Mongolia, 364
New Zealand, 391
Nicaragua, 396
United States, 575
See also Thermal resources
Hotakadake (Japan), 276
Hövsgöl Lake (Mongolia), 365
Howland Island (United States), 577
Howz Soltan Lake (Iran), 256
Hoy Island (United Kingdom), 568
Hraunfossar (Iceland), 240
Hrazdan River (Armenia), 29
Hrísey Island (Iceland), 241
Hron River (Slovakia), 485
Hrubý Jeseník Mountains (Czech Republic),
150–151
Hsiao Liu-Chiu Yü Island (Taiwan), 525
Hua Shan (China), 117
Huaca Huacani (Peru), 430
Huai He (China), 118, 119
Huallaga River (Peru), 430
Huang He (China), 118, 119
Huang Shan (China), 117
Huapí Mountains (Nicaragua), 395
Huasco River (Chile), 113
Huaura River (Peru), 428
Hudson Bay (Canada), 95, 97
Hudson Bay Company, 97
Hudson River (United States), 574, 576–577,
579
Hudson Strait (Canada), 99
Huiarau Range (New Zealand), 391
Huib-Hoch Plateau (Namibia), 379
Huila Plateau (Angola), 13
Hula Valley (Israel), 266
Hulhumale (Maldives), 337
Human population. See Population
Humber River (United Kingdom), 566, 569
Humboldt, Alexander von, 165
Humboldt Current. See Peru Current
Humboldt River (United States), 576
Humedales de San Miguelito (Nicaragua), 396
Humuya River (Honduras), 233
Húna Bay (Iceland), 241
Hungary, 235–238, 236, 237t
Hunter Island (Vanuatu), 587
Hunting, in Mali, 342
Huon Gulf (Papua New Guinea), 422
Huon Peninsula (Papua New Guinea), 422
Hurricanes
Anguilla, 17
The Bahamas, 42
Belize, 57
Bermuda, 61
Cayman Islands, 104
El Salvador, 173
Granada, 217
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 234
Index
Suriname, 510, 512
Syria, 524
Tanzania, 533
Thailand, 536
Three Gorges Dam, 118
Uganda, 558
United States, 581
Uruguay, 583
Zambia, 608
Hypersaline lagoons, Mexico, 355
I
Ialomiţa River (Romania), 449
Ialpug River (Moldova), 361
Iberá (Argentina), 26
Iberian Cordillera Mountains (Spain), 500
Iberian Peninsula, 440
Ibiza Island (Spain), 500
Ibo Island (Mozambique), 373
Ica River (Peru), 428
Ice. See Glaciers
Ice shelves. See Glaciers
Icebergs, 20, 215
See also Glaciers
Iceland, 238–241, 239
Ichilo River (Bolivia), 66
ICJ (International Court of Justice), 447
Idaho (United States), 579
Idjwi Island (DROC), 131
Ifugaos, 435
Igala Plateau (Nigeria), 402, 404
Iguazú Falls, 24, 26, 27, 76
Iguazú National Park (Argentina), 27
Iguazú River, 26
Ihavandiffulu Atoll (Maldives), 338
Iii Ileru (Nigeria), 402
IJssel River (The Netherlands), 388
IJsselmeer (The Netherlands), 388
Ilas Elobey (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175
Ile à Morfil Island (Senegal), 477
Île aux Serpents (Mauritania), 351
Ile de Gorée Island (Senegal), 477
Île de la Cité (France), 191
Île de Ré (France), 192
Île Gombo (Rwanda), 459
Île Ridra (Mauritania), 348
Île Ronde (Mauritania), 351
Îles Banks. See Bank Islands (Vanuatu)
Iles de la Madeleine (Canada), 99
Îles de la Petite Terre (Guadeloupe), 218
Îles de Los (Guinea), 224
Îles des Saintes (Guadeloupe), 218
Île du Diable (French Guiana), 195
Îles du Salut (French Guiana), 195
Îles Torres. See Torres Islands (Vanuatu)
Ilha de Moçambique (Mozambique), 372
Ilhéu Caroço (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470–
471
Ilhéu das Rôlas (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470–
471
Ili River (Kazakhstan), 284, 285, 286
Ili River Valley (Kazakhstan), 286
Iligan Bay (The Philippines), 435
Illampu (Bolivia), 66
Illana Bay (The Philippines), 435
Illimani (Bolivia), 66
Ilulissat (Greenland), 215
Imatong Mountains, 507, 509, 556
Imbo plain (Burundi), 88
Immigration, Austria, 38–39
Impossible Forest. See Bosque El Imposible (El
Salvador)
Kmroz. See Gökçeada Island (Turkey)
Inaccessible Island (United Kingdom), 568
Inambari River (Peru), 430
Inca ruins, Peru, 430
Independence
Eritrea, 176
India, 45, 241–248, 243, 247t
Indian River (Dominica), 157
Indian Tectonic Plate
Iran, 255
Nepal, 383
Pakistan, 411
Sri Lanka, 502
Indigo Bay (Mozambique), 373
Indio River (Panama), 418
Indira Ghandi Canal (India), 247
Indo-Australian Tectonic Plate
Bhutan, 62
Tonga, 539
Indo-Gangetic Plain. See Gangetic Plain
Indonesia, 248–254, 249, 253t
Indragiri River (Indonesia), 251
Indus Dolphin Reserve (Pakistan), 413
Indus River, 244, 413
Indus River Plain (Pakistan), 411, 413, 414
Industrial accidents, India, 248
Industrial pollution
Indonesia, 250
Moldova, 361
Pakistan, 413
See also Pollution
Industry. See Commerce and industry
Inguri River (Georgia), 200
Inhaca Island (Mozambique), 373
Inland Sea. See Persian Gulf
Inland Sea (Japan), 278, 279
Inland waterways
Afghanistan, 3
Albania, 6
Algeria, 9
Angola, 13–14
Antarctica, 19
Argentina, 25–26
Armenia, 28–29
Australia, 33
Austria, 37–38
Azerbaijan, 40
Bangladesh, 45–46
Belarus, 50–51
Belgium, 53–54
Belize, 56
Benin, 58
Bhutan, 63
Bolivia, 66–67
661
Index
Nicaragua, 397
Puerto Rico, 445
Hustain Nuruu nature reserve (Mongolia), 365
Hutiaojian Canyon (China), 117
Huyten Orgil. See Nayramadlïn Orgil
(Mongolia)
Hvíta River (Iceland), 240
Hyargas Lake (Mongolia), 365
Hydrocarbon, in Brunei, 80–81
Hydroelectric power
Albania, 7
Austria, 39
Benin, 59
Bhutan, 63, 64
Brazil, 78
Cameroon, 95
Canada, 98, 101
Chile, 113, 114
China, 118, 121
Colombia, 123–124
Dominica, 158
El Salvador, 174
Ethiopia, 182, 183
Fiji, 185
Georgia, 202
Guatemala, 222
Guinea, 224
Honduras, 234
Iceland, 240, 241
India, 248
Italy, 273
Japan, 278, 281
295, 297
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Laos, 306, 307
Latvia, 308
Liechtenstein, 319
Luxembourg, 323
Malawi, 333
Mali, 342
Mexico, 355
Mongolia, 365, 367
Nepal, 385, 386
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 398
Nigeria, 402
Norway, 408
Pakistan, 413, 414
Panama, 418, 420
Paraguay, 427
Peru, 432
Puerto Rico, 445
Romania, 449, 451
Samoa, 468
Spain, 502
Sri Lanka, 505
Sudan, 510
Index
Botswana, 71–72
Brazil, 74–76
Brunei, 80
Bulgaria, 82–83
Burkina Faso, 85
Burundi, 87–88
Cambodia, 89–90
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 97–98
Cayman Islands, 104
Chad, 108–110
Chile, 113
China, 117–119
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 130–131
Costa Rica, 137
Croatia, 142–143
Cuba, 146
Cyprus, 149
Czech Republic, 151
Denmark, 154
Djibouti, 156
Dominica, 157–158
East Timor, 162–163
Ecuador, 165
Egypt, 168–169
El Salvador, 172
Eritrea, 177
Estonia, 179
Ethiopia, 182–183
Fiji, 184
Finland, 187
France, 191–192
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 196–197
Gambia, 198
Georgia, 200
Germany, 204–205
Ghana, 208
Greece, 212
Grenada, 216
Guadeloupe, 218
Guatemala, 220–221
Guinea, 223–224
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Guyana, 227–228
Haiti, 230–231
Honduras, 233
Hungary, 235–236
Iceland, 240
India, 244–245
Iran, 255–257
Iraq, 259–260
Ireland, 262–263
Israel, 267
Italy, 271
Jamaica, 274
Japan, 278
Jordan, 282–283
Kenya, 290
Kiribati, 293
662
295
Kyrgyzstan, 303
Laos, 306
Latvia, 308
Lebanon, 310–311
Lesotho, 312
Liberia, 314
Libya, 316
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 320
Luxembourg, 323
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 329
Malawi, 331–332
Malaysia, 334–335
Mali, 341
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 354–355
Micronesia, 358
Moldova, 360
Mongolia, 364–365
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 372
Myanmar, 375–376
Namibia, 379
Nauru, 382
Nepal, 384–385
New Zealand, 392–393
Nicaragua, 396
Niger, 399
Nigeria, 401–403
Norway, 405
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 413
Palau, 415
Panama, 418
Paraguay, 425–426
Peru, 428–430
The Philippines, 433–434
Poland, 437–438
Portugal, 442
Puerto Rico, 444
Qatar, 446
Romania, 449
Russia, 453–454
Rwanda, 458–459
Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460–461
Samoa, 467
São Tomé and Príncipe, 470–471
Saudi Arabia, 473
Senegal, 476
Seychelles, 478
Sierra Leone, 481
Singapore, 483
Slovakia, 485–486
Somalia, 491
Spain, 500
Sri Lanka, 503–504
Sudan, 507–508
Suriname, 510–511
Sweden, 515
Switzerland, 519
Syria, 522–523
Taiwan, 525
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 531
Thailand, 534–535
Togo, 538
Tonga, 539
Tunisia, 544
Turkey, 547–548
Turkmenistan, 550–551
Tuvalu, 554
Uganda, 556–557
Ukraine, 559–560
Uruguay, 581–582
Vietnam, 595
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 599–600
Zambia, 606–607
Zimbabwe, 609–610
Inle Lake (Myanmar), 375
Inn River, 37, 519
Inner Hebrides (United Kingdom), 568
Inner Himalayas. See Lesser Himalayas
Inner Mongolia. See Nei Mongol Plateau
(China)
Intel Corporation, in Costa Rica, 138
Inter-Andean Lane (Ecuador), 165
Interior Flanders (Belgium), 54
Interior Highlands (United States), 573
Interior Plains (Canada), 96
Intermountane Plateau (United States), 573–
575, 579
International cooperation, in Antarctica, 18
International Court of Justice (ICJ), 447
International Dateline, Tonga, 539
International finance
Bermuda, 61
Vanuatu, 588
See also Commerce and industry
International Geosphere-Biosphere Program
(Mongolia), 365
International Hydrographic Association, 19
International Whaling Commission, 20
Inverness (Scotland), 567
Ionian Islands (Greece), 212
Ionian Sea, 6, 269, 271
Iori Plateau (Georgia), 200
Iori River (Georgia), 200
Ipanema (Brazil), 76
Ipel’ River (Slovakia), 485
Iran, 254–259, 256, 258t
Iraq, 259–262, 260, 261t
Irazúá volcano (Costa Rica), 136
Irben Strait, 309
Index
Islamabad (Pakistan), 413
Islamic scholarship, Mali, 341
Islands
Antarctica, 20–21
Argentina, 26
Australia, 34
The Bahamas, 41–42
Bahrain, 44
Bangladesh, 47
Belize, 56
Bermuda, 60
Brazil, 76
Brunei, 80
Cambodia, 90
Canada, 99
Cape Verde, 101–103
Cayman, 103–104
Chile, 112, 113
China, 119
Colombia, 124–125
Comoros, 127
Costa Rica, 137
Croatia, 143
Cuba, 144, 146–147
Denmark, 153, 154
Ecuador, 165
Equatorial Guinea, 174–176
Eritrea, 177
Estonia, 179–180
Fiji, 184–186
Finland, 186, 188
France, 192–193
French Guiana, 195
Gambia, 198
Germany, 205
Greece, 210, 212–213
Greenland, 214–216
Grenada, 216–217
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 233
Iceland, 238, 240–241
India, 245–246
Iran, 257
Ireland, 263
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 276, 279
Kiribati, 292–294
Kuwait, 301
Madagascar, 329
Malaysia, 335
Maldives, 338
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 355
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 379
New Zealand, 393–394
Nigeria, 403
Norway, 405–407
Oman, 409
Palau, 416
Panama, 419
Peru, 430
Portugal, 442
Puerto Rico, 444
Qatar, 446
Russia, 455
Rwanda, 459
Saint Lucia, 463
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464–465
Samoa, 466–468, 468t
Saudi Arabia, 473
Senegal, 477
Seychelles, 478–480, 480t
Sierra Leone, 481
Singapore, 483
Somalia, 492
South Africa, 496
Spain, 500
Sri Lanka, 504
Sweden, 516
Taiwan, 524–525
Tanzania, 531–532
Thailand, 535
Tonga, 539
Tunisia, 544
Turkey, 548
Tuvalu, 554, 555t
Uganda, 558
Uruguay, 582
Vanuatu, 587
Venezuela, 592
Vietnam, 595–596
Yemen, 600
See also names of specific islands
Islas Ballestas (Peru), 430
Islas Chafarinas (Spain), 368, 499
Islas de la Bahía (Honduras), 233
Islas de los Uros (Peru), 430
Islas de Sangayán (Peru), 430
Islas Flotantes. See Islas de los Uros (Peru)
Islas Lobos de Afuera (Peru), 430
Islas Marías (Mexico), 355
Islas Quemadas (El Salvador), 172
Islay (United Kingdom), 566, 568
Isle of Anglesey (United Kingdom), 568
Isle of Man (United Kingdom), 568
Isle of Pines. See Isla de la Juventud (Cuba)
Isle of Springs. See Jamaica
663
Index
Ireland, 262–265, 263, 265t
See also Northern Ireland
Ireland Island (Bermuda), 60
Irish Sea, 263, 567
Iron Gate, 449, 603–604
Iron ore
Afghanistan, 5
Argentina, 27
Cameroon, 95
Luxembourg, 324
Macedonia, 326
Mauritania, 349
Russia, 457
Ironstone Plateau (Sudan), 507
Irrawaddy River (Myanmar), 374–376
Irrigation
Azerbaijan, 40
Bahrain, 44
Ethiopia, 183
Iran, 255
Japan, 278
Kazakhstan, 286
Lake Chad, 108, 110
Lebanon, 311
Mongolia, 366
Pakistan, 413
Syria, 523
Thailand, 535
Turkmenistan, 551
Uzbekistan, 584
Irtysh-Qaraghandy Canal (Kazakhstan), 286
Irtysh River, 286, 454
Ísa Fjord (Iceland), 241
Isabela Island (Galápagos), 165
Ischia (Italy), 272
Ise Bay (Japan), 279
Isfahan (Iran), 256
Ishikari Plain (Japan), 280
Ishikari River (Japan), 278
Ishim River (Kazakhstan), 286
Ishinomaki Bay (Japan), 279
Isiboro River (Bolivia), 66
Isla Amantani (Peru), 430
Isla Bastimentos National Park (Panama), 418
Isla Beata. See Beata Island (Dominican
Republic)
Isla Cabritos (Dominican Republic), 160
Isla de Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175
Isla de Corisco (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175
Isla de la Independencia (Peru), 430
Isla de la Juventud (Cuba), 144, 146, 147
Isla de Lobos (Uruguay), 582
Isla de los Estados (Argentina), 26
Isla de Ometepe. See Ometepe Island
Isla del Coco. See Coco Island (Costa Rica)
Isla del Ray (Panama), 419
Isla Esteves (Peru), 430
Isla Lobos de Tierra (Peru), 430
Isla Malvinas. See Falkland Islands (United
Kingdom)
Isla Margarita (Venezuela), 591–593
Isla Montecristo (El Salvador), 172
Isla Santiago. See San Salvador Island
(Galápagos)
Isla Saona. See Saona Island (Dominican
Republic)
Isla Taquile (Peru), 430
Index
Isle of Wight (United Kingdom), 568–569
Isle Royale (United States), 577
Isles Lagoon (Kiribati), 293
Isles of Scilly (United Kingdom), 566–568
Israel, 265–268, 266, 268t
Issa Ber River (Mali), 341
Kstanbul (Turkey), 548–549
Isthmus of Kra (Thailand), 535
Isthmus of Panama, 417
Isthmus of Perekop (Ukraine), 561
Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Mexico), 352, 354,
355
Istria Peninsula (Croatia), 143
Itaimbey River (Paraguay), 426
Itaipu Dam, 76, 425, 426, 427
Itaipu Reservoir (Paraguay), 425, 426
Italian Riviera, 272
Italian Sea. See Tyrrhenian Sea
Italy, 268–273, 270, 273t
Ithaca (Greece), 212
Itimbiri River (DROC), 131
Ivindo River (Gabon), 196
Ivondro River (Madagascar), 329
Ivory Coast. See Côte d’Ivoire
Ivreagh peninsula (Ireland), 262
Iwo Jima (Japan), 279
Kzmit (Turkey), 546
Izola (Slovenia), 488
Izozog Swamps (Bolivia), 67
Iztaccíhuatl (Mexico), 353
Izu Peninsula (Japan), 279
J
Jabal Abs Rujmayn (Syria), 522
Jabal Akhdar (Oman), 409
Jabal al-Akhdar (Libya), 316–318
Jabal an Nupsayrjyah. See An Nupayrjyah
Mountains (Syria)
Jabal ar-Ruwaq (Syria), 522
Jabal ash Shaykh. See Mount Hermon (Syria)
Jabal az Zawiyah Range (Syria), 521
Jabal Bishrj (Syria), 522
Jabal Druze (Syria), 521–523
Jabal Ramm (Jordan), 282
Jabal Sawda’ Peak (Saudi Arabia), 472
Jaco Island (East Timor), 163
Jaffna Lagoon (Sri Lanka), 504
Jaffna Peninsula (Sri Lanka), 504
Jagdishpur Reservoir (Nepal), 385
Jaghbub (Libya), 318
Jake Lake. See Tianchi Lake (China)
Jakobshavn Glacier (Greenland), 215
Jakupica Mountains (Macedonia), 325
Jalaan (Oman), 410
Jalal-Abad (Kyrgyzstan), 302
Jalapa (Mexico), 356
Jalu (Libya), 318
Jaluit Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Jamaica, 273–276, 274, 275t
Jamaica Channel, 231
James Bay (Canada), 97
James Island (Gambia), 198
James River (United States), 576
Jammer Bay (Denmark), 154
Jammu, 242
Jamuna River. See Brahmaputra River
664
Jan Mayen Island (Norway), 407
Japan, 276–281, 277, 280t, 281t
Japanese Alps, 276
Japurá River (Brazil), 74
Jarahi River (Iran), 256
Jardines de la Reina (Cuba), 147
Jari River (Brazil), 74
Jarvis Island (United States), 577
Jasen National Park (Macedonia), 326
Jasmund National Park (Germany), 205
Java (Indonesia), 248–252
Java Trench (Indonesia), 251
Javorníky Mountains, 151, 485
Jayawijaya. See Puncak Jaya (Indonesia)
Jaz Msrjan Desert (Iran), 258
Jebal al Houf (Yemen), 601
Jebal Bura (Yemen), 601
Jebel Adyad Plateau (Sudan), 507
Jejuí Guazú River (Paraguay), 426
Jelep La (India), 243
Jengish Chokusu (Kyrgyzstan), 302
Jerba Island (Tunisia), 544
Jersey (United Kingdom), 568
Jerusalem, 267, 268
Jeta (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Jewish population
Israel, 268
Poland, 440
Jezreel Valley (Israel), 266, 267
Jhelum River, 244, 413
Jicarón Island (Panama), 419
Jidda (Bahrain), 43–44
Jidda (Saudi Arabia), 474
Jiddat al-Harasjs (Oman), 409, 410
Jinja (Uganda), 557–558
Jinsha River (China), 118, 119
Jiquilsco Bay (El Salvador), 173
Jiu River (Romania), 449
Jiuhua Shan (China), 117
Jiwani Coastal Wetland (Pakistan), 413
Jizera River (Czech Republic), 151
Johannesburg (South Africa), 495, 497
John Crow Mountains (Jamaica), 274
Johnston Island (United States), 577
Jökulsá á Brú River (Iceland), 240
Jökulsá á Fjöllum River (Iceland), 240
Jolo (The Philippines), 435
Jones Sound (Canada), 99
Jong River (Sierra Leone), 481
Jordan, 266, 281–283, 282
Jordan River, 267, 282–283
Jordan River Valley, 266, 281, 283
Jo-Shin-Etsu National Park (Japan), 277
Jos Plateau (Nigeria), 402–404
Joseph Bonaparte Gulf (Australia), 34
Jost Van Dyke Island (British Virgin Islands),
79
Jostedalsbreen (Norway), 405
Jotunheimen (Norway), 405
Joubert Mountains (Namibia), 378
Jourdain River (Vanuatu), 587
Joyce, James, 264
Juan Fernández Islands (Chile), 113
Jubba River, 182, 491
Júcar River (Spain), 500
Judaea (Israel), 266, 267
Judaean Desert (Israel), 267
Judaean Hills (Israel), 267
Julian Alps, 270, 487
Juliana Canal (The Netherlands), 388
Juliana Top (Suriname), 510
Junggar Basin (China), 117, 120
Jungles. See Rainforests
Juozapinh (Lithuania), 320
Jura Mountains, 190, 191, 517–521
Juruá River (Brazil), 74
Jutland peninsula (Denmark), 153–154
Južna Morava River (Yugoslavia), 604
Jylland peninsula. See Jutland peninsula
K
K2 (Pakistan), 411
Kaamos, in Finland, 188
Kaap Plateau. See Middle Veld (South Africa)
Kabalebo River (Suriname), 511
Kabul River, 3, 413
Kabumbé Peak. See Pico Kabumbé (São Tomé
and Príncipe)
Kabwe River Swamp (Zambia), 607–608
Kaçkar Dagi. See Mt. Kaçkar (Turkey)
Kada (Iceland), 239
Kadan Island (Myanmar), 376
Kadavu Island (Fiji), 185
Kadei River (Central African Republic), 105
Kading River (Laos), 306
Kaduna River (Nigeria), 403
Kaema Plateau (DPRK), 295
Kafu River (Uganda), 557
Kafue Flats (Zambia), 608
Kafue River (Zambia), 605, 607–608
Kagera River (Rwanda), 459
Kagoshima Bay (Japan), 279
Kahoolawe (United States), 577
Kai Islands (Indonesia), 252
Kaidu River (China), 119
Kaieteur Falls (Guyana), 227
Kaieteurian Plateau (Guyana), 227
Kailas Mountains. See Gangdisê Shan (China)
Kaileuna (Papua New Guinea), 422
Kaimanawa Range (New Zealand), 391
Kaimur Hills (India), 244
Kainji Lake (Nigeria), 402
Kakamega Forest Reserve (Kenya), 291
Kakhovka Reservoir (Ukraine), 559
Kala River (Sri Lanka), 504
Kalahari Desert
Botswana, 71, 72
Namibia, 377, 380
South Africa, 497
Kalambo Falls (Zambia), 607
Kalang River (Singapore), 483
Kali Gandak Gorge (Nepal), 384
Kali Gandak River (Nepal), 385
Kalimantan (Indonesia), 248, 250, 252
Kálimnos (Greece), 213
Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), 453, 455
Kaloum Peninsula. See Camayenne Peninsula
(Guinea)
Kalpitya Peninsula (Sri Lanka), 504
Kalri Lake. See Kinjhar Lake (Pakistan)
Kama River (Russia), 454
Kasn River (Iran), 256, 257
Kasn River Canyon (Iran), 255
Index
Karre Mountains (Central African Republic),
105
Karst landscape
Cuba, 146
Jamaica, 274
Laos, 306
Puerto Rico, 444
Romania, 449
Kartaliniya Plain (Georgia), 200
Kasa Murgh Range (Afghanistan), 3
Kasaba Bay (Zambia), 607
Kasai River (DROC), 131
Kashmir, 242, 411
Kassala (Sudan), 508
Kasserine Pass (Tunisia), 544
Katano-kamoike (Japan), 278
Kathiwar Peninsula (India), 246
Kathmandu (Nepal), 384
Kathmandu Valley (Nepal), 383–386
Katlanovo Spa (Macedonia), 326
Katonga River (Uganda), 557
Kattegat, 154, 515–516
Kauai (United States), 577, 579
Kauf. See Windstorms
Kaufmann Peak. See Lenin Peak
Kaukauveld (Namibia), 379
Kaula (United States), 577
Kaunas (Lithuania), 321–322
Kaunas Sea (Lithuania), 320
Kavac Canyon (Venezuela), 591
Kâveri River (India), 245
Kavirs, Iran, 256
Kayangel Atoll (Palau), 416
Kayser Mountains (Suriname), 510
Kayseri (Turkey), 547–548
Kazakhstan, 284–288, 285, 287t
Kazan’ (Russia), 454
Kazinga Channel (Uganda), 556
Ke Ga Point (Vietnam), 596
Keban Reservoir (Turkey), 548
Kebnekaise (Sweden), 514
Keeling. See Cocos Islands (Australia)
Keelung (Taiwan), 526
Kefallinía. See Cephalonia (Greece)
Kegums Reservoir (Latvia), 308
Kelantin River (Malaysia), 335
Kemi River (Finland), 187
Kempenland (Belgium), 54
Kenya, 288–292, 289, 292t
Kenya Dome, 288
Kenya Highlands, 288, 290
Kenyir Reservoir (Malaysia), 334–335
Keokradong (Bangladesh), 45
Keoladeo National Park (India), 245
Kerch Peninsula (Ukraine), 561
Kerguélin (France), 192
Kerintji (Indonesia), 249
Kerio River (Kenya), 290
Kerjhar Lake (Pakistan), 413
Kerulen River (Mongolia), 365
Khaark Island (Iran), 257
Khabsr River, 522–523
Kharga Oasis (Egypt), 168, 170
Khamir Harbor (Iran), 257
Khamsin. See Winds
Khamsin (United Arab Emirates), 563
Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Kazakhstan), 284
Khangla Deorali (Nepal), 384
Khao Laem Reservoir (Thailand), 534
Khao Yai National Park (Thailand), 536
Khaptad National Park (Nepal), 385–386
Khaptad Plateau (Nepal), 384
Khargah Depression. See Kharga Oasis (Egypt)
Khartoum (Sudan), 506–509
Khermiin Tsav Canyon (Mongolia), 364
Khobdo River (Mongolia), 365
Khomas Highlands (Namibia), 378
Khmr al-’Udeid. See Persian Gulf
Khorat Plateau (Thailand), 533–534
Khrami River (Georgia), 200
Khrysokhou Bay (Cyprus), 149
Khudzhand (Tajikistan), 529
Khumib River (Namibia), 379
Khunjerab National Park (Pakistan), 414
Khuran Straits (Iran), 257
Khurjya Murjya Bay (Oman), 410
Khyber Pass, 3, 412
Kibo (Tanzania), 530
Kicevo (Macedonia), 326
Kiel Canal. See Nord-Ostsee Canal (Germany)
Kiev (Ukraine), 560–561
Kiev Reservoir (Ukraine), 559
Kigezi District (Uganda), 556
Kihnu Island (Estonia), 180
Kii Peninsula (Japan), 279
Kikori River (Papua New Guinea), 422
Killala Bay (Ireland), 263
Killarney National Park (Ireland), 263
Kjrthar Range (Pakistan), 412
Kjsh (Iran), 257
Kinabatangan River (Malaysia), 335
Kinangop Plateau (Kenya), 289
King Fahd Causeway, 44
King George I island (Antarctica), 20
Kingangop Plateau (Kenya), 290
Kingman Reef (United States), 577
Kingston (Jamaica), 274, 275
Kingstown (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 465
Kinjhar Lake (Pakistan), 413
Kinki Plain (Japan), 279, 280
Kinmen. See Guemoy Islands (Taiwan)
Kinneret. See Sea of Galilee (Israel)
Kintyre Peninsula (United Kingdom), 568–569
Kipengere Range (Tanzania), 531
Kiribati, 292–294, 293, 294t
Kirishima Yaku (Japan), 277
Kiritappu-shitsugen (Japan), 278
Kiritimati Island (Kiribati), 292, 293
Kiriwina (Papua New Guinea), 422
Kirkuk (Iraq), 261
Kishon River (Israel), 267
Kisite (Kenya), 290
Kiso Mountains (Japan), 276
Kitadake (Japan), 276
Kitami Mountains (Japan), 276
Kitava (Papua New Guinea), 422
Kitzbühel Alps (Austria), 36
Kiwi birds, 393
Kizil River (Turkey), 548
Kizilirmak, Halys. See Kizil River (Turkey)
Kjølen Mountains, 405, 514
Klaiphda (Lithuania), 322
Klamath Mountains (United States), 574
665
Index
Kamadougou Yobé River (Niger), 399
Kamaran Island (Yemen), 600
Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia), 451, 453, 455
Kamchiya River (Bulgaria), 83
Kame Plješevica peak (Croatia), 142
Kamet (India), 242
Kamjan Marshes (Iran), 257
Kamnik-Savinja Range (Slovenia), 487
Kampala (Uganda), 558
Kampar River (Indonesia), 251
Kâmpóng Saôm. See Kompong Som
(Cambodia)
Kanchenjunga, 242, 384
Kandla (India), 245
Kandovan hills (Iran), 255
Kandy (Sri Lanka), 503
Kandy Plateau (Sri Lanka), 503
Kangaroo Island (Australia), 34
Kangnam Range (DPRK), 295
Kaniv Reservoir (Ukraine), 559
Kanjli (India), 245
Kano Rift Valley (Kenya), 290
Kansai International Airport (Japan), 279
Kanto Plain (Japan), 279, 280
Kanuku Mountains (Guyana), 227, 229
Kao-hsiung (Taiwan), 526
Kao Island (Tonga), 539
Kao-p’ing River (Taiwan), 525–526
Kaôh Rŭng (Cambodia), 90
Kaokoveld Mountains (Namibia), 378, 379
Kaolack (Senegal), 477
Kapingamarangi Islands (Micronesia), 358
Kapos River (Hungary), 236
Kaptai Lake. See Karnaphuli Reservoir
(Bangladesh)
Kapuas River (Indonesia), 250–251
Kapuzbasi Waterfall (Turkey), 548
Kara River (Togo), 537
Kara Sea, 455
Kara-Bogaz Gol (Turkmenistan), 551
Karachi (Pakistan), 413–414
Karagiye Depression (Kazakhstan), 285
Karagöl Mountains (Turkey), 546
Karakalpakstan. See Qoraqalpogh
Autonomous Republic (Uzbekistan)
Karakoram Highway, 414
Karakoram Mountains (Pakistan), 411
Karakoram Pass (India), 242–243
Karakoro River (Mali), 341
Kara-Kum Canal, 551
Kara-Kum Desert (Turkmenistan), 550–552
Karamea Bight (New Zealand), 393
Karamoja District (Uganda), 556
Karas Mountain (Namibia), 379
Karatoya River (Bangladesh), 46
Karau Ulun River (East Timor), 163
Karawanken Mountains, 36, 487
Kardiva Channel (Maldives), 337, 338
Karelia (Finland), 186
Karfinigan River (Tajikistan), 528
Karimata Strait (Indonesia), 251
Karisimbi (DROC), 130
Karkar (Papua New Guinea), 422
Karkheh River (Iran), 256
Karkinit Bay (Ukraine), 561
Karnali River (Nepal), 385
Karnaphuli Reservoir (Bangladesh), 45
Index
Klamath River (United States), 576
Klar River (Sweden), 515
Klein Spitzkoppe (Namibia), 378
Klidhes (Cyprus), 148
Kluane Lake (Canada), 97
Kluane National Park (Canada), 97
Klyuchevskaya Sopka (Russia), 453
Knockmealdown Mountains (Ireland), 262
Knuckles Mountains. See Dumbara Mountains
(Sri Lanka)
Knuckles Peak (Sri Lanka), 503
Kobako Canyon (Japan), 278
Kobe (Japan), 278, 279
Kobustan Mountain (Azerbaijan), 40
Kocaeli. See Kzmit (Turkey)
Kocevje (Slovenia), 488
Kodari (Nepal), 384
Koddiyar Bay (Sri Lanka), 504
Kodiak Island (United States), 577
Køge Bay (Denmark), 154
Koh Chang Island (Thailand), 535
Koh Lanta Island (Thailand), 535
Koh Phangan Island (Thailand), 535
Koh Phi-Phi Island (Thailand), 535
Koh Samet National Park (Thailand), 535
Koh Samui Island (Thailand), 535
Koh Tao Island (Thailand), 535
Kohung Peninsula (Korea, Republic of), 298
Kokkilai Lagoon (Sri Lanka), 504
Koko Nor. See Qinghai Lake (China)
Kola Peninsula (Russia), 455
Kolkata (India), 242, 248
Kolkhida Lowlands (Georgia), 200, 201
Kolombangara Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Kolonia (Micronesia), 359
Kólpos Khaníon (Crete), 213
Kolumadulu Atoll (Maldives), 338
Kolyma Range (Russia), 453
Komadugu Yobe River (Nigeria), 403
Komati River (Swaziland), 512–513
Kometspruit River (Lesotho), 312
Komoé (Côte d’Ivoire), 139
Kompong Som (Cambodia), 90
Kong falls (Laos), 306
Kong River (Laos), 306
Königsstuhl (Germany), 205
Konigstein (Namibia), 378
Konkori Scarp (Ghana), 208
Konkouré River (Guinea), 224
Konqi River (China), 119
Konsen (Japan), 279
Konya (Turkey), 549
Koohestak (Iran), 257
Koper (Slovenia), 488
Kopet-Dag Mountains, 550, 552
Kopjes (Zimbabwe), 609
Korab Mountains (Macedonia), 325
Korbu (Malaysia), 334
Korcula Island (Croatia), 143
Kore La (Nepal), 384
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of
(DPRK, North Korea), 294–297, 295,
296t
Korea, Republic of (ROK, South Korea), 297–
299, 298, 299t
Korea Bay, 119, 296
Korean Strait, 278–279, 298
666
Koro Island (Fiji), 185
Köroğlu Mountains (Turkey), 546
Koror Island (Palau), 416
Körös River (Hungary), 236
Koryak Range (Russia), 453
Kos (Greece), 213
Koshi Tappu (Nepal), 385
Kosi River (Nepal), 385
Kosovo (Yugoslavia), 602
Kosrae (Micronesia), 358–359
Kosudonggul (Korea, Republic of), 298
Kotmale Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503
Kotto River (Central African Republic), 105
Kouffo River (Benin), 58
Kouilou River (Republic of the Congo), 134
Kouris River (Cyprus), 149
Kourou River (French Guiana), 195
Kowkcheh River (Afghanistan), 3
Koyukuk River (United States), 576
Kozara Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina),
69
Kožuf Mountains (Macedonia), 325
Krabi Estuary (Thailand), 535
Krakatau volcano (Indonesia), 250
Krakatoa volcano. See Krakatau volcano
(Indonesia)
Krakow (Poland), 438
Kranji River (Singapore), 483
Kras Plateau (Slovenia), 487
Krasnovodsk (Turkmenistan), 551
Krâvanh Range (Cambodia), 89
Kremenchuk Reservoir (Ukraine), 559
Krishna River (India), 245
Krivosije (Yugoslavia), 604
Krk Island (Croatia), 143
Krka River, 143, 488
Krkonoše Mountains (Czech Republic), 150
Krŏng Kaôh Kŏng (Cambodia), 90
Kryvyy Rih (Ukraine), 561
Kryzl Kum Desert (Uzbekistan), 583, 585–586
Ksour Mountains (Algeria), 8
Kuala Belait (Brunei), 81
Kuan Ki Sian (Thailand), 535
Kuanza. See Cuanza River
Kücükmenderes River (Turkey), 548–549
Kŭm River (Korea, Republic of), 298
Kŭmgang-san (DPRK), 295
Kugitang Range, 550
Kuiseb River (Namibia), 379
Kula Kangri (Bhutan), 62
Kulna Division (Bangladesh), 46
Kumon Range (Myanmar), 375
Kunashir Island, 276
Kundelungu Mountains (DROC), 130
Kunlun Shan (China), 116
Kupa River (Croatia), 143
Kura-Aras lowlands (Azerbaijan), 39–41
Kura River, 40, 200
Küre Mountains (Turkey), 546
Kuril Islands, 453, 455
Kurobe Gorge (Japan), 278
Kuršiu Marios (Lithuania), 321, 322
Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (Russia), 457
Kuruktag Shan (China), 116
Kurzeme Peninsula (Latvia), 308
Kurzeme Uplands (Latvia), 308
Kuscenneti National Park (Turkey), 548
Kushiro-shitsugen (Japan), 278
Kusiyara River (Bangladesh), 46
Kuskokwin River (United States), 576
Kutaisi (Georgia), 201
Kutcharo-ko (Japan), 278
Kuti. See Kodari (Nepal)
Kutubdia (Bangladesh), 47
Kuwait, 300, 300–301, 301t
Kuwait Bay (Kuwait), 300–301
Kuwait City (Kuwait), 301
Kvaløy (Norway), 406
Kvarner Bay (Croatia), 143
Kwa River (DROC), 131
Kwafe River (Zambia), 607
Kwahu Plateau (Ghana), 207–208
Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Kwando River (Namibia), 379
Kwango River (DROC), 131
Kwanmo-bon (DPRK), 295
Kwanza River. See Cuanza River (Angola)
Kwilu River (DROC), 131
Kyffhäuser Mountains (Germany), 204
Kyŏnggi Bay, 296, 298
Kyoto (Japan), 279
Kyparissouvouno peak (Cyprus), 149
Kyrenia Range (Cyprus), 148–149
Kyrgyz Republic. See Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan, 302–304, 303, 304t
Kysshs (Japan), 276–280
Kysshs Mountains (Japan), 279
Kyzyl Kum Desert (Kazakhstan), 287
L
La Brea (Trinidad and Tobago), 542
La Condamine (Monaco), 362
La Costa (Peru), 428, 431
La Désirade (Guadeloupe), 218–219
La Digue Island (Seychelles), 479
La Guajira Peninsula (Venezuela), 592
La Libertad (El Salvador), 173
La Mancha Plain (Spain), 501
La Nicolière (Mauritius), 351
La Palma Island (Spain), 500
La Paz (Bolivia), 65–67
La Perouse Strait. See Smya Strait
La Rochelle (France), 192
La Selva (Peru), 428, 430, 431
La Sierra (Peru), 428, 431
La Tortuga (Venezuela), 592
La Unión Bay (El Salvador), 173
Labe River. See Elbe River
Labrador Sea (Canada), 99
Labuan (Malaysia), 335
Labuk Bay (Malaysia), 336
Labwor Hills (Uganda), 556
Lac Assal (Djibouti), 156
Lac de Guiers (Senegal), 476
Lac de Péligre. See Lake Péligre (Haiti)
Lac Rose (Senegal), 476
Lacajahuira River (Bolivia), 67
Laccadive Island (India), 246
Lachlan River (Australia), 33
Ladakh (India), 244
Lae (Papua New Guinea), 423
Laga (East Timor), 162
Lagan River (Sweden), 515
Index
Laguna Madre (Mexico), 355
Laguna Madre (United States), 578
Laguna Merín. See Lagoa Mirím
Laguna Negra (Uruguay), 582
Laguna Páhara (Nicaragua), 397
Lagunar de Tisma (Nicaragua), 396
Lahar (mudslides), 250
Lakagígar (Iceland), 239
Lake Abaya (Ethiopia), 182
Lake Abe, 156, 182
Lake Ahémé (Benin), 58
Lake Akpehir (Turkey), 547
Lake Alajuela (Panama), 418
Lake Alakol’ (Kazakhstan), 286
Lake Alaotra (Madagascar), 329
Lake Al-Asad (Syria), 522
Lake Albano (Italy), 271
Lake Albert, 130, 131, 556–558
Lake Alexandrina (Australia), 33
Lake Al-Qadisjyah (Iraq), 259
Lake Amatitlán (Guatemala), 220
Lake Annecy (France), 191
Lake Antoine (Grenada), 216
Lake Aougoundou (Mali), 341
Lake Arenal. See Laguna de Arenal (Costa
Rica)
Lake Argyle (Australia), 33
Lake Arre (Denmark), 154
Lake Athabasca (Canada), 98
Lake Ath-Tharthar (Iraq), 259
Lake Atitlán (Guatemala), 220
Lake Aydarkul (Uzbekistan), 584
Lake Ba Be (Vietnam), 595
Lake Baikal (Russia), 454
Lake Balaton (Hungary), 235
Lake Balinsasayan (The Philippines), 433
Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan), 284, 285
Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), 605–607
Lake Baringo (Kenya), 290
Lake Be Malae (East Timor), 162
Lake Benmore (New Zealand), 392
Lake Biwa (Japan), 278
Lake Bolmen (Sweden), 515
Lake Bolsena (Italy), 271
Lake Bonney (Antarctica), 19
Lake Bortles-Orgues (France), 191
Lake Bosten (China), 118
Lake Bosumtwi (Ghana), 208
Lake Bourget (France), 191
Lake Bracciano (Italy), 271
Lake Brownworth (Antarctica), 19
Lake Buada. See Buada Lagoon (Nauru)
Lake Buenos Aires. See Lake General Carrera
Lake Buluan (The Philippines), 434
Lake Burera (Rwanda), 459
Lake Burtnieks (Latvia), 308
Lake Burullus (Egypt), 169
Lake Buyo (Côte d’Ivoire), 139
Lake Cáceres (Bolivia), 66
Lake Cachí (Costa Rica), 137
Lake Caño Negro (Costa Rica), 137
Lake Cerknišco (Slovenia), 488
Lake Chad, 94, 108, 399, 402
Lake Chamo (Ethiopia), 182
Lake Champlain (United States), 576
Lake Chany (Russia), 454
Lake Chapala (Mexico), 354
Lake Chelan (United States), 575
Lake Chepo (Panama), 418
Lake Ch’ew Bahir (Ethiopia), 182
Lake Chiem (Germany), 204
Lake Chiker (Morocco), 369
Lake Chilwa (Malawi), 332, 333
Lake Chiuta (Mozambique), 372
Lake Cildir (Turkey), 547
Lake Claire (Canada), 98
Lake Cohoha, 87, 459
Lake Comacchio (Italy), 271
Lake Como (Italy), 271
Lake Concepción (Bolivia), 66
Lake Constance, 37, 38, 204, 519
Lake Cuitzeo (Mexico), 354
Lake D’Aleg (Mauritania), 348
Lake Danao (The Philippines), 433
Lake Debo (Mali), 341
Lake District (Argentina), 24, 25, 26
Lake District (Chile), 112, 113
Lake District (England), 564, 566
Lake District (Poland), 437
Lake District National Park (England), 566
Lake Do (Mali), 341
Lake Dojran (Macedonia), 326
Lake Drisvyaty (Belarus), 50
Lake Druksiai (Lithuania), 320
Lake Edward, 130, 131, 556–557
Lake Eğridir (Turkey), 547
Lake Enriquillo (Dominican Republic), 159,
160
Lake Ercek (Turkey), 547
Lake Erie, 575
Lake Eucumbene (Australia), 33
Lake Eyasi (Tanzania), 531
Lake Eyre (Australia), 33
Lake Faguibine (Mali), 341
Lake Fati (Mali), 341
Lake Ferto. See Neusiedler Lake
Lake Fianga (Chad), 109
Lake Fitri (Chad), 109
Lake Fluessen (The Netherlands), 388
Lake Fondi (Italy), 271
Lake Fryxell (Antarctica), 19
Lake Fúquene (Colombia), 123
Lake Gaiba (Bolivia), 66
Lake Gairdner (Australia), 33
Lake Garda (Italy), 271
Lake Garou (Mali), 341
Lake General Carrera (Chile), 113
Lake Geneva (Switzerland), 519
Lake George (Uganda), 556–557
Lake Gordon (Australia), 33
Lake Gyaring (China), 118
Lake Hago (Rwanda), 459
Lake Hazar (Turkey), 547
Lake Hazen (Canada), 97
Lake Helmand. See Lake Saberj
Lake Hjälmaren (Sweden), 515
Lake Hoare (Antarctica), 19
Lake Hornavan (Sweden), 515
Lake Hula (Israel), 267
Lake Hule (Costa Rica), 137
Lake Huron, 575
Lake Idku (Egypt), 169
Lake Ihema (Rwanda), 459
Lake Inari (Finland), 187
667
Index
Lagarfljót River (Iceland), 240
Lågen River (Norway), 405
Lago Apoyeque (Nicaragua), 396
Lago Argentino (Argentina), 25
Lago Azuei. See Lake Saumâtre (Haiti)
Lago Buenos Aires (Argentina), 25
Lago Colhué Huapí (Argentina), 25
Lago de Coatepeque (El Salvador), 172
Lago de Guija (El Salvador), 172
Lago de Ilopango (El Salvador), 172
Lago de Managua (Nicaragua), 396
Lago de Nicaragua, 396
Lago Enriquillo. See Lake Enriquillo
Lago Mar Chiquita (Argentina), 25
Lago San Martín (Argentina), 25
Lago Viedma (Argentina), 25
Lago Xiloá (Nicaragua), 396
Lagoa Dos Patos (Brazil), 76
Lagoa Mirím, 76, 581–582
Lagoon Region (Côte d’Ivoire), 139
Lagoons
Barbuda, 22
Belize, 56
Benin, 58
Brazil, 76
Gabon, 197
Ghana, 209
Guatemala, 221
Iran, 257
Italy, 272
Kiribati, 293
Liberia, 315
Lithuania, 320
Madagascar, 329
Maldives, 337–338
Malta, 343
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 355
Myanmar, 376
Nicaragua, 397
Nigeria, 403
Palau, 416
Portugal, 442
South Africa, 496
Spain, 501
Sri Lanka, 504
Tuvalu, 554
United States, 578
Uruguay, 581
Lagos (Nigeria), 403, 404
Lagos Lagoon (Nigeria), 403
Laguna Bismuna (Nicaragua), 397
Laguna Castillos (Uruguay), 582
Laguna de Arenal (Costa Rica), 136, 137
Laguna de Bay (The Philippines), 433
Laguna de Caratasca (Honduras), 233, 234
Laguna de la Restinga (Venezuela), 592
Laguna de Perlas (Nicaragua), 397
Laguna de Tacarigua (Venezuela), 592
Laguna de Tamiahua (Mexico), 355
Laguna de Términos (Mexico), 356
Laguna de Wounta (Nicaragua), 397
Laguna del Jocotal (El Salvador), 172
Laguna Grande de los Verdes (Colombia), 123
Laguna Karatá (Nicaragua), 397
Index
Lake Inawashiro (Japan), 278
Lake Indawgyi (Myanmar), 375
Lake Iralalaro (East Timor), 162
Lake Iseo (Italy), 271
Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan), 303, 304
Lake Isti (Morocco), 369
Lake Izabal (Guatemala), 220, 221
Lake Iznik (Turkey), 547
Lake Izu-numa (Japan), 278
Lake Karakul. See Ozero Karakul (Tajikistan)
Lake Kariba, 607, 609, 611
Lake Kasumiga (Japan), 278
Lake Katwe (Uganda), 558
Lake Khanka (Russia), 454
Lake Kivu, 130, 131, 458–459
Lake Korientze (Mali), 341
Lake Korónia (Greece), 212
Lake Kossou (Côte d’Ivoire), 139
Lake Kummerow (Germany), 204
Lake Kup (Turkey), 547
Lake Kutubu (Papua New Guinea), 421
Lake Kuz (Turkey), 548
Lake Kwania (Uganda), 557
Lake Kyoga (Uganda), 557–558
Lake Ladoga (Russia), 454
Lake Lanao. See Lake Sultan Alonto (The
Philippines)
Lake Lanoto’o (Samoa), 467
Lake Leman. See Lake Geneva (Switzerland)
Lake Lesina (Italy), 271
Lake Limboto (Indonesia), 250
Lake Little Sea. See Lago Mar Chiquita
(Argentina)
Lake Llanquihue (Chile), 113
Lake Lokan (Finland), 187
Lake Lubana (Latvia), 308
Lake Lugano, 271, 519
Lake Mabesi (Sierra Leone), 481
Lake Mackay (Australia), 33
Lake Madden. See Lake Alajuela (Panama)
Lake Magadi (Kenya), 290
Lake Maggiore, 271, 519
Lake Mai-Ndombe (DROC), 131
Lake Mälaren (Sweden), 515
Lake Malawi, 331–332, 333, 372, 531–532
Lake Malawi National Park (Malawi), 333
Lake Malombe (Malawi), 332
Lake Manaro Lakua (Vanuatu), 587
Lake Manaro Ngoro (Vanuatu), 587
Lake Mandioré (Bolivia), 66
Lake Manyara (Tanzania), 530–531
Lake Manzala (Egypt), 169
Lake Mape (Sierra Leone), 481
Lake Mar Chiquita (Argentina), 26
Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela), 591–592
Lake Maryut (Egypt), 169
Lake Massaciuccoli (Italy), 271
Lake Matana (Indonesia), 250
Lake Maubara (East Timor), 162
Lake Mavrovo (Macedonia), 326
Lake Mead (United States), 576
Lake Melville (Canada), 98
Lake Michigan (United States), 575
Lake Mjøsa (Norway), 405
Lake Moero. See Lake Mweru
Lake Monoun (Cameroon), 94
Lake Mugesera (Rwanda), 459
668
Lake Muhazi (Rwanda), 459
Lake Müritz (Germany), 204
Lake Murray (Papua New Guinea), 421
Lake Mweru, 131, 605–607
Lake Mývatn (Iceland), 240
Lake Naivahsa (Kenya), 290
Lake Nakaumi (Japan), 278
Lake Nakuru (Kenya), 290
Lake Narach. See Lake Naroch (Belarus)
Lake Naroch (Belarus), 50
Lake Nasser, 168–169, 508
Lake Natron (Tanzania), 530–531
Lake Naujan (The Philippines), 434
Lake Neagh. See Lough Neagh (Northern
Ireland)
Lake Nemi (Italy), 271
Lake Neuchâtel (Switzerland), 519
Lake Ngami (Botswana), 71
Lake Ngoring (China), 118
Lake Niangay (Mali), 341
Lake Nipigon (Canada), 97
Lake Nubia, 507
Lake Nyasa. See Lake Malawi
Lake Nyos (Cameroon), 94
Lake of Lucerne (Switzerland), 519
Lake of the Woods (United States), 575
Lake Ohrid, 5, 6, 326
Lake Okeechobee (United States), 575–576
Lake Onega (Russia), 454
Lake Ontario, 575
Lake Orava (Slovakia), 485
Lake Orbetello (Italy), 271
Lake Orumiyé. See Lake Urmia (Iran)
Lake Oskjuvatn Caldera (Iceland), 240
Lake Osveyskoye (Belarus), 50
Lake Oulujärvi (Finland), 187
Lake Päijanne (Finland), 187
Lake Palmar (Uruguay), 581
Lake Peipus, 179, 454
Lake Péligre (Haiti), 230
Lake Petén Itzá (Guatemala), 220
Lake Pielinen (Finland), 187
Lake Plau (Germany), 204
Lake Poopó (Bolivia), 66–67
Lake Popradské (Slovakia), 485
Lake Porttipahdan (Finland), 187
Lake Poso (Indonesia), 250
Lake Powell (United States), 576
Lake Prespa, 6, 212, 326
Lake Pskov (Estonia), 179
Lake Puzak (Afghanistan), 3
Lake Razna (Latvia), 308
Lake Razelm (Romania), 449, 450
Lake Rkiz (Mauritania), 348
Lake Rogoaguado (Bolivia), 66
Lake Rozmberk (Czech Republic), 151
Lake Rudolf. See Lake Turkana
Lake Rugwero, 459
Lake Ruhondo (Rwanda), 459
Lake Rukwa (Tanzania), 531
Lake Rwanye (Rwanda), 459
Lake Rwehikama (Rwanda), 459
Lake Rweru (Burundi), 87
Lake Sabai Tsho (Nepal), 385
Lake Saberj, 3, 255, 257
Lake Saimaa (Finland), 187
Lake Salisbury (Uganda), 557–558
Lake Salpi (Italy), 271
Lake Salto Grande (Uruguay), 581
Lake San Luis (Bolivia), 66
Lake Saroma (Japan), 278
Lake Sarrans (France), 191
Lake Sarygamysh, 550, 584
Lake Saumâtre (Haiti), 230, 231
Lake Schwerin (Germany), 204
Lake Scutari, 5, 6, 603–604
Lake Semara (Morocco), 369
Lake Sevan (Armenia), 28–29
Lake Shirwa (Mozambique), 372
Lake Shkodër. See Lake Scutari
Lake Sidi Ali (Morocco), 369
Lake Sinoe (Romania), 450
Lake Siwi (Vanuatu), 587
Lake Sloter (The Netherlands), 388
Lake Sonfon (Sierra Leone), 481
Lake Stânca-Costesti (Moldova), 361
Lake Storavan (Sweden), 515
Lake Storsjön (Sweden), 515
Lake Sultan Alonto (The Philippines), 434
Lake Superior, 97, 573, 575, 577
Lake Svityza (Ukraine), 560
Lake Taabo (Côte d’Ivoire), 139
Lake Taal (The Philippines), 433
Lake Tahoe (United States), 575
Lake Tai (China), 118
Lake Tana (Ethiopia), 182
Lake Tanda (Mali), 341
Lake Tandano (Indonesia), 250
Lake Tanganyika, 87–88, 130, 531–532, 605–
607
Lake Taupo (New Zealand), 392
Lake Tauragnas (Lithuania), 320
Lake Taymyr (Russia), 454
Lake Te Anau (New Zealand), 392
Lake Teli (Mali), 341
Lake Tengiz (Kazakhstan), 286
Lake Tibar (East Timor), 162
Lake Tiberias. See Sea of Galilee (Israel)
Lake Tigalmamine (Morocco), 369
Lake Tilicho (Nepal), 384–385
Lake Titicaca, 66, 428
Lake Toba (Indonesia), 250
Lake Togo (Togo), 537
Lake Torn Träsk (Sweden), 515
Lake Torrens (Australia), 33
Lake Tota (Colombia), 123
Lake Towuti (Indonesia), 250
Lake Trasimerto (Italy), 271
Lake Trichonis (Greece), 212
Lake Trinidad (Paraguay), 425
Lake Tsimanampetsotsa (Madagascar), 329
Lake Tumba (DROC), 131
Lake Turkana, 182, 290, 292
Lake Tuz (Turkey), 547, 549
Lake Uberaba (Bolivia), 66
Lake Uchi-numa (Japan), 278
Lake Uddjaur (Sweden), 515
Lake Ulubat (Turkey), 547
Lake Upemba (DROC), 131
Lake Urmia (Iran), 255, 256, 257
Lake Usma (Latvia), 308
Lake Valence (Hungary), 235–236
Lake Valencia (Venezuela), 591
Lake Van (Turkey), 546–547, 549
Index
Finland, 186, 187
France, 191
Germany, 204
Ghana, 208
Greece, 212
Grenada, 216
Guatemala, 220
Haiti, 230
Honduras, 233
Hungary, 235–236
Iceland, 240
India, 244
Indonesia, 250
Iran, 255–256
Iraq, 259
Ireland, 262–263
Israel, 267
Italy, 271
Japan, 278
Jordan, 282
Kenya, 290
Kiribati, 293
Kyrgyzstan, 303
Laos, 306
Latvia, 308
Lithuania, 320
Luxembourg, 323
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 329
Malawi, 331–332
Malaysia, 334–335
Mali, 341
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 354
Mongolia, 364–365
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 372
Myanmar, 375
Namibia, 379
Nauru, 382
Nepal, 384–385
New Zealand, 392
Nicaragua, 396
Niger, 399
Nigeria, 402
Norway, 405
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 418
Paraguay, 425
Peru, 428
Poland, 437
Romania, 449
Russia, 454
Rwanda, 458–459
Samoa, 467
Senegal, 476
Sierra Leone, 481
Singapore, 483
Slovakia, 485
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 491
Sri Lanka, 503
Sudan, 507
Suriname, 510–511
Sweden, 515
Switzerland, 519
Syria, 522
Taiwan, 525
Tajikistan, 528
Thailand, 534
Togo, 538
Tonga, 539
Tunisia, 544
Turkey, 547
Uganda, 556–557
Ukraine, 559–560
United Kingdom, 566
Uruguay, 581
Uzbekistan, 584
Vanuatu, 587
Venezuela, 591
Vietnam, 595
Yemen, 599–600
Yugoslavia, 603
Zambia, 606–607
Zimbabwe, 609
See also names of specific lakes
Lakhya River (Bangladesh), 46
Laklo (East Timor), 162
Laklo River (East Timor), 163
Lakshadweep (India), 246
Lama Marsh (Benin), 58
Lamantin (Martinique), 347
Lambert Glacier (Antarctica), 19
Lamon Bay (The Philippines), 435
Lamu Archipelago (Kenya), 291
Lanai (United States), 577
Lancang River (China), 119
Lancaster Sound (Canada), 99
Land disputes. See Territorial disputes
Land of Dry Water. See Etosha Pan (Namibia)
Land of Gilead. See Northern Highlands
(Jordan)
Land of Ten Thousand Hills. See Rwanda
Land of volcanoes. See El Salvador
Land reclamation
Belgium, 52–54
Japan, 278, 279
296
The Netherlands, 387, 389
Landes (France), 194
Landslides
Georgia, 200
Japan, 276–277
Kyrgyzstan, 302
Langeberg Range (South Africa), 494
Langeland Strait (Denmark), 154
Langfjell (Norway), 405
Langjökull (Iceland), 240
Langkawi (Malaysia), 335
Languages
Canada, 101
Chad, 111
Eritrea, 178
669
Index
Lake Vanda (Antarctica), 19
Lake Vänern (Sweden), 514, 515, 517
Lake Varano (Italy), 271
Lake Vättern (Sweden), 515, 517
Lake Verá (Paraguay), 425
Lake Vico (Italy), 271
Lake Victoria, 288, 290, 530–532, 556–558
Lake Vistonis (Thrace), 212
Lake Volta (Ghana), 208
Lake Vólvi (Greece), 212
Lake Võrts (Estonia), 179
Lake Vostok (Antarctica), 19
Lake Voui (Vanuatu), 587
Lake Wakatipu (New Zealand), 392
Lake Winnipeg (Canada), 98
Lake Xau (Botswana), 71
Lake Yalpuh (Ukraine), 559–560
Lake Yojoa (Honduras), 233
Lake Ypacaraí (Paraguay), 425
Lake Ypoá (Paraguay), 425
Lake Zapatosa (Colombia), 123
Lake Zaysan (Kazakhstan), 286
Lake Zorkul (Afghanistan), 3
Lakeba Island (Fiji), 185
Lakes
Afghanistan, 3
Albania, 5, 6
Antarctica, 19
Argentina, 24, 25
Armenia, 28–29
Australia, 33
Austria, 37
Azerbaijan, 40
Bangladesh, 45
Belarus, 50
Belgium, 53
Belize, 56
Benin, 58
Bolivia, 66
Botswana, 71
Brunei, 80
Bulgaria, 82
Burundi, 87
Cambodia, 89
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 97–98
Chad, 108–109
Chile, 113
China, 117–118
Colombia, 123
Costa Rica, 137
Croatia, 142–143
Czech Republic, 151
Denmark, 154
Djibouti, 156
Dominica, 157
East Timor, 162
Ecuador, 165
Egypt, 168–169
El Salvador, 172
Estonia, 179
Ethiopia, 182
Index
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Länkäran Lowlands (Azerbaijan), 40
Lan-Yü Island (Taiwan), 525
Lanzarote Island (Spain), 500
Laos, 304–307, 305, 307t
Lapland (Finland), 186–188
Laptev Sea, 455
Lapuan River (Finland), 187
Laramie Range (United States), 573
Large Island (Grenada), 217
Large Lake. See Grand Lac (Switzerland)
Larnaca Bay (Cyprus), 149
Larsen Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 20, 21
Larvotto (Monaco), 362
Latgale Upland (Latvia), 308
Latvia, 307–309, 308, 309t
Lau Group (Fiji), 185
Lau Island (Fiji), 185
Laughing Bird Cay (Belize), 56
Laurentian Highlands (Canada), 97
Laurentian Plateau. See Canadian Shield
Lava fields, in Iceland, 238–239
Lavan (Iran), 257
Layou River (Dominica), 157
Le Kartala. See Mt. Karthala (Comoros)
Le Robert Bay (Martinique), 346
Leakey, Louis S.B., 530
Lebanon, 309–311, 310
Lebanon Mountains, 310–311
Lebombo Plain (Swaziland), 512
Lebombo Range (Swaziland), 512
Lechtal Alps (Austria), 36
Ledenika Lake (Bulgaria), 82
Leeward Islands
Anguilla, 16–17
Antigua, 22–23
Barbuda, 22–23
Leie River (Belgium), 53
Leitha River (Austria), 37–38
Lek River. See Neder Rijn (The Netherlands)
Lele (Micronesia), 359
Lely Mountains (Suriname), 510
Lemnos (Greece), 212
Lempa River (Honduras), 233
Lemurs, 327
Lena River (Russia), 454
Lenin Peak, 303, 528
Leninabad. See Khudzhand (Tajikistan)
Lepontine Alps (Switzerland), 518
Lerma River (Mexico), 354
Les Amirantes (Seychelles), 480
Les Cayemites (Haiti), 231
Les Tantes Island (Grenada), 217
Les Trois River (Haiti), 231
Les Valls. See The Valleys (Andorra)
Lesbos (Greece), 212
Lesotho, 311–313, 312, 313t
Lesser Antarctica. See West Antarctica
Lesser Antilles
See also Leeward Islands; Windward
Islands
Lesser Caucasus Mountains, 28, 40, 200
670
Lesser Himalayas, 62–64, 383
Lesser Kabylie range (Algeria), 8
Lesser Sunda Islands, 162, 252
Lesser Tunb Island (United Arab Emirates),
563
Lésvos. See Lesbos (Greece)
Leukas (Greece), 212
Levees (Hungary), 236–237
Levera Pond (Grenada), 216
Levká Mountains (Greece), 212
Levkas. See Leukas (Greece)
Lewis (United Kingdom), 568
Leyte (The Philippines), 434–435
Leyte Gulf (The Philippines), 434
Lian-hua Feng (China), 117
Liao He (China), 118
Liaodong Peninsula (China), 119
Liban River valley (Malaysia), 335
Liberia, 313–315, 314, 315t
Libuasan marsh (The Philippines), 434
Libungan marsh (The Philippines), 434
Libya, 8, 316–318, 317
Libyan Desert, 318, 509
Lichinga Plateau (Mozambique), 371–372
Liechtenstein, 318–320, 319
Lielupe River (Latvia), 308
Liepaja (Latvia), 309
Lighthouse of the Pacific. See Volcán Izalco (El
Salvador)
Ligitan Island, 248, 335
Ligonha River (Mozambique), 372
Liguanea Plain (Jamaica), 275
Liguria (Italy), 272
Ligurian Sea (Italy), 272
Likiep Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Lille Strait (Denmark), 154
Lilongwe (Malawi), 332, 333
Lilongwe Plain (Malawi), 331
Lilongwe River (Malawi), 332
Lim Fjord (Denmark), 154
Lima (Peru), 431
Limarí River (Chile), 113
Limay River (Argentina), 26
Limbang River valley (Brunei), 80
Limerick (Ireland), 264
Limestone
Cayman Islands, 103
Cuban mountains, 144, 146
Dinaric Alps, 142
Estonia, 179
Moravian Karst, 151
North Albanian Alps, 6
Límnos. See Lemnos (Greece)
Limpopo River, 72, 372, 495–496, 609–610
Line Islands (Kiribati), 292–293
Lingayen Gulf (The Philippines), 435
Linyanti River (Namibia), 379
Lipari Islands (Italy), 269, 272
Lipno Dam (Czech Republic), 151
Lipobane Point (Mozambique), 373
Lisbon (Portugal), 440, 442, 443
Lithuania, 320–322, 321, 322t
Litoral. See Costa (Ecuador)
Little Alföld (Hungary), 235, 237, 238
Little Bahama Bank, 41
Little Carpathian Mountains (Slovakia), 485
Little Cayman Island, 103–104
Little Corn Island (Nicaragua), 396
Little Danube River (Slovakia), 485
Little Karroo Plateau (South Africa), 495
Little Karroo Range (South Africa), 494
Little Mount Ararat (Turkey), 546
Little Riviera. See Moselle River Valley
(Luxembourg)
Little Scarcies River (Sierra Leone), 481
Little Switzerland. See Müllerthal
(Luxembourg)
Little Tobago Island (Trinidad and Tobago),
541
Little Zab River (Iraq), 260
Littoral. See Costa (Ecuador)
Liverpool Bay (England), 569
Livingstone Falls (DROC), 131
Livingstone-Nyasa Highlands (Mozambique),
370
Ljubljana (Slovenia), 488
Ljubljana Basin (Slovenia), 487
Ljubljanica River (Slovenia), 488
Ljungan River (Sweden), 515
Llandudno Beach (South Africa), 496
Llano Estacado (United States), 571, 574
Llanos (Venezuela), 592–593
Llanura de los Guatusos (Costa Rica), 137
Llanura de San Carlos. See San Carlos Plains
(Costa Rica)
Lleyn Peninsula (United Kingdom), 569
Llullaillaco (Chile), 112
Loa River (Chile), 113
Lobaye River (Central African Republic), 105
Lobos Island (Spain), 500
Loch Awe (Scotland), 566
Loch Lomond (Scotland), 566
Loch Loyal (Scotland), 566
Loch Ness (Scotland), 566
Loch Shin (Scotland), 566
Lochs. See Lakes
Loess, Germany, 206
Loess Plateau (China), 115, 117, 120
Lofa River (Liberia), 314
Lofoten (Norway), 406
Loggerhead turtles, 409
Logone River, 94, 108, 109, 110
Loire River (France), 191
Lois River (East Timor), 162
Loktak Lake (India), 245
Lolland Island (Denmark), 154
Loma Mountains (Sierra Leone), 481
Lomaiviti (Fiji), 185
Lomami River (DROC), 131
Lombok (Indonesia), 248–254
Lomé (Togo), 538
London (England), 567, 570
Long (Papua New Guinea), 422
Long Beach (Yugoslavia). See Velika Plaza
(Yugoslavia)
Long Island (The Bahamas), 42
Long Island (United States), 577
Long Strait, 455
Lopevi Island (Vanuatu), 587
Los Angeles (United States), 578
Los Roques Archipelago (Venezuela), 592
Lospalos (East Timor), 162
Lotagipi Swamp (Sudan), 508
Lotus Flower Peak. See Lian-hua Feng (China)
Index
M
Maack’s Shelter (Namibia), 378
Maap (Micronesia), 359
Maas River. See Meuse River
Macdonnell Range (Australia), 32
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of,
324–327, 325, 326t
Macgillycuddy’s Reeks (Ireland), 262
Machar Marshes (Sudan), 508
Mach’ŏl Range (DPRK), 295
Machu Picchu (Peru), 430
Macias Nguema Biyogo. See Isla de Bioko
(Equatorial Guinea)
Mackenzie Range (Canada), 97
Mackenzie River (Canada), 98
Mackenzie Trough (Canada), 99
Maclaralin River (Dominica), 158
Macuma River. See Morona River (Ecuador)
Madagascar, 327–330, 328
Madang (Papua New Guinea), 422
Madeira (Portugal), 440, 442
Madeira River (Brazil), 74
Madeiran archipelago (Portugal), 442
Madelgabel (Germany), 202
Madhumati River (Bangladesh), 46
Madhya Pradesh (India), 244, 247
Madjera range (Algeria), 8
Madonie Range (Italy), 270–271
Madras. See Chennai (India)
Madre de Dios River (Peru), 430
Madura (Indonesia), 252
Maduru Oya Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503
Maduru River (Sri Lanka), 503
Mae Klong Bay (Thailand), 535
Maéwo (Vanuatu), 587
Mafia (Tanzania), 531–532
Mafinga Hills (Zambia), 606
Mafingi Mountains (Zambia), 605
Magaruque Island (Mozambique), 373
Magdalena Bay (Mexico), 355
Magdalena River (Colombia), 124
Magellanic penguins, 26
Maggia River (Switzerland), 519
Maghreb region
Algeria, 8–11
Morocco, 367–370
Tunisia, 543–545
Maha River (Sri Lanka), 504
Mahabharat Range (Nepal), 383, 384
Mahadeo Hills (India), 244
Mahafaly Plateau (Madagascar), 328
Mahakam lakes (Indonesia), 250
Mahakam River (Indonesia), 250, 251
Mahanadi River (India), 245
Mahaweli River (Sri Lanka), 503
Mahé Island (Seychelles), 478–480
Mahia Peninsula (New Zealand), 393
Mahrat Mountains (Oman), 410
Maikala Hills (India), 244
Main-Danube Canal (Germany), 205
Main Ridge (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Main River (Germany), 204
Maine (United States), 571, 574
Mainland Island (United Kingdom), 568
Maio (Cape Verde), 102
Maipo River (Chile), 113
Maisan (Korea, Republic of), 298
Maiskhal (Bangladesh), 47
Majé Mountains (Panama), 417
Majevica Mountains (Bosnia and
Herzegovina), 69
Majorca Island (Spain), 500
Majors Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Majuro Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Makassar Strait, 251
Makgadikgadi Salt Pans (Botswana), 71
Makhaleng River. See Kometspruit River
(Lesotho)
Makmal (Kyrgyzstan), 304
Makonde Plateau (Tanzania), 531
Makorako (New Zealand), 391
Makran Range (Pakistan), 412
Malabar Coast (India), 246
Malagarasi River, 88, 531
Malaita Island (Solomon Islands), 489–490
Malakula (Vanuatu), 587
Malanje Highlands (Angola), 13
Malawi, 330–333, 331, 332t
Malay Peninsula, 248–254, 333, 374
Malaysia, 248, 251, 333–337, 334, 336t
Malcom (Oman), 409
Malden Island (Kiribati), 292, 293
Maldives, 337–339, 338, 339t
Malé (Maldives), 337–339
Malé Atoll (Maldives), 337–339
Make Karpaty. See Little Carpathian Mountains
(Slovakia)
Maletsunyane Falls (Lesotho), 312
Maletsunyane River (Lesotho), 312
Mali, 339–342, 340, 342t
Maliana Plateau (East Timor), 162
Malibamatso River (Lesotho), 312
Malingre Island (French Guiana), 195
Maloelap Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Malolo Island (Fiji), 185
Malolotja Falls (Swaziland), 512
Malolotja Nature Reserve (Swaziland), 512–
513
Malolotja River (Swaziland), 512
Maloti Mountains (Lesotho), 312, 313
Malpelo Island (Colombia), 125
Malta, 342–345, 343, 344t
Malta Channel, 272
Maluku Islands (Indonesia), 249, 252
Maluku Sea, 251
Malwa Plateau (India), 244
Mamberamo River (Indonesia), 251
Mambéré River (Central African Republic),
105
Mamoré River (Bolivia), 66
Mana River (French Guiana), 195
Managua (Nicaragua), 395
Manam (Papua New Guinea), 422
Manambajo River (Madagascar), 329
Mananara River (Madagascar), 329
Manas River. See Tongsa River (Bhutan)
Manaslu (Nepal), 384
Manatee Hills (Belize), 55
Manatee Lagoons (Belize), 56
Mancarrón Island (Nicaragua), 396
Mancarroncito Island (Nicaragua), 396
Manchester (Jamaica), 275
Manchhar Lake (Pakistan), 413
Manchurian Plain (China), 115
Mand River (Iran), 256
Mandai Hill (Singapore), 483
671
Index
Louessé River (Republic of the Congo), 134
Lough Allen (Ireland), 262
Lough Conn (Ireland), 262
Lough Corrib (Ireland), 262
Lough Derg (Ireland), 262
Lough Foyle (Northern Ireland), 569
Lough Hyne (Ireland), 262
Lough Leane (Ireland), 263
Lough Mask (Ireland), 262
Lough Neagh (Northern Ireland), 262, 565–
567
Lough Ree (Ireland), 262
Loughs. See Lakes
Louisiade Archipelago (Papua New Guinea),
422, 423
Low Countries. See Benelux countries
Low Netherlands, 387
Low Steppes (Tunisia), 545
Low Tatras Mountains (Slovakia), 485–486
Lower California Peninsular Range, 574
Lower Congo (DROC), 131
Lower Galilee (Israel), 266
Lower Guinea, 222
Lower Lough Erne (Northern Ireland), 566–
567
Lower Rhine River (Switzerland), 519
Lower Tunguska River (Russia), 454
Loweswater Lake (England), 566
Lowland north (Argentina), 24
Lowlands. See names of specific lowlands
Lowveld (Zimbabwe), 609, 611
Loyalty Islands (France), 193
Lü Tao Island (Taiwan), 525
Lualaba River (DROC), 130
Luangwa River (Zambia), 605, 607
Luangwa River Valley (Zambia), 606–607
Luapula River (DROC), 130
Lucie River (Suriname), 511
Lugano (Switzerland), 520
Lugenda River (Mozambique), 372
Luhwa River (Rwanda), 459
Lukanga Swamp (Zambia), 607–608
Lukenie River (DROC), 131
Lukuga River (DROC), 130
Lule River (Sweden), 515
Lulua River (DROC), 131
Lunda Divide, 13
Lundi River, 610
Lunsemfwa River (Zambia), 607
Lupar River (Malaysia), 335
Lúrio River (Mozambique), 372
Lusaka (Zambia), 608
Lusutfu River. See Great Usutu River
(Swaziland)
Lst Desert (Iran), 258
Luvironza River. See Ruvironza River
(Burundi)
Luvua River (DROC), 130
Luxembourg, 322–324, 323, 324t
Luxembourg (city), 323–324
Luzon (The Philippines), 432–436
Luzon Strait (The Philippines), 434
Index
Mandara Mountains, 92, 93, 402
Mandeb Island (Yemen), 600
Manding Mountains (Mali), 340
Mandingue Plateau (Mali), 340
Mangin Range (Myanmar), 375
Mangla Dam (Pakistan), 413
Mango (Togo), 538
Mangoky River (Madagascar), 329
Mangroves
Bangladesh, 46, 47
Belize, 56
Brunei, 80–81
Cayman Islands, 104
Comoros, 127
Costa Rica, 137
Cuba, 146
East Timor, 163
El Salvador, 172
Fiji, 184
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 198
Grenada, 216
Guadeloupe, 218
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
India, 245, 247
Indonesia, 251, 252–253
Iran, 257
Kenya, 291
Liberia, 315
Madagascar, 329, 330
Malaysia, 335
Micronesia, 359
Myanmar, 376
New Zealand, 393
Nigeria, 403
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 413, 414
Palau, 415
Panama, 418
Samoa, 467
Somalia, 491
Sri Lanka, 504
Venezuela, 593
Manguéni Plateau (Niger), 399
Mangyshlak Peninsula (Kazakhstan), 287
Manila (The Philippines), 435
Manila Bay (The Philippines), 435
Manindjau (Indonesia), 250
Maningory River (Madagascar), 329
Maninjau Lake (Indonesia), 250
Maninjau Plateau (Indonesia), 250
Manitoba Lowland (Canada), 100
Manitoulin Island (Canada), 99
Mannar Island (Sri Lanka), 504
Mano River, 314, 481
Man-of-War Cays (Nicaragua), 396–397
Manono Island (Samoa), 466–467
Mansôa River (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Mantaro River (Peru), 430
Manufacturing
Belarus, 51
Israel, 268
672
Luxembourg, 324
Mauritius, 352
Taiwan, 526
United Kingdom, 570
See also Commerce and industry
Manukau Harbor (New Zealand), 393
Manulu Lagoon (Kiribati), 293
Manus (Papua New Guinea), 422
Maoke Mountains (Indonesia), 249
Mao-Kebbi. See Mayo-Kebbi (Chad)
Maore. See Mayotte (France)
Mapocho River (Chile), 113
Maputo (Mozambique), 372
Maquis. See Grasslands
Mar da Palha (Portugal), 442
Mar del Plata (Argentina), 26
Maracá Island (Brazil), 76
Maracaibo Lowlands (Venezuela), 589
Maradu Bay (Malaysia), 336
Marajó Bay (Brazil), 76
Marajó Island (Brazil), 76
Marano River (San Marino), 469
Marañón River (Peru), 429, 430
Maravia Highlands (Mozambique), 372
Marcal River (Hungary), 236
Marche (Italy), 271
Marchena Island (Galápagos), 165
Mardin Mountains (Turkey), 546
Mare aux Vacoas (Mauritius), 351
Mareb River, 177, 508
Maremma (Italy), 271, 272
Margalla Hills (Pakistan), 412
Margaret River (Australia), 34
Margarita Island. See Isla Margarita
(Venezuela)
Margherita Peak, 130, 556
Margow Desert (Afghanistan), 4
Maria Islands (Saint Lucia), 462–463
Mariana Islands (United States), 578
Maribor (Slovenia), 487–488
Marie-Galante (Guadeloupe), 218
Marienfluss River (Namibia), 379
Marine ecosystems
Colombia, 124
Great Barrier Reef, 33
Indonesia, 251
Mexico, 355
Namibia, 379
Marine mammals
Argentina, 26
Belize, 56
Saudi Arabia, 473
Marine National Park (India), 246
Marion Island (South Africa), 496
Maritime Alps (France), 190
Maritime Flanders (Belgium), 53–54
Maritime Guinea. See Lower Guinea
Maritsa River, 82, 83, 212, 548
Marker Lake. See Markermeer (The
Netherlands)
Markermeer (The Netherlands), 388
Markham River (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422
Marmagao (India), 245
Marmara Denizi. See Sea of Marmara (Turkey)
Marne River (France), 191
Marobo River (East Timor), 163
Maroni River, 195, 511
Marquesas (France), 193
Marquis River (Saint Lucia), 462
Marra Mountains (Sudan), 507
Marshall Islands, 344–345, 345
Marshlands. See Wetlands
Martinique, 192, 345–347, 346
Martinique Passage, 346
Marysville Buttes (United States), 574
Masada (Israel), 267
Masai Steppe (Tanzania), 531
Masbate (The Philippines), 433, 434
Mascarene Plateau (Mauritius), 350
Mashkai River (Pakistan), 413
Mashona Hills (Zimbabwe), 609
Mapjrah Island (Oman), 409, 410
Masqat (Oman), 410
Massachusetts (United States), 574
Massawa Channel (Eritrea), 177
Massif Central (France), 191
Massif de la Hotte (Haiti), 230
Massif de la Selle (Haiti), 230
Massif du Nord (Haiti), 230
Masurian Lake District (Poland), 437
Mat River (Albania), 6
Matam (Senegal), 477
Matanti (Micronesia), 358
Mataura River (New Zealand), 393
Matavanu (Samoa), 466
Matebian (East Timor), 162
Matorral, 114
Mat-Su Islands (Taiwan), 524–525
Matterhorn (Switzerland), 518
Matthew Island (Vanuatu), 587
Mau Escarpment (Kenya), 289
Mauga Afi (Samoa), 466
Mauga Ali’ii (Samoa), 466
Mauga Fito (Samoa), 466
Mauga Loa (Samoa), 466
Mauga Mu (Samoa), 466
Mauga-o-Savai’i (Samoa), 466
Mauga Silisili (Samoa), 466
Maui (United States), 577
Maule River (Chile), 113
Mauna Kea (United States), 574
Mauna Loa (United States), 574, 577
Mauritania, 347–350, 349
Mauritius, 350, 350–352, 351t
Mavrovo National Park (Macedonia), 326
Mawson Peak (Australia), 32
Maya Mountains (Belize), 56–57
Mayaguana Island (The Bahamas), 42
Mayaguana Passage (The Bahamas), 41–42
Mayagüez Bay (Puerto Rico), 445
Mayan civilization, 221–222
Mayo-Kebbi (Chad), 108, 109
Mayombé Escarpment, 13, 15, 133–134
Mayotte (France), 127, 192
Mayreau Island (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
Mayumbe Mountains (DROC), 130
Mazaruni River (Guyana), 228
Mazhur Desert (Saudi Arabia), 475
Mbabane (Swaziland), 512–513
Mbala Highlands (Zambia), 605
Mbari River (Central African Republic), 105
Mbeya Range (Tanzania), 531
Index
Mexicali Valley (Mexico), 355
Mexico, 352–357, 353, 356t, 357t
Mexico City (Mexico), 354, 357
Meyungs (Palau), 416
Mezzogiorno (Italy), 269
M’Goze Lagoon (Gabon), 197
Mi River (Sri Lanka), 504
Miami (United States), 578
Miani Hor (Pakistan), 413
Michigan (United States), 573
Mico Mountains (Guatemala), 220
Micronesia, Federated States of (FSM), 357–
360, 358
Midagahara (Japan), 277
Middle American Trench, 172, 355
Middle Atlas Mountains (Morocco), 369
Middle Caicos Island (Turks and Caicos
Islands), 552–553
Middle East. See specific countries
Middle Lowlands (Latvia), 309
Middle Rockies (United States), 573
Middle Veld (South Africa), 494–495
Middleveld (Zimbabwe), 609, 611
Midnight sun
Finland, 188
Greenland, 215
Norway, 407
Midu Island (Maldives), 338
Midway Islands (United States), 577
Migiurtinia Mountains (Somalia), 491
Mikeno (DROC), 130
Miladummadulu Atoll (Maldives), 338
Milan (Italy), 272
Mili Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Milindi (Kenya), 290
Milk River Bath (Jamaica), 274
Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea), 422
Milwaukee Depth, 444
Mjna’ ‘Abd Allah (Kuwait), 301
Minahasa Peninsula (Indonesia), 252
Minakami Canyon (Japan), 278
Mindanao (The Philippines), 432–436
Mindanao River (The Philippines), 434
Mindor Strait, 434
Mindoro (The Philippines), 434, 436
Mineral springs
China, 117
Cuba, 146
Czech Republic, 151
Georgia, 202
Hungary, 236
Macedonia, 326
Mongolia, 364
Minerals
Afghanistan, 5
Albania, 7
Algeria, 11
Andorra, 12
Angola, 15
Antarctica, 21–22
Argentina, 27
Armenia, 29
Australia, 35
Austria, 39
Azerbaijan, 41
Belgium, 55
Benin, 59
Bermuda, 61
Bolivia, 68
Botswana, 72
Brazil, 78
Bulgaria, 84
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 91
Cameroon, 95
Canada, 101
Chad, 111
Chile, 114
China, 121
Colombia, 125, 126
Croatia, 144
Cuba, 148
Cyprus, 150
Czech Republic, 152
Denmark, 155
Ecuador, 167
Egypt, 170
Eritrea, 178
Estonia, 180
Ethiopia, 183
Finland, 188
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Georgia, 201–202
Germany, 206
Ghana, 210
Greece, 214
Greenland, 216
Guatemala, 222
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 227
Guyana, 229
Haiti, 232
Honduras, 234
Hungary, 238
India, 244, 247, 248
Indonesia, 254
Iran, 258
Ireland, 264
Israel, 268
Italy, 273
Jamaica, 275
Jordan, 283
Kenya, 292
297
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Laos, 307
Lebanon, 311
Liberia, 315
Libya, 318
Lithuania, 322
Luxembourg, 324
673
Index
Mbini (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175
Mbini River (Equatorial Guinea), 175
Mbuluzi River (Swaziland), 512–513
Mbuna (fish), 333
McCarthy Inlet (Antarctica), 20
McCarthy Island (Gambia), 198
McDonald Islands (Australia), 31, 34
M’Clintock Channel (Canada), 99
M’Clure Strait (Canada), 99
McMahon Line, 242
McMurdo Dry Valleys (Antarctica), 19
McMurdo Station (Antarctica), 21
Mecca (Saudi Arabia), 472, 474
Mecklenburg Bay (Germany), 205
Mecsek Mountains (Hungary), 235
Medicinal plants
India, 248
Madagascar, 330
Myanmar, 377
neem trees, 244
Paraguay, 427
Medina (Saudi Arabia), 473
Mediterranean islands. See specific islands
Medjerda River (Tunisia), 544
Medjerda Valley (Tunisia), 544–545
Meduse (ship), 349
Meghna River (Bangladesh), 46
Mekong Delta (Vietnam), 594–597
Mekong River
Cambodia, 89–90, 91
China, 119
Laos, 305, 306
Myanmar, 376
Thailand, 534–536
Melbourne (Australia), 35
Melilla, 368, 499
Melo (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Melo River (Paraguay), 426
Melville Island (Australia), 34
Melville Island (Trinidad and Tobago). See St.
Giles Island (Trinidad and Tobago)
Mende (Sierra Leone), 482
Mendoza (Argentina), 24
Menor Lagoon (Spain), 501
Mentawi Islands (Indonesia), 252
Mere Island (French Guiana), 195
Mereb River (Eritrea), 177
Mergui Archipelago (Myanmar), 376
Merída (Venezuela), 591
Mesa Central (Mexico), 354, 356
Mesa del Norte (Mexico), 354
Mesaoria Plain (Cyprus), 148, 149
Meseta Central (Costa Rica), 136–138
Meseta Central (Spain), 499–501
Mesopotamia, 259–261, 521, 523
Mesopotamia (Argentina), 24, 27
Mesopotamia Valley (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 465
Messalo River (Mozambique), 372
Messina (Italy), 269
Messum Crater (Namibia), 378
Mesta River (Bulgaria), 83
Meta River, 124, 591
Metic Shoal Island, 539
Metropolitan Area (Kuwait), 301
Métsovon pass (Greece), 212
Meuse River, 53, 191–192, 388
Index
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 330
Malawi, 333
Malaysia, 336
Mali, 342
Mauritania, 349
Mexico, 357
Moldova, 361
Mongolia, 367
Morocco, 370
Mozambique, 374
Myanmar, 377
Namibia, 381
Nepal, 386
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 398
Niger, 400
Nigeria, 404
Norway, 408
Oman, 410
Pakistan, 414
Panama, 420
Paraguay, 427
Peru, 432
Poland, 440
Portugal, 443
Romania, 451
Russia, 457
Rwanda, 459
Saudi Arabia, 475
Sierra Leone, 482
Slovakia, 486
Slovenia, 486
Somalia, 494
South Africa, 498
Spain, 502
Sri Lanka, 505
Sudan, 510
Suriname, 512
Swaziland, 514
Sweden, 517
Switzerland, 521
Syria, 524
Taiwan, 526
Tajikistan, 529
Tanzania, 533
Thailand, 536
Togo, 538
Tunisia, 545
Turkey, 549
Turkmenistan, 552
Uganda, 558
Ukraine, 561
United Kingdom, 570
Uruguay, 583
Uzbekistan, 586
Venezuela, 593
Vietnam, 597
Yemen, 601
Yugoslavia, 605
Zambia, 608
Zimbabwe, 611
674
Minerva Reefs (Tonga), 539
Mingäçevir Reservoir (Azerbaijan), 40
Minho River, 442, 500
Minicoy Island (India), 246
Mining
Australia, 35
Belize, 57
Botswana, 72
Bulgaria, 84
Indonesia, 254
Luxembourg, 323
Mexico, 357
Saudi Arabia, 475
Sierra Leone, 482
Slovenia, 488
South Africa, 498
Sri Lanka, 505
Sweden, 517
Tajikistan, 529
Ukraine, 561
Uruguay, 583
Uzbekistan, 586
Zambia, 608
See also Minerals
Minnesota (United States), 573, 575
Miño River. See Minho River
Miñorca Island (Spain), 500
Mirabello Gulf (Greece), 213
Miravalles volcano (Costa Rica), 136
Mirzachol Desert (Uzbekistan), 585
Misiones (Argentina), 24
Mississippi Delta (United States), 578
Mississippi River (United States), 571, 574, 576,
579–580
Missouri (United States), 573
Missouri Plateau (United States), 571
Missouri River (United States), 574, 576
Mistassini Lake (Canada), 97
Mitidja Plain (Algeria), 10
Mittelland Canal (Germany), 205
Mittleland (Switzerland), 517–521
Mitumba Mountains (DROC), 130
Mitzpeh Shlagim (Israel), 266
Mizen Head (Ireland), 263
Mnjoli Reservoir (Swaziland), 514
Mo Chhu. See Mo River (Bhutan)
Mo River (Bhutan), 63
Moa River (Sierra Leone), 481
Mobile Bay (United States), 578
Moctezuma-Panuco River (Mexico), 354
Moen (Micronesia), 359
Mogadishu (Somalia), 493
Mogadouro Mountains (Portugal), 441
Moharloo Lake (Iran), 256
Mohéli (Comoros), 127
Mojave Desert (United States), 579
Moka Range (Mauritius), 350
Mokil Islands (Micronesia), 358
Moldau River. See Vltava River (Czech
Republic)
Moldavia (Romania), 448
Moldavian Carpathians (Romania), 448, 450
Moldavian Plateau (Romania), 449
Moldova, 360, 360–362, 361t
Môle-St.-Nicolas (Haiti), 230
Molokai (United States), 577
Molucca Sea. See Maluku Sea
Moluccas Islands. See Maluku Islands
(Indonesia)
Mombasa (Kenya), 291
Momiji Canyon (Japan), 278
Mona Island (Puerto Rico), 444
Mona Passage, 160, 444
Monaco, 362, 362–363
Monaco-Ville, 362
Monday River (Paraguay), 426
Mondego River (Portugal), 442
Mondsee (Austria), 37
Mongol Daguur (Mongolia), 365
Mongolia, 363–367, 364, 366t
Mongolian Plateau, 364
Monkey Hill (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Monkey River (Belize), 56
Monkeys, on Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461
Mono River, 58, 537
Monos Island (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Monrovia (Liberia), 315
Monsoons
Afghanistan, 4
Bangladesh, 47
Bhutan, 63–64
Brunei, 81
Cambodia, 90–91
Eritrea, 178
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 225
India, 246
Japan, 280
Laos, 306
Madagascar, 329
Malaysia, 336
Maldives, 337, 338
Nepal, 385
Oman, 410
Russia, 456
Sri Lanka, 504
Taiwan, 526
Tanzania, 532
Mont Blanc, 190, 269
Mont Celaque (Honduras), 233
Mont D’Iberville (Canada), 97
Mont Jacques-Cartier (Canada), 97
Mont Ngaoui (Central African Republic), 105
Monte Blanco. See Mont Blanc
Monte Carlo (Monaco), 362
Monte Chime (Equatorial Guinea), 175
Monte Chocolate (Equatorial Guinea), 175
Monte Corno (Italy), 270
Monte Lindo River (Paraguay), 426
Monte Rosa Massif (Switzerland), 518
Montecristo National Park (El Salvador), 173
Montego Bay (Jamaica), 275
Montenegro (Yugoslavia), 602–605
Montevideo (Uruguay), 582
Montreaux (Switzerland), 519
Monts des Ksour (Tunisia), 545
Montserrat (United Kingdom), 568
Moraca River (Yugoslavia), 602–604
Moraines
Denmark, 153–154
Finland, 186
Latvia, 308
Index
Mt. Carrantuohil (Ireland), 262
Mt. Catherine (Egypt), 167
Mt. Chajrchan Uul (Mongolia), 364
Mount Chirripó. See Chirripó Grande (Costa
Rica)
Mount Cho Oyu (Nepal), 384
Mt. Cook (New Zealand), 391
Mount Crozer. See Fenkol (Micronesia)
Mt. Damamacrvand (Iran), 255
Mt. Daravica (Yugoslavia), 602
Mount Debasien (Uganda), 556
Mt. Dhírfis (Euboea), 212
Mt. Dinara (Croatia), 142
Mount Ebramacrhimacrm (Iraq), 259
Mt. Elbert (United States), 573
Mount El’brus (Russia), 453
Mount Elgon (Uganda), 556, 558
Mt. Emlembe (Swaziland), 512
Mount Erebus (Antarctica), 19
Mt. Etna (Italy), 271
Mount Everest, 116, 384
Mt. Fako. See Mt. Cameroon
Mt. Fsladj (Afghanistan), 2
Mount Fogo (Cape Verde), 102
Mount Fuji (Japan), 276
Mount Fujiyama. See Mount Fuji (Japan)
Mt. Giluwe (Papua New Guinea), 420
Mt. Gimie (Saint Lucia), 462
Mount Godwin Austen. See K2 (Pakistan)
Mt. Gréboun (Niger), 399
Mt. Grintovec (Slovenia), 487
Mount Grosser Beer (Germany), 204
Mount Haltia (Finland), 186
Mt. Hamatah (Egypt), 167
Mt. Heha (Burundi), 87
Mt. Hermon (Lebanon), 310
Mount Hermon (Syria), 521
Mt. Hillaby (Barbados), 48
Mount Hombori Tondo (Mali), 340
Mount Hoverlya (Ukraine), 559
Mount Huyten. See Nayramadlïn Orgil
(Mongolia)
Mt. Iboundji (Gabon), 196
Mt. Ida (Crete), 212
Mount Ijill (Mauritania), 347
Mount Inyangani (Zimbabwe), 609
Mount Jackson (Antarctica), 19
Mount Jamanota (Aruba), 30
Mt. Kaçkar (Turkey), 546
Mt. Karisimbi (Rwanda), 458
Mt. Kartala. See Mt. Karthala (Comoros)
Mt. Karthala (Comoros), 127
Mount Kazbek (Georgia), 200
Mount Kékes (Hungary), 235
Mount Keli Mulu (Indonesia), 250
Mount Kenya, 288
Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), 530, 532
Mount Kinabalu (Malaysia), 334
Mount Kinyeti (Sudan), 507
Mount Kodprimeros (Hungary), 235
Mt. Korabit (Albania), 6
Mt. Kosciusko (Australia), 32
Mount Kwanmo. See Kwanmo-bon (DPRK)
Mount La Selle (Haiti), 230
Mount Lawz (Saudi Arabia), 475
Mount Lhotse (Nepal), 384
Mt. Liamuiga. See Mt. Misery (Saint Kitts and
Nevis)
Mt. Lofty (Australia), 32
Mount Logan (Canada), 97
Mount Loma Mansa (Sierra Leone), 481
Mount Loolmalassin (Tanzania), 530
Mt. Maglic (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69, 70
Mount Makalu (Nepal), 384
Mount Makarakomburu (Solomon Islands),
489
Mount Marasabit (Kenya), 291
Mt. Maromokotro (Madagascar), 327
Mount Maroum (Vanuatu), 587
Mount Mayon (The Philippines), 433
Mount McKinley (United States), 573–574
Mount Mejo (Angola), 13
Mount Melbourne (Antarctica), 19
Mt. Meron (Israel), 266, 267
Mount Meru (Tanzania), 530
Mt. Misery (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 460
Mt. Mitchell (United States), 573
Mount Moco (Angola), 13
Mt. Moldoveanu (Romania), 448
Mount Moroto (Uganda), 556
Mount Morungole (Uganda), 556
Mt. Mulanje (Malawi), 331, 332
Mount Murud (Malaysia), 334
Mount Narodnaya (Russia), 453
Mt. Neige (France), 190
Mt. Nevis (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 460
Mount Ngerchelchauus (Palau), 415
Mount Nimba, 139, 223
Mt. Nowshamacrk (Afghanistan), 2
Mount Ntlenyana (Lesotho), 312
Mount Olympus. See Ulu Dagbreve (Turkey)
Mt. Olympus (Cyprus), 149
Mt. Olympus (Greece), 212
Mt. Órvilos (Greece), 212
Mount Oyama (Japan), 276
Mount Paektu. See Paektu-san (DPRK)
Mt. Paget (United Kingdom), 568
Mt. Pagon (Brunei), 80
Mt. Parnassus (Greece), 212
Mount Pelée (Martinique), 346
Mt. Pelukha (Russia), 453
Mt. Pietrosu (Romania), 448
Mount Pinatubo (The Philippines), 433
Mount Pulog (The Philippines), 432–433
Mt. Rao (Laos), 305
Mount Rasdajan. See Ras Deshen (Ethiopia)
Mount Raya (Indonesia), 249
Mt. Roman-Kosh (Ukraine), 559
Mt. Roraima (Guyana), 227
Mount Roraina (Venezuela), 590–591
Mt. Rysy (Poland), 437
Mount Sabinio (Uganda), 556
Mount Sage (British Virgin Islands), 79
Mount Saint Catherine (Grenada), 216
Mt. Sajama (Bolivia), 66
Mt. Scenery (Netherlands Antilles), 390
Mount Seychelles. See Morne Seychellois
(Seychelles)
Mt. Shahshah (Turkmenistan), 550
Mt. Shajyb al-Banamacrt (Egypt), 167
Mt. Shimbiris (Somalia), 491
Mount Shkhara (Georgia), 200
Mount Sidley (Antarctica), 19
675
Index
Morant Cays (Jamaica), 275
Morant Point (Jamaica), 274
Morava River, 152, 604
Moravia (Czech Republic), 150–152
Moravian Karst (Czech Republic), 151
Moray Firth (Scotland), 569
Morbha River, 551
Morecambe Bay (England), 569
Morelos Dam (Mexico), 355
Morghab River (Afghanistan), 3
Morne Anglais (Dominica), 157
Morne au Diable (Dominica), 157
Morne Brule (Dominica), 157
Morne Couronne (Dominica), 157
Morne Diablotin (Dominica), 157
Morne la Pierre (Haiti), 231
Morne Plat Pays (Dominica), 157
Morne Seychellois (Seychelles), 478
Morne Trois Pitons (Dominica), 157
Moro Gulf (The Philippines), 435
Moro River (Sierra Leone), 481
Morocco, 367–370, 368, 370t
Morona River (Ecuador), 165
Morozan (El Salvador), 172
Morphou Bay (Cyprus), 149
Morro de Mejo. See Mount Mejo (Angola)
Morro de Moco. See Mount Moco (Angola)
Morro de Vavéle (Angola), 13
Morro River (Liberia), 314
Morrocoy National Park (Venezuela), 592
Mortlocks (Micronesia), 358
Moscow (Russia), 456
Moselle River, 191–192, 204, 323
Moselle River Valley (Luxembourg), 323–324
Mosioa-Tunya. See Victoria Falls
Moskitos Cays (Nicaragua), 396
Mosquito Coast, 233, 395, 397, 398
Mosquito Gulf (Panama), 419
Mossel Bay (South Africa), 496
Mosso plains (Burundi), 88
Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 70
Mosul (Iraq), 261
Mota Lava (Vanuatu), 587
Motagua River (Guatemala), 220–221
Moulouya River (Morocco), 369
Mount Afadjato (Ghana), 207
Mt. Agou (Togo), 537
Mt. Alvernia (The Bahamas), 41
Mount Apo (The Philippines), 433
Mount Aragats (Armenia), 28
Mount Ararat (Turkey), 546
Mount Aripo (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Mount Ash-Shánabj (Tunisia), 543
Mount Ayribaba. See Gora Ayribaba
(Turkmenistan)
Mt. Azul (Galápagos Islands), 165
Mount Balabrevenesti (Moldova), 360
Mount Belasica (Macedonia), 325
Mount Berlin (Antarctica), 19
Mount Berongou (Republic of the Congo), 134
Mount Bia (Laos), 305
Mt. Binga (Mozambique), 371
Mt. Botrange (Belgium), 52
Mount Bounaceur (Morocco), 369
Mt. Bruce (Australia), 32
Mt. Cameroon, 92
Mount Carmel (Israel), 266
Index
Mt. Snežka (Czech Republic), 150
Mt. Snowdon (Wales), 564, 566
Mount Spurr (United States), 577
Mt. Stol (Slovenia), 487
Mount Tabiwol (Micronesia), 358
Mount Tabwemasana (Vanuatu), 587
Mt. Tahan (Malaysia), 334
Mt. Tahat (Algeria), 8
Mount Tamana (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Mt. Taranaki. See Egmont Peak (New Zealand)
Mt. Tendre (Switzerland), 518
Mt. Timfristós (Greece), 212
Mt. Titano (San Marino), 469
Mt. Tobaoi (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
Mt. Tomaniivi (Fiji), 184
Mount Totolom (Micronesia), 358
Mount Toubkal (Morocco), 369
Mt. Triglav (Slovenia), 487–488
Mt. Tsiafajavona (Madagascar), 327
Mount Tukosmera (Vanuatu), 587
Mount Tupungato (Chile), 112
Mount Unzen (Japan), 276
Mt. Usborne (United Kingdom), 568
Mount Usu (Japan), 276
Mount Vaea (Samoa), 466
Mount Vavéle. See Morro de Vavéle (Angola)
Mt. Victoria (Myanmar), 375
Mt. Victoria (Papua New Guinea), 420
Mt. Waialeale (United States), 579
Mt. Whitney (United States), 574
Mt. Wilhelm (Papua New Guinea), 420
Mt. Wutivi (Liberia), 314
Mount Yibir (United Arab Emirates), 562
Mount Zulia (Uganda), 556
Mountain Heights Plateau. See Eastern Heights
Plateau (Jordan)
Mountain Pine Ridge plateau (Belize), 56
Mountain Region (Nepal), 382, 383–384
Mountains
Afghanistan, 2–3
Albania, 5–6
Algeria, 8
Andorra, 11–12
Angola, 13
Anguilla, 16
Antarctica, 18–19
Antigua, 22
Argentina, 24–25
Armenia, 28
Australia, 31–32
Austria, 36
Azerbaijan, 39, 40
Bahrain, 43
Bangladesh, 45
Barbados, 48
Belarus, 50
Belgium, 52
Belize, 55, 56
Benin, 58
Bermuda, 60
Bhutan, 62
Bolivia, 65–66
Brazil, 74
Bulgaria, 82
676
Burundi, 87
Cambodia, 89
Cameroon, 92
Canada, 96–97
Cape Verde, 102
Cayman Islands, 103–104
Chad, 108
Chile, 112
China, 115–116
Colombia, 122–123
Comoros, 127
Congo, Republic of, 133–134
Costa Rica, 136
Croatia, 142
Cuba, 145–146
Cyprus, 148–149
Czech Republic, 150–151
Djibouti, 156
Dominica, 157
East Timor, 162
Ecuador, 164–165, 166
Egypt, 167
Eritrea, 176
Ethiopia, 181–182
Fiji, 184
Finland, 186
France, 189–190
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 196
Georgia, 200
Germany, 202–203
Ghana, 207
Greece, 211, 212
Greenland, 215
Grenada, 216
Guatemala, 219, 220
Guinea, 223
Guyana, 227
Haiti, 229–230
Honduras, 232–233
Hungary, 235
Iceland, 239
India, 242–244
Indonesia, 249
Iran, 255
Iraq, 259
Ireland, 262
Israel, 266
Italy, 269–271
Jamaica, 274
Japan, 276–277
Jordan, 282
Kenya, 288–290
295
Korea, Republic of, 297–298
Kyrgyzstan, 302–303
Laos, 305
Lebanon, 310
Lesotho, 312
Liberia, 314
Libya, 316
Liechtenstein, 318–319
Macedonia, 325
Madagascar, 327–328
Malawi, 331
Malaysia, 334
Mali, 340
Martinique, 346
Mauritius, 350–351
Mexico, 352, 353–354
Micronesia, 358
Mongolia, 363–364
Morocco, 368–369
Myanmar, 375
Namibia, 378–379
Nepal, 383–384
New Zealand, 391
Nicaragua, 395
Niger, 399
Nigeria, 402
Norway, 405
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 411–412
Palau, 415
Panama, 417
Paraguay, 424
Peru, 428
Poland, 437
Portugal, 441
Puerto Rico, 444
Romania, 448–449
Russia, 453
Rwanda, 458
Saint Lucia, 462
Samoa, 466
San Marino, 469
Saudi Arabia, 472
Seychelles, 478
Sierra Leone, 480
Slovakia, 484–485
Slovenia, 487
Somalia, 491
Spain, 499–500
Sudan, 506–507
Suriname, 510
Sweden, 514
Syria, 521–522
Taiwan, 525
Tanzania, 531
Thailand, 533–534
Togo, 538
Tonga, 539
Tunisia, 543–544
Index
Musala (Bulgaria), 82
Musandam Peninsula, 408, 411
Musashino Plateau (Japan), 277
Musgrave Range (Australia), 32
Musi River (Indonesia), 251
Mussau (Papua New Guinea), 422
Mustang (Nepal), 384
Mustique Island (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
Muthurajawela Marsh (Sri Lanka), 504
Muzizi River (Uganda), 557
Mwali. See Mohéli (Comoros)
Myanmar, 374–377, 375, 377t
Myar (Iceland), 238
Myohyang Range (DPRK), 295
Mýrdalsjökull (Iceland), 240
Mývatn-Laxa Lake (Iceland), 240
M’zab (Algeria), 10
N
Naayband Bay (Iran), 257
Nabih Salih (Bahrain), 43–44
Nabu Yunis (Syria), 521
Nacaome River (Honduras), 233
Nadi River (Fiji), 184
Nafssah Plateau (Libya), 316
Nagorno-Karabakh region (Azerbaijan), 39
Nagoya Bay. See Ise Bay (Japan)
Nahr al Khabsr. See Khabsr River
Nairobi (Kenya), 291
Nakai Plateau (Laos), 305–306, 306
Naktong River (Korea, Republic of), 298
Nal River (Pakistan), 413
Nam Ha National Protected Area (Laos), 306
Nam Phoun (Laos), 306
Nam Theun II dam project (Laos), 305
Namak Lake (Iran), 256
Namakzar-e Shahdad (Iran), 258
Namib Desert, 15, 377, 380, 497
Namibia, 377–381, 378, 380t
Namja Pass (Nepal), 384
Namorik Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Namp’o (DPRK), 296
Namtu River (Myanmar), 375
Namuli Highlands. See Shire Highlands
Namwunweito (Micronesia), 358
Nan Heng Shan (China), 117
Nan River (Thailand), 534
Nanda Devi (India), 242
Nang River (Vietnam), 595
Nanga Parbat (Pakistan), 411
Nangbeto Dam (Benin), 59
Nangnim Range (DPRK), 295
Nangpa (Nepal), 384
Nanortalik (Greenland), 215
Nanpo Chain (Japan), 279
Nantes-Brest Canal (France), 192
Nanuku Passage (Fiji), 185
Nanumanga Island (Tuvalu), 554
Nanumea Island (Tuvalu), 554
Napo River, 165, 430
Nara (Japan), 279
Nara Lagna (Nepal), 384
Narayani River (Nepal), 385
Nari (East Timor), 162
Nariva Plain (Trinidad and Tobago), 542
Nariva Swamp (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Narke (Sweden), 516
Narmada River (India), 245
The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Narva River (Estonia), 179
Naryn River (Kyrgyzstan), 303
Nassau (The Bahamas), 41, 42
Nata River, 610
National Biodiversity Area (Laos), 306
National parks
Angola, 13
Argentina, 24, 27
Canada, 97, 98
Chile, 113
Croatia, 143–144
Denmark, 155
Ecuador, 167
El Salvador, 172, 173
Germany, 205
Guatemala, 221
India, 245, 246, 247
Indonesia, 251
Iran, 258
Ireland, 263
Italy, 271
Japan, 277, 278, 280
Kenya, 290, 291, 292
295
Macedonia, 326
Malawi, 333
Malaysia, 334
Mali, 342
Mauritania, 348
Mongolia, 364, 365
Mozambique, 373
Namibia, 380
Nepal, 384, 385
Nicaragua, 396
Pakistan, 413, 414
Panama, 418, 419
Slovakia, 485
Slovenia, 488
Sudan, 508
Thailand, 534, 535–536
Turkey, 548, 549
United Kingdom, 566, 569
Uruguay, 582
Vietnam, 597
Virgin Islands, 598–599
Yugoslavia, 605
Zambia, 605
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Natu La (India), 243
Natural gas
Afghanistan, 5
Algeria, 11
Azerbaijan, 41
Bangladesh, 48
677
Index
Turkey, 546
Turkmenistan, 550
Uganda, 556
Ukraine, 559
United Kingdom, 566
Uzbekistan, 584
Vanuatu, 587
Venezuela, 590
Vietnam, 594
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 599
Yugoslavia, 602
Zambia, 606
Zimbabwe, 609
Mountains of the Moon. See Ruwenzori
Mountains (Uganda)
Mourne Mountains (Northern Ireland), 565–
566
Moussa Ali (Djibouti), 156
Moy River (Ireland), 263
Moyowosi Game Reserve (Tanzania), 531
Mozambique, 370–374, 371, 374t
Mozambique Channel, 329, 372
Mozambique Plateau, 372
Mpongo River (Uganda), 557
Mt. See Mount
Mu Us Desert (China), 120
Muchinga Mountains (Zambia), 605–606
Mudslides. See Landslides
Mudug Plain (Somalia), 491
Mufulwe Hills (Zambia), 608
Mufumbiro Range, 556
Muhavura (Uganda), 556
Mühlviertel (Austria), 37
Muhu Island (Estonia), 180
Mui Bai Bung (Vietnam), 596–597
Mujeres (Mexico), 355
Mulaku Atoll (Maldives), 338
Mulanje Massif. See Mulanje Mountains
(Malawi)
Mulanje Mountains (Malawi), 331
Mulanje Plateau. See Mulanje Mountains
(Malawi)
Mulhacén (Spain), 500
Mulifanua (Samoa), 467
Mull (United Kingdom), 566, 568
Mull of Galloway (United Kingdom), 569
Muller Mountains (Indonesia), 249
Müllerthal (Luxembourg), 324
Mulu (Malaysia), 334
Muluya River. See Moulouya River (Morocco)
Mumbai (India), 242, 245, 248
Mun River (Thailand), 534
Muonio River (Finland), 187
Mur River (Austria), 37
Mura River, 143, 236, 488
Muragarazi River. See Malagarasi River
Murep River (Romania), 449
Murmansk (Russia), 455
Murray-Darling River (Australia), 33
Murray River (Australia), 33
Murrumbidgee River (Australia), 33
Muruk Lakes (Papua New Guinea), 421
Mürz River (Austria), 37
Mus (Turkey), 549
Index
Barbados, 49
Belarus, 51
Bolivia, 68
Canada, 101
Colombia, 126
Eritrea, 178
Indonesia, 254
Ireland, 264
Kazakhstan, 288
Kuwait, 301
Libya, 318
Malaysia, 336
Myanmar, 377
New Zealand, 394
Nigeria, 403, 404
Norway, 408
Oman, 410
Pakistan, 413, 414
Qatar, 447
Russia, 455, 457
Saudi Arabia, 475
Syria, 521, 524
Tanzania, 533
Thailand, 536
Turkmenistan, 552
Ukraine, 561–562
United Arab Emirates, 563–564
United States, 580
Uzbekistan, 586
Vietnam, 597
Natural resources
Afghanistan, 5
Albania, 7
Algeria, 11
Andorra, 12
Angola, 15
Anguilla, 17
Antarctica, 21–22
Antigua, 23
Argentina, 27
Armenia, 29
Australia, 35
Austria, 39
Azerbaijan, 41
The Bahamas, 42
Bahrain, 44
Bangladesh, 48
Barbados, 49
Barbuda, 23
Belarus, 51
Belgium, 54–55
Belize, 57
Benin, 59
Bermuda, 61
Bhutan, 64
Bolivia, 68
Botswana, 72
Brazil, 78
Brunei, 81
Bulgaria, 84
Burkina Faso, 86
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 91
678
Cameroon, 95
Canada, 101
Cape Verde, 103
Cayman Islands, 104
Chad, 111
Chile, 114
China, 121
Colombia, 126
Comoros, 128
Costa Rica, 138
Croatia, 144
Cuba, 148
Cyprus, 150
Czech Republic, 152
Denmark, 155
Djibouti, 157
Dominica, 158
Ecuador, 167
Egypt, 170
El Salvador, 174
Eritrea, 178
Estonia, 180
Ethiopia, 183
Fiji, 185
Finland, 188
France, 194
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 199
Georgia, 201–202
Germany, 206
Ghana, 210
Greece, 214
Greenland, 216
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 219
Guatemala, 222
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 227
Guyana, 229
Haiti, 232
Honduras, 234
Hungary, 238
Iceland, 241
India, 248
Indonesia, 254
Iran, 258
Iraq, 261
Ireland, 264–265
Israel, 268
Italy, 273
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 281
Jordan, 283
Kazakhstan, 288
Kenya, 292
Kiribati, 294
297
Kuwait, 301
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Laos, 307
Latvia, 309
Lebanon, 311
Lesotho, 313
Liberia, 315
Libya, 318
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 322
Luxembourg, 324
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 330
Malawi, 333
Malaysia, 336
Maldives, 339
Mali, 342
Malta, 343–344
Martinique, 347
Mauritania, 349
Mauritius, 352
Mexico, 357
Micronesia, 359
Moldova, 361–362
Monaco, 363
Mongolia, 367
Morocco, 370
Mozambique, 374
Myanmar, 377
Namibia, 381
Nauru, 382
Nepal, 386
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 398
Niger, 400
Nigeria, 404
Norway, 408
Oman, 410–411
Pakistan, 414–415
Palau, 416
Panama, 420
Paraguay, 427
Peru, 432
Poland, 440
Portugal, 443
Puerto Rico, 445
Qatar, 447
Redonda, 23
Romania, 451
Russia, 457
Rwanda, 459
Samoa, 468
San Marino, 469
Saudi Arabia, 475
Senegal, 478
Seychelles, 480
Sierra Leone, 482
Singapore, 484
Index
Peru, 430
Puerto Rico, 445
Singapore, 484
Suriname, 511
Tanzania, 531
Thailand, 535
United Kingdom, 567
United States, 575
Venezuela, 592
Vietnam, 597
Naujan Lake National Park (The Philippines),
434
Nauru, 381, 381–382, 382t
Nausori Highlands (Fiji), 184
Navassa Island, 231
Navet River (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Naxçivan (Azerbaijan), 39
Nayramadlïn Orgil (Mongolia), 363–364
Nazca lines (Peru), 430
Nazca Tectonic Plate
Panama, 417
Peru, 428
N’Djamena (Chad), 108, 110
Ndogo Lagoon (Gabon), 197
Ndole Bay (Zambia), 607
Ndreketí River (Fiji), 184
Near Islands (United States), 577
Nebrodi Range (Italy), 270–271
Neckar River (Germany), 204
Neder Rijn (The Netherlands), 388
Neem trees, 244
Ñeembucú Plain (Paraguay), 426, 427
Nefta (Tunisia), 545
Negev Desert (Israel), 266, 267–268
Negombo (Sri Lanka), 504
Negro River, 26, 74, 426, 591
Negros (The Philippines), 433, 434, 435
Nei Mongol Plateau (China), 117
Neiba Bay. See Bay of Neiba (Dominican
Republic)
Neiba Valley (Dominican Republic), 232
Neisse River. See Nysa River (Poland)
Nejd Plateau (Saudi Arabia), 472
Nelson-Saskatchewan River (Canada), 98
Neman Lowland (Belarus), 50
Neman River, 51, 320
Nemegt Canyon (Mongolia), 364
Nemunas River. See Neman River
Nendo Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Nepal, 382–386, 383, 386t
Nepen Diakha (Senegal), 476
Neretva River, 69, 143
Neris River (Lithuania), 320
Nernier (Switzerland), 519
Néstos River (Greece), 212
The Netherlands, 386–389, 387
Netherlands Antilles, 29–31, 389–390, 390
Nettilling Lake (Canada), 97
Neuquén River (Argentina), 26
Neuschwanstein (Germany), 202
Neusiedler Lake, 37, 38, 235
Neusiedler See. See Neusiedler Lake
Nevada Yerupajá (Peru), 428
Nevado del Huila (Colombia), 122
Nevado Huascarán (Peru), 428
Nevado Mismi (Peru), 429–430
Nevis Peak. See Mt. Nevis (Saint Kitts and
Nevis)
New Amsterdam (Guyana), 228
New Britain (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422
New Caldonia (France), 192–193
New England (United States), 571, 574, 578
New Forest (England), 570
New Georgia Island (Solomon Islands), 489–
490
New Guinea, 248, 252, 420–423
New Hampshire (United States), 574
New Hanover (Papua New Guinea), 422
New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), 422
New Providence (The Bahamas), 41, 42
New Siberian Islands (Russia), 455
New York Bay (United States), 578
New York City (United States), 576, 578, 580
New York State (United States), 574, 576
New Zealand, 390–395, 392, 394t
Newfoundland (Canada), 99
Neyriz Lakes (Iran), 257
Ngamiland (Botswana), 71
Ngatik Islands (Micronesia), 358
Ngazidja. See Grand Comore (Comoros)
Ngoma Mountains (DROC), 130
Ngonye Falls (Zambia), 607
Ngorongoro Crater (Tanzania), 530
Ngounié River (Gabon), 196
Ngum reservoir (Laos), 306
Ngum River (Laos), 306
Ngumi Island (Somalia), 492
Nguru Mountains (Tanzania), 531
Ngwavuma River (Swaziland), 512
Niah National Park (Malaysia), 334
Niamey (Niger), 400
Niari River (Republic of the Congo), 134
Niari Valley (Republic of the Congo), 135
Niassa (Mozambique), 371–372
Nicaragua, 395–398, 397
Nickerie River (Suriname), 511
Nicobar Islands (India), 246
Nidže Mountains (Macedonia), 325
Niedere Tauern (Austria), 36
Niger, 398–400, 399
Niger Delta (Nigeria), 401–403
Niger Plains (Benin), 58
Niger River, 58, 223–224, 339, 341, 399, 402–
403
Nigeria, 400–404, 401, 404t
Nightingale Islands (United Kingdom), 568
Nihon Daira (Japan), 277
Niihau (United States), 577
Nikopol (Ukraine), 561
Nilandu Atoll (Maldives), 338
Nile River, 169, 506–509
Nile Valley (Egypt), 167–170
Nimba Mountains (Guinea), 223
Nimba Range (Liberia), 314
Nissan River (Sweden), 515
Nissum (Denmark), 154
Nistru River. See Dniester River
Nitra River (Slovakia), 485
Niua Island Group (Tonga), 538
Niuafo’ou Island (Tonga), 539
Niuatoputapu Island (Tonga), 539–540
679
Index
Slovakia, 486
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 494
South Africa, 498
Spain, 502
Sri Lanka, 505
Sudan, 510
Suriname, 510–512
Sweden, 517
Syria, 524
Taiwan, 526
Tanzania, 533
Thailand, 536
Togo, 538
Tonga, 540
Tunisia, 545
Turkey, 549
Turkmenistan, 552
Tuvalu, 555
Uganda, 558
Ukraine, 561–562
United Kingdom, 570
Uruguay, 583
Uzbekistan, 586
Vanuatu, 588
Venezuela, 593
Vietnam, 597
Virgin Islands, 598–599
Yemen, 601
Yugoslavia, 605
Zambia, 608
Zimbabwe, 611
Nature reserves
Belarus, 51
Cayman Islands, 104
Denmark, 154
Ecuador, 165
Gabon, 197
India, 246
Indonesia, 250, 251
Israel, 267
Italy, 271
Japan, 278, 280
Kazakhstan, 284
Kenya, 291
Laos, 305–306
Lithuania, 321
Luxembourg, 323
Madagascar, 328
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
Mongolia, 363, 365
Namibia, 379
Nepal, 385
Nicaragua, 396, 397–398
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 418, 419
Index
Niue Island, 394
Niulakita Island (Tuvalu), 554
Niuto Island (Tuvalu), 554
Nizhniy Novgorod (Russia), 454
Nizke Tatry. See Low Tatras Mountains
(Slovakia)
Njesuthi Mountains (South Africa), 494–495
Nkamba Bay (Zambia), 607
Nkomi Lagoon (Gabon), 197
Nobi Plain (Japan), 280
Nógrádi River (Hungary), 236
Nogueira Mountains (Portugal), 441
Noires Mountains (Haiti), 230
Nong Bong Kai (Thailand), 535
Nong Khai (Thailand), 535
Norak (Tajikistan), 528
Norak Reservoir (Tajikistan), 528
Nord Norge. See North Norway
Nordkap. See North Cape (Norway)
Nord-Ostsee Canal (Germany), 205
Norfolk Island (Australia), 31, 34
Norgay, Tenzing, 384
Noric Alps (Austria), 36
Norrland (Sweden), 514–517
Norte Chico (Chile), 112–113
Norte Grande (Chile), 112
North Albanian Alps, 5–6, 602
North American Tectonic Plate
Bermuda, 60
Canada, 96
Cuba, 145
El Salvador, 171
Greenland, 214
Japan, 276
Martinique, 346
Mexico, 352
Puerto Rico, 444
Russia, 453
United States, 573
North Atlantic Drift, 241
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
52
North Caicos Island (Turks and Caicos
Islands), 552–553
North Cape (New Zealand), 393
North Cape (Norway), 407
North Carolina (United States), 576
North Channel (Ireland), 263
North China Plain (China), 120
North Downs (England), 566
North Friar’s Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
North Frigate Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
North Frisian Islands (Germany), 205
North Hatia (Bangladesh), 47
North Island (New Zealand), 391–394
North Korea. See Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic of
North Malosmadulu Atoll (Maldives), 338
North Mariana Islands (United States), 571
North Norway, 405
North Point (Barbados), 49
North Saskatchewan River (Canada), 98
North Sea Canal (The Netherlands), 388
North Sound (Cayman Islands), 104
North Taranaki Bight (New Zealand), 393
North Uist (United Kingdom), 568
680
North-East Island, 406
Northern Alpine Forelands (Austria), 37
Northern Arabian Desert. See Syrian Desert
Northern High Plains (Nigeria), 402
Northern Highlands (Jordan), 282
Northern Highlands (Tanzania), 530
Northern Highlands (United Kingdom), 567
Northern Highlands (Vietnam), 594
Northern Ireland (United Kingdom), 262, 564–
569
Northern Mountains (Venezuela), 589–591
Northern Plain (Haiti), 231
Northern Plainlands Region (Kenya), 291
Northern Plains (Afghanistan), 1, 4
Northern Range (Trinidad and Tobago), 541–
542
Northern Rockies (United States), 573, 576
Northern Sporades Islands (Greece), 213
Northern Territory (Australia), 31
Northern uplands (DROC), 129
Northern Uplands (Paraguay), 424, 427
Northland (New Zealand), 393
Northwestern Highlands. See Ethiopian Plateau
Norway, 404–408, 406, 407t
Norwegian Bay (Canada), 99
Norwegian Plateau, 405
Norwegian Sea, 405
Nossob River (Namibia), 379
Nosy Be (Madagascar), 329
Nosy Boraha (Madagascar), 329
Nosy Mitsio (Madagascar), 329
Noto Peninsula (Japan), 279
Nouadhibou (Mauritania), 348
Nouakchott (Mauritania), 348
Novaya Zemlya (Russia), 455, 456
Novosibirsk (Russia), 457
Novosibirsk Reservoir (Russia), 454
Nsumbu National Park (Zambia), 607
Ntem River (Equatorial Guinea), 175
Nu River (China), 119
Nuba Mountains (Sudan), 507
Nubia, 508
Nubian Desert, 509
Nuclear power, 194
Nuclear weapons testing, 345, 382
Nufen Pass (Switzerland), 519
Nugaaleed River (Somalia), 491
Nui Island (Tuvalu), 554
Nukufetau Island (Tuvalu), 554
Nukulailai Island (Tuvalu), 554
Nukuoro Islands (Micronesia), 358
Nullarbor Plain (Australia), 33
Nun River (Nigeria), 403
Nur Mountains (Turkey), 546
Nurek. See Norak (Tajikistan)
Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia), 248, 249, 250, 252
Nuuk (Greenland), 215
Nyabarongo River (Rwanda), 459
Nyamulagira (DROC), 130
Nyasa. See Lake Malawi
Nyika Plateau (Malawi), 331
Nyiragongo (DROC), 130
Nyong River (Cameroon), 94
Nysa River (Poland), 438
Nzoia River (Kenya), 290
Nzwani. See Anjouan (Comoros)
O
Oahu (United States), 577
Oas Mountains (Romania), 448
Oases
Algeria, 8
Egypt, 169–170
Iran, 258
Jordan, 282
Kuwait, 300
Libya, 318
Mali, 339, 342
Mauritania, 349
Niger, 400
Oases of al-Liwa’ (United Arab Emirates), 563
Oaxaca (Mexico), 354
Ob Luang Gorge (Thailand), 534
Ob’ River (Russia), 454
Oban Hills (Nigeria), 403
Oboke Gorge (Japan), 278
Obudu Uplands (Nigeria), 403
Occidental Mountains (Cuba), 145
Occidental Paraguay. See Western Paraguay
Occupied territories, Israel, 266, 268
Ocean Island. See Banaba Island (Kiribati)
Oceans and seas
Albania, 6
Australia, 33
Brunei, 80
Bulgaria, 83
Canada, 99
Cayman Islands, 104
China, 119
Colombia, 124
Croatia, 143
Cuba, 146
Cyprus, 149
Denmark, 154
Dominica, 158
East Timor, 163
Ecuador, 165
Egypt, 169
El Salvador, 172
Eritrea, 177
Estonia, 179
Fiji, 185
Finland, 187–188
France, 192
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 198
Georgia, 201
Germany, 205
Ghana, 208
Greece, 210, 212
Greenland, 215
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 218
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Guyana, 228
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 233
Index
Syria, 523
Taiwan, 525
Tanzania, 531
Thailand, 535
Tonga, 539
Turkey, 548
United Kingdom, 567
Vanuatu, 587
Venezuela, 592
Vietnam, 595
Yemen, 600
Ocho Rios (Jamaica), 275
Oder River, 151–152, 204, 437–438
Odessa (Ukraine), 560
Odra River. See Oder River
Odyssey (Homer), 212, 269
Oecussi (East Timor), 162, 163
Oelemari River (Suriname), 511
Oesling (Luxembourg), 323, 324
Ofu Island (United States), 578
Ogaden plain (Ethiopia), 183
Ogasawara Islands. See Bonin Islands (Japan)
Ogii Nuur Lake (Mongolia), 365
Ogo Plateau (Somalia), 491
Ogooué River, 134, 196
Ohio (United States), 574
Ohio River (United States), 576, 580
Ohre River (Czech Republic), 152
Ohridsko Jezero. See Lake Ohrid
Oil. See Petroleum
Oise River (France), 191
Ojos del Salado (Chile), 112
Ok Tedi mine (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422
Ok Tedi River (Papua New Guinea), 422
Okavango Delta (Botswana), 72
Okavango River, 13, 72, 379
Okavango Swamps (Botswana), 71
Okefenokee Swamp (United States), 576
Oki Island (Japan), 279
Okinawa (Japan), 279
Oklahoma (United States), 573
Oksfjordjokel (Norway), 405
Öland Island (Sweden), 514, 516
Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary (The
Philippines), 434
Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), 530
Oléron Island (France), 192
Ölfusá River (Iceland), 240
Olosega Island (United States), 578
Olt River (Romania), 449
Oltenia (Romania), 448
Olympia Mountains (United States), 579
Olympic Mountains (United States), 574, 579
Oman, 408–411, 409, 410t
Omaruru (Namibia), 379
Omatako River (Namibia), 379
Ombrone River (Italy), 271
Ometepe Island (Nicaragua), 396
Omo River (Ethiopia), 182
Omsk (Russia), 457
“On the Beautiful Blue Danube” (Straus), 36
One and a Half Degree Channel (Maldives),
337, 338
Onilahy River (Madagascar), 329
Onon River (Mongolia), 365
Ontong Java Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Ontong Java Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 422
Onyx River (Antarctica), 19
Oobako Canyon (Japan), 278
Oosterschelde (The Netherlands), 388–389
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries), 197
Öraefajökull (Iceland), 239
Orange River, 312, 379, 496
Orango (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Orangozinho (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Oranje Mountains (Suriname), 510
Orchid Island. See Lan-Yü Island (Taiwan)
Ord River Dam (Australia), 33
Ordos Desert. See Mu Us Desert (China)
Ore Mountains, 151, 204
Oregon (United States), 574
Oregon Coast Range (United States), 574
Øresund Bridge, 154
Øresundbron. See Øresund Bridge
Oreti River (New Zealand), 393
Organ Pipes (Namibia), 379
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), 197
Orhon River (Mongolia), 365
Oriental Mountains (Cuba), 145
Oriental Paraguay. See Eastern Paraguay
Orinoco Delta (Venezuela), 592–593
Orinoco Lowlands (Venezuela), 589
Orinoco River, 124, 591–593
Oriomo Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 421
Orkney Islands (United Kingdom), 566–568
Ormara Turtle Beaches (Pakistan), 413
Örnsköldsvik (Sweden), 516
Oro Bay (Papua New Guinea), 422
Orog Lake (Mongolia), 365
Orontes River, 310, 521–523
Oropuche Lagoon (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Ortoire River (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Osaka (Japan), 279
Osh (Kyrgyzstan), 304
Oshigambo River (Namibia), 379
Oshima Peninsula (Japan), 279
Oslo (Norway), 407
Oslo Fjord (Norway), 407
Öster Gotland (Sweden), 516
Ostero Island (Denmark), 154
Ostlandet. See East Country (Norway)
Osŭm River (Bulgaria), 82
Otago (New Zealand), 391, 394
Otavi Mountains (Namibia), 378
Otepää Uplands (Estonia), 179
Otgon Tenger (Mongolia), 364
Oti River (Togo), 537
Otra River (Norway), 405
Ottawa River (Canada), 98
Otuquis Swamp (Bolivia), 67
Ötztal Alps (Austria), 36
Lu Mountains (Japan), 276
Ou River (Laos), 306
Ouachita Mountains (United States), 573
Ouaka River (Central African Republic), 105
Ouatchi Plateau (Togo), 537
Oubangui River. See Ubangi River
Ouémé River (Benin), 58
681
Index
Iceland, 240
India, 245
Indonesia, 251
Iran, 257
Ireland, 263
Israel, 267
Italy, 271–272
Jamaica, 274–275
Japan, 278–279
Jordan, 283
Kenya, 290
Kiribati, 293
296
Kuwait, 300
Latvia, 308–309
Lebanon, 311
Liberia, 315
Libya, 316
Madagascar, 329
Malaysia, 335
Maldives, 337–338
Malta, 343
Martinique, 346
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 355–356
Monaco, 362
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 372
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 379
New Zealand, 393
Nicaragua, 396
Nigeria, 403
Norway, 405
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 418–419
Peru, 430
Poland, 438–439
Portugal, 442
Puerto Rico, 444
Qatar, 446
Romania, 450
Russia, 455
Senegal, 476–477
Seychelles, 478
Sierra Leone, 481
Singapore, 483
Somalia, 492
South Africa, 496
Spain, 500
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 508
Sweden, 516
Index
Ouessand Island (France), 192
Ouham River (Central African Republic), 105
Ouidah Lagood (Benin), 58
Ouled Nail Mountains (Algeria), 8
Oulu River (Finland), 187
Oumer Rebia River (Morocco), 369
Our Lady’s House of Prayer (Ireland), 263
Our River (Luxembourg), 323
Ourthe River (Belgium), 53
The Outback (Australia), 34
Outer Banks (United States), 577–578
Outer Hebrides (United Kingdom), 566–568
Outer Himalayas, 242, 383
Outer Mongolia. See Mongolia
Ovalau Island (Fiji), 185
Overpopulation
Bangladesh, 48
Egypt, 167
El Salvador, 174
Ethiopia, 183
India, 242, 247–248
Owen Falls (Uganda), 557
Owen Stanley Range (Papua New Guinea), 420
Owerri (Nigeria), 404
Oyapock River (French Guiana), 195
Ozark Plateaus (United States), 573–574, 576
Ozarks. See Ozark Plateaus (United States)
Ozero Karakul (Tajikistan), 528
Ozone hole, 21
P
Paats River (Finland), 187
Pacaraima Mountains (Venezuela), 590
Pachuca (Mexico), 356
Pacific Coast Straits (Canada), 95
Pacific Coastal Lowlands (Mexico), 356
Pacific Islands Forum, 382
Pacific Lowlands (Colombia), 124, 125
Pacific Lowlands (Nicaragua), 395, 398
Pacific Mountains (United States), 573–574
Pacific Northwest (Mexico), 352
Pacific Tectonic Plate
Japan, 276
Mexico, 352
Nauru, 381
New Zealand, 391
Russia, 453
Samoa, 466
Tonga, 539
United States, 573
Padma River. See Ganges River
Paektu-san (DPRK), 294, 295
Pag Island (Croatia), 143
Pagadian Bay (The Philippines), 435
Pagalu. See Annabón (Equatorial Guinea)
Pager River (Uganda), 557
Pagsanjan Gorge National Park (The
Philippines), 433
Pahang River (Malaysia), 335
Pahar complex (Nepal), 384
Paita Bay. See Bahía de Paita (Peru)
Pakaraima Mountains (Guyana), 227
Pakistan, 1, 242, 411–415, 412, 414t
682
Palancar Reef (Mexico), 355
Palau, 415, 415–417, 416t
Palau Batu Putih, 335
Palawan (The Philippines), 434, 436
Palembang River (Indonesia), 250
Palestine, 265–268
Palisadoes Peninsula (Jamaica), 275
Palk Strait, 246
Palliser Bay (New Zealand), 393
Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica), 20
Palmyra Atoll (United States), 577
Paloemeu River (Suriname), 511
Palua Senga Besar (Malaysia), 335
P’ambaki Mountains (Armenia), 28
Pamir Mountains, 1, 2, 411, 527–528, 584
Pampanga River (The Philippines), 434
Pampas (Argentina), 24, 27
Pamperos. See Windstorms
Panai Lake (Indonesia), 250
Panama, 417–420, 418, 419t
Panama Bay, 419, 420
Panama Canal, 417–419
Panama City (Panama), 419
Pan-American Highway, 124
Panay (The Philippines), 433, 434–435
Pandivere Upland (Estonia), 179
Pangani River (Tanzania), 531, 533
Panj River (Tajikistan), 528
Panjang Hill (Singapore), 483
Panjnad River (Pakistan), 413
Pannonian Plains, 70, 142, 143, 488, 602, 604
Pantanal (Brazil), 76
Pantelleria Island (Italy), 272
Papaloapan River (Mexico), 354
Papua (Indonesia), 248–252, 420, 423
Papua New Guinea, 248, 252, 420–423, 421,
423t
Papuan Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 422
Papuk Mountains (Croatia), 142
Paracas Peninsula (Peru), 430
Paracel Islands, 119
Paradelta (Bangladesh), 46–47
Paradise Islands. See Bazaruto Archipelago
(Mozambique)
Paraguaná Peninsula (Venezuela), 592
Paraguay, 424–427, 425, 427t
Paraguay Proper. See Eastern Paraguay
Paraguay River, 76, 424, 425–426
Paramaribo (Suriname), 511
Paraná Plateau (Paraguay), 424–427
Paraná River, 25–26, 75–76, 425–426, 582
Parc Nacional Los Glaciares (Argentina), 24
Pare Range (Tanzania), 530
Paria Peninsula (Venezuela), 590, 591
Parida Island (Panama), 419
Parinacota (Chile), 112
Paris Basin, 189, 191, 193–194
Parishan marsh (Iran), 257
Parishes. See Administrative divisions
Park National de la Boucle du Baoulé (Mali),
342
Parks
Brunei, 80
Dominica, 158
See also National parks; Nature reserves
Pärnu Bay (Estonia), 179
Pärnu River (Estonia), 179
Paro Chhu. See Paro River (Bhutan)
Paro River (Bhutan), 63
Parrot Cay Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),
552–553
Pasig River (The Philippines), 434
Pasión River (Guatemala), 221
Pastaza River, 165, 430
Pasterze (Austria), 36
Pasu (Pakistan), 411
Patagonia (Argentina), 24–25, 26
Patagonian Ice Cap, 24–25
Patanas, 504
See also Grasslands
Patia River (Colombia), 124
Patkai Range (Myanmar), 375
Pátmos (Greece), 213
Patuca River (Honduras), 233
Paulaya River (Honduras), 233
Paulo Afonso Falls (Brazil), 75
Paute River (Ecuador), 165
Paxos (Greece), 212
Peace River (Canada), 98
Peacekeeping, East Timor, 162
Pearl Cays (Nicaragua), 396–397
Pearl Harbor (United States), 577
Pearl Islands (Panama), 419
Pearl River. See Zhu Jiang (China)
Peary Channel (Canada), 99
Peat
Belarus, 51
Brunei, 80
Indonesia, 251
Ireland, 262, 264
Latvia, 309
Lithuania, 322
New Zealand, 393
Northern Ireland, 566
Pecixe (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Pecos River (United States), 576
Pedernales Peninsula (Dominican Republic),
160
Pedieos River (Cyprus), 149
Pedra Acu (Brazil), 74
Pedra Branca Island. See Palau Batu Putih
Pedra Tinhosas Islet (São Tomé and Príncipe),
471
Pedro Cays (Jamaica), 275
Pegasus Bay (New Zealand), 393
Peleliu Island (Palau), 416
Pelister National Park (Macedonia), 326
Pelly Range (Canada), 97
Peloponnese (Greece), 211–212, 213
Peloritani Range (Italy), 270–271
Pemba (Tanzania), 532
Pemba Bay (Mozambique), 373
Pembrokeshire Coast Path (Wales), 569
Pemon Indians (Venezuela), 591
Penal colonies, French Guiana, 195
Penang Island (Malaysia), 335
Penghu Archipelago. See Pescadores
Penguins, 20, 21, 26, 379, 430
Peninsula de Azuero (Panama), 417
Península Valdés (Valdes Peninsula), 26
Peninsular Malaysia, 333–336
Peninsulas. See names of specific peninsulas
Index
Libya, 318
Lithuania, 322
Malaysia, 336
Mexico, 357
Mozambique, 374
Myanmar, 377
Nigeria, 403, 404
Norway, 408
Oman, 410
Pakistan, 413, 414
Peru, 432
Puerto Rico, 445
Qatar, 446, 447
Romania, 451
Russia, 455, 457
Saudi Arabia, 472, 475
Seychelles, 480
Sudan, 510
Syria, 521, 524
Tunisia, 545
Turkmenistan, 552
Ukraine, 561–562
United Kingdom, 570
United States, 580
Uzbekistan, 586
Venezuela, 593
Yemen, 601
Yugoslavia, 605
Petrusse River (Luxembourg), 324
Phae Muang Phi (Thailand), 534
Phangnga Bay (Thailand), 535
Philippine Tectonic Plate, 249, 433
Philippine Trough, 434
The Philippines, 334, 432–436, 433, 436t
Phnom Aural (Cambodia), 89
Phnom Penh (Cambodia), 91
Pho Chhu. See Pho River (Bhutan)
Pho River (Bhutan), 63
Phoenix Islands (Kiribati), 292–293
Phosphates
Algeria, 11
Kiribati, 293
Nauru, 381–382
Phou Bia. See Mount Bia (Laos)
Phouane Plateau (Laos), 305
Phrae (Thailand), 534
Phu Kadueng National Park (Thailand), 534
Phu Keaw (Thailand), 534
Phu Wiang (Thailand), 534
Phuket Island (Thailand), 535
Piaye River (Saint Lucia), 462
Pic de Cataperdis (Andorra), 12
Pic de Coma Pederos (Andorra), 11–12
Pic de la Cabaneta (Andorra), 12
Pic de la Serrera (Andorra), 12
Pic de l’Estanyó (Andorra), 12
Pic de Siguer (Andorra), 12
Pic de Tristaina (Andorra), 12
Pic dels Pessons (Andorra), 12
Pic d’Envalira (Andorra), 12
Pichincha (Ecuador), 164
Pico (Portugal), 442
Pico da Bandeira (Brazil), 74
Pico da Cano. See Mount Fogo (Cape Verde)
Pico da Neblina (Brazil), 74
Pico de Aneto (Spain), 499
Pico de Orizaba (Mexico), 353
Pico de Príncipe (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470
Pico de São Tomé (São Tomé and Príncipe),
470
Pico de Teide Mountain (Spain), 500
Pico Duarte (Dominican Republic), 159
Pico Kabumbé (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470
Pico Mogotón (Nicaragua), 395
Pico River (Peru), 428
Pico Turquino (Cuba), 145
Piduru Ridges (Sri Lanka), 502–503
Pidurutalagala Mountain (Sri Lanka), 503
Piedmont Plateau (United States), 571, 574
Pik Lenina. See Lenin Peak
Pik Pobedy. See Jengish Chokusu (Kyrgyzstan)
Pilcomayo River, 67, 426
Pilis Mountains (Hungary), 235
Pindus Mountains (Greece), 211, 212
Pine Cay Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),
552–553
Ping River (Thailand), 534
Pingelap Islands (Micronesia), 358
Piniós River (Greece), 212
Pinney’s Beach (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Pinta Island (Galápagos), 165
Piran (Slovenia), 488
Piray River (Bolivia), 66
Pirin Mountains (Bulgaria), 82, 84
Pirin Sea. See Popovo Lake (Bulgaria)
Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom), 568
Pitch Lake (Trinidad and Tobago), 542
Pitcher plants, Madagascar, 330
Piton de la Rivière Noire (Mauritius), 350–351
Piton du Milieu (Mauritius), 351
Pittsburgh (United States), 576
Piura (Peru), 428
Piva River (Yugoslavia), 602–603
Plackovica Mountains (Macedonia), 325
“Places of Sovereignty” (Spain), 498–499
Plain of Esdraelon (Israel), 266
Plain of Jars (Laos), 305
Plain of Judaea (Israel), 267
Plain of Sharon (Israel), 267
Plains
Afghanistan, 4
Algeria, 10
Angola, 15
Australia, 35
Bangladesh, 46–47
Belarus, 50
Bolivia, 65
Brazil, 77
Canada, 100
China, 120
Croatia, 143
Cyprus, 149
Denmark, 153
Ethiopia, 183
Finland, 188
France, 189, 193–194
683
Index
Pennine Alps (Switzerland), 518
Pennine Chain (England), 564, 566
Pennsylvania (United States), 573
Penón de Alhucemas Island (Spain), 499
Penón de Velez de la Gomera, 499
Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, 368
Pentadaktylos Range. See Kyrenia Range
(Cyprus)
Pentecost (Vanuatu), 587
Perak River (Malaysia), 335
Pere Island (French Guiana), 195
Perim Island (Yemen), 600
Peri-Pannonian Plains (Croatia), 142
Perito Moreno (Argentina), 25
Permafrost, 455–456
Persia. See Iran
Persian Gulf
Bahrain, 43–44
Iran, 257
Kuwait, 300–301
Qatar, 446, 447
Perth (Australia), 35
Peru, 427–432, 429, 431t
Peru Current, 113, 165, 166, 430, 431
Peru-Chile Trench, 430, 431
Perucica Forest (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 70
Pescadores, 119, 524–525
Pesticides
Moldova, 361
neem trees, 244
Peter I Island, 20, 407
Peter the Great Bay, 455
Petermann Range (Australia), 32
Petit Lac (Switzerland), 519
Petit Martinique (Grenada), 217
Petit Piton (Saint Lucia), 462–463
Petroleum
Algeria, 11
Angola, 15
Aruba, 31
Azerbaijan, 41
Bangladesh, 48
Barbados, 49
Belarus, 51
Bolivia, 68
Brunei, 80–81
Cambodia, 91
Cameroon, 95
Canada, 101
China, 120, 121
Colombia, 126
Croatia, 144
East Timor, 163
Ecuador, 167
El Salvador, 174
Gabon, 197
Georgia, 202
Greece, 214
Guatemala, 222
Guinea-Bissau, 227
Indonesia, 254
Iran, 258
Iraq, 261
Kazakhstan, 288
Kuwait, 301
Index
Georgia, 200–201
Germany, 202
Ghana, 207, 208
Greece, 211, 213
Guinea, 222
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Guyana, 227
Hungary, 235, 237, 238
India, 246–247
Iraq, 261
Israel, 267
Italy, 272
Japan, 278, 280
Kenya, 291
296
Laos, 305
Latvia, 307–308
Lithuania, 320
Malawi, 331
Malaysia, 333
Mauritania, 347
Mexico, 352, 355
Moldova, 360
Mongolia, 363
Morocco, 367–368, 369
Nepal, 385
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 395
Nigeria, 402
Oman, 409, 410
Paraguay, 424, 427
Portugal, 443
Romania, 448, 450
Russia, 451, 456
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 491
South Africa, 495
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 509
Suriname, 510
Swaziland, 512
Sweden, 514–517
United Kingdom, 569
Planalto Central (Brazil), 73
Planalto de Bafatá (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Planalto de Gabú (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Platano River (Honduras), 233
Plate tectonics. See names of specific tectonic
plates
Plateau of Iran, 255
Plateau of Tibet (China), 117
Plateau of Yorubaland. See Western High
Plains (Nigeria)
Plateaus
Algeria, 8–9, 10
Angola, 13, 15
Antarctica, 19
Argentina, 25
Armenia, 28
Australia, 32–33
Austria, 37
Belgium, 53
684
Belize, 56
Benin, 58
Bolivia, 66
Botswana, 71
Brazil, 73
Bulgaria, 82
Burundi, 87, 88
Cameroon, 92–93
Canada, 97
Chad, 108
Chile, 112
China, 117
Colombia, 123
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 128, 130
Czech Republic, 151
Djibouti, 156
East Timor, 162
Ecuador, 165
Egypt, 168
El Salvador, 172
Eritrea, 176–177
Ethiopia, 181–182
France, 189, 190–191
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 196
Gambia, 198
Georgia, 200
Germany, 203
Ghana, 207
Guatemala, 220
Guinea, 223
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Guyana, 227
Haiti, 230, 231
Honduras, 233
Iceland, 238, 239
India, 244
Indonesia, 250
Iran, 255
Iraq, 259
Israel, 266–267
Jamaica, 274
Japan, 277–278
Jordan, 282
Kazakhstan, 285
Kenya, 288, 290
295
Laos, 305–306
Lebanon, 310
Lesotho, 312
Liberia, 314
Libya, 316
Luxembourg, 323
Malawi, 331
Mali, 340
Mauritania, 347
Mauritius, 350, 351
Mexico, 352, 354
Mongolia, 364
Myanmar, 375
Namibia, 377, 379
Nauru, 381
Nepal, 384
New Zealand, 391
Niger, 399
Nigeria, 401, 402, 404
Norway, 405
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 412–413
Panama, 417
Paraguay, 424
Qatar, 446
Romania, 449
Russia, 453
Rwanda, 458–459
Samoa, 466
Senegal, 476
Sierra Leone, 481
Singapore, 483
Slovenia, 487–488
Somalia, 491
South Africa, 494–495, 497
Sri Lanka, 503
Sudan, 507
Swaziland, 512
Sweden, 514
Switzerland, 519
Syria, 521–522
Taiwan, 525
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 529–531
Thailand, 534
Togo, 538
Tunisia, 544
Turkey, 546–547
Turkmenistan, 550
Uganda, 556
United Kingdom, 566
Uruguay, 581
Uzbekistan, 584
Venezuela, 591
Vietnam, 594–595
Yemen, 599
Zambia, 606
Zimbabwe, 609
Platte River (United States), 576
Plavinas Reservoir (Latvia), 308
Plazas de Soberania. See “Places of
Sovereignty” (Spain)
Plitvicka Lakes (Croatia), 143
Plješevica Mountains (Croatia), 142
Po River (Italy), 271, 272
Po River Valley (Italy), 269, 271, 272, 273
Poás volcano (Costa Rica), 136
Podgorica (Yugoslavia), 604
Podor (Senegal), 477
Pohnpei (Micronesia), 358–359
Poiana Ruscăi Mountains (Romania), 449
Index
Belarus, 51, 51t
Belgium, 54, 54t
Belize, 57, 57t
Benin, 59, 59t
Bermuda, 61, 61t
Bhutan, 64
Bolivia, 67–68, 68t
Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70, 70t
Botswana, 72, 72t
Brazil, 77t, 78
Brunei, 81, 81t
Bulgaria, 84, 84t
Burkina Faso, 86, 86t
Burundi, 88, 88t
Cambodia, 91, 91t
Cameroon, 94–95, 95t
Canada, 100t, 101
Cape Verde, 102, 103t
Cayman Islands, 104, 104t
Central African Republic, 107, 107t
Chad, 110t, 110–111
Chile, 114, 114t
China, 120t, 120–121, 121t
Colombia, 125t, 126
Comoros, 127t, 128
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132, 132t
Congo, Republic of, 135, 135t
Costa Rica, 138, 138t
Côte d’Ivoire, 141t, 141–142
Croatia, 144, 144t
Cuba, 147, 148t
Cyprus, 150, 150t
Czech Republic, 152, 152t
Denmark, 155, 155t
Djibouti, 157
Dominica, 158, 158t
Dominican Republic, 161, 161t
East Timor, 163, 163t
Ecuador, 166t, 167
Egypt, 170, 170t
El Salvador, 173t, 174
Equatorial Guinea, 175, 175t
Eritrea, 178, 178t
Estonia, 180, 180t
Ethiopia, 183, 183t
Fiji, 185, 185t
Finland, 188, 188t
France, 193t, 194
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 199, 199t
Georgia, 201, 201t
Germany, 206, 206t
Ghana, 210, 210t
Greece, 214, 214t
Greenland, 216
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 219
Guatemala, 221–222, 222t
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Guyana, 229
Haiti, 231t, 232
Honduras, 234, 234t
Hungary, 237t, 238
Iceland, 241
India, 247t, 247–248
Indonesia, 253t, 253–254
Iran, 258, 258t
Iraq, 261, 261t
Ireland, 264, 265t
Israel, 268, 268t
Italy, 272–273, 273t
Jamaica, 275, 275t
Japan, 280–281, 281t
Jordan, 283
Kazakhstan, 287t, 287–288
Kenya, 291, 292t
Kiribati, 294
296t, 296–297
Korea, Republic of, 299, 299t
Kuwait, 301, 301t
Kyrgyzstan, 304, 304t
Laos, 307, 307t
Latvia, 309, 309t
Lebanon, 311
Lesotho, 313, 313t
Liberia, 315, 315t
Libya, 318
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 321–322, 322t
Luxembourg, 324, 324t
Macedonia, 326, 326t
Madagascar, 330
Malawi, 332t, 332–333
Malaysia, 336, 336t
Maldives, 339, 339t
Mali, 342, 342t
Malta, 343
Martinique, 347
Mauritania, 349
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 356t, 356–357, 357t
Micronesia, 359
Moldova, 361, 361t
Monaco, 363
Mongolia, 366t, 367
Morocco, 369–370, 370t
Mozambique, 373, 374t
Myanmar, 376–377, 377t
Namibia, 380, 380t
Nauru, 382
Nepal, 386, 386t
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 398
Niger, 400
Nigeria, 404, 404t
Norway, 407t, 408
Oman, 410, 410t
Pakistan, 414, 414t
Palau, 416, 416t
Panama, 419t, 420
Paraguay, 427, 427t
Peru, 431t, 432
The Philippines, 436, 436t
Poland, 439t, 439–440,
Portugal, 442t, 443
Puerto Rico, 445, 445t
685
Index
Point Barrow (United States), 578
Point Burica (Panama), 419
Point Cosigüina (Nicaragua), 397
Point Gallinas (Colombia), 125
Point Mala (Panama), 419
Point Marzo (Colombia), 125
Point Mono (Nicaragua), 397
Point Pedro (Sri Lanka), 504
Point Solano (Colombia), 125
Point Tarifa (Spain), 501
Point Xaafuun (Somalia), 492–493
Poitou (France), 194
Poland, 436–440, 438, 439t
Polar ice cap (Antarctica), 19
Polar Plateau (Antarctica), 19
Polders. See Land reclamation
Polesie Lubelskie (Poland), 437
Polesye Marshes, 50–51, 559–561
Polissya. See Polesye Marshes
Poljes (Slovenia), 488
Pollution
Azerbaijan, 41
Bahrain, 44
Bangladesh, 48
El Salvador, 172
India, 242, 248
Micronesia, 359
Moldova, 361
Pakistan, 413
Uruguay, 581–582
Venezuela, 591
See also Air pollution; Industrial pollution;
Pesticides; Water pollution
Polochic River (Guatemala), 221
Polotsk Lowland (Belarus), 50
Pomeranian Lake District (Poland), 437
Ponape. See Pohnpei (Micronesia)
Ponta do Pico (Portugal), 442
Ponta São Sebastião (Mozambique), 373
Pontic Mountains (Turkey), 546
Pontine Marshes (Italy), 272
Ponza Islands (Italy), 272
Pool Malebo (DROC), 131
Poole Bay (England), 567
Popocatépetl (Mexico), 353
Popovo Lake (Bulgaria), 82
Poppies, blue, 63
Population
Afghanistan, 4t, 5
Albania, 7, 7t
Algeria, 10, 11t
Andorra, 12, 12t
Angola, 15, 15t
Anguilla, 17
Antarctica, 21
Antigua, 23, 23t
Argentina, 27, 27t
Armenia, 29, 29t
Aruba, 30–31
Australia, 35, 35t
Austria, 38–39, 38t
Azerbaijan, 40t, 40–41
The Bahamas, 42
Bahrain, 44, 44t
Bangladesh, 45, 47t, 48
Barbados, 49, 49t
Barbuda, 23, 23t
Index
Qatar, 447
Romania, 450t, 451
Russia, 457, 457t
Rwanda, 459
Saint Lucia, 463
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465,
465t
Samoa, 468
San Marino, 469
Saudi Arabia, 474t, 475
Senegal, 478, 478t
Seychelles, 479–480, 480t
Sierra Leone, 482, 482t
Singapore, 484
Slovakia, 486, 486t
Slovenia, 488, 488t
Solomon Islands, 490, 490t
Somalia, 493
South Africa, 497t, 497–498
Spain, 499t, 500
Sri Lanka, 502–503, 503t
Sudan, 509t, 509–510
Suriname, 511
Swaziland, 513, 513t
Sweden, 516t, 517
Switzerland, 520, 520t
Syria, 522t, 523
Taiwan, 525, 525t
Tajikistan, 527, 527t
Tanzania, 532t, 532–533
Thailand, 536, 536t
Togo, 538
Tonga, 539, 539t
Trinidad and Tobago, 542, 542t
Tunisia, 545, 545t
Turkey, 549, 549t
Turkmenistan, 550t, 551–552
Uganda, 557t, 558
Ukraine, 561, 561t
United Arab Emirates, 563, 563t
United Kingdom, 570, 570t
United States, 580, 580t
Uruguay, 583, 583t
Uzbekistan, 585, 585t
Vanuatu, 588
Vatican City, 589
Venezuela, 593, 593t
Vietnam, 596t, 597
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 601, 601t
Yugoslavia, 605, 605t
Zambia, 608, 608t
Zimbabwe, 611, 611t
Porali River (Pakistan), 413
Porcupine River (United States), 576
Porsangen Fjord (Norway), 407
Port Antonio (Jamaica), 274, 275
Port Elizabeth (South Africa), 496
Port Island (Japan), 279
Port Louis (Mauritius), 351
Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422,
423
Port Philips Bay (Australia), 34
Port Rashid (United Arab Emirates), 563
686
Port Royal Mountains (Jamaica), 274
Port Sudan (Sudan), 508–509
Port-au-Prince (Haiti), 230, 231
Port-de-Paix (Haiti), 230
Portland Bight (Jamaica), 275
Porto (Portugal), 442, 443
Pôrto Alegre (Brazil), 76
Porto Novo Lagood (Benin), 58
Porto Santo (Portugal), 442
Port-of-Spain (Trinidad and Tobago), 542
Ports
Argentina, 26
Bangladesh, 47
Barbados, 48
Bermuda, 60–61
Brazil, 76
Cuba, 147
Ecuador, 166
Georgia, 201
Greece, 213
Guatemala, 221
India, 245
Ireland, 263
Israel, 267, 268
Kenya, 290
Libya, 316
Madagascar, 329
Malta, 343
Micronesia, 359
Monaco, 362
Paraguay, 425
Qatar, 446
Russia, 455
Saint Lucia, 463
Samoa, 467
Saudi Arabia, 474
Senegal, 476–477
South Africa, 496
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 508
Taiwan, 526
See also names of specific ports
Portugal, 440–443, 441, 442t, 443t
Port-Vila (Vanuatu), 587–588
Postonja (Slovenia), 488
Postonja Cave (Slovenia), 488
Potaro River (Guyana), 228
Pot’i (Georgia), 201, 202
Potwar Plateau (Pakistan), 413
Poverty
Bangladesh, 48
India, 248
Indonesia, 254
Madagascar, 330
Myanmar, 377
Nepal, 386
Somalia, 493
Poyang Hu (China), 118
Pra River (Ghana), 208
Prague (Czech Republic), 568
Praslin Island (Seychelles), 479
Precambrian Shield. See Canadian Shield
Precipitation. See Rainfall
Pre-Sahel. See Chemama (Mauritania)
Prespansko Jezero. See Lake Prespa
Pretoria (South Africa), 498
Prilep (Macedonia), 326
Prince Edward Island (Canada), 99
Prince Edward Islands (South Africa), 496
Prince William Sound (United States), 578
Princess Sirindhorn Wildlife Sanctuary
(Thailand), 535
Príncipe Island, 470–471
Príncipe Peak. See Pico de Príncipe (São Tomé
and Príncipe)
Pripet. See Pripyat River
Pripyat Marshes. See Polesye Marshes
Pripyat River, 51, 560
Proliv Dmitrya Lapteva, 455
Provence Alps (France), 190
Providencia Island (Colombia), 124
Providenciales Island (Turks and Caicos
Islands), 552–553
Provinces. See Administrative divisions
Pru To Daeng. See Princess Sirindhorn
Wildlife Sanctuary (Thailand)
Prut River, 360–361, 449
Prydz Bay (Antarctica), 21
Przewalski horses, 365
Psunj Mountains (Croatia), 142
Puerto Barrios (Guatemala), 221
Puerto Lempira (Honduras), 234
Puerto Rico, 443–445, 444, 445t, 571, 573, 577
Puerto Rico Trench, 444
Puget Sound (United States), 577–578
Pujŏllyŏng Range (DPRK), 295
Pujŏn River (DPRK), 295
Puktae Range (DPRK), 295
Pulau Muara Besar (Brunei), 80
Pulau Tekong Besar Island (Singapore), 483
Puna de Atacama (Argentina), 27
Puná Island (Ecuador), 166
Puna Tsang River. See Sankosh River (Bhutan)
Puncak Jaya (Indonesia), 249
Punjab, 244, 413, 414
Puno (Peru), 430
Punta Águila (Puerto Rico), 445
Punta Brea (Puerto Rico), 445
Punta del Este (Uruguay), 582
Punta Patino (Panama), 418
Punta Remedios (El Salvador), 173
Puong Grotto (Vietnam), 595
Purari River (Papua New Guinea), 422
Purple earth, 77
Purus River, 74, 430
Putu Range (Liberia), 314
Putumayo River, 124, 165, 430
Putuo Shan (China), 117
Pyha River (Finland), 187
P’yŏngyang peneplain (DPRK), 296, 297
Pyramids, Sudan, 508
Pyrenees, 189–190, 499, 502
Q
Qanats, Iran, 255
Qaqortoq (Greenland), 215
Qarqannah Island (Tunisia), 544
Qatar, 445–447, 446
Qattara Depression (Egypt), 168, 170
Qeshm island (Iran), 257
Index
R
Rába River (Hungary), 236
Rabat (Morocco), 369
Rabaul (Papua New Guinea), 421
Radika canyon (Macedonia), 325
Radioactive contamination, Ukraine, 560
Radioactivity, of hot springs, 274
Ragay Gulf (The Philippines), 433, 435
Ragay Hills (The Philippines), 433
Raigye Chhu. See Raigye River (Bhutan)
Raigye River (Bhutan), 63
Rainbow Reef (Fiji), 185
Rainfall
Afghanistan, 4
Albania, 6
Algeria, 10
Andorra, 12
Angola, 15
Anguilla, 17
Antarctica, 21
Antigua, 22
Argentina, 27
Armenia, 29
Aruba, 30
Australia, 34–35
Austria, 38
Azerbaijan, 40
The Bahamas, 42
Bahrain, 44
Bangladesh, 47
Barbados, 49
Barbuda, 22
Belarus, 51
Belgium, 54
Belize, 57
Benin, 58–59
Bermuda, 61
Bhutan, 63–64
Bolivia, 67
Botswana, 72
Brazil, 76–77
Brunei, 81
Bulgaria, 83–84
Burkina Faso, 86
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 91
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 100
Cape Verde, 102
Cayman Islands, 104
Central African Republic, 106–107
Chad, 109, 110
Chile, 114
China, 120
Colombia, 126
Comoros, 127
Costa Rica, 138
Croatia, 143
Cuba, 147
Cyprus, 149
Czech Republic, 152
Denmark, 155
Dominica, 158
East Timor, 163
Ecuador, 166
Egypt, 169
El Salvador, 173
Eritrea, 177–178
Estonia, 180
Ethiopia, 183
Fiji, 185
France, 193
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 199
Georgia, 201
Germany, 205
Ghana, 210
Greece, 213
Greenland, 216
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 218, 219
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Guyana, 228
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 234
Hungary, 237
Iceland, 241
India, 246
Indonesia, 252
Iran, 258
Iraq, 261
Ireland, 264
Israel, 267
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 280
Jordan, 283
Kazakhstan, 287
Kenya, 291
Kiribati, 293–294
296
Kuwait, 301
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Laos, 306
Latvia, 309
Lebanon, 311
Lesotho, 313
Liberia, 315
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 321
Luxembourg, 324
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 329
Malawi, 332
Malaysia, 336
Maldives, 338
Mali, 341
Martinique, 346
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 356
Micronesia, 359
Moldova, 361
Monaco, 363
Mongolia, 366
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 373
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 380
Nauru, 382
Nepal, 385
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 397
Niger, 400
Nigeria, 403
Norway, 407
Oman, 410
Pakistan, 414
Palau, 416
Panama, 419
Paraguay, 426
Peru, 431
Poland, 439
Portugal, 443
Puerto Rico, 445
Qatar, 447
Romania, 450
Russia, 456
Rwanda, 459
Saint Lucia, 463
Samoa, 467
Saudi Arabia, 475
Senegal, 477
Seychelles, 479
687
Index
Qeys. See Kjsh (Iran)
Qiantang Jiang (China), 119
Qilian Shan (China), 116
Qinghai Lake (China), 117–118
Qinling Shandi (China), 116
Qiongzhou Peninsula (China), 119
Qondsz River (Afghanistan), 3
Qoraqalpogh Autonomous Republic
(Uzbekistan), 584
Qoraqalpoghistan. See Qoraqalpogh
Autonomous Republic (Uzbekistan)
Qormi (Malta), 343
Quatre Bornes (Mauritius), 351
Quebracho trees, 27
Queen Charlotte Islands (Canada), 99
Queen Elizabeth Archipelago (Canada), 99
Queen Mary’s Peak (United Kingdom), 568
Queen Maud Gulf (Canada), 99
Queen Maud Land (Antarctica), 20
Queens River (Dominica), 157
Quetta (Pakistan), 411
Quicama National Park (Angola), 13
Quita Sueno Island (Colombia), 124
Quito (Ecuador), 164
Qullai Ismoili Somoni (Tajikistan), 528
Qurnat as-Sawda (Lebanon), 310
Index
Sierra Leone, 482
Singapore, 483–484
Slovakia, 486
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 493
South Africa, 497
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 508–509
Suriname, 511
Swaziland, 513
Sweden, 516
Switzerland, 520
Syria, 523
Taiwan, 526
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 532
Thailand, 535
Togo, 539
Tonga, 540
Tunisia, 544
Turkey, 549
Turkmenistan, 551
Tuvalu, 554–555
Uganda, 558
Ukraine, 561
United Kingdom, 569
United States, 579
Uruguay, 582
Uzbekistan, 585
Vanuatu, 587–588
Vatican City, 589
Venezuela, 592
Vietnam, 596
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 601
Yugoslavia, 604
Zambia, 608
Zimbabwe, 611
Rainforests
Bangladesh, 47
Benin, 59
Bolivia, 67
Brazil, 77
Brunei, 81
Cambodia, 91
Cameroon, 94
Chile, 114
Colombia, 125
Dominica, 157, 158
Ecuador, 166–167
El Salvador, 173
Grenada, 217
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Laos, 306
Maldives, 338
Martinique, 346
688
Mexico, 356
New Zealand, 394
Nicaragua, 397
Peru, 428
Saint Lucia, 463
Samoa, 468
Singapore, 484
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 507, 509
Suriname, 510–511
Togo, 538
United States, 579
Venezuela, 593
Virgin Islands, 598
See also Amazon rainforests
Rainy Lake (United States), 575
Rajang River, 251, 335
Rajjaprabha Reservoir (Thailand), 534
Rajshahi Division (Bangladesh), 46
Rakha Pass (Nepal), 384
Rakhine Mountains. See Arakan Mountains
(Myanmar)
Ralik Group (Marshall Islands), 344
Ramalau (East Timor), 162
Ramaroshan (Nepal), 385–386
Ramla Bay (Malta), 343
Ramree Island (Myanmar), 376
Ramsar (Iran), 257
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. See
Wetlands of International Importance
Ramu River (Papua New Guinea), 422
Ranching and grazing, 179
Argentina, 27
Australia, 35
Botswana, 72
Burundi, 87
Colombia, 126
Costa Rica, 138
Cuba, 147–148
Ghana, 207
Ireland, 264
Lesotho, 313
Mongolia, 363, 366, 367
Nepal, 386
Panama, 419
See also Agriculture
Randenigala Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503
Rangárvallasýsla (Iceland), 238
Rangitaiki River (New Zealand), 393
Rannock Moor (Scotland), 566
Ranongga Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Rapa Nui. See Easter Island (Chile)
Rara Lake (Nepal), 384
Ra’s al Hadd (Oman), 409
Ras al Kathib (Yemen), 600
Ra’s al Khaymah (United Arab Emirates), 562–
563
Ras al Shi’b (Yemen), 600
Ras Al-Jabal (Oman), 408
Ra’s Al-Maţbakh (Qatar), 446
Ras Caseyr (Somalia), 492
Ras Deshen (Ethiopia), 182
Ras Fartak (Yemen), 601
Ras Hafun. See Point Xaafuun (Somalia)
Ras Koh Range (Pakistan), 412
Ra’s Rakan (Qatar), 446
Ras Sharma (Yemen), 601
Ras Tanura (Saudi Arabia), 474
Rasa River (Croatia), 143
Rasua Garhi (Nepal), 384
Ratak Group (Marshall Islands), 344
Ratnapura (Sri Lanka), 505
Răut River (Moldova), 361
Ravi River, 244, 413
Rawdah (Syria), 523
Rawlinson Range (Papua New Guinea), 420
Rebild Bakker (Denmark), 155
Recife (Brazil), 76
Reclaimed land. See Land reclamation
Recovery Glacier (Antarctica), 19
Red Desert. See Al Hamadah Al Hamra (Libya)
Red Hill (United States), 577
Red Lakes (United States), 575
Red River (United States), 576
Red River (Vietnam), 595
Red River Basin (Vietnam), 594
Red River Delta (Vietnam), 594, 596
Red Sea, 176–178, 472–475
Red Sea Escarpment (Saudi Arabia), 472
Red Sea Highlands (Egypt), 167–170
Red Sea Hills (Sudan), 506–507
Red Volta River, 84–85, 208
Redang Archipelago (Malaysia), 335
Reef Islands (Solomon Islands), 489
Reforestation
China, 120
Cuba, 147, 148
India, 247
Ireland, 264
Israel, 268
Italy, 272
Mongolia, 367
Poland, 439
Puerto Rico, 445
Refugees
East Timor, 163
Guinea, 224
Reggio di Calabria (Italy), 269
Reina Adelaida Archipelago (Chile), 113
Reindeer Lake (Canada), 98
Reisa River (Norway), 405
Religions
Antigua, 23
Barbuda, 23
Botswana, 72
Burkina Faso, 86
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 101
Chad, 110–111
Comoros, 128
Eritrea, 178
Greece, 214t
Guadeloupe, 219
Index
United States, 576
Uruguay, 581
Venezuela, 591
See also Lakes
Retenue de Nangbéto Reservoir (Togo), 537
Réunion (France), 192
Reuss River (Switzerland), 519
Reuss Valley (Switzerland), 518
Revué River (Mozambique), 372
Rewa River (Fiji), 184
Reykjavík (Iceland), 241
Rhaetian Alps (Switzerland), 518
Rhätikon Massif (Liechtenstein), 318
Rheris River (Morocco), 369
Rhine Falls (Switzerland), 519
Rhine River, 38, 191–192, 204, 319, 388, 517,
519
Rhine River Valley, 319
Rhine Valley (Switzerland), 518
Rhineland (Germany), 204
Rhodes (Greece), 213
Rhodope Mountains, 82, 84, 211, 212
Rhon Mountains (Germany), 204
Rhone (ship), 79
Rhone Glacier (Switzerland), 519
Rhone River, 191, 517, 519
Rhone Valley (Switzerland), 518, 520
Richard Toll (Senegal), 477
Richardson Range (Canada), 97
Richmond Peak (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
Rift Valley. See Great Rift Valley
Riga (Latvia), 307, 309
Rjgestan Desert (Afghanistan), 3, 4
Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 21
Rila Mountains (Bulgaria), 82, 84
Rima River (Nigeria), 403
Rincon de la Vieja (Costa Rica), 136
“Ring of Fire”
Mexico, 352
Samoa, 466
Taiwan, 524
Vanuatu, 586–587
“Ring of Kerry” (Ireland), 263
Ringkøbing (Denmark), 154
Ringvassøy (Norway), 406
Rio Artibonito. See Artibonito River
Río Benito. See Mbini River (Equatorial
Guinea)
Río Bravo del Norte (Mexico), 354
Río Campo. See Ntem River (Equatorial
Guinea)
Rio Chagres (Panama), 418
Río Coco (Nicaragua), 396
Río de Bayamon (Puerto Rico), 444
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 76–78
Rio de la Plata (Uruguay), 426, 581–582
Río de la Plata basin (Brazil), 75–76
Río de las Piedras (Peru), 430
Rio Grande (United States), 354, 576
Río Grande de Arecibo (Puerto Rico), 444
Río Grande de Loiza (Puerto Rico), 444
Río Grande de San Miguel (El Salvador), 172
Río Grande de Santiago (Mexico), 354–355
Río Grande Matagalpa (Nicaragua), 396
Rio Grande River (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Rio Grande River (Jamaica), 274
Río Iguaçu. See Iguazú River
Río Jiboa (El Salvador), 172
Río La Plata (Puerto Rico), 444
Río Lempa (El Salvador), 172
Río Muni. See Mbini (Equatorial Guinea)
Rio Negro, 581–582
Rio Negro Dam (Uruguay), 581
Rio Nunez (Guinea), 224
Rio Sado (Portugal), 442
Río San Juan (Nicaragua), 396
Rio Santa (Peru), 428
Rio Tacuarembó (Uruguay), 582
Río Tajo. See Tagus River
Rio Uruguay (Uruguay), 581–582
Rio Yi (Uruguay), 582
Rioni River (Georgia), 200
Rishiri Island (Japan), 279
Risnjak peak (Croatia), 142
Riu Valira. See Valira River (Andorra)
River Clyde (Scotland), 564, 567
River Forth (Scotland), 564, 567
River gorges
Ethiopia, 182
Nepal, 384
See also Canyons
River Spey (Scotland), 567
River Tay (Scotland), 564, 567
River valleys. See names of specific river valleys
Rivers
Afghanistan, 3
Albania, 6
Angola, 13–14
Antarctica, 19
Argentina, 25–26
Armenia, 29
Australia, 33
Austria, 37–38
Bangladesh, 45–46
Belarus, 50–51
Belgium, 53
Belize, 56
Benin, 58
Bhutan, 63
Bolivia, 66–67
Botswana, 72
Brunei, 80
Bulgaria, 82–83
Burkina Faso, 85
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 89–90
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 98
Chad, 108, 109–110
Chile, 113
China, 118–119
Colombia, 123–124
Costa Rica, 137
Croatia, 143
Cuba, 146
Cyprus, 149
689
Index
Guinea-Bissau, 226
India, 245
Lebanon, 311
Nauru, 382
Poland, 440
Spain, 500
Swaziland, 513
United Kingdom, 570
Remedios Point. See Punta Remedios (El
Salvador)
Remire Island (French Guiana), 195
Rendova Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Rennell Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Rennick Glacier (Antarctica), 19
Reno River (Italy), 271
Reptiles
Venezuela, 593
Zambia, 607
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. See
Republic of Korea. See Korea, Republic of
Republic of Maldives. See Maldives
Republic of Singapore. See Singapore
Republic of Srpska (RS), 69
Republic of the Congo. See Congo, Republic
of the
Rere (East Timor), 162
Research
Antarctica, 18, 19, 21
Canada, 97
Namibia, 379
Reserva Biológic Indo-Maiz (Nicaragua), 397–
398
Reserva Natural Miraflor (Nicaragua), 397–
398
Reserva Pacaya Samiria (Peru), 430
Réservoir Gouin (Canada), 97
Reservoirs
Australia, 33
Azerbaijan, 40
Bangladesh, 45
Brazil, 75
Czech Republic, 151
El Salvador, 172
Finland, 187
France, 191
Haiti, 230
Latvia, 308
Lithuania, 320
Macedonia, 326
Malaysia, 334–335
Mauritius, 351
New Zealand, 392
Panama, 418
Paraguay, 425
Portugal, 442
Russia, 454
Singapore, 483
Slovakia, 485
Swaziland, 514
Tajikistan, 528
Thailand, 534
Togo, 537
Turkey, 548
Ukraine, 559–560
Index
Czech Republic, 151–152
Denmark, 154
Dominica, 157–158
Ecuador, 165
Egypt, 169
El Salvador, 172
Eritrea, 177
Estonia, 179
Ethiopia, 182
Fiji, 184
Finland, 187
France, 191–192
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 196
Gambia, 198
Georgia, 200
Germany, 204–205
Ghana, 208
Greece, 212
Guadeloupe, 218
Guatemala, 219, 220–221
Guinea, 223–224
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Guyana, 227–228
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 233
Hungary, 236
Iceland, 240
India, 244–245
Iran, 256
Iraq, 259–261
Ireland, 263
Israel, 267
Italy, 271
Jamaica, 274
Japan, 278
Jordan, 282–283
Kazakhstan, 286
Kenya, 290
295
Kyrgyzstan, 303
Laos, 306
Latvia, 308
Lebanon, 310–311
Lesotho, 312
Liberia, 314
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 320
Luxembourg, 323
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 329
Malawi, 332
Malaysia, 335
Mali, 341
Mauritania, 348
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 354–355
Moldova, 360–361
Mongolia, 365
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 372
690
Myanmar, 375–376
Namibia, 379
Nepal, 385
New Zealand, 393
Nicaragua, 396
Niger, 399
Nigeria, 402–403
Norway, 405
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 418
Paraguay, 425–426
Peru, 428–430
Poland, 437–438
Portugal, 442
Puerto Rico, 444
Qatar, 446
Romania, 449
Russia, 454
Rwanda, 459
Samoa, 467
San Marino, 469
São Tomé and Príncipe, 470–471
Senegal, 476
Sierra Leone, 481
Singapore, 483
Slovakia, 485
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 491
South Africa, 496
Spain, 500
Sudan, 507–508
Suriname, 510–511
Sweden, 515
Syria, 522–523
Taiwan, 525
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 531
Thailand, 534–535
Togo, 538
Tonga, 539
Tunisia, 544
Uganda, 557
Ukraine, 559–560
United States, 576
Uruguay, 581–582
Vietnam, 595
Yemen, 600
Zambia, 607
Zimbabwe, 609–610
"Riviera of Flowers" (Albania), 6
Rivière des Créoles (Mauritius), 351
Rivière La Chaux (Mauritius), 351
Rivière Salée (Guadeloupe), 218
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), 472, 473
Roads (Bolivia), 68
See also Highways
Roanoke River (United States), 576
Roatán Island (Honduras), 233
Robben Island (South Africa), 496
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 113
Rock Islands (Palau), 416
Rock of Gibralter (United Kingdom), 569
Rock paintings, Namibia, 378
Rockefeller Plateau (Antarctica), 19
Rocky Mountains (United States), 571, 573–
575, 578–580
Rodna Mountains (Romania), 448
Rodrigues (Mauritius), 351
Roggeveld Mountains (South Africa), 494
ROK. See Korea, Republic of (ROK, South
Korea)
Rokel River (Sierra Leone), 481
Rold Forest (Denmark), 155
Rold Skov. See Rold Forest (Denmark)
Roman Catholic Church (Vatican City), 588
Roman ruins, in Tunisia, 543
Romania, 447–451, 448, 450t
Romanian Riviera, 450
Romblon (The Philippines), 433
Rome (Italy), 272
Romsdals Fjord (Norway), 407
Ron Point (Vietnam), 596
Rondador Island, 124
Rondane Mountains (Norway), 405
Ronde Island (Grenada), 217
Rongelap Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Ronne Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 20, 21
Roosevelt Island (Antarctica), 20
Ropar (India), 245
Rosalie River (Dominica), 158
Rosario Island (Colombia), 125
Rose Island (United States), 578
Roseau River (Dominica), 157
Roseau River (Saint Lucia), 462
Rosetta Channel (Egypt), 169
Ross, James C., 20
Ross Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 20, 21
Ross Island (Antarctica), 19, 20
Ross Sea (Antarctica), 20, 21
Rostov-na-Donu (Russia), 455
Rothaar Hills (Germany), 203
Roti Island (Indonesia), 252
Rotuma Island (Fiji), 185
Round Island. See Île Ronde (Mauritania)
Roxa (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Royale Island (French Guiana), 195
RS. See Srpska
Ruacana Falls (Namibia), 379
Ruahine Range (New Zealand), 391
Ruapehu (New Zealand), 391
Rub’ al-Khali
Oman, 410
Qatar, 447
Yemen, 599, 601
Rubber. See Natural resources
Rufiji Delta (Tanzania), 533
Rufiji River (Tanzania), 531–532
Rügen Island (Germany), 205
Index
S
Saale River (Germany), 204
Saar basin (Germany), 206
Saaremaa Island (Estonia), 179
Saba (Netherlands Antilles), 390
Sabah (Malaysia), 333–336
Sabaragamuwa Ridges (Sri Lanka), 502, 505
Sabi River. See Save River
Sabinio (DROC), 130
Sabiria (East Timor), 162
Sabka. See Salt marshes (Saudi Arabia)
Sabkhat Mattj Salt Flats (Saudi Arabia), 475
Sacramento Mountains (United States), 573
Sacramento River (United States), 576, 578–
579
Sacred mountain peaks, 117
The Sacred Valley. See El Valle Sagrado (Peru)
Sado Island (Japan), 279
Safed Koh Range (Pakistan), 412
Safjd River (Iran), 256
Sagara Swamp (Tanzania), 531
Sagarmatha. See Mount Everest
“Sahara Air.” See Foehn (Switzerland)
Sahara Desert
Algeria, 8, 10
Egypt, 167, 170
Libya, 317–318
Mali, 339, 341, 342
Mauritania, 349
Morocco, 369
Niger, 400
Sudan, 509
Tunisia, 543–545
Saharan Atlas Mountains (Algeria), 8, 10
Sahel, 339, 341, 398, 400, 545
Saigon River (Vietnam), 595
Saimaa Canal (Finland), 186
St. Agnes (United Kingdom), 568
St. Ana Lake (Romania), 448
St. Andrew (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
St. Andrews Island. See James Island (Gambia)
Saint Ann (Jamaica), 274
St. Brandon Group. See Cargados Carajos
Shoals (Mauritius)
Saint Croix. See St. Croix (Virgin Islands)
St. Croix (Virgin Islands), 598
St. David Island (Bermuda), 60
Saint Elizabeth (Jamaica), 274, 275
St. Eustatius (Netherlands Antilles), 390
St. George Island (Bermuda), 60
St. George Valley (Barbados), 48
St. George’s Channel (United Kingdom), 263,
569
St. Giles Island (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
St. Helena Bay (South Africa), 496
Saint Helena (United Kingdom), 568
Saint John. See St. John (Virgin Islands)
St. John River (Liberia), 314
St. John (saint), 213
St. John (Virgin Islands), 598
Saint Joseph (Martinique), 347
Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460–462, 461, 462t
St. Lawrence Island (United States), 577
St. Lawrence River, 98, 575–576
St. Lawrence Valley (United States), 571
Saint Lucia, 462–464, 463, 463t
St. Lucia Channel (Martinique), 346
St. Lucia Estuary (South Africa), 496
Saint Lucia Lake (South Africa), 495–496
St. Magnus Bay (United Kingdom), 568
St. Maria (Switzerland), 519
Saint Martin, 218, 390
St. Martin’s (United Kingdom), 568
St. Mary’s (United Kingdom), 568
St. Paul Island (France), 192
St. Paul River (Liberia), 314
St. Peter’s Basilica (Vatican City), 588
St. Peter’s Square (Vatican City), 588
St. Petersburg (Russia), 455, 456
St. Pierre and Miquelon (France), 192
St. Thomas (Virgin Islands), 598
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464–466,
465, 465t
Saint Vincent Island, 464–465
Saint-Barthélemy (Guadeloupe), 218
Saint-Joseph Island (French Guiana), 195
Saint-Louis (Senegal), 477
Saint-Malo Gulf (France), 192
St.-Nazaire (France), 192
Saint-Pierre (Martinique), 347
Sajid Island (Saudi Arabia), 473
Sakhalin (Russia), 455
Sakhalin Island (Russia), 453
Sal (Cape Verde), 102
Sala y Gómez (Chile), 113
Salado River (Argentina), 26
Salamuma Beach (Samoa), 467
Saldanha Bay (South Africa), 496
Salelologa (Samoa), 467
Salentina Peninsula (Italy), 272
Salinas. See Salt lakes
Salinas Chicas (Argentina), 26
Salinas River (Guatemala), 221
Saline Island (Grenada), 217
Saloum River (Senegal), 476
Salpausselkä ridge (Finland), 187, 188
Salso River (Italy), 271
Salt, as a natural resource
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Morocco, 370
Salt Cay Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),
552–553
Salt lakes
Algeria, 9
Argentina, 25
Australia, 33
China, 117–118
Djibouti, 156
Egypt, 169
Iran, 255, 258
Kazakhstan, 286
Madagascar, 329
Malawi, 332
Mauritania, 348
Mongolia, 364–365
Romania, 449
Tajikistan, 528
Tunisia, 544–545
Salt marshes (Saudi Arabia), 473
Salt Mountain (Dominican Republic), 161
Salt Range (Pakistan), 412
Salton Sea (United States), 576
Salvador (Brazil), 76
SalvNatura (El Salvador), 173–174
Salween River, 119, 375–376
Salzach River (Austria), 37
Salzkammergut region (Austria), 37
Safid mountains (Afghanistan), 2–3
Salang Pass (Afghanistan), 2
Samaná Peninsula (Dominican Republic), 160
Samar (The Philippines), 433, 434–435
Samar Sea (The Philippines), 434
Samara (Russia), 454
Samaria (West Bank), 266, 267
Samborombón Bay (Argentina), 26
Sambre River (Belgium), 53
Sambrini Peak (DROC), 130
Sambur Lake (India), 245
Samina River, 319
Samoa, 466–468, 467, 468t
Samoan Archipelago (United States), 578
Sámos (Greece), 212
Samosir Island (Indonesia), 250
Samothrace (Greece), 212
Samothráki. See Samothrace (Greece)
Samur River (Azerbaijan), 40
Samur-Abperon Canal (Azerbaijan), 40
San Ambrosio (Chile), 113
San Andreas fault (United States), 574
San Andrés Island (Colombia), 124
San Andrés y Providencia Intendency
(Colombia), 124
San Bernadino Strait, 434
San Bernardino Mountains (United States),
574
San Bernardo Island (Colombia), 125
San Blas Archipelago (Panama), 419
San Carlos Plains (Costa Rica), 137
San Cristobal Island (Solomon Islands), 489
San Cristóbal Island (Galápagos), 165
San Felix (Chile), 113
San Fernando Island (Nicaragua), 396
San Francisco Bay (United States), 578
San Gabriel Mountains (United States), 574
San Jerónimo Mountains (Colombia), 122
San Joaquin River (United States), 579
691
Index
Ruhnu Island (Estonia), 180
Ruki River (DROC), 131
Rumpungu River (Burundi), 88
Rungwe Mountain (Tanzania), 531
Rupununi region (Guyana), 227, 229
Rupununi River (Guyana), 228
Rural population. See Urban/rural population
Rusizi River (Burundi), 88
Russell Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Russia, 451–458, 452, 457t
Ruvironza River (Burundi), 88
Ruvubu River (Burundi), 88
Ruvuma River (Tanzania), 531
Ruwenzori Mountains (DROC), 130
Ruwenzori Mountains (Uganda), 556
Ruzizi River (Rwanda), 459
Rwanda, 458–460, 459
Rydal Lake (England), 566
Ryukyu archipelago (Japan), 276, 279, 280
Index
San Juan (Puerto Rico), 445
San Juan Bay (Puerto Rico), 445
San Juan Mountains (United States), 573
San Juan River (Argentina), 26
San Juan River (Colombia), 124
San Juan River (Costa Rica), 137
San Juan River (United States), 576
San Lucas Mountains (Colombia), 122
San Marino, 269, 468–470, 469, 469t
San Marino River (San Marino), 469
San Matías Gulf (Argentina), 26
San Pedro River (Cuba), 146
San Pedro River (Guatemala), 221
San Salvador (The Bahamas), 42
San Salvador (El Salvador), 171
San Salvador Island (Galápagos), 165
San San-Pond Sak (Panama), 418
San Simón Mountains (Bolivia), 66
San Valentín (Chile), 112
Sana River (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69
Sanaa (Yemen), 599
Sanaga River (Cameroon), 94
Sand dunes
Angola, 15
Gambia, 198
Mauritania, 349
Mongolia, 366–367
Mozambique, 373
Namibia, 380
Oman, 410
Pakistan, 414
Portugal, 443
Qatar, 446, 447
See also Ergs
Sandbars
Germany, 205
Ghana, 209
Guyana, 228
Madagascar, 329
Sando Island (Denmark), 154
Sandstorms
Iran, 258
Liberia, 315
Sandwich Harbor (Namibia), 379
Sandwjp (Bangladesh), 47
Sandy Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Sandy Bay Beach (South Africa), 496
Sandy Island (Grenada), 217
Sandy Point Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Sangha River (Cameroon), 94
Sangre de Cristo Range (United States), 573
“San’in” (Japan), 279
Sankore Mosque (Mali), 341
Sankosh River (Bhutan), 63
Santa Barbara Islands (United States), 577
Santa Carolina Island (Mozambique), 373
Santa Catalina Canyon (Venezuela), 591
Santa Catalina Island, 124
Santa Catarina Island (Brazil), 76
Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos), 165
Santa Cruz Islands (Solomon Islands), 489
Santa Cruz River (Argentina), 26
Santa Isabel (Equatorial Guinea), 175
Santa Isabel Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Santa Luzia (Cape Verde), 102
692
Santa Maria (Peru), 430
Santa Maria (Portugal), 442
Santa Maria Bay (Malta), 343
Santa María Island (Galápagos), 165
Santa Maria River (Panama), 418
Santiago (Chile), 114
Santiago River (Ecuador), 165
Santo Antão (Cape Verde), 102
Santo António (São Tomé and Príncipe), 471
Santos (Brazil), 76
“San’yo” (Japan), 279
Sao Din Canyon (Thailand), 534
São Francisco River (Brazil), 74–75
São Jorge (Portugal), 442
São Luis Island (Brazil), 76
São Marcos Bay, 76
São Miguel (Portugal), 442
São Nicolau (Cape Verde), 102
São Paulo (Brazil), 76, 78
São Sebastião Island (Brazil), 76
São Tiago (Cape Verde), 102
São Tomé and Príncipe, 470, 470t, 470–471,
São Tomé Island, 470–471
São Tomé Peak. See Pico de São Tomé (São
Tomé and Príncipe)
São Vicente (Cape Verde), 102
Saona Island (Dominican Republic), 160
Saône River (France), 191
Sapadna Morava River (Yugoslavia), 604
Sapo Mountains (Panama), 417
Sapt Kosi River (Nepal), 385
Sar Mountains, 602
Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69–70
Sarakana River (Vanuatu), 587
Saramacca River (Suriname), 511
Saramati, 244, 375
Sarangani Bay (The Philippines), 435
Sarawak (Malaysia), 333–335
Sarawak Chamber (Malaysia), 334
Sarawat Range (Papua New Guinea), 420
Sardinia (Italy), 269, 271, 272
Sarera Gulf (Indonesia), 252
Sarine River (Switzerland), 519
Sarstún River (Guatemala), 221
Saskatchewan plain (Canada), 100
Saskatchewan River (Canada), 98
Sassandra River (Côte d’Ivoire), 139
Satpura Range (India), 244
Saudi Arabia, 471–475, 473, 474t
Saumatre Lagood. See Lake Saumâtre (Haiti)
Sava River, 143, 488, 604
Sava River valleys (Bosnia and Herzegovina),
69
Savai’i Island (Samoa), 466–468
Savanna Woodland (Côte d’Ivoire), 141
Savannah River (United States), 576
Savannas
Burundi, 88
Cameroon, 94
Gambia, 198–199
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 222
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Guyana, 227–229
Honduras, 233
India, 247
Kenya, 291
Madagascar, 329
Mauritania, 348
Mexico, 356
Mozambique, 372
Namibia, 377, 380
Nicaragua, 395
Niger, 400
Nigeria, 403–404
Panama, 419
Senegal, 477
Sudan, 506, 509
Suriname, 510–511
See also Grasslands
Save River, 372, 609
Savinja River (Slovenia), 488
Savo Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Savu Island (Indonesia), 252
Savu Sea (Indonesia), 252
Sawakin (Sudan), 508
Sayan Mountains (Russia), 453
Scafell Pike (England), 566
Scania. See Skåne (Sweden)
Scarborough (Trinidad and Tobago), 542
Šar Planina (Macedonia), 325
Nawqurah Bay (Oman), 410
Šešuph River (Lithuania), 320
Šumava Mountains (Czech Republic), 151
Scarplands, in Germany, 204
Schaan (Liechtenstein), 319
Schaffhausen (Switzerland), 518
Schelde River, 53, 388
Scheldt River. See Schelde River
Schiermonnikoog Island (The Netherlands),
388
Schleswig-Holstein coast (Germany), 205
Schlossberg caves (Germany), 204
Schwarz Mountains (Namibia), 378
Scotland (United Kingdom), 564, 566–569
Scrub Island (Anguilla), 16
Scylla and Charybdis (Odyssey), 269
Sea cliffs
Ireland, 263
Monaco, 362
See also Cliffs
Sea ice. See Glaciers
Sea Islands (United States), 578
Sea of Azov (Russia), 455
Sea of Cortez. See Gulf of California
Sea of Galilee (Israel), 267
Sea of Hebrides (United Kingdom), 567
Sea of Japan, 278, 298, 455
Sea of Marmara (Turkey), 546–549
Sea of Okhotsk, 278, 453, 455
Seals
Antarctica, 20
Argentina, 26
McDonald Islands, 34
Namibia, 380
Southern elephant, 26
Seas. See Oceans and seas
Seattle (United States), 578
Index
Shabeelle River, 182
Shackleton Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 21
Shadegan wetland (Iran), 257
Shahbazpur (Bangladesh), 47
Shamal. See Windstorms
Shan Plateau (Myanmar), 375, 376
Shandong Peninsula (China), 119
Shandur-Hundrup National Park (Pakistan),
414
Shangani River Valley (Zimbabwe), 611
Shannon River (Ireland), 263
Sharjah (United Arab Emirates), 563
Shark Bay (Australia), 34
Sharqiya (Oman), 410
Shatt al Arab (Iraq), 260–261
Shatts. See Salt lakes
Shebshi Mountains (Nigeria), 402
Sherbro Island (Sierra Leone), 481
Sherbro River (Sierra Leone), 481
Sherbro Strait (Sierra Leone), 481
Shetland Islands (United Kingdom), 566–568
Shey-Phoksumdo National Park (Nepal), 384
Shiga Highlands (Japan), 277
Shikoku (Japan), 276–280
Shikotan Island (Japan), 276
Shilka River (Russia), 454
Shinano River (Japan), 278
Shinjiko Lake (Japan), 278
Shipping
Egypt, 170
Panama, 420
Russia, 455
Shipwrecks, 113
Kiribati, 293
Meduse, 347
Rhone, 79
Skeleton Coast, 380
S.S. Bianca C, 217
Shiragami (Japan), 279
Shire Highlands, 331, 332, 370
Shire Plateau. See Shire Highlands
Shire River (Malawi), 331, 332
Shiroito Plateau (Japan), 278
Shishkhed River (Mongolia), 365
Shkumbin River (Albania), 6
Shortland Islands (Solomon Islands), 489–490
Siachen Glacier (India), 242
Sianok Canyon (Indonesia), 250
Siberia (Russia), 451–457
Sibun River (Belize), 56
Sibuyan Sea, 434
Sicilian Channel (Italy), 272
Sicily (Italy), 269, 270–272
Sico River (Honduras), 233
Sicre River (Honduras), 233
Sidipan Island, 335
Sierra da Estrela (Portugal), 440, 441
Sierra de Bahoruco (Dominican Republic),
159, 230
Sierra de Cayey (Puerto Rico), 444
Sierra de Chama (Guatemala), 220
Sierra de Chuacús (Guatemala), 220
Sierra de las Minas (Guatemala), 220
Sierra de la Ventana (Argentina), 25
Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, 220
Sierra de los Organos (Cuba), 145–146
Sierra de Luquillo (Puerto Rico), 444, 445
Sierra de Martin Garcfa (Dominican
Republic), 159
Sierra de Neiba (Dominican Republic), 159,
230
Sierra de Nicaro (Cuba), 145
Sierra de Nipe (Cuba), 145
Sierra de San Joaquin (Paraguay), 424
Sierra de San Luis (Venezuela), 591
Sierra de Sancti Spíritus (Cuba), 145
Sierra de Santa Cruz (Guatemala), 220
Sierra de Trinidad (Cuba), 145
Sierra del Cristal (Cuba), 145
Sierra del Rosario (Cuba), 145–146
Sierra del Tandil (Argentina), 25
Sierra Highlands (Ecuador), 164–166
Sierra Leone, 480–482, 481, 482t
Sierra Leone Peninsula (Sierra Leone), 480–
482
Sierra Leone River (Sierra Leone), 481
Sierra Lihuel-Calel (Argentina), 25
Sierra Madre (The Philippines), 433, 436
Sierra Madre de Chiapas (Mexico), 354
Sierra Madre del Sur (Mexico), 353, 355
Sierra Madre Occidental (Mexico), 353, 354,
356
Sierra Madre Oriental (Mexico), 353
Sierra Madre range (El Salvador), 172
Sierra Madres, 220
Sierra Maestra (Cuba), 145
Sierra Maigualida (Venezuela), 591
Sierra Nevada de Cocuy (Colombia), 122
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia), 123,
124
Sierra Nevada Mountains (Spain), 500–501
Sierra Nevada Mountains (United States), 574
Sierra Parima Mountains (Venezuela), 590
Sierra San Pedro Mountains (Mexico), 354
Sierra Volcanica Transversal. See Cordillera
Neovolcanica (Mexico)
Sigatoka River (Fiji), 184
Signal de Bortrange. See Mt. Botrange
(Belgium)
Sihanoukville. See Kompong Som (Cambodia)
Sikhote-Alin’ Mountains (Russia), 453
Sikkim (India), 244
Silhoutte Island (Seychelles), 479
Sim Gang glacier (Pakistan), 413
Sjrrj (Iran), 257
Simbo Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Simeto River (Italy), 271
Similian Islands (Thailand), 535
Simpson Desert (Australia), 35
Sinafir Island (Saudi Arabia), 473
Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), 167, 169
Sind (Pakistan), 413
Siné River (Senegal), 476
Singapore, 482–484, 483, 484t
Singapore Island (Singapore), 483
Singapore River (Singapore), 483
Singitic Gulf (Greece), 213
Singkarak (Indonesia), 250
Sinharaja (Sri Lanka), 504
Sinn River (Syria), 523
Sinnamary River (French Guiana), 195
Sint Maarten. See Saint Martin
Sió River (Hungary), 236
693
Index
Sebastián Vizcaíno (Mexico), 355
Sébé River (Gabon), 196
Sebei District (Uganda), 556
Sebou River (Morocco), 369
Sechura Bay. See Bahía de Sechura (Peru)
Sechura Desert (Peru), 431
Sécure River (Bolivia), 66
Sedeten Mountains. See Sudety Mountains
Seenu (Maldives), 338
Sefidrood River (Iran), 256
Segovia Highlands (Venezuela), 591
Seiland (Norway), 405
Seine River (France), 191
Selenge River (Mongolia), 365
Seletar River (Singapore), 483
Sélibaby (Mauritania), 348
Selkirk, Alexander, 113
Selondi Range (Zimbabwe), 609
Selvagens islet (Portugal), 442
Selwyn Range (Canada), 97
Seman River (Albania), 6
Semmering Pass (Austria), 36
Semois River (Belgium), 53
Sendai Plain (Japan), 280
Senegal, 198, 475–478, 477, 477t
Senegal River, 339, 341, 348, 476
Senja (Norway), 406
Senqunyane River (Lesotho), 312
Sentarium (Indonesia), 251
Seoul (Korea, Republic of), 299
Sepik River (Papua New Guinea), 421–422
Serakhis River (Cyprus), 149
Serangoon River (Singapore), 483
Serbia (Yugoslavia), 602–605
Serekunda (Gambia), 199
Serena (Chile), 114
Serengeti Plain, 530
Seretar Reservoir (Singapore), 483
Seria (Brunei), 81
Serpents Island. See Île aux Serpents
(Mauritania)
Serra da Mantiqueira (Brazil), 74
Serra de Monchique (Portugal), 441
Serra do Espinhaço (Brazil), 74
Serra do Mar (Brazil), 74
Serra Geral (Brazil), 74
Serrana Island (Colombia), 124
Serranía de Baudó, 122
Serranilla Island, 124–125
Serre-Ponçon (France), 191
Serrianía de Tabasará (Panama), 417
Sese Archipelage (Uganda), 558
Setúbal Bay (Portugal), 442
Seven Hills (Germany), 203
Seven-Mile Beach (Cayman Islands), 104
Severn River (Canada), 98
Severn River (United Kingdom), 566
Severnaya Zemlya (Russia), 456
Sevier Lake (United States), 575
Sevilla. See Seville (Spain)
Seville (Spain), 500
Sewa River (Sierra Leone), 481
Seward Peninsula (United States), 573, 578
Seychelles, 478–480, 479, 480t
Seyhan River (Turkey), 548
Sezar River Gorges (Iran), 255
Shabeele River, 491
Index
Sioma Falls. See Ngonye Falls (Zambia)
Sipadan, 248
Sipaliwini River (Suriname), 511
Siple Island (Antarctica), 20
Sira River (Norway), 405
Sirba River (Burkina Faso), 85
Sirdaryo-Syr River. See Syr Darya River
Siret River (Romania), 449
Sirikit Reservoir (Thailand), 534
Sirwa (Morocco), 369
Sisangan National Park (Iran), 258
Sistema Ibérico. See Iberian Cordillera
Mountains (Spain)
Sistema Penibético. See Baetic Cordillera
Mountains (Spain)
Sitrah (Bahrain), 43–44
Sittang River (Myanmar), 374–376
Sittoung River. See Sittang River (Myanmar)
Sivash Lagoon (Ukraine), 561
Siwa Oasis (Egypt), 170
Siwalik Hills, 62, 383, 384
Sjælland Island (Denmark), 154
Skadar. See Lake Scutari
Skadarsko Jezero (Lake Scutari), 6
Skaga Fjord (Iceland), 241
Skagerrak, 154, 405, 515, 516
Skåne (Sweden), 514–517
Skeleton Coast (Namibia), 380
Skellefte River (Sweden), 515, 517
Skellefteå (Sweden), 516
Skelton Glacier (Antarctica), 19
Skjaergard (Norway), 405–406
Skjaldbreidhur (Iceland), 239
Skjálfanda River (Iceland), 240
Skjern River (Denmark), 154
Skocjan Cave (Slovenia), 488
Skógafoss (Iceland), 240
Skopje (Macedonia), 325, 326
Skorpios (Greece), 212
Skye (United Kingdom), 566, 568
Slaettaratindur (Faeroe Islands), 154
Slash-and-burn agriculture, in Gambia, 199
Slave trade, Cape Verde, 102
Sliema (Malta), 343
Slieve Donard (Northern Ireland), 566
Slieve Mish Mountains (Ireland), 262
Slieve Mishkish Mountains (Ireland), 262
Slochteren reserve (The Netherlands), 389
Slovak Ore Mountains (Slovakia), 485
Slovak Republic. See Slovakia
Slovakia, 484–486, 486t
Slovenia, 486–489, 487, 488t
Slovenské Rudohrie. See Slovak Ore Mountains
(Slovakia)
Småland (Sweden), 514–515, 517
Small Lake. See Petit Lac (Switzerland)
Smallwood Reservoir (Canada), 98
Smith Sound (Canada), 99
“The Smoke That Thunders.” See Victoria Falls
Snake River (United States), 574–576
Snake River Plain (United States), 574–575
Snares Islands (New Zealand), 393
Sneek Lake (The Netherlands), 388
Snohetta (Norway), 405
Snow Lake (Pakistan), 413
Sobaek Mountain Range (Korea, Republic of),
297, 298
694
Sobradinho Reservoir (Brazil), 75
Sŏmjin River (Korea, Republic of), 298
The Society Islands (France), 193
Socotra Island (Yemen), 600–601
Sodwana Bay (South Africa), 496
Sofala Bay (Mozambique), 373
Sogeri Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 421
Sognafjorden. See Sogne Fjord (Norway)
Sogne Fjord (Norway), 407
Soil erosion
Belize, 56
East Frisian Islands, 205
Ethiopia, 182
India, 248
Indonesia, 250, 253
Iran, 258
Micronesia, 359
Moldova, 361
Pakistan, 414
Sokoto River (Nigeria), 403
Sola (Vanuatu), 587
Solar energy
India, 248
Indonesia, 254
Iran, 258
Mongolia, 367
Nepal, 386
Pakistan, 414
Somalia, 494
Solar radiation, Antarctica, 21
Solimões River (Brazil), 74
Solomon Islands, 422, 423, 489, 489–490, 490t
Solomon Sea, 422, 489
Solor River (Indonesia), 251
Solway Firth (Scotland), 569
Smya Strait, 279
Somali Plateau (Ethiopia), 181–182, 183
Somalia, 490–494, 492
Sombrero Island (Anguilla), 16
Somerset Island (Bermuda), 60
Somep River (Romania), 449
Somme River (France), 192
Somosomo Straits (Fiji), 185
Somuncurá Plateau (Argentina), 25
Song-Kul (Kyrgyzstan), 303
Song Lo River (Vietnam), 595
Song Shan (China), 117
Songea (Tanzania), 531
Sonmiani Bay (Pakistan), 413
Sonoran Desert, 356, 574, 579
Sonsorol Island (Palau), 416
Sophala (Mozambique), 372
Sorlandet. See South Country (Norway)
Sorraia River (Portugal), 442
Sorsogon Peninsula (The Philippines), 435
Sotavento (Cape Verde), 102
Soufrière (Guadeloupe), 218
Soufrière (Saint Lucia), 462
Soufrière (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines),
464
Soufrière Bay (Saint Lucia), 462
Soun-kyo Gorge (Japan), 278
Sourou River (Burkina Faso), 84–85
South Africa, 313, 494–498, 495, 497–498,
497t
South American Tectonic Plate
Bolivia, 65
Brazil, 73
Chile, 112
Colombia, 122
Ecuador, 164
French Guiana, 194
Guyana, 227
Panama, 417
Paraguay, 424
Peru, 428
Suriname, 510
South Australia, 33
South Caicos Island (Turks and Caicos
Islands), 552–553, 553
South Country (Norway), 405
South Downs (England), 566
South Friar’s Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
South Georgia Island (United Kingdom), 21,
568
South Hatia (Bangladesh), 47
South Island (New Zealand), 391–394
South Korea. See Korea, Republic of
South Limburg Plateau (The Netherlands), 388
South Malé Atoll (Maldives), 338
South Malosmadulu Atoll (Maldives), 338
South Negril Point (Jamaica), 274
South Orkney Islands (Antarctica), 21
South Ossetia (Georgia), 200
South Point (Barbados), 49
South Pole (Antarctica), 17, 19
South Sandwich Island (United Kingdom), 568
South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom), 21
South Saskatchewan River (Canada), 98
South Shetland Islands (Antarctica), 20
South Taranaki Bight (New Zealand), 393
South Uist (United Kingdom), 568
Southampton (United Kingdom), 570
Southern Alps (New Zealand), 391
Southern and Antarctic Lands (France), 192
Southern Bug River, 560–561
Southern elephant seals, 26
Southern Hills. See Siwalik Hills
Southern Karroo. See Little Karroo Plateau
(South Africa)
Southern Range (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Southern Rockies (United States), 573
Southern Sporades Islands (Greece), 213
Southern uplands (DROC), 129
Southern Uplands (Scotland), 564, 566–567
Southwest Cape (New Zealand), 393
Southwestern Plateau (Afghanistan), 1, 3
Soviet Union, 453
Sowa River (Sierra Leone), 481
Spain, 368, 498–502, 499, 499t
Spanish Sahara. See Western Sahara
Spencer Gulf (Australia), 34
Sperkhiós River (Greece), 212
Spice Islands. See Maluku Islands (Indonesia)
Spitzbergen archipelago (Norway), 406
Spratly Islands, 80, 119, 334, 335, 432, 595–596
Sredinnyy Range (Russia), 453
Sredna Gora. See Sredna Mountains (Bulgaria)
Sredna Mountains (Bulgaria), 82
Sri Lanka, 502–505, 503, 503t
Srinakarin Reservoir (Thailand), 534
Srpska (RS), 69–70
Index
Sultanate of Brunei. See Brunei
Sulu Archipelago (The Philippines), 435
Sulu Sea, 335, 434
Sumatra (Indonesia), 248–252
Sumba (Indonesia), 248, 252
Sumbawa (Indonesia), 248, 252
Sumpul River (Honduras), 233
Sun Coast. See Costa del Sol (Spain)
Sun Kosi River (Nepal), 385
Sun Moon Lake (Taiwan), 525
Sunda Islands (Indonesia), 252
Sunda Strait (Indonesia), 251
Sundarbans, 46, 47, 245
Sundukli Desert (Turkmenistan), 551
Sunless winter, Finland, 188
Sunlight
Antarctica, 21
Finland, 188
Sunrise Group. See Ratak Group (Marshall
Islands)
Sunset Group. See Ralik Group (Marshall
Islands)
Superior Upland (United States), 573
Suram Mountains (Georgia), 200, 201
Sûre River, 323
Surfers Paradise (Australia), 34
Surigao Peninsula (The Philippines), 435
Surigao Strait (The Philippines), 434
Suriname, 510–512, 511, 512t
Suriname River (Suriname), 510–511
Surkohb. See Vakhsh River (Tajikistan)
Surma River (Bangladesh), 46
Surma River Plain. See Sylhet Plain
(Bangladesh)
Surtsey Island (Iceland), 241
Sutjeska National Park (Bosnia and
Herzegovina), 70
Sutlej River, 244, 413
Suur Munamägi (Estonia), 179
Suwa Canyon (Japan), 278
Svalbard archipelago (Norway), 406–407
Svealand (Sweden), 514–517
Swabian Alb (Germany), 204
Swain’s Island (United States), 578
Swakop River (Namibia), 379
Swamps. See Wetlands
Swan Islands. See Cajone Cays (Honduras)
The Swarms of San Jacinto. See Hervideros de
San Jacinto (Nicaragua)
Swat Hills (Pakistan), 412
Swaziland, 512–514, 513, 513t
Sweden, 514–517, 515, 516t
Switzerland, 517–521, 518, 520t
Sydero Island (Denmark), 154
Sydney (Australia), 35
Sylhet District (Bangladesh), 45
Sylhet Plain (Bangladesh), 45
Syr Darya River, 286, 303, 528, 583–586
Syria, 266, 521–524, 522, 522t
Syrian Desert, 259, 261, 283, 523
Szczecin (Poland), 438
T
Taatsiin Tsagaan Lake (Mongolia), 365
Tabasco (Mexico), 356
Tablas (The Philippines), 433
Table Mountains (South Africa), 494
Tabuaeran Island (Kiribati), 292, 293
Tabubil Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 421
Tacana (Guatemala), 220
Tachira (Venezuela), 591
Tacitus, 439
T’aebaek Range (DPRK), 295, 297
Taedong Bay (DPRK), 296
Tafara River (East Timor), 163
Tagimaucia River (Fiji), 184
Tagus River, 440, 442, 500
Tahiti (France), 193
Tahtali Mountains (Turkey), 546
Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), 141
Tai Shan (China), 117
T’ai-tung (Taiwan), 525
Taibai Shan (China), 116–117
Taieri River (New Zealand), 393
Taiga, in Russia, 456–457
Taipei (Taiwan), 525
Taita Hills (Kenya), 290
Taiwan, 115, 119, 524–526, 525, 525t
Taiwan Strait, 119
Ta’izz (Yemen), 599–600
Tajikistan, 526–529, 527, 529t
Tajumulco (Guatemala), 220
Takachiho Gorge (Japan), 278
Takachihokyo Plateau (Japan), 277
Takhu La (Nepal), 384
Taklimakan Desert (China), 120, 121
Talak (Niger), 400
Talish Mountains (Azerbaijan), 40
Talkeetna Mountains (United States), 574
Tapi River (India), 245
Tamaki Isthmus (New Zealand), 393
Tamarin Falls (Mauritius), 351
Tamaulipas (Mexico), 355
Tamil Nadu (India), 244
Tampa Bay (United States), 578
Tamur River (Nepal), 385
Tana Fjord (Norway), 407
Tana Plains (Kenya), 291
Tana River (Kenya), 290, 291
Tana River (Norway), 405
Tanah Karo (Indonesia), 250
Tanana River (United States), 576
Tanen Range (Thailand), 533
Tanezrouft (Mali), 342
Tanga (Tanzania), 530
Tanggula Mountains (China), 116
Tangshan (China), 115
Tanimbar Islands (Indonesia), 252
Tanna Island (Vanuatu), 587
Tannis Bay (Denmark), 154
Tano River (Finland). See Tenu River (Finland)
Tano River (Ghana), 208
Tanshui River (Taiwan), 525–526
Tanzania, 529–533, 530, 532t
Taoism, sacred mountain peaks, 117
Taor canyon (Macedonia), 325
Taormina (Italy), 272
Taoudenni (Mali), 342
Tapajós River (Brazil), 74
Tapanahoni River (Suriname), 511
Tapón del Chocó (Colombia), 124
Tara Canyon, 69, 602
Tara River (Yugoslavia), 602
695
Index
S.S. Bianca C wreck, 217
St. See Saint
Stanley Falls. See Boyoma Falls (DROC)
Stanley Pool. See Pool Malebo (DROC)
Stanovoy Mountains (Russia), 453
Star Mountains (Papua New Guinea), 420
Stara Planina. See Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria)
Starbuck Island (Kiribati), 292, 293
Starnberger See (Germany), 204
State Barrier Fence (Australia), 33
Statia. See St. Eustatius (Netherlands Antilles)
Steel industry, in Australia, 35
Steppes
Hungary, 238
Kazakhstan, 287
Mongolia, 366
Niger, 400
Russia, 456
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 466
Stevn Cliff (Denmark), 154
Stewart Island (New Zealand), 393
Stockholm (Sweden), 515
Stoker, Bram, 449
Stokks Point (Iceland), 241
Stony Tunguska (Russia), 454
Storå River (Denmark), 154
Store Strait (Denmark), 154
Strait of Dover (United Kingdom), 567, 569
Strait of Georgia (Canada), 99
Strait of Gibraltar, 367, 369
Strait of Hormuz, 257, 409, 411, 563
Strait of Johore, 335
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 578
Strait of Jsbal, 169
Strait of Magellan, 26
Strait of Malacca, 251, 333, 335
Strait of Mandeb, 156, 157
Strait of Messina, 269, 271
Strait of Otranto, 6, 271, 272
Straits of Florida, 41
Strangford Lough (Northern Ireland), 566, 569
Straus, Johann, 36
Strickland River (Papua New Guinea), 422
Stromboli (Italy), 269, 272
Stromp Island (Denmark), 154
Struma River, 83, 212
Strumica River (Macedonia), 326
Sub-Apennines. See Anti-Apennines (Italy)
Subantarctic Zone, 24
Subcarpathians (Romania), 449, 451
Submarine earthquakes
Iceland, 241
Subsistence agriculture. See Agriculture
Sudan, 505–510, 506, 509t
Sudd (Sudan), 508
Sudety Mountains, 150, 437
Suez Canal, 169
Sugarcane
Barbados, 49
Cuba, 148
Mauritius, 352
Suir River (Ireland), 263
Sula Islands (Indonesia), 252
Sulaiman Range (Pakistan), 412
Sulawesi (Indonesia), 248–252
Sulawesi Sea, 251, 335, 434
Index
Tarai Plain (Nepal), 383, 385, 386
Tararua Range (New Zealand), 391
Tarawa (Kiribati), 294
Tarbela Dam (Pakistan), 413
Tarim Basin (China), 117, 120
Tarim River (China), 119
Tarn River (France), 191
Tarum River (Indonesia), 251
Tasek Merimbun (Brunei), 80
Tashkent (Uzbekistan), 584, 586
Tasht Lake (Iran), 256
Tasik Bera (Malaysia), 335
Tasman Bay (New Zealand), 393
Tasman glacier (New Zealand), 391
Tasmania (Australia), 31–35
Tatamailau (East Timor), 162
Tatar Strait (Russia), 455
Tatra Mountains (Poland), 437
Tatra National Park (Slovakia), 485
Tatry Mountains. See Tatra Mountains
(Poland)
Tatun Shan (Taiwan), 525
Tau Island (United States), 578
Taunsa Barrage (Pakistan), 413
Taunus Mountains (Germany), 203
Taurus Mountains (Turkey), 546, 549
Taveuni Island (Fiji), 185
Tawi-Tawi (The Philippines), 435
Tawkar Delta (Sudan), 508
Tayabas Bay (The Philippines), 435
Taylor Valley (Antarctica), 19
Taymyr Peninsula (Russia), 455
Taza Depression (Morocco), 369
Tbilisi (Georgia), 201
Tchigaï Plateau (Niger), 399
Tebicuary River (Paraguay), 426, 427
Technology, and Israel’s economy, 268
Tees River (United Kingdom), 566
Tegucigalpa (Honduras), 234
Tehran (Iran), 255, 258
Tehulche Indians, 24
Tejo River. See Tagus River
Tekeze River, 177, 182
Tel Aviv-Jaffa (Israel), 268
The Tell (Tunisia), 544–545
Tell Atlas Mountains (Algeria), 8, 10
Tell region (Algeria), 8, 10
Temburong District (Brunei), 80
Temburong River (Brunei), 80
Temengor Reservoir (Malaysia), 335
Temne, Sierra Leone, 482
Temperature. See Climate
Tempurung Cave (Malaysia), 334
Tena Kourou (Burkina Faso), 85
Tenasserim River (Myanmar), 376
Ténéré Desert (Niger), 400
Tenerife Island (Spain), 500
Tengger Mountains (Indonesia), 249
Tennessee (United States), 576
Tenochtitlán (Mexico), 354
Tensift River (Morocco), 369
Tenu River (Finland), 187
Tepes, Vlad, 449
Terai region (India), 246–247
Teraina Island (Kiribati), 292, 293
Teraja Lake (Brunei), 80
Terceira (Portugal), 442
696
Terhiyn Tsagaan Lake (Mongolia), 365
Ternate (Indonesia), 252
Terre de barre, Benin, 58
Territorial disputes
Algeria, 8
Equatorial Guinea, 175, 176
Ethiopia, 181
India, 242
Indonesia, 248
Iran, 254–255, 257
Japan, 276
Malaysia, 333–334, 335
Morocco, 368
Nigeria, 401–402
Norway, 407
Pakistan, 411
Qatar, 447
Russia, 453
Somalia, 491
Syria, 521
Vanuatu, 587
Venezuela, 589
Vietnam, 595–596
Territories. See names of specific countries and
territories
Terschelling Island (The Netherlands), 388
Tesiyn River (Mongolia), 365
Tetovo (Macedonia), 326
Texas (United States), 571
Texel Island (The Netherlands), 388
Textile industry, in Madagascar, 330
Tha River (Laos), 306
Thailand, 533–536, 534, 534t
Thal Desert (Pakistan), 414
Thale Sap Songkla (Thailand), 534, 535
Thames River (England), 566, 569
Thanedar Wala (Pakistan), 413
Thanlwin River. See Salween River
Thar Desert, 246, 247, 414
Thar Desert National Park (India), 247
Thásos (Greece), 212
Thermal resources
Cuba, 146
Iceland, 240
Lake Hazen (Canada), 97
Portugal, 442
Turkey, 547
United States, 575
Thessaloníki (Greece), 213
Thessaly (Greece), 211, 212
Thimphu (Bhutan), 63, 64
Thingvallavatn Lake (Iceland), 240
Thíra (Greece), 213
Thirlmere Lake (England), 566
Thistil Fjord (Iceland), 241
Thiu Khao Phetchabun Range (Thailand), 534
Thjórsá River (Iceland), 240
Thjórsárver (Iceland), 240
Thong Hai Hin. See Plain of Jars (Laos)
Thousand Foot Falls (Belize), 56
Thousand Hills Plateau. See Gunung Sewu
Plateau (Indonesia)
Thrace (Turkey), 546–549
Thracian Plain (Bulgaria), 82, 84
Three Gorges (China), 117
Three Gorges Dam (China), 118
Three Kings Islands (New Zealand), 393
Thunersee (Switzerland), 519
Thüringer Wald (Germany), 206
Thurston Island (Antarctica), 20
Tian Shan, 116, 284, 302, 584
Tianchi Lake (China), 118
Tiber River, 271, 272, 273, 588
Tibesti Massif, 108, 316, 318, 399
Tibet, 62
Tiburón (Mexico), 355
Tiburon Peninsula (Haiti), 229, 231
Ticino (Switzerland), 520
Ticino River, 519
Ticino River Valley (Switzerland), 518
Tidal bores
Bangladesh, 47
Brazil, 74
Tidghine (Morocco), 369
Tiega Plateau (Sudan), 507–508
Tierra del Fuego, 24, 26, 111, 113
“Tiger Leaping” Canyon. See Hutiaojian
Canyon (China)
Tigre River, 165, 430
Tigris River, 259, 260–261, 522, 548
Tihama Desert (Yemen), 601
Tihamah Plain (Saudi Arabia), 472, 474
Tikal National Park (Guatemala), 221
Tikopia Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Tiladummati Atoll (Maldives), 338
Timah Hill (Singapore), 483
Timber
Benin, 59
Bhutan, 64
Brazil, 78
Cameroon, 95
Canada, 101
Colombia, 126
Comoros, 128
Cuba, 148
Ecuador, 167
Estonia, 180
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Grenada, 217
Guinea-Bissau, 227
Latvia, 309
Liberia, 315
Luxembourg, 324
Myanmar, 376
Nepal, 386
New Zealand, 394
Norway, 408
Palau, 416
Paraguay, 427
Peru, 432
Portugal, 443
Russia, 456
Slovenia, 488
Suriname, 512
Swaziland, 513
Index
Tornadoes, in Kiribati, 293
Torne River (Sweden), 515
Torneå River. See Tornio River (Finland)
Torngat Mountains (Canada), 97
Tornio River (Finland), 187
Torojaland (Indonesia), 250
Toros Dağlari. See Taurus Mountains
Torres Islands (Vanuatu), 587
Torres Strait, 33, 422
Torsa Chhu. See Torsa River (Bhutan)
Torsa River (Bhutan), 63
Tortola Island (British Virgin Islands), 79
Tortuga Island (Haiti), 231
Torun Archipelago. See Turku Archipelago
(Finland)
Tosa Bay (Japan), 279
Tosan (Japan), 279
Toulaman River (Dominica), 157
Tourism
Andorra, 12
Anguilla, 16, 17
Antarctica, 21
Aruba, 30–31
The Bahamas, 42
Barbados, 49
Bermuda, 61
Brunei, 81
Cape Verde, 102
Cayman Islands, 104
China, 118
Colombia, 123, 124
Cyprus, 150
Eritrea, 177, 178
Estonia, 179
Fiji, 185
Gambia, 198
Greece, 214
Grenada, 217
Guadeloupe, 219
Ireland, 263, 264–265
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 279
Jordan, 283
Kenya, 292
Maldives, 339
Mali, 340
Martinique, 347
Mauritius, 352
Mexico, 355, 357
Micronesia, 358
Mozambique, 372
Namibia, 381
Nepal, 385, 386
Palau, 415, 416
Paraguay, 427
Romania, 450
Samoa, 466
San Marino, 469
South Africa, 496
Spain, 501–502
Switzerland, 521
Thailand, 535–536
Tonga, 540
Ukraine, 561
Vanuatu, 588
Venezuela, 593
Virgin Islands, 598
Town Hill (Bermuda), 60
Toxic gases, in Cameroon, 94
Tozeur (Tunisia), 545
Trade routes
Bahrain, 43
Cuba, 144
India, 245
Iran, 254
Japan, 276
Mongolia, 364
Oman, 410–411
Panama, 420
Poland, 438
Trans Alai Mountains, 302–303, 527–528
Transantarctic Mountains, 18–19
Transcaucasia
Armenia, 28–29
Azerbaijan, 39–41
Georgia, 200–202
Transdanubia (Hungary), 235, 238
Transmigration, Indonesia, 253–254
Transvaal Basin. See Bushveld (South Africa)
Transverse Ranges (United States), 574
Transverse Volcanic Range. See Cordillera
Neovolcanica (Mexico)
Transylvanian Alps, 448, 449, 602, 604
Transylvanian Basin (Romania), 448
Transylvanian Plateau (Romania), 449, 450
Trarza (Mauritania), 348
Trás-os-Montes (Portugal), 441, 442
Traunsee (Austria), 37
Treaties
Antarctic, 18, 22
Indonesia and Malaysia, 251
Trees. See Forests; Vegetation
Trincomalee (Sri Lanka), 504
Trinidad and Tobago, 540–543, 541, 542t
Trinity Hills (Trinidad and Tobago), 541
Tripoli (Lebanon), 311
Tripoli (Libya), 318
Tripolitania (Libya), 316, 318
Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom), 568
Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea), 422,
423
Trollhätten Falls (Sweden), 515
Trøndelag Depression. See Trondheim
Depression (Norway)
Trondheim Depression (Norway), 405, 408
Trondheim Fjord (Norway), 407
Troodos Mountains (Cyprus), 148, 149
Tropical rainforests
Brazil, 73, 77
Colombia, 126
French Guiana, 195
Guyana, 228
India, 247
Kenya, 291
Malaysia, 336
Myanmar, 376
697
Index
Uganda, 558
United States, 581
See also Forests
Timbué Point (Mozambique), 373
Timbuktu. See Tombouctou (Mali)
Timip River (Romania), 449
Timor Gap (East Timor), 163
Timor Island, 162, 248, 250, 252
Timor Lorosa’e. See East Timor
Timor Sea, 251
Timor Trough, 251
Tinaca Point (The Philippines), 435
Tindore (Indonesia), 252
Tinhosa Grande Islet (São Tomé and Príncipe),
471
Tinhosa Pequena Islet (São Tomé and
Príncipe), 471
Tioman Island (Malaysia), 335
Tiran Island (Saudi Arabia), 473
Tiranë (Albania), 7
Tiris Zemrnour (Mauritania), 349
Tirso River (Italy), 271
Tisza River, 236, 237, 449, 604
Titiwangsa Mountains (Malaysia), 334, 336
Tlemcen range (Algeria), 8
Toamasina (Madagascar), 329
Toba Kakar Range (Pakistan), 412
Tobacco, in Cuba, 148
Tobol River (Kazakhstan), 286
Tobruk (Libya), 316
Tocantins River (Brazil), 74
Tofo (Mozambique), 373
Tofua Island (Tonga), 539
Toghobeit Cave (Morocco), 369
Togo, 536–538, 537
Togo Mountains (Togo), 537–538
Tohoku (Japan), 279
Tokachi Plain (Japan), 279, 280
Tokai (Japan), 279
Tokelau (New Zealand), 391, 394
Tokyo (Japan), 278, 279, 281
Tokyo Bay (Japan), 279
Toltén River (Chile), 113
Tombouctou (Mali), 341
Tomini Gulf (Indonesia), 252
Tonda Wildlife Management Area (Papua New
Guinea), 422
Tone River (Japan), 278
Tonga, 538–540, 539, 539t
Tonga-Kermadec Trench, 466
Tonga Trench, 539
Tongatapu Island (Tonga), 539–540
Tongatapu Island Group (Tonga), 538–539
Tongjin River (Korea, Republic of), 298
Tongjosŏn Bay (DPRK), 296
Tongno River (DPRK), 295
T’ongnyonggul cave (DPRK), 295
Tongoa (Vanuatu), 587
Tongsa Chhu. See Tongsa River (Bhutan)
Tongsa River (Bhutan), 63
Tongtian River (China), 119
Tonle Basak River (Cambodia), 90
Tonle Sap (Cambodia), 89, 91
Tonle Sap River (Cambodia), 89
Tono River (East Timor), 163
Toranipata (Peru), 430
Torkestan Mountains (Afghanistan), 2–3
Index
Nicaragua, 395
Nigeria, 403
Panama, 419
Peru, 430
Venezuela, 593
See also Rainforests
Tropical storms
Anguilla, 17
Cayman Islands, 104
Haiti, 231
Trucial Coast (United Arab Emirates), 562
Truk Islands. See Chuuk Islands (Micronesia)
Truk Lagoon (Micronesia), 358, 359
Truong Son Mountians (Vietnam), 594, 596
Trziska Bistrica River (Slovenia), 488
Tsaratanana Massif (Madagascar), 327, 329
Tsavo National Park (Kenya), 290
Tsing’i Bemahara nature reserve (Madagascar),
328
Tsiribihina River (Madagascar), 329
Tsodilo Hills (Botswana), 71
Tsugaru Strait (Japan), 279
Tsunamis, in Japan, 279
Tsushima Island (Japan), 279
Tuamotu Island (France), 193
Tubauai Island (France), 193
Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park (The
Philippines), 434
Tugela River (Lesotho), 312
Tuira River (Panama), 418
Tumuc-Humac Mountains, 195, 510
Ţunb al Kubrá. See Greater Tunb Island
(United Arab Emirates)
Ţunb ap Nughrá. See Lesser Tunb Island (United
Arab Emirates)
Tundra
Canada, 100
Norway, 408
Russia, 456
Sweden, 517
United States, 579
Tundzha River (Bulgaria), 83
Tunis (Tunisia), 543
Tunisia, 8, 543–545, 544, 545t
Tunulliarfik (Greenland), 215
Tunuyán River (Argentina), 26
Tupinambarama Island (Brazil), 76
Turabo Valley (Puerto Rico), 444, 445
Turan Lowlands, 285, 585
Turatao Island (Thailand), 535
Turba (Yemen), 600–601
Turkey, 148, 150, 545–549, 547, 547t
Turkmenistan, 549–552, 550, 551t
Turks and Caicos Islands, 552–553, 553, 568
Turks Island Passage (Turks and Caicos
Islands), 553
Turku Archipelago (Finland), 188
Turkwel River (Kenya), 290
Turneffe Islands (Belize), 56
Turquoise reefs, in Samoa, 467
Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica), 136
Turtle Islands (Sierra Leone), 481
Turtles, 409, 418
Tuscan Archipelago (Italy), 272
Tuscan plains (Italy), 272
Tuscany (Italy), 271
698
Tutong District (Brunei), 80
Tutong River (Brunei), 80
Tutuala Beach (East Timor), 163
Tutuila Island (United States), 578
Tuul River (Mongolia), 365
Tuvalu, 554, 554–555, 555t
Tuwayq Mountains (Saudi Arabia), 472–473
Tuy River (Venezuela), 592
Tuz Gölü. See Lake Tuz (Turkey)
Tweed River (Dominica), 157
Tweed River (United Kingdom), 567
Twelve Bens of Bennebeola (Ireland), 262
Twyfelfontein (Namibia), 378
Tyne River (United Kingdom), 566
Typhoons
Japan, 280
Micronesia, 359
Palau, 416
Vietnam, 596
Tyre (Lebanon), 311
Tyrrhenian Sea, 269, 271–272
U
Ubangi River, 105, 131, 134
Ucayali River (Peru), 429, 430
Uchira Bay (Japan), 279
Udi Plateau (Nigeria), 402, 404
Ufipa Plateau (Tanzania), 531
Ugab River (Namibia), 379
Uganda, 555–558, 556, 557t
Uia Mountain (DROC), 130
Uinta Range (United States), 573
Uiskŭr River (Bulgaria), 82
Ujelang Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
U.K. See United Kingdom
Ukerewe Island (Uganda), 558
Ukraine, 558–562, 559, 561t
Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), 365, 367
Ulcinj (Yugoslavia), 604
Uldz River (Mongolia), 365
Ulithi (Micronesia), 359
Ullswater Lake (England), 566
Ullung-do (Korea, Republic of), 298
Ullung Island. See Ullung-do (Korea, Republic
of)
Ulrichen (Switzerland), 519
Ulu Dağ (Turkey), 546
Ulúa River (Honduras), 233
Ulúa River valley (Honduras), 234
Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania), 531
Ulungur River (China), 119
Uluru Rock (Australia), 33
Ulysses (Joyce), 264
Umbeluzi River. See Mbuluzi River (Swaziland)
Umboi (Papua New Guinea), 422
Umbrail Pass (Switzerland), 519
Ume River (Sweden), 515
Umm al Qaywayn (United Arab Emirates), 562
Umm an-Na’san (Bahrain), 43–44
Umm as-Samjm Salt Flats (Saudi Arabia), 475
Umm Said (Qatar), 446, 447
Umtalis (Zimbabwe), 609
Umvukwe Range (Zimbabwe), 609
Una River, 69, 143
Unare River (Venezuela), 590
’Unayzah (Saudi Arabia), 473
Underground Palace. See Kosudonggul (Korea,
Republic of)
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program,
Kenya, 291
UNESCO World Heritage Sites. See World
Heritage Sites
Union Island (Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines), 464
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.),
453
United Arab Emirates, 562, 562–564, 563t
United Kingdom, 564–570, 565, 570t
Anguilla, 16–17
Antigua and Barbuda, 22–23
Bermuda, 59–61, 568
British Virgin Islands, 78–79, 568
Cayman Islands, 103–104, 568
Jamaica, 273–275
Maldives, 338
Turks and Caicos Islands, 552–553, 568
United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization. See UNESCO
United States of America, 570–581, 572, 580t
Panama Canal, 418
Puerto Rico, 443–445, 571, 573, 577
Virgin Islands, 571, 577, 597–599, 598
Unjon Plain (DPRK), 296
Uno (Guinea-Bissau), 225
Unst (United Kingdom), 568
Upemba (DROC), 130, 132
Upolu Island (Samoa), 466–468
Upper Congo (DROC), 131
Upper Galilee (Israel), 266
Upper Guinea, 222
Upper Karabakh Canal (Azerbaijan), 40
Upper Lough Erne (Northern Ireland), 566–
567
Upper Pierce Reservoir (Singapore), 483
Upper Rhine River (Switzerland), 519
Upper Sûre Lake (Luxembourg), 323
Upper Volta. See Burkina Faso
Uppland (Sweden), 516
Upsala glacier (Argentina), 25
Ural Mountains, 284–285, 451, 453
Ural River, 284–285, 286, 454
Urban/rural population
Armenia, 29
Austria, 38–39
Azerbaijan, 41
Bahrain, 44
Barbados, 49
Belarus, 51
Benin, 59
Brazil, 78
Bulgaria, 84
Cambodia, 91
Costa Rica, 138
Cyprus, 150
Czech Republic, 152
Denmark, 155
Ecuador, 167
Estonia, 180
Index
Singapore, 484
Slovenia, 488
Somalia, 493
Spain, 500
Swaziland, 513
Taiwan, 526
Tajikistan, 529
Thailand, 536
Togo, 538
Tonga, 540
Turkmenistan, 552
Tuvalu, 555
Uganda, 558
United Kingdom, 570
Vanuatu, 588
Venezuela, 593
Yemen, 601
Zimbabwe, 611
Ürgüp (Turkey), 547
Urubamba River (Peru), 430
Uruguay, 581–583, 582, 583t
Uruguay River, 26, 76
Urukthapel Island (Palau), 416
U.S. Virgin Islands, 571, 577, 597–599, 598
U.S.A. See United States
Usambara Range (Tanzania), 530
Usk River (Wales), 566
Ussari River (Russia), 454
U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics),
453
Ust-Urt Plateau, 285, 550–551, 584
Ustyurt. See Ust-Urt Plateau
Ustyurt Plateau. See Ust-Urt Plateau
Usululi (East Timor), 162
Usumacinta River basin (Guatemala), 221
Utah (United States), 575
Utah Lake (United States), 575
Utamboni River (Equatorial Guinea), 175
Utila Island (Honduras), 233
Utma (Yemen), 601
Utonai-ko (Japan), 278
Utupua Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Uummannarsuaq (Greenland), 215
Uva Basin (Sri Lanka), 504
Uvs Lake (Mongolia), 364–365
Uzaym River (Iraq), 260
Uzbekistan, 583–584, 585, 585t
Uzun-Aral Strait, 285
V
Va’aifetu. See Mauga Fito
Vaal River (South Africa), 496
Vaalserberg (The Netherlands), 388
Vache Island (Haiti), 231
Vacoas-Phoenix (Mauritius), 351
Vaduz (Liechtenstein), 318, 319
Vago Island (Denmark), 154
Váh River (Slovakia), 485
Vailima (Samoa), 466
Vaitupu Island (Tuvalu), 554
Vaiusu Bay (Samoa), 467
Vakhsh River (Tajikistan), 528
Vakuta (Papua New Guinea), 422
Valanai Island (Sri Lanka), 504
Valdai Hills (Russia), 453
Valdés Peninsula (Península Valdés), 26
Valdivia (Chile), 114
Valira del Norte (Andorra), 12
Valira d’Orient (Andorra), 12
Valira River (Andorra), 12
Valles (Bolivia), 66
Valletta (Malta), 343
Valley of Roses (Bulgaria), 82
Valley of the Lakes (Mongolia), 365
Valleys. See names of specific valleys
The Valleys (Andorra), 12
Vals Bay (South Africa), 496
Vakhan corridor (Afghanistan), 2
Van Asch Van Wijck Mountains (Suriname),
510
Van Diemen Gulf (Australia), 34
Van Gölü. See Lake Van (Turkey)
Vancouver Island (Canada), 99
Vangunu Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Vangvieng (Laos), 306
Vanikolo Island (Solomon Islands), 489
Vanua Levu (Fiji), 184, 185
Vanua Levu Island (Fiji), 185
Vanuatu, 586–588, 587
Varanger Fjord (Norway), 407
Vardar River, 212, 325, 326
Varde River (Denmark), 154
Vardenis Mountains (Armenia), 28
Väster Gotland (Sweden), 516
Västmanland (Sweden), 516
Vasyugan’ye Swamp (Russia), 455
Vatican. See Vatican City
Vatican City, 269, 588–589, 589
Vatican Gardens (Vatican City), 588–589
Vatnajökull (Iceland), 239, 240
Vaupés River (Colombia), 124
Vavu’u Island Group (Tonga), 538–539
Vegetation
Afghanistan, 4
Albania, 6–7
Algeria, 10
Angola, 15
Anguilla, 17
Antigua, 23
Argentina, 26, 27
Australia, 35
Austria, 38
The Bahamas, 42
Barbados, 49
Barbuda, 23
Belarus, 51
Belgium, 54
Belize, 57
Benin, 59
Bermuda, 61
Bhutan, 64
Bolivia, 67
Botswana, 72
Brazil, 77–78
Brunei, 81
Bulgaria, 84
Burkina Faso, 86
Burundi, 88
Cambodia, 91
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 100–101
699
Index
Fiji, 185
France, 194
Gabon, 197
Georgia, 201
Greece, 214
Haiti, 232
Hungary, 238
Iceland, 241
India, 248
Iran, 258
Ireland, 264
Israel, 268
Italy, 272–273
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 280–281
Jordan, 283
Kenya, 291
Kiribati, 294
Kuwait, 301
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Laos, 307
Latvia, 309
Lebanon, 311
Lesotho, 313
Lithuania, 321
Luxembourg, 324
Madagascar, 330
Malawi, 333
Malaysia, 336
Mali, 342
Mauritania, 349
Mauritius, 351
Mexico, 356–357
Micronesia, 359
Moldova, 361
Monaco, 363
Mongolia, 367
Morocco, 369–370
Myanmar, 377
Namibia, 380
Nepal, 386
New Zealand, 394
Niger, 400
Nigeria, 404
Norway, 408
Oman, 410
Pakistan, 414
Palau, 416
Panama, 420
Paraguay, 427
Portugal, 443
Qatar, 447
Romania, 451
Russia, 454, 457
Rwanda, 459
Saint Lucia, 463
Samoa, 467
San Marino, 469
Index
Cape Verde, 102
Chad, 110
Chile, 114
China, 120
Colombia, 122, 126
Comoros, 127–128
Costa Rica, 138
Croatia, 143–144
Cuba, 147
Cyprus, 149
Czech Republic, 152
Denmark, 155
Dominica, 158
East Timor, 163
Ecuador, 166–167
Egypt, 169–170
El Salvador, 173
Eritrea, 178
Estonia, 180
Ethiopia, 183
Fiji, 185
Finland, 188
France, 193–194
Gabon, 197
Gambia, 199
Germany, 205–206
Ghana, 209
Greece, 213
Greenland, 216
Guadeloupe, 219
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 226
Guyana, 228–229
Haiti, 231–232
Honduras, 234
Hungary, 237–238
Iceland, 240
India, 244, 246–247
Iran, 258
Iraq, 261
Ireland, 264
Israel, 267–268
Italy, 272
Jamaica, 275
Japan, 280
Jordan, 283
Kazakhstan, 287
Kenya, 291
Kiribati, 294
Kuwait, 301
Kyrgyzstan, 304
Laos, 306
Latvia, 309
Lebanon, 311
Lesotho, 313
Liberia, 315
Libya, 317–318
700
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 321
Luxembourg, 324
Macedonia, 326
Madagascar, 327, 329–330
Malawi, 332
Malaysia, 336
Maldives, 338
Mali, 341–342
Mauritania, 348–349
Mexico, 356
Moldova, 361
Mongolia, 366–367
Morocco, 369
Mozambique, 373
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 380
Nauru, 382
Nepal, 385–386
New Zealand, 393, 394
Niger, 400
Norway, 407–408
Oman, 409
Pakistan, 414
Palau, 416
Panama, 419
Paraguay, 427
Peru, 431
Poland, 439
Portugal, 443
Puerto Rico, 445
Romania, 450
Russia, 456–457
Rwanda, 459
Samoa, 467–468
San Marino, 469
Senegal, 477
Slovakia, 486
Somalia, 493
Spain, 501–502
Sri Lanka, 504
Sudan, 509
Sweden, 517
Switzerland, 520
Syria, 523
Taiwan, 526
Tajikistan, 528
Tanzania, 529, 532
Thailand, 535–536
Togo, 538
Tonga, 540
Tunisia, 545
Tuvalu, 555
Uganda, 558
Ukraine, 561
United Kingdom, 570
Vatican City, 589
Vietnam, 596–597
Virgin Islands, 598
Yemen, 601
Yugoslavia, 605
Zambia, 606, 608
Zimbabwe, 611
See also Forests
Veimandu Channel (Maldives), 337, 338
Veld. See Grasslands
Velebit Mountains (Croatia), 142
Velebit National Park (Croatia), 144
Velika Kapela Mountains (Croatia), 142
Velika Kapela peak (Croatia), 142
Velika Ljubuša (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69
Velika Morava River (Yugoslavia), 604
Velika Plaza (Yugoslavia), 604
Velká Domaša Reservoir (Slovakia), 485
Velky Litny Ostrov. See Great Rye Island
(Slovakia)
Vella Lavella Island (Solomon Islands), 489–
490
Venada Island (Nicaragua), 396
Venetian Alps. See Eastern Alps (Italy)
Venezuela, 589–594, 590, 593t
Venice (Italy), 271, 272
Venta River, 308, 320
Ventuari River (Venezuela), 591
Veracruz (Mexico), 355, 356
Verde Island Passage (The Philippines), 434
Verde River (Paraguay), 426
Verkhoyansk (Russia), 456
Verkhoyanskiy Range (Russia), 453
Vermont (United States), 574
Vesterålen (Norway), 406
Vestlandet. See West Country (Norway)
Vestmannaeyjar crater (Iceland), 241
Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (Iceland), 238
Vesuvius (Italy), 269
Victor Emmanuel Range (Papua New Guinea),
420
Victoria (Seychelles), 480
Victoria Falls, 605, 607–610
Victoria Falls Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503
Victoria Island (Canada), 99
Victoria Nile River (Uganda), 557
Victoria Nyanza. See Lake Victoria
Victoria Peak (Belize), 56
Victoria Valley (Antarctica), 19
Victory Peak. See Jengish Chokusu
(Kyrgyzstan)
Vidzeme Uplands (Latvia), 308
Vienna Basin (Austria), 36, 38
Vientiane (Laos), 306
Vieques Island (Puerto Rico), 444
Vieques Sound (Puerto Rico), 444
Vietnam, 594–597, 595, 596t
Vieux Fort (Saint Lucia), 463
Vijosë River (Albania), 6
Vilnius (Lithuania), 320, 321
Vilyui River (Russia), 454
Viña del Mar (Chile), 114
Vindel River (Sweden), 515
Vindhya Range (India), 244
Vinson Massif (Antarctica), 19
Virgin Gorda (British Virgin Islands), 79
Virgin Islands
British, 78–80, 79
United States, 571, 577, 597–599, 598
Index
Mexico, 352–353
Myanmar, 374
New Zealand, 391
Peru, 428
Russia, 453
Samoa, 466–467
Tonga, 539
United Kingdom, 568
Vanuatu, 586–587
Volga River (Russia), 454
Volgograd (Russia), 454
Volta Basin (Ghana), 207–208
Volta Delta (Ghana), 209
Volta River (Ghana), 208
Volujak Mountain (Bosnia and Herzegovina),
69
Von Moltkeblick (Namibia), 379
Vopna Fjord (Iceland), 241
Vormsi Island (Estonia), 180
Võrtsjarv. See Lake Võrts (Estonia)
Vosges Massif (France), 191
Vostok Island (Kiribati), 293
Vpadina Akchanaya (Turkmenistan), 550
Vrana Lake (Croatia), 142
Vrbas River (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69
Vulcano (Italy), 269
Vysoké Tatry. See High Tatras Mountains
(Slovakia)
W
Waal River (The Netherlands), 388
Waddenzee (The Netherlands), 388
Wadi al Arabah (Jordan), 281
Wadi al Jayb. See Wadi al Arabah (Jordan)
Wadi Al-Ku (Sudan), 508
Wadi al-Malih (Yemen), 600
Wadi Azum (Sudan), 508
Wadi Bjshah (Saudi Arabia), 473
Wadi Dahero Canyon (Yemen), 599
Wadi Hadhramawt (Yemen), 600
Wadi Hajar (Yemen), 600
Wadi Halfa (Sudan), 507–509
Wadi Howar (Sudan), 508
Wadi Jahr (Yemen), 600
Wadi Mawr (Yemen), 600
Wadi Mawza (Yemen), 600
Wadi Rasyan (Yemen), 600
Wadi Rima (Yemen), 600
Wadi Rum (Jordan), 283
Wadi Sana’il (Oman), 409
Wadi Sarhan (Jordan), 283
Wadi Sihan (Yemen), 600
Wadi Surdud (Yemen), 600
Wadi Tathljth (Saudi Arabia), 473
Wadi Warazan (Yemen), 600
Wadi Zabid (Yemen), 600
Wahiba Sands (Oman), 410
Waikato River (New Zealand), 393, 394
Wairau River (New Zealand), 393
Wakasa Bay (Japan), 279
Walachian Plain (Romania), 448, 450, 451
Walauwa Watta Wathurana (Sri Lanka), 504
Waldviertel (Austria), 37
Wales (United Kingdom), 564, 566–569
“The Wall” (Turks and Caicos Islands), 553
Wallace Line, 251
Wallaman Waterfall (Australia), 33
Wallis and Futuna (France), 193
Walloons, in Belgium, 54
Wamb River (Vanuatu), 587
Wadj as Sirhan (Saudi Arabia), 472
Wami River (Tanzania), 531
Wanerie River (Dominica), 158
Wang River (Thailand), 534
Wanganui River (New Zealand), 393
Warbah (Kuwait), 301
Warburton-Diamantina River, 33
Wars
Afghanistan, 5
Angola, 15
Eritrea, 176
Hungary, 235
India, 242
Israel, 266
Jordan, 281
Lebanon, 311
Maldives, 338
Pakistan, 411
Poland, 440
Warsaw (Poland), 438
Warta River (Poland), 438
Wasatch Range (United States), 573
The Wash (England), 567, 569
Washington, D.C. (United States), 580
Washington (United States), 574, 579
Washington Island. See Teraina Island
(Kiribati)
Wast Water Lake (England), 566
Water loss
China, 118
Lake Chad, 108, 110, 111
See also Desertification; Droughts
Water pollution
Azerbaijan, 40
Gulf of Oman, 257
India, 244, 245
Japan, 278
Myanmar, 376
Pakistan, 413
Persian Gulf, 257
Venezuela, 591
See also Pollution
Waterberg Plateau (Namibia), 379
Waterfalls
Argentina, 24, 26
Australia, 33
Belize, 56
Croatia, 143
701
Index
Virgin Islands National Park, 598–599
Virgin Passage (Puerto Rico), 444
Virginia (United States), 576
Virunga Mountains, 130, 458
Visayan Islands (The Philippines), 434–435
Visayan Sea, 434
Visby (Sweden), 516
Viscount Melville Sound (Canada), 99
Vishakapatnam (India), 245
Viskan River (Sweden), 515
Visoke (DROC), 130
Vistula River (Poland), 437–438, 439
Viti Levu (Fiji), 184, 185
Vitiaz Strait, 422
Vitim River (Russia), 454
Vitória (Brazil), 76
Vitosha Mountains (Bulgaria), 8
Vlad Tepes, 449
Vladivostok (Russia), 455, 456, 457
Vlašić Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina),
69
Vlieland Island (The Netherlands), 388
Vltava River (Czech Republic), 152
Vojvodina (Yugoslavia), 602, 604
Volcán Barú (Panama), 417
Volcán Casita (Nicaragua), 395
Volcán Chiriquí. See Volcán Barú (Panama)
Volcán Concepción (Nicaragua), 395
Volcán de San Miguel (El Salvador), 172
Volcán de San Salvador (El Salvador), 172
Volcán de San Vicente (El Salvador), 172
Volcán de Santa Ana (El Salvador), 172
Volcán Izalco (El Salvador), 172
Volcán Masaya (Nicaragua), 395, 396
Volcán Misti (Peru), 428
Volcán San Cristóbal (Nicaragua), 395
Volcán Telica (Nicaragua), 395, 396
Volcán Yucamani (Peru), 428
Volcanic Highlands (Honduras), 233
Volcanic Plateau (New Zealand), 391–394
Volcano Islands (Japan), 279
Volcanoes
Antarctica, 19, 21
Antigua, 22
Argentina, 24
Cameroon, 92–93
Chile, 112
Colombia, 122, 124
Comoros, 127
Costa Rica, 136
Djibouti, 156
Dominica, 157–158
Ecuador, 164–165
Ethiopia, 182
Greece, 212
Guadeloupe, 218
Guatemala, 220
Iceland, 238–239
Italy, 269, 272
Japan, 276
Kenya, 289–290
Martinique, 346
Mauritius, 350
Index
Estonia, 179
Guyana, 227
Iceland, 240
Laos, 306
Lesotho, 312
Liberia, 314
Malaysia, 335
Mauritius, 351
Micronesia, 358
Namibia, 379
Suriname, 511
Sweden, 515
Switzerland, 519
Turkey, 548
Uganda, 557
Venezuela, 591
Zambia, 607–608
Zimbabwe, 609–610
Watford Island (Bermuda), 60
Watumu (Kenya), 290
Watzmann (Germany), 202
Waziristan Mountains (Pakistan), 412
Weddell, James, 20
Weddell Sea, 20, 21
Weisshorn (Switzerland), 518
Wellington (New Zealand), 394
Wellington Island (Chile), 113
Weser River (Germany), 204
West Antarctica, 18–19, 21
West Bank, 266, 281
West Bengal. See Bangla State (India)
West Caicos Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),
553
West Country (England), 564, 566
West Country (Norway), 405
West Falkland (United Kingdom), 568
West Frisian Islands (The Netherlands), 388
West Germany, 206
West Gotland. See Väster Gotland (Sweden)
West Island (Australia), 34
West Lake. See Ho Tay (Vietnam)
West Malaysia. See Peninsular Malaysia
West River. See Xi Jiang (China)
West Siberian Plain (Russia), 451, 455, 456, 457
Westerly Desert (United Arab Emirates), 563
Western Alps (Italy), 269
Western Atlas Mountains. See High Atlas
Mountains (Morocco)
Western Channel (Korea, Republic of), 298
Western Cordillera (Bolivia). See Cordillera
Occidental
Western Cordillera (Canada). See Canadian
Rockies
Western Desert (Egypt), 167, 170
Western Dvina River (Belarus), 51
Western Ghats (India), 243
Western Group. See Ralik Group (Marshall
Islands)
Western Hajar. See Hajar al-Gharbi (Oman)
Western High Plains (Nigeria), 402, 403
Western Islands (Micronesia), 358
Western Lowlands (Lesotho), 313
Western Mountains (Nepal), 384
Western Paraguay, 424
Western Plateau (Australia), 31–35
Western Plateau Region (Kenya), 290
702
Western Sahara, 368, 369, 370
Western Samoa. See Samoa
Westerschelde (The Netherlands), 388
Westman Islands (Iceland), 238, 240–241
Westmoreland Plain (Jamaica), 275
Wetar (Indonesia), 252
Wetar Strait (East Timor), 163
Wetlands
Albania, 6
Argentina, 26
Bangladesh, 46–47
Belarus, 50–51
Belgium, 53–54
Belize, 56
Benin, 58
Bolivia, 67
Botswana, 71, 72
Brazil, 76
Brunei, 80
Cameroon, 94
Canada, 98–99
Chad, 110
China, 119
Colombia, 124
Costa Rica, 137
Cuba, 146
East Timor, 163
El Salvador, 172
Eritrea, 177
Estonia, 179
Ethiopia, 183
Fiji, 184
Finland, 186, 187
France, 192
French Guiana, 195
Gabon, 197
Germany, 205
Ghana, 208
Guatemala, 221
Guinea, 224
Guinea-Bissau, 225
Guyana, 228
Haiti, 231
Honduras, 233
Hungary, 236–237
Iceland, 240
India, 245
Indonesia, 251
Iran, 256–257
Iraq, 261
Ireland, 263
Italy, 271
Jamaica, 274
Japan, 278
Latvia, 308
Liechtenstein, 319
Lithuania, 320
Malawi, 332
Malaysia, 335
Mali, 341
Mauritania, 348
Mexico, 355
Moldova, 361
Mongolia, 365
Mozambique, 372
Myanmar, 376
Namibia, 379
Nepal, 385
New Zealand, 393
Nicaragua, 396
Nigeria, 403
Pakistan, 413
Palau, 415
Panama, 418
Paraguay, 426
Peru, 430
Poland, 438
Romania, 449
Russia, 455
Rwanda, 458–459
Samoa, 467
Senegal, 476
Sierra Leone, 481
Slovakia, 485–486
Somalia, 491
Sri Lanka, 503, 504
Sudan, 508
Sweden, 515
Syria, 523
Tanzania, 531
Thailand, 535
Turkey, 548
Uganda, 557–558
Ukraine, 560
United Kingdom, 567
United States, 576
Uruguay, 582
Venezuela, 592
Yemen, 600
Zambia, 607
Wetlands of International Importance
India, 245
Indonesia, 251
Iran, 257
Japan, 278
Mongolia, 365
Nepal, 385
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 418
Wexford Bay (Ireland), 263
Wexford Slobs (Ireland), 264
Whaling, in Antarctica, 20
White Carpathian Mountains. See Bíle Karpaty
Mountains (Czech Republic)
White Lady rock painting (Namibia), 378
White Mountains (United States), 574
White Nile (Sudan), 506–507, 509
White River Badlands (United States), 575
White Sea, 455
White Volta River, 84–85, 208
Wicklow Mountains (Ireland), 262
Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowland (Poland), 437
Wielkopolski National Forest (Poland), 439
Index
Windstorms
Argentina, 27
Iceland, 241
Saudi Arabia, 474
Sierra Leone, 482
Yemen, 601
Windward Islands
Grenada, 216–217
Saint Lucia, 462
Windward Passage (Haiti), 231
Wingfield River (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461
Winter Highlands (Tanzania), 530
Wisconsin (United States), 573
Wisla River. See Vistula River (Poland)
Witwatersrand (South Africa), 495, 498
W.J. van Blommestein Lake (Suriname), 510
Woleai (Micronesia), 359
Wollomombi Waterfall (Australia), 33
Wologizi Range (Liberia), 314
Wong Chhu. See Wong River (Bhutan)
Wong Kadir (Brunei), 80
Wong River (Bhutan), 63
Woodlark Islands (Papua New Guinea), 422
World Bank, on Indonesia deforestation, 253
World Heritage sites
Malaysia, 334
Panama, 419
World War I, Hungary and, 235
World War II
Maldives, 338
Poland, 440
World Wildlife Fund, Gabon and, 197
Wörther See (Austria), 37
Wotje Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344
Wouri River (Cameroon), 94
Wrangell Mountains (United States), 574
Wright Valley (Antarctica), 19
Wular Lake (India), 244, 245
Wutai Shan (China), 117
Wye River (United Kingdom), 566
Wyoming Basin (United States), 573, 579
X
Xarayes swamps (Bolivia), 67
Xi Jiang (China), 118
Xiangkhoang Plateau (Laos), 306
Xingu River (Brazil), 74
Xizang Gaoyuan. See Plateau of Tibet (China)
Y
Yabakei Gorge (Japan), 278
Yablonovyy Range (Russia), 453
Yacaré Norte River (Paraguay), 426
Yadé Massif. See Karre Mountains (Central
African Republic)
Yaguas River (Peru), 430
Yaks, 384
Yallahs River (Jamaica), 274
Yalong River (China), 119
Yalu Jiang (China), 118
Yalu River (DPRK), 295
Yamuna River (India), 245
Yan River (Sri Lanka), 503
Yangtze River. See Chang Jiang River (China)
Yansang Bhanjyang (Nepal), 384
Yantra River (Bulgaria), 82
Yaochi Lake. See Tianchi Lake (China)
Yap Islands (Micronesia), 358–359
Yapacani River (Bolivia), 66
Yaque del Norte (Dominican Republic), 160
Yaque del Sur (Dominican Republic), 160
Yaqui River (Mexico), 355
Yarlung Zangbo (China), 119
Yarmsk (Syria), 523
Yarmsk River (Jordan), 283
Yarqon River (Israel), 267
Yasawa Group (Fiji), 185
Yasuni National Park (Ecuador), 167
Yatsu-higata (Japan), 278
Yavarí River (Peru), 430
Yawri Bay (Sierra Leone), 481
Yding Forest Hill (Denmark), 154
Yding Skovhoj. See Yding Forest Hill
(Denmark)
Yell (United Kingdom), 568
Yellow Mountains. See Huang Shan (China)
Yellow River. See Huang He (China)
Yellowstone National Park (United States),
574–575
Yellowstone Plateau (United States), 574–575
Yemen, 599–602, 600, 601t
Yenisey River (Russia), 454, 455
Yepl River (Turkey), 548
Yialias River (Cyprus), 149
Yin Shan (China), 117
Yŏnghŭng Bay (DPRK), 296
Yŏngil Bay (Korea, Republic of), 298
Yŏngsan River (Korea, Republic of), 298
Yokohama (Japan), 278, 279
Yol canyon. See Yolym Am (Mongolia)
Yolaina Mountains (Nicaragua), 395
Yolym Am (Mongolia), 364
Yom River (Thailand), 534
Yonbaek Plain (DPRK), 296
Yonne River (France), 191
Yorke Peninsula (Australia), 34
Yosemite Lake (United States), 575
Ypané River (Paraguay), 426
Yü Shan (Taiwan), 525
Yucatán Channel (Channel), 355
Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), 352, 355, 356
Yugoslavia, 602–605, 603, 605t
Yukon River, 98, 576
Yukon Territory (Canada), 97
Yuma, Arizona (United States), 579
Yuna River (Dominican Republic), 160
Yungas (Bolivia), 66–67
Yunnan-Guizhou plateau (China), 117
Z
Zagorje Hills (Croatia), 142
Zagros Mountains, 255, 258, 259, 523
Zaire. See Democratic Republic of the Congo
Zákinthos (Greece), 212
Zaltan Oil Field (Libya), 318
Zambales Mountains (The Philippines), 433
703
Index
Wildlife habitats
Brunei, 80–81
crocodile, 160
Haiti, 230
India, 245, 246
Indonesia, 251, 252–253
Iran, 258
Japan, 278
Laos, 305–306
Madagascar, 327
Mali, 342
Mongolia, 363, 364, 365
Nepal, 384, 385
Pakistan, 413
Paraguay, 426
Romania, 449
Wildlife protection
Antarctica, 20
Bangladesh, 47
El Salvador, 172, 173–174
Estonia, 180
Gabon, 197
India, 242, 245, 247
Iran, 257
Lithuania, 321
Mozambique, 373
Namibia, 379
Pakistan, 413
Panama, 418, 419
Tanzania, 531
Thailand, 535
Venezuela, 592
Wilhelmina Canal (The Netherlands), 388
Wilhelmina Gebergte (Suriname), 510
Willamette River (United States), 576
Willebroek Canal (Belgium), 53
Willis Islets (Australia), 34
Williston Lake (Canada), 98
Wimbi Beach (Mozambique), 373
Wind energy
India, 248
Indonesia, 254
Iran, 258
Japan, 281
297
Mongolia, 367
Sri Lanka, 505
Wind River Range (United States), 573
Windermere Lake (England), 566
Windhoek (Namibia), 380
Winds
Austria, 38
Bolivia, 67
Israel, 267
Jordan, 283
Libya, 316
Liechtenstein, 319
Switzerland, 520
Uruguay, 582
“Winds of 120 Days” (Afghanistan), 3
Index
Zambezi Escarpment (Zimbabwe), 609
Zambezi River
Angola, 13
Botswana, 72
Namibia, 379
Zambia, 605, 607
Zimbabwe, 609–611
Zambezi River Valley (Zambia), 606
Zambezia (Mozambique), 372
Zambia, 605–608, 606, 608t
Zamboanga Peninsula (The Philippines), 435
Zamora River. See Santiago River (Ecuador)
Zanderij. See Hills
Zangezur Mountains (Armenia), 28
704
Zanskar (India), 244
Zanzibar (Tanzania), 531–532
Zarga River (Jordan), 283
Zavadovski Island (Antarctica), 21
Zayande River (Iran), 256
Žemaicai Upland (Lithuania), 320
Zemgale Plain (Latvia), 309
Zemplínska Reservoir (Slovakia), 485
Zeravshan River, 528, 583–586
Zeya Reservoir (Russia), 454
Zêzere River (Portugal), 442
Zhambyl (Kazakhstan), 288
Zharghat (Saudi Arabia), 475
Zhob River (Pakistan), 413
Zhu Jiang (China), 118
Zhumulangma Feng. See Mount Everest
Ziguinchor (Senegal), 477
Zillertal Alps (Austria), 36
Zimbabwe, 609–612, 610, 611t
Ziz River (Morocco), 369
Zomba (Malawi), 331, 333
Zomba Mountain (Malawi), 331
Zufaf Island (Saudi Arabia), 473
Zufar Plain. See Dhofar Plain (Oman)
Zug Lake (Switzerland), 519
Zugspitze (Germany), 202
Zuid-Willems Canal (The Netherlands), 388
Zuider Zee. See IJsselmeer (The Netherlands)
Zürichsee (Switzerland), 519

geo-data: the world geographical encyclopedia

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